JP5777361B2 - インターロイキン−6関連疾患の治療方法 - Google Patents
インターロイキン−6関連疾患の治療方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5777361B2 JP5777361B2 JP2011056010A JP2011056010A JP5777361B2 JP 5777361 B2 JP5777361 B2 JP 5777361B2 JP 2011056010 A JP2011056010 A JP 2011056010A JP 2011056010 A JP2011056010 A JP 2011056010A JP 5777361 B2 JP5777361 B2 JP 5777361B2
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Description
本発明はまた、IL-6関連疾患の治療のためのIL-6アンタゴニストの使用における作用増強のための、免疫抑制剤を含んで成る医薬組成物を提供する。
本発明はまた、IL-6アンタゴニストによるIL-6関連疾患の治療の際のアレルギー反応の予防又は軽減のための、免疫抑制剤を含んで成る医薬組成物を提供する。
本発明は更に、IL-6関連疾患の治療の際のアレルギー反応の予防又は軽減のための、高用量のIL-6アンタゴニストを含んで成る医薬組成物を提供する。
ここで血中薬物(抗IL-6R抗体MTXなど)濃度を示す投与量とは、同等の治療効果を有する投与量を意味し、たとえば静脈内注射、皮下注射などの投与方法の違いによる血中濃度の推移の違いがある場合でも治療効果が同等である場合には、血中薬物(抗IL-6R抗体MTXなど)濃度を示す投与量ということとする。
急性、慢性炎症性疾患、自己免疫疾患:
腎炎、メサンギュウム増殖性腎炎、クローン病、潰瘍性大腸炎、膵炎、小児慢性関節炎、または全身型若年性特発性関節炎、血管炎、川崎病、関節リウマチ、全身性エリテマトーデス、乾癬、シェーグレン症候群、成人スチル病
腫瘍性疾患:
多発性骨髄腫、キャッスルマン病、悪性リンパ腫、腎癌、
感染症:
HIV感染症、EBV感染症
悪液質:
悪液質
その他:
プラズマサイトーシス、高イムノグロブリン症、貧血
などがあげられ、好ましくは、
慢性関節リウマチ、プラズマサイトーシス、高イムノグロブリン症、貧血、腎炎、悪液質、多発性骨髄腫、キャッスルマン病、メサンギュウム増殖性腎炎、全身性エリテマトーデス、クローン病、膵炎、乾癬、小児慢性関節炎、または全身型若年性突発性関節炎である。
前記免疫抑制剤としては、抗リウマチ薬、副腎皮質ホルモン剤なども含み、例えば以下のような薬剤があげられる。
A.免疫抑制剤、抗リウマチ薬、副腎皮質ホルモン剤
また、抗IL-6R抗体の高投与量とは、IL-6関連疾患の治療に有効な最低投与量と同等か又はそれ以上の投与量でアレルギー反応を予防または軽減しうる投与量を意味し、例えばリウマチ治療において、4週間隔で点滴静脈内投与する場合には4mg/kg以上の投与量、好ましくは6〜16mg/kg、さらに好ましくは6〜10mg/kgがあげられる。
IL-6アンタゴニストは、IL-6の生化学的活性を阻害する物質である。IL-6アンタゴニストは、好ましくはIL-6、IL-6R又はgp130のいずれかの結合に対する阻害作用を有する物質である。IL-6アンタゴニストとしては、抗IL-6抗体、抗IL-6R抗体、抗gp130抗体、IL-6改変体、可溶性IL-6R改変体、あるいはIL-6又はIL-6Rの部分ペプチド、ならびにこれらと同様の活性を示す低分子物質が挙げられる。
抗IL-6抗体産生ハイブリドーマは、基本的には公知技術を使用し、以下のようにして作製できる。すなわち、IL-6を感作抗原として使用して、これを通常の免疫方法にしたがって免疫し、得られる免疫細胞を通常の細胞融合法によって公知の親細胞と融合させ、通常のスクリーニング法により、モノクローナルな抗体産生細胞をスクリーニングすることによって作製できる。
IL-6の遺伝子配列を公知の発現ベクター系に挿入して適当な宿主細胞を形質転換させた後、その宿主細胞中又は、培養上清中から目的のIL-6蛋白質を公知の方法で精製し、この精製IL-6蛋白質を感作抗原として用いればよい。また、IL-6蛋白質と他の蛋白質との融合蛋白質を感作抗原として用いてもよい。
IL-6受容体蛋白質は、細胞膜上に発現しているものと細胞膜より離脱しているもの(可溶性IL-6受容体)(Yasukawa, K. et al., J. Biochem. (1990) 108, 673-676)との二種類がある。可溶性IL-6受容体抗体は細胞膜に結合しているIL-6受容体の実質的に細胞外領域から構成されており、細胞膜貫通領域あるいは細胞膜貫通領域と細胞内領域が欠損している点で膜結合型IL-6受容体と異なっている。IL-6受容体蛋白質は、本発明で用いられる抗IL-6受容体抗体の作製の感作抗原として使用されうる限り、いずれのIL-6受容体を使用してもよい。
ヒトIL-6受容体をコードするcDNAを含むプラスミドpIBIBSF2R を含有する大腸菌(E.coli)は、平成元年(1989年)1 月9 日付で独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所特許生物寄託センター(茨城県つくば市東1 丁目1 番地1中央第6)に、HB101-pIBIBSF2R として、受託番号FERM BP-2232としてブダペスト条約に基づき国際寄託されている。
このような抗体としては、AM64抗体(特開平3-219894)、4B11抗体および2H4 抗体(US 5571513)B-S12 抗体およびB-P8抗体(特開平8-291199)などが挙げられる。
具体的には、モノクローナル抗体を作製するには次のようにすればよい。例えば、抗体取得の感作抗原として使用されるgp130 は、欧州特許出願公開番号EP 411946 に開示されたgp130 遺伝子/アミノ酸配列を用いることによって得られる。
感作抗原を動物に免疫するには、公知の方法にしたがって行われる。例えば、一般的方法として、感作抗原を哺乳動物の腹腔内又は、皮下に注射することにより行われる。具体的には、感作抗原をPBS (Phosphate-Buffered Saline )や生理食塩水等で適当量に希釈、懸濁したものを所望により通常のアジュバント、例えば、フロイント完全アジュバントを適量混合し、乳化後、哺乳動物に4-21日毎に数回投与するのが好ましい。また、感作抗原免疫時に適当な担体を使用することができる。
より具体的には、前記細胞融合は例えば、細胞融合促進剤の存在下に通常の栄養培養液中で実施される。融合促進剤としては例えば、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG )、センダイウィルス(HVJ )等が使用され、更に所望により融合効率を高めるためにジメチルスルホキシド等の補助剤を添加使用することもできる。
当該ハイブリドーマからモノクローナル抗体を取得するには、当該ハイブリドーマを通常の方法にしたがい培養し、その培養上清として得る方法、あるいはハイブリドーマをこれと適合性がある哺乳動物に投与して増殖させ、その腹水として得る方法などが採用される。前者の方法は、高純度の抗体を得るのに適しており、一方、後者の方法は、抗体の大量生産に適している。
本発明で使用される抗体を製造するには、後述のように抗体遺伝子を発現制御領域、例えば、エンハンサー、プロモーターの制御のもとで発現するよう発現ベクターに組み込む。次に、この発現ベクターにより宿主細胞を形質転換し、抗体を発現させることができる。
キメラ抗体は、前記のようにして得た抗体V 領域をコードするDNA をヒト抗体C 領域をコードするDNA と連結し、これを発現ベクターに組み込んで宿主に導入し産生させることにより得られる(欧州特許出願公開番号EP 125023 、国際特許出願公開番号WO 92-19759 参照)。この既知の方法を用いて、本発明に有用なキメラ抗体を得ることができる。
ヒト型化抗体は、再構成(reshaped)ヒト抗体とも称され、ヒト以外の哺乳動物、例えばマウス抗体の相補性決定領域(CDR)をヒト抗体の相補性決定領域へ移植したものであり、その一般的な遺伝子組換え手法も知られている(欧州特許出願公開番号EP 125023 、国際特許出願公開番号WO 92-19759 参照)。
キメラ抗体、ヒト型化抗体には、ヒト抗体C 領域が使用される。ヒト抗体C 領域としては、 Cγが挙げられ、例えば、 Cγ1 、 Cγ2 、 Cγ3 又は Cγ4 を使用することができる。また、抗体又はその産生の安定性を改善するために、ヒト抗体C 領域を修飾してもよい。
本発明に使用されるヒト型化抗体の好ましい具体例としては、ヒト型化PM-1抗体が挙げられる(国際特許出願公開番号WO 92-19759 参照)。
例えば、SV 40 プロモーター/エンハンサーを使用する場合、Mulliganらの方法(Mulligan, R. C. et al., Nature (1979) 277, 108-114) 、また、HEF1αロモーター/エンハンサーを使用する場合、Mizushima らの方法(Mizushima, S. and Nagata, S. Nucleic Acids Res. (1990) 18, 5322 )に従えば容易に実施することができる。
本発明で使用される抗体の製造のために、任意の産生系を使用することができる。抗体製造のための産生系は、in vitroおよびin vivo の産生系がある。in vitroの産生系としては、真核細胞を使用する産生系や原核細胞を使用する産生系が挙げられる。
これらの細胞に、目的とする抗体遺伝子を形質転換により導入し、形質転換された細胞をin vitroで培養することにより抗体が得られる。培養は、公知の方法に従い行う。例えば、培養液として、DMEM、MEM 、RPMI1640、IMDMを使用することができ、牛胎児血清(FCS )等の血清補液を併用することもできる。また、抗体遺伝子を導入した細胞を動物の腹腔等へ移すことにより、in vivo にて抗体を産生してもよい。
哺乳類動物としては、ヤギ、ブタ、ヒツジ、マウス、ウシなどを用いることができる(Vicki Glaser, SPECTRUM Biotechnology Applications, 1993)。また、昆虫としては、カイコを用いることができる。植物を使用する場合、例えばタバコを用いることができる。
本発明で使用される抗体は、本発明に好適に使用され得るかぎり、抗体の断片やその修飾物であってよい。例えば、抗体の断片としては、Fab 、F(ab')2 、Fv又はH 鎖とL 鎖のFvを適当なリンカーで連結させたシングルチェインFv(scFv)が挙げられる。
これら抗体の断片は、前記と同様にしてその遺伝子を取得し発現させ、宿主により産生させることができる。本発明でいう「抗体」にはこれらの抗体の断片も包含される。
本発明で使用されるIL-6改変体は、IL-6受容体との結合活性を有し、且つIL-6の生物学的活性を伝達しない物質である。即ち、IL-6改変体はIL-6受容体に対しIL-6と競合的に結合するが、IL-6の生物学的活性を伝達しないため、IL-6によるシグナル伝達を遮断する。
本発明で使用されるIL-6部分ペプチド又はIL-6受容体部分ペプチドは、各々IL-6受容体あるいはIL-6との結合活性を有し、且つIL-6の生物学的活性を伝達しない物質である。即ち、IL-6部分ペプチド又はIL-6受容体部分ペプチドはIL-6受容体又はIL-6に結合し、これらを捕捉することによりIL-6のIL-6受容体への結合を特異的に阻害する。その結果、IL-6の生物学的活性を伝達しないため、IL-6によるシグナル伝達を遮断する。
IL-6部分ペプチド又はIL-6受容体部分ペプチドは、IL-6又はIL-6受容体のアミノ酸配列において、IL-6とIL-6受容体との結合に係わる領域を特定し、その一部又は全部のアミノ酸配列を通常知られる方法、例えば遺伝子工学的手法又はペプチド合成法により作製することができる。
IL-6部分ペプチド又はIL-6受容体部分ペプチドをペプチド合成法により作製するには、ペプチド合成において通常用いられている方法、例えば固相合成法又は液相合成法を用いることができる。
IL-6部分ペプチド及びIL-6受容体部分ペプチドの具体例は、特開平2-188600、特開平7-324097、特開平8-311098及び米国特許公報US 5210075に開示されている。
実施例1.
MRAは、サイトカインであるインターロイキン−6の機能を阻害するIgG1サブクラスの組換えヒト化抗ヒトインターロイキン−6レセプターモノクローナル抗体である。日本及びヨーロッパにおける先の研究において、MRAは関節リウマチの治療において有望であり、安全であることが示されている。
対象:アメリカリウマチ学会(ACR)の1987年分類基準で関節リウマチと診断され、最低6ヶ月間、少なくとも12.5mg/週のメトトレキセート(MTX)で効果が不十分または症状の再燃した(MTX投与で安全性に問題のある症例については10mg/週で可)罹患歴6ヶ月以上の活動性を有する関節リウマチ患者
試験デザイン:中央登録法による無作為割付二重盲検並行群間比較試験
用法用量: MRA 0mg/kg(プラセボ)+MTX、2mg/kg+MTX、4mg/kg+MTX、8mg/kg+MTX, 2mg/kg+MTXプラセボ、4mg/kg+MTXプラセボあるいは8mg/kg+MTXプラセボの7群。治験薬(MRAまたはプラセボ)は4週間隔で点滴静脈内投与する。メトトレキセート(10-25mg/週)またはMTXプラセボは1週間に1回経口投与する。
ACR改善基準:下記7項目の内,腫脹関節数および疼痛関節数が20%以上改善し,かつ,残り5項目中3項目で20%以上の改善が認められた症例をACR基準20%以上改善ありとする。50%および70%改善は上記の20%改善部分がそれぞれ50%,70%改善した患者をさす。
(2)疼痛関節数
(3)患者による疼痛評価
(4)患者による全般評価
(5)医師による全般評価
(6)患者による日常生活動作の評価(MHAQ)
(7)CRPまたはESR
平均腫脹関節数は、ベースラインにおいて、すべての処理群にわたって近似していた。
7処理群すべてにおいて、暴露時間の増加と共にベースラインからの腫脹関節数の累積的減少が存在した。MRA 8mg/kg投与群における腫脹関節数の減少の平均は、MTX投与群における減少に比べて統計時に有意であった(p=0.001)。16週において、MRA 8mg/kg投与群とMTX投与群との間の差(95% CI)の平均は、−2.31(−4.07、−0.55)であった。MTX単独治療群間に統計的に有意な直線的投与量相関関係が存在した(p<0.001)。MRA 8mg/kg+MTX 投与群における腫脹関節数の減少の平均値は、MTX投与群における減少に比べて統計的に有意であった(p<0.001)。MRA 8mg/kg+MTX 投与群とMTX投与群との間の差(96% CI)の平均は、−3.62(−5.39、−1.84)であった。MRT併用治療群との間に統計的に有意な直線的投与量相互関係が存在した(p=0.004)。
若干の患者の好中球数に一過性の僅かな低下が生じた。疾患の活動性に関するパラメータ、即ちCRP、ESRの低下、HBの上昇が用量依存的かつ、臨床的に有意な変化が、認められた。
注入反応は、薬剤投与の24時間以内に生ずる有害事象として定義される。各処理群における注入反応を経験した患者の数が、MRAでは逆の用量反応性を示す可能性が示唆された。
抗−MRA抗体
抗−MRA抗体の生成を試験した。8 mg/kg処理群(単独投与またはMTXとの併用)において生成しなかった。MRA単独投与群に比べてMTX併用群におうて出現数は少なかった。
MRA単独療法及びMTXと併用したMRAにおいて、明瞭な用量反応性が認められ、その関節リウマチに対する有効性が確認された。また、MRAは単独投与およびMTXとの併用投与において安全性が確認された。
Yamasakiらの方法(Yamasaki, K. et al., Science (1988) 241, 825-828)に従い得られたIL-6受容体をコードするcDNAを含むプラスミドpBSF2R.236を用いて、PCR 法により可溶性IL-6受容体を作成した。プラスミドpBSF2R.236を制限酵素Sph I で消化して、IL-6受容体cDNAを得、これをmp18(Amersham製)に挿入した。IL-6受容体cDNAにストップコドンを導入するようにデザインした合成オリゴプライマーを用いて、インビトロミュータジェネシスシステム(Amersham製)により、PCR 法でIL-6受容体cDNAに変異を導入した。この操作によりストップコドンがアミノ酸345 の位置に導入され、可溶性IL-6受容体をコードするcDNAが得られた。
10μgの組換型IL-6(Hirano, T. et al., Immunol. Lett. (1988) 17, 41 )をフロイント完全アジュバントとともにBALB/cマウスを免疫し、血清中に抗IL-6抗体が検出できるまで一週間毎にこれを続けた。局部のリンパ節から免疫細胞を摘出し、ポリエチレングリコール1500を用いてミエローマ細胞株P3U1と融合させた。ハイブリドーマをHAT 培養液を用いるOiらの方法(Selective Methods in Cellular Immunology, W.H.Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 351, 1980 )に従って選択し、抗ヒトIL-6抗体を産生するハイブリドーマを樹立した。
その結果、MH166 抗体はIL-6により誘導されるMH60.BSF2 細胞の 3H チミジンの取込みを容量依存的に阻害した。このことより、MH166 抗体はIL-6の活性を中和することが明らかとなった。
Hirataらの方法(Hirata, Y. et al. J. Immunol. (1989) 143, 2900-2906 )により作成した抗IL-6受容体抗体MT18をCNBrにより活性化させたセファロース4B(Pharmacia Fine Chemicals製, Piscataway, NJ)と添付の処方にしたがって結合させ、IL-6受容体(Yamasaki, K. et al., Science (1988) 241, 825-828)を精製した。ヒトミエローマ細胞株U266を1%ジギトニン(Wako Chemicals製),10mMトリエタノールアミン(pH 7.8)および1.5M NaClを含む1mM p-パラアミノフェニルメタンスルフォニルフルオライドハイドロクロリド(Wako Chemicals製)(ジギトニン緩衝液)で可溶化し、セファロース4Bビーズと結合させたMT18抗体と混合した。その後、ビーズをジギトニン緩衝液で6 回洗浄し、免疫するための部分精製IL-6受容体とした。
その結果、ハイブリドーマPM-1が産生する抗体は、IL-6のIL-6受容体に対する結合を阻害することが明らかとなった。
Saito, T. et al., J. Immunol. (1991) 147, 168-173 に記載の方法により、マウスIL-6受容体に対するモノクローナル抗体を調製した。
マウス可溶性IL-6受容体を産生するCHO 細胞を10%FCSを含むIMDM培養液で培養し、その培養上清から抗マウスIL-6受容体抗体RS12(上記Saito, T. et al 参照)をAffigel 10ゲル(Biorad製)に固定したアフィニティーカラムを用いてマウス可溶性IL-6受容体を精製した。
したがって、ハイブリドーマMR16-1(FERM BP-5875)が産生する抗体は、IL-6のIL-6受容体に対する結合を阻害することが明らかとなった。
Claims (6)
- メトトレキセート(MTX)と併用されることを特徴とする、ヒト化PM-1抗体を含有する関節リウマチ治療剤であって、ヒト化PM−1抗体の量が、2〜8mg/kg/4週又はこれと同等の血中抗−インターロイキン−6レセプター抗体(抗IL-6R抗体)濃度を示す投与量である医薬組成物。
- 前記MTXの投与量が、1〜100mg/body/週である、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記MTXの投与量が、4〜50mg/body/週である、請求項2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記MTXの投与量が、7.5〜25mg/body/週である、請求項3に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記MTXと同時投与するための、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記MTXと時間を隔てて投与するための、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
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