JP2014524133A - 混合カソード材料 - Google Patents
混合カソード材料 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP2014524133A JP2014524133A JP2014522966A JP2014522966A JP2014524133A JP 2014524133 A JP2014524133 A JP 2014524133A JP 2014522966 A JP2014522966 A JP 2014522966A JP 2014522966 A JP2014522966 A JP 2014522966A JP 2014524133 A JP2014524133 A JP 2014524133A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- lithium
- positive electrode
- active material
- electrode active
- oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 title description 15
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 108
- 229910021293 PO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 98
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 82
- -1 lithium iron manganese phosphate compound Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 76
- 239000011263 electroactive material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 63
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 56
- 229910021450 lithium metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 51
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 49
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910000572 Lithium Nickel Cobalt Manganese Oxide (NCM) Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910011570 LiFe 1-x Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- NDPGDHBNXZOBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum lithium cobalt(2+) nickel(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [Li+].[O--].[O--].[O--].[O--].[Al+3].[Co++].[Ni++] NDPGDHBNXZOBJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- DVATZODUVBMYHN-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium;iron(2+);manganese(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Mn+2].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O DVATZODUVBMYHN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910007498 Li1.000Fe0.460Mn0.500Co0.040PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000447 polyanionic polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- PFYQFCKUASLJLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Co].[Ni].[Li] Chemical compound [Co].[Ni].[Li] PFYQFCKUASLJLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- SEIKEHIXILLQOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Mg+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2].[Co+2].[Ni+2].[Li+] SEIKEHIXILLQOT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001404 rare earth metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910007496 Li1.000Fe0.530Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910006232 Li1.025Fe0.480Mn0.500Co0.010Ni0.010PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910007097 Li1.030Fe0.520Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.010 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910004974 Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.020 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910004981 Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.030 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910004978 Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.020 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910004997 Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.030 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910004994 Li1.040Fe0.560Mn0.400Co0.010Nb0.010V0.020 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910005000 Li1.040Fe0.560Mn0.400Co0.010Ni0.010V0.020 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910005753 Li1.050Fe0.500Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.030 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910007094 Li1.030Fe0.520Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.010 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910005752 Li1.050Fe0.500Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.030 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn] KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 81
- 239000010450 olivine Substances 0.000 description 48
- 229910052609 olivine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 48
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 46
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 46
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 42
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 35
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 27
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 27
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 22
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 20
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 19
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 19
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 17
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 13
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 13
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 13
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 229910021437 lithium-transition metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 229910000319 transition metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 9
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 9
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000002482 conductive additive Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 8
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 7
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 7
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 7
- 229910016569 AlF 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 239000002491 polymer binding agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 5
- BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Difluoroethene Chemical compound FC(F)=C BQCIDUSAKPWEOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 229910010707 LiFePO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003490 calendering Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002134 carbon nanofiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229920000840 ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl formate Chemical compound COC=O TZIHFWKZFHZASV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dioxol-2-one Chemical compound O=C1OC=CO1 VAYTZRYEBVHVLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910011281 LiCoPO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910015118 LiMO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012790 adhesive layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 3
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229940021013 electrolyte solution Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000015110 jellies Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000008274 jelly Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052752 metalloid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000002738 metalloids Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011232 storage material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-butylene carbonate Chemical compound CCC1COC(=O)O1 ZZXUZKXVROWEIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KXJGSNRAQWDDJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-acetyl-5-bromo-2h-indol-3-one Chemical compound BrC1=CC=C2N(C(=O)C)CC(=O)C2=C1 KXJGSNRAQWDDJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HNAGHMKIPMKKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-benzylpyrrolidine-3-carboxamide Chemical compound C1C(C(=O)N)CCN1CC1=CC=CC=C1 HNAGHMKIPMKKBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N C60 fullerene Chemical compound C12=C3C(C4=C56)=C7C8=C5C5=C9C%10=C6C6=C4C1=C1C4=C6C6=C%10C%10=C9C9=C%11C5=C8C5=C8C7=C3C3=C7C2=C1C1=C2C4=C6C4=C%10C6=C9C9=C%11C5=C5C8=C3C3=C7C1=C1C2=C4C6=C2C9=C5C3=C12 XMWRBQBLMFGWIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002134 Carboxymethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 2
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical compound O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JGFBQFKZKSSODQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isothiocyanatocyclopropane Chemical compound S=C=NC1CC1 JGFBQFKZKSSODQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910011990 LiFe0.5Mn0.5PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005062 Polybutadiene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid trimethyl ester Natural products COC(C)=O KXKVLQRXCPHEJC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003125 aqueous solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N butanoic acid ethyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OCC OBNCKNCVKJNDBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyric acid octyl ester Natural products CCCCCCCCOC(=O)CCC PWLNAUNEAKQYLH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001768 carboxy methyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010948 carboxy methyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008112 carboxymethyl-cellulose Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 2
- UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N chlorotrifluoroethylene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)Cl UUAGAQFQZIEFAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- MULYSYXKGICWJF-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);oxalate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O MULYSYXKGICWJF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910003472 fullerene Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000007770 graphite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 2
- YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Propyl acetate Natural products CCCOC(C)=O YKYONYBAUNKHLG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butyric acid methyl ester Natural products CCCC(=O)OC UUIQMZJEGPQKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- DOLZKNFSRCEOFV-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel(2+);oxalate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O DOLZKNFSRCEOFV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001200 poly(ethylene-vinyl acetate) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002239 polyacrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- 229920002620 polyvinyl fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940090181 propyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Chemical compound [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003746 solid phase reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012798 spherical particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920001897 terpolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical group FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyltetrahydrofuran Chemical compound CC1CCCO1 JWUJQDFVADABEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylthiolane 1,1-dioxide Chemical compound CC1CCCS1(=O)=O PPDFQRAASCRJAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SBUOHGKIOVRDKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane Chemical compound CC1COCO1 SBUOHGKIOVRDKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004254 Ammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920008712 Copo Polymers 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GZDFHIJNHHMENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl dicarbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC(=O)OC GZDFHIJNHHMENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052692 Dysprosium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052691 Erbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002551 Fe-Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052688 Gadolinium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052689 Holmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000733 Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910007502 Li1.000Mn0.450Fe0.530Co0.010Ni0.010PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910007500 Li1.000Mn0.500Fe0.460Co0.040PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006258 Li1.025Mn0.400Fe0.580Co0.020 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006256 Li1.025Mn0.450Fe0.530Co0.020 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006486 Li1.025Mn0.500Fe0.480Co0.010Nb0.010 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006484 Li1.025Mn0.500Fe0.480Co0.010Ni0.010 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910007103 Li1.030Mn0.450Fe0.520Co0.010Nb0.010V0.010 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910007100 Li1.030Mn0.450Fe0.520Co0.010Ni0.010V0.010 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004988 Li1.040Mn0.400Fe0.560Co0.010Nb0.010V0.020 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004985 Li1.040Mn0.400Fe0.560Co0.010Ni0.010V0.020 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910004992 Li1.040Mn0.450Fe0.510Co0.010Nb0.010V0.020 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005021 Li1.040Mn0.450Fe0.510Co0.010Nb0.010V0.030 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005018 Li1.040Mn0.450Fe0.510Co0.010Ni0.010V0.020 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005027 Li1.040Mn0.450Fe0.510Co0.010Ni0.010V0.030 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005759 Li1.050Mn0.450Fe0.500Co0.010Nb0.010V0.030 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005758 Li1.050Mn0.450Fe0.500Co0.010Ni0.010V0.030 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910011995 LiFe0.55Mn0.45PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013528 LiN(SO2 CF3)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013396 LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2 LiAsF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013290 LiNiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013086 LiNiPO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012424 LiSO 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006599 Li—Fe—Mn—Co—Ni—V—PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052765 Lutetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002845 Poly(methacrylic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000676 Si alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000681 Silicon-tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001128 Sn alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052771 Terbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052775 Thulium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052769 Ytterbium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000002015 acyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002318 adhesion promoter Substances 0.000 description 1
- LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium fluoride Chemical compound [NH4+].[F-] LDDQLRUQCUTJBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000148 ammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019289 ammonium phosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001519 atomic cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UNTBPXHCXVWYOI-UHFFFAOYSA-O azanium;oxido(dioxo)vanadium Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-][V](=O)=O UNTBPXHCXVWYOI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DISYGAAFCMVRKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl ethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)OCC DISYGAAFCMVRKW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FWBMVXOCTXTBAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)OC FWBMVXOCTXTBAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VASVAWIFVXAQMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)OCCC VASVAWIFVXAQMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009831 deintercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)OCCCC QLVWOKQMDLQXNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000010300 dimethyl dicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004316 dimethyl dicarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCCC VUPKGFBOKBGHFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008034 disappearance Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003487 electrochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CYEDOLFRAIXARV-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OCC CYEDOLFRAIXARV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEPSWGHMGZQCIN-UHFFFAOYSA-H ferric oxalate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[Fe+3].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O VEPSWGHMGZQCIN-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013538 functional additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- CPSYWNLKRDURMG-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydron;manganese(2+);phosphate Chemical compound [Mn+2].OP([O-])([O-])=O CPSYWNLKRDURMG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003480 inorganic solid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000016507 interphase Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002506 iron compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000398 iron phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K iron(3+) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+3].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O WBJZTOZJJYAKHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- LQJIDIOGYJAQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N lambda2-silanylidenetin Chemical compound [Si].[Sn] LQJIDIOGYJAQMF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002605 large molecules Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000020960 lithium transport Diseases 0.000 description 1
- SNKMVYBWZDHJHE-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium;dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].OP(O)([O-])=O SNKMVYBWZDHJHE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011656 manganese carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006748 manganese carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940093474 manganese carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910000016 manganese(II) carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XMWCXZJXESXBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(ii) carbonate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[O-]C([O-])=O XMWCXZJXESXBBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010303 mechanochemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001463 metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl propyl carbonate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)OC KKQAVHGECIBFRQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002114 nanocomposite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002073 nanorod Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005677 organic carbonates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000005486 organic electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010951 particle size reduction Methods 0.000 description 1
- AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphite(3-) Chemical class [O-]P([O-])[O-] AQSJGOWTSHOLKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000790 scattering method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005118 spray pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007704 wet chemistry method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001238 wet grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B25/00—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- C01B25/16—Oxyacids of phosphorus; Salts thereof
- C01B25/26—Phosphates
- C01B25/45—Phosphates containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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Abstract
Description
本明細書で引用されるすべての特許、特許出願、および出版物は、本発明が本明細書に記載される日付においてその当業者に既知である最新技術をより完全に説明するために、それらの全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本出願は、2011年7月25日に出願された米国特許出願第61/511,280号、および2011年8月17日に出願された同第61/524,532号の先の出願日の利益を主張するものであり、この内容は、それらの全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる。
本明細書で使用されるとき、「ドーパント金属」は、電気活性材料の格子部位の中へまたはこれらの間のいずれかで正極の電気活性材料の中にドープされ(またはその元素と置換され)得る金属を指す。ある実施形態では、ドーパント金属は、ドーパント金属が電気化学セル内の電気貯蔵容量に大きく寄与しないように、低濃度(電気活性金属の濃度に対して)で存在するか、または電気活性金属とはかなり異なる酸化還元電位を有する。
一態様では、リチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物(LFMP)およびリチウム金属酸化物の混合物を含む正電気活性材料が記載される。
利用され得る特定のLFMP化合物は、本明細書にさらに詳細に論述される。
Li1.025Mn0.400Fe0.580Co0.020(PO4)1.000、
Li1.025Mn0.450Fe0.530Co0.020(PO4)1.000、
Li1.025Mn0.500Fe0.480Co0.010Ni0.010(PO4)1.000、
Li1.050Mn0.450Fe0.500Co0.010Ni0.010V0.030(PO4)1.025、
Li1.040Mn0.400Fe0.560Co0.010Ni0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015、
Li1.040Mn0.450Fe0.510Co0.010Ni0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015、
Li1.030Mn0.450Fe0.520Co0.010Ni0.010V0.010(PO4)1.005、
Li1.040Mn0.450Fe0.510Co0.010Ni0.010V0.030(PO4)1.010F0.015、
Li1.050Mn0.450Fe0.510Co0.0100Ni0.005V0.025(PO4)1.020、
Li1.000Mn0.500Fe0.460Co0.040PO4、
Li1.000Mn0.450Fe0.530Co0.010Ni0.010PO4、
Li1.025Mn0.500Fe0.480Co0.010Nb0.010(PO4)1.000、
Li1.050Mn0.450Fe0.500Co0.010Nb0.010V0.030(PO4)1.025、
Li1.040Mn0.400Fe0.560Co0.010Nb0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015、
Li1.040Mn0.450Fe0.510Co0.010Nb0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015、
Li1.030Mn0.450Fe0.520Co0.010Nb0.010V0.010(PO4)1.005、
Li1.040Mn0.450Fe0.510Co0.010Nb0.010V0.030(PO4)1.010F0.015、または
Li1.050Mn0.450Fe0.510Co0.0100Nb0.005V0.025(PO4)1.020が挙げられるがこれらに限定されない。
いくつかの実施形態では、混合正電気活性材料のためのリチウム金属酸化物は、リチウムニッケルコバルトアルミニウム酸化物(NCA)、リチウムニッケルコバルトマグネシウム酸化物(NCMg)、リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン酸化物(NCM)、リチウムニッケルコバルト希土類酸化物(NCRE)、スピネルリチウムマンガン酸化物(LMO)、または階層化層状酸化物カソード(LLC)である。リチウム遷移金属酸化物の他の非限定的な例としては、LCO(リチウムコバルト酸化物)が挙げられ、層状Mn酸化物などはまた、本明細書に開示されるように正電気活性材料の混合物に使用されてもよい。ある実施形態では、金属酸化物は、アルミナ、マグネシア、ジルコニア、酸化亜鉛、AlF3など、他の酸化物、水酸化物、オキシ水酸化物、リン酸塩、またはMg、Al、Co、K、Na、Ca、Si、Ti、V、Ge、Ga、B、Zn、As、Zrなどを基にする金属化合物のフッ化物でコーティングされてもよい。
電極レベルでは、活性材料および導電性添加剤は、層にわたって急速なリチウム拡散を可能にする電極層を提供するために組み合わせられる。炭素または金属相などの導電性添加剤は、その電気化学的安定性、可逆性貯蔵容量、または速度能力を改善するために含まれる。例示的な導電性添加剤としては、黒鉛、カーボンブラック、アセチレンブラック、気相成長炭素繊維(「VGCF」)、およびフラーレンカーボンナノチューブが挙げられる。導電性希釈剤は、約1重量%〜5重量%の正極の全固体組成の範囲で存在する。
米国特許公開第2011/0052988号に記載され、この関連内容は、その全体が参照により本明細書に組み込まれる、組成Li1.06Fe0.52Mn0.45V0.03(PO4)1.025を有するリチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩(LFMP)が、NCMとともに混合された。
電極製造:活性材料、導電性炭素粉末ポリマーバインダー、および溶媒を組み合わせ、次いでそれらをより高い剪断で混合して、スラリーを作製することによって電極を調製した。次に、このスラリーを工業用コータのスロットダイの中に注入し、ダイを超えてAl箔の一巻きを供給し、スラリーを取り上げ、加熱区域を通ってそれを引っ張り、反対側にコーティングされた箔を巻き付けた。次に、このコーティングされた箔をコータを再び通過させて、反対側をコーティングした。次に、電極ロールをカレンダー処理によって高密度化した。
黒鉛アノードなどのアノードは一般的に、約91〜94%の効率を有する。セル容量が全カソードまたはアノードの不可逆容量の上限以下のカソードの第1の電荷容量の総量として定義されるとき、より高いカソード効率が望ましい。図示されるように、この効率は、LFMPをNCM材料と混合することによって改善され得る。
Claims (21)
- LiaFe1−x−yMnxDy(PO4)zの組成を有するリチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物であって、式中、1.0<a≦1.10であり、0<x≦0.5であり、0≦y≦0.10であり、1.0<z≦1.10であり、DがCo、Ni、V、Nb、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、リチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物と、
リチウム金属酸化物と、を含み、
前記リチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物は、Ti、Zr、Nb、Al、Ta、W、Mg、またはFで任意にドープされる、正電気活性材料。 - 前記ナノスケールのリチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物は、LiFe1−xMnxPO4であり、0.400<x<0.500である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記ナノスケールのリチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物は、LiFe1−xMnxPO4であり、x≦0.450である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記ナノスケールのリチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物は、LiaFe1−x−yMnxDyPO4であり、x<0.500であり、0.001<y<0.100である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記ナノスケールのリチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物は、LiaFe1−x−yMnxDyPO4であり、x<0.500であり、0.001<y<0.050である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記ナノスケールのリチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物は、LiaFe1−x−yMnxCoyPO4であり、x<0.500であり、0.001<y<0.050である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記ナノスケールのリチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物は、LiaFe1−x−yMnxNiyPO4であり、x<0.500であり、0.001<y<0.050である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記ナノスケールのリチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物は、LiaFe1−x−yMnxVyPO4であり、x<0.500であり、0.001<y<0.050である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記ナノスケールのリチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物は、
Li1.025Fe0.580Mn0.400Co0.020PO4、
Li1.025Fe0.530Mn0.450Co0.020PO4、
Li1.025Fe0.480Mn0.500Co0.010Ni0.010PO4、
Li1.050Fe0.500Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.030(PO4)1.025、
Li1.040Fe0.560Mn0.400Co0.010Ni0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015、
Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015、
Li1.030Fe0.520Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.010(PO4)1.005、
Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010V0.030(PO4)1.010F0.015、
Li1.000Fe0.460Mn0.500Co0.040PO4、
Li1.000Fe0.460Mn0.500Co0.040PO4、
Li1.000Fe0.530Mn0.450Co0.010Ni0.010PO4、
Li1.050Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.0100Ni0.005V0.025(PO4)1.020、
Li1.050Fe0.500Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.030(PO4)1.025、
Li1.040Fe0.560Mn0.400Co0.010Nb0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015、
Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.020(PO4)1.015、
Li1.030Fe0.520Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.010(PO4)1.005、
Li1.040Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.010Nb0.010V0.030(PO4)1.010F0.015、および
Li1.050Fe0.510Mn0.450Co0.0100Nb0.005V0.025(PO4)1.020からなる群から選択される1つ以上の電気活性材料である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。 - 前記リチウム金属酸化物は、リチウムニッケルコバルトアルミニウム酸化物(NCA)、リチウムニッケルコバルトマグネシウム酸化物(NCMg)、リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン酸化物(NCM)、リチウムニッケルコバルト希土類酸化物(NCRE)、スピネルリチウムマンガン酸化物(LMO)、階層化層状酸化物カソード(LLC)、リチウムコバルト酸化物(LCO)、層状Mn酸化物、およびこれらの組み合わせからなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記リチウム金属酸化物は、リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン酸化物(NCM)である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記リチウム金属酸化物は、リチウムニッケルコバルトアルミニウム酸化物(NCA)である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記リチウム金属酸化物は、リチウムニッケルコバルトマンガン酸化物(NCM)であり、前記リチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩は、LiFe1−xMnxPO4であり、式中、0.400<x≦0.450である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 追加のリチウム遷移金属ポリアニオン化合物をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 正極活性材料は、約10〜90%の前記リチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物を含む、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 正極活性材料は、約40〜70%の前記リチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物を含む、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記リチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物は、約100nm以下の粒径を有する微粒子の形態である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記リチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物は、約5m2/gを超える比表面積を有する微粒子の形態である、請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。
- 前記リチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物は、微粒子の形態であり、
前記リチウム金属酸化物は、微粒子の形態であり、
前記リチウム鉄マンガンリン酸塩化合物と前記リチウム金属酸化物との比表面積比は、0.5〜500である、
請求項1に記載の正極活性材料。 - 請求項1に記載の正極活性材料を含む正極を備えるリチウムイオン電池。
- 黒鉛アノードをさらに備える、請求項19に記載のリチウムイオン電池。
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CN103828099B (zh) | 2018-04-20 |
KR101965016B1 (ko) | 2019-04-02 |
WO2013016426A1 (en) | 2013-01-31 |
CN103828099A (zh) | 2014-05-28 |
EP2737565A1 (en) | 2014-06-04 |
KR20140068893A (ko) | 2014-06-09 |
JP6396799B2 (ja) | 2018-09-26 |
EP2737565A4 (en) | 2015-04-08 |
US20140138591A1 (en) | 2014-05-22 |
EP2737565B1 (en) | 2019-09-25 |
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