CN1946918A - 井筒中的崩落的禁止效应 - Google Patents
井筒中的崩落的禁止效应 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供一种用于处理地下岩层的方法。该方法包括将一个或多个爆炸物放入岩层中的选择用于爆炸的一个或多个井筒的部分中。所形成的井筒处于岩层中的一个或多个区域中。该方法还包括在一个或多个井筒中可控制地爆炸该爆炸物，从而环绕所选择的井筒的至少某些岩层具有增强的渗透率。该方法还包括在一个或多个井筒中提供一个或多个加热器。
Description
技术领域
本发明基本涉及用于从如含烃岩层之类的各种地下岩层生产烃、氢和/或其它产品的方法和系统。尤其是，此处所述某些实施例涉及用于防止崩落材料影响加热器或生产井筒中设备和/或操作的方法和系统。
发明背景
从地下岩层获得的烃经常用作能源，如原料和消费产品。对现有烃资源耗尽的关注和生产的烃的整体质量改变已经导致现有烃资源的更加有效恢复、处理和/或使用的方法的改进。原地处理可以用于从地下岩层去除烃材料。地下岩层中烃材料的化学和/或物理属性可能需要改变，以允许烃材料更加容易从地下岩层去除。化学和物理改变可以包括：生产可去除流体的原地反应，成分变化，溶解度变化，密度变化，相位变化，和/或岩层中烃材料的粘性变化。流体可以是但不局限于气体、液体、乳状液、浆液和/或具有类似于液流的流动特征的固体颗粒流。
加热器可以放置在井筒中，以在原地处理期间加热岩层。使用井地加热器的原地处理的例子在Ljungstrom的美国专利Nos.2,634,961；Ljungstrom的2,732,195；Ljungstrom的2,780,450；Ljungstrom的2,789,805；Ljungstrom的2,923,535；和Van Meurs等的4,886,118中进行了说明。
某些岩层层可能具有导致在井筒中崩落的材料特征。材料在井筒中的崩落可能导致过热、堵塞、设备变形，和/或井筒中的流体流动问题。禁止崩落具有允许岩层中井的更加有效和容易操作的技术优点。
发明内容
本发明提供用于处理加热器井筒和将加热器安装在地下岩层中的方法，包括：将一个或多个爆炸物放入岩层中的选择用于爆炸的一个或多个井筒的部分中，该井筒形成在岩层中的一个或多个区域中；在一个或多个井筒中使该爆炸物进行可控制地爆炸，从而环绕所选择的井筒的至少某些岩层具有增强的渗透率；及在该一个或多个井筒中设置一个或多个加热器。
本发明还提供一个或多个上述发明的组合：(a)允许热量从一个或多个加热器传递给岩层的一个或多个区域；(b)从一个或多个加热器将热量提供给岩层的至少一部分，其中一个或多个加热器处于一个或多个井筒中，该井筒至少部分经过尺寸加工，从而井筒和井筒中其中一个加热器之间的空间具有一宽度，该宽度禁止所选尺寸的颗粒在该空间中自由移动；及(c)控制岩层的各区域的加热，从而一个或多个区域的加热速度保持在20摄氏度/天以下至少15天，在10摄氏度/天以下至少30天，或在5摄氏度/天以下至少60天，从而禁止加热器附近的材料在加热期间和/或加热之后崩落。
本发明还提供一个或多个上述发明的组合：(a)评估岩层的一部分的渗透率，和选择用于爆炸的井筒，加工井筒的尺寸，和/或以所评估的渗透率为基础控制各区域的加热；及(b)评估岩层的一部分的粘土含量，和选择用于爆炸的井筒，加工井筒的尺寸，和/或以所评估的粘土含量为基础控制各区域的加热。
本发明还提供一个或多个上述发明的组合：其中至少其中一个井筒具有放置在井筒中的加热器和岩层之间的衬里，并且该衬里包括开口，将该开口的尺寸加工成使得流体能够通过衬里，但是所选尺寸的颗粒无法通过该衬里。
附图描述
参照下面的详细描述和附图，本领域技术人员将清楚本发明的优点，其中：
附图1说明了加热含烃岩层的步骤。
附图2示出了用于处理含烃岩层的原地转换系统的一部分的实施例的示意性视图。
附图3说明了用于在开口中提供受控爆炸的实施例。
附图4说明了在开口中进行受控爆炸之后该开口的实施例。
附图5说明了开口中的衬里的实施例。
附图6说明了拉伸构造中衬里的实施例。
附图7说明了膨胀构造中衬里的实施例。
尽管本发明易于进行各种修改和备选形式，但是在附图中利用例子示出了其特定实施例，并且在此处可以对其详细描述。附图不对范围进行限定。然而，应当理解的是，附图及其详细描述不将本发明局限于所公开的特定形式，但是相反，试图包括所有落入由所附权利要求限定的本发明的精神和范围内的修改、等效物和备选方案。
具体实施方式
下面的描述基本涉及用于处理岩层中的烃的系统和方法。这些岩层可以处理成生产烃产品、氢和其他产品。
“烃”基本上定义为主要由碳和氢原子形成的分子。烃还可以包括其它元素，如但不局限于卤素、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫。烃可以是但不局限于油母、沥青、焦沥青、油、天然矿物蜡和沥青岩。烃可以位于地球中的矿物矩阵中或其附近。矩阵可以包括但不局限于水成岩、沙子、沉积石英岩、碳酸盐、硅藻土和其他多孔介质。“烃流体”是包括烃的流体。烃流体可以包括、夹带或夹带到非烃流体中(例如，氢、氮、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水和氨)。
“重烃”是粘稠的烃流体。重烃可以包括高粘度烃流体，如重油、焦油和/或沥青。重烃可以包括碳和氢，以及小浓度的硫、氧和氮。在重烃中也可以存在微量辅助元素。重烃可以用API重力分类。重烃基本具有20以下的API重力。例如，重油一般具有10-20的API重力，而焦油一般具有10以下的API重力。重烃的粘度在15摄氏度下一般为至少100厘泊。重烃还可以包括芳族化合物或其它复环烃。
“API重力”指的是15.5摄氏度(60华氏度)下的API重力。API重力用ASTM方法D6822决定。“ASTM”指的是美国材料试验标准。
“岩层”包括一个或多个含烃层，一个或多个无烃层，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层。该“上覆岩层”和/或“下伏岩层”包括一个或多个不同类型的不渗透材料。例如，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以包括岩层、页岩、泥岩或湿/紧碳酸盐。在原地转换过程的某些实施例中，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以包括含烃层或多个含烃层，它们在原地转换处理期间是不渗透的并不受到加温，这导致了上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层的含烃层的显著特性变化。例如，下伏岩层可以含有页岩或泥岩，但是下伏岩层在原地转换过程期间不允许加热到热解温度。在某些情况下，上覆岩层和/或下伏岩层可以是稍微渗透的。
“岩层流体”和“采出液”指的是从岩层去除的流体，并可以包括热解流体、合成气、流动烃和水(蒸汽)。岩层流体可以包括烃流体以及非烃流体。
“碳数”指的是分子中碳原子的数量。烃流体可以包括具有不同碳数的各种烃。可以用碳数分布描述烃流体。碳数和/或碳数分布可以由真沸点分布和/或气-液色谱法决定。
“热源”是用于基本通过传导和/或辐射热量传递向岩层的至少一部分提供热量的任何系统。
“加热器”是用于在井或近似井筒区域中产生热量的任何系统。加热器可以是但不局限于电加热器、循环的热传递流体或蒸汽、燃烧器、与其中的材料或岩层的生成物和/或其组合反应的燃烧室。词语“井筒”指的是岩层中的孔，通过将导管钻孔或插入到岩层中制成。如此处所使用的那样，词语“井”和“开口”，当指的是岩层中的开口时，可以与词语“井筒”互换使用。
“热解”是化学键由于受热而断裂。热解包括只通过加热将化合物转换成一种或多种其它物质。热量可以处递给一部分岩层以导致热解。“热解流体”或“热解产物”指的是在烃的热解期间产生的流体。通过热解反应产生的流体可以与岩层中其它流体混合。该混合物可以看作热解流体或热解产物。热解流体包括但不局限于，烃、氢、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、硫化氢、氨、氮、水和其混合物。
“可冷凝烃”是在25摄氏度101kPa绝对压力下冷凝的烃。可冷凝烃可以包括具有大于4的碳数的烃的混合物。“非可冷凝烃”是在25摄氏度和101kPa绝对压力下不冷凝的烃。非可冷凝烃可以包括具有小于5的碳数的烃。
可以以各种方式处理岩层中的烃，以产生多种不同产物。在某些实施例中，分步处理这些岩层。附图1说明了加热含烃岩层的几个步骤。附图1还说明了在来自岩层的每吨岩层流体的油等效物的桶产量(“Y”)(y轴)与受热岩层的摄氏温度(“T”)(X轴)对比的例子。
在第1阶段加热期间发生甲烷的解吸和水的蒸发。通过第1阶段可以尽快进行岩层的加热。例如，当含烃岩层最初受热时，岩层中的烃将吸附的甲烷解吸。岩层可以产生解吸的甲烷。如果含烃岩层进一步受热，则含烃岩层中的水受到蒸发。在某些含烃岩层中，水可能占到岩层中孔隙体积的10％至50％。在其它岩层中，水占孔隙体积的更大或更小的部分。水通常在岩层中在160℃至285℃之间600kPa绝对压力至7000kPa绝对压力下蒸发。在某些实施例中，蒸发的水在岩层中产生湿度变化和/或增大的岩层压力。湿度变化和/或增大的压力可以影响岩层中的热解反应或其他反应。在某些实施例中，岩层产生蒸发的水。在其它实施例中，蒸发的水用于岩层中或岩层外的抽汽和/或蒸汽蒸馏。从岩层中去除水和增大岩层中孔隙体积增大了孔隙体积中烃的存储空间。
在某些实施例中，在步骤1加热之后，岩层进一步受热，从而岩层中的温度达到(至少)初始热解温度(如步骤2所示温度范围低端处的温度)。岩层中的烃可以通过步骤2热解。热解温度范围根据岩层中烃的类型而改变。该热解温度范围可以包括250℃至900℃之间的温度。用于产生期望产品的热解温度范围可以只延伸通过总热解温度范围的一部分。在某些实施例中，用于产生期望产品的热解温度范围可以包括250℃至400℃之间的温度或270℃至350℃之间的温度。如果岩层中烃的温度通过250℃至400℃的温度范围缓慢升高，则当温度达到400℃时热解产品的产生可以基本完成。用数个热源加热含烃岩层可以在热源周围建立热梯度，该热梯度缓慢升高岩层中烃的温度使其通过热解温度范围。
在某些原地转换实施例中，岩层的一部分加热到期望温度，而不是缓慢加热温度使其通过温度范围。在某些实施例中，期望温度是300℃、325℃或350℃。也可以选择其它温度作为期望温度。来自热源的热量的叠加允许在岩层中较快和较有效地建立期望温度。可以调节从热源输入到岩层中的能量，以将岩层中的温度基本保持在期望的温度。岩层的受热部分基本保持在期望温度，直到热解衰退为止，从而来自岩层的期望岩层流体的产品变得不经济。进行热解的岩层的部分可以包括通过只从一个热源传递的热量达到热解温度范围的区域。
在某些实施例中，岩层产生包括热解流体的岩层流体。随着岩层的温度升高，所产生的岩层流体中可冷凝烃的数量可能降低。在高温下，岩层可能主要产生甲烷和/或氢。如果含烃岩层加热穿过整个热解范围，则岩层可能朝热解范围的上限只产生少量氢。在所有现有的氢用尽时，将通常发生岩层产生最少量的流体产品。
在烃的热解之后，在岩层中可能仍然存在大量的碳和一些氢。含在岩层中的碳的主要部分可以从岩层生产成合成气的形式。合成气的产生可以发生在附图1中所示第3阶段加热期间。第3阶段可以包括将含烃岩层加热到足以允许合成气产生的温度。例如，合成气可以在从400℃到1200℃、500℃到1100℃，或550℃到1000℃的温度范围中产生。合成气产生流体导入岩层时岩层的受热部分的温度决定岩层中所产生的合成气的成分。所产生的合成气体可以通过一个或多个生产井从岩层去除。
附图2说明了用于处理含烃岩层的原地转换系统的一部分的实施例的示意图。热源20放置在岩层的至少一部分中。热源20可以包括如绝缘导体之类的电加热器、导管中的导体加热器、表面燃烧器、无焰分布式燃烧室，和/或自然分布式燃烧室。热源20也可以包括其它类型的加热器。热源20向岩层的至少一部分提供热量，以加热岩层中的烃。能量可以通过供料管线22供给热源20。供料管线22可以根据用于加热岩层的热源或多个热源的类型而结构不同。用于热源的供料管线22可以为电加热器传送电流，可以为燃烧室传输燃料，或者可以传输在岩层中循环的热交换流体。
生产井24用于从岩层去除岩层流体。生产井24所产生的岩层流体可以通过收集管26输送到处理设备28。岩层流体也可以从热源20产生。例如，流体可以从热源20产生，以控制与热源相邻的岩层中的压力。从热源20产生的流体可以通过管道或管输送到收集管26，或者产生的流体可以通过管道或管直接输送到处理设备28。处理设备28可以包括分离单元、反应单元、浓缩单元、燃料井、涡轮、贮存罐，和/或用于处理所产生的岩层流体的其它系统和单元。
该用于处理烃的原地转换系统可以包括栅栏井30。栅栏井用于在处理区域周围形成栅栏。该栅栏禁止流体流入和/或流出处理区域。栅栏井包括但不局限于脱水井、真空井、捕获井、喷射井、灌浆井、冻结井或其组合。在某些实施例中，栅栏井30为脱水井。脱水井可以去除液体水和/或禁止液体水进入将加热的岩层的一部分，或正在加热的岩层。在附图2中所示的实施例中，脱水并示出为只沿着热源20的一侧延伸，但是脱水井通常环绕用于或将用于加热岩层的所有热源20。
如附图2中所示，除了热源20之外，一个或多个生产井24放置在岩层中。岩层流体可以通过生产井24生产。在某些实施例中，生产井24包括热源。生产井中的热源可以加热生产井处或其附近的岩层的一个或多个部分，并允许岩层流体的气相去除。可以减少或消除对液体从生产井的高温泵送的需要。避免或限制液体的高温泵送可以明显降低生产成本。倘若在生产井处或通过生产井加热：(1)当这种生产流体在生产井中移动接近超载时，禁止生产流体的凝结和/或回流，(2)增加输入到岩层中的热量，和/或(3)增强生产井处或其附近岩层的渗透率。在某些原地转换过程的实施例中，每米生产井从生产井供给岩层的热量少于从热源应用到岩层的热量，该热源加热每米热源的岩层。
某些岩层层可以具有导致崩落井筒中的材料特征。例如，油页岩岩层的贫粘土层受热时可能崩落。崩落指的是岩层材料(例如，岩层或粘土)的脱落或摆脱到井筒中。富有膨胀粘土的层具有较高的崩落趋势。粘土可以降低贫层中的渗透率。当热量快速提供给具有降低的渗透率的层时，水和/或其他流体可能无法从层中排出，直到压力导致材料的机械损坏为止。当内压超过层中岩层的拉伸强度时，发生机械损坏，并产生崩落。
材料在井筒中的崩落可能导致井筒中过热、堵塞、设备变形和/或流体流动问题。崩落的材料可能捕获或陷落到井筒中加热器中或其周围。例如，崩落的材料可能陷落到加热器和岩层的壁之间接触或接近加热器的膨胀富层上方。崩落的材料可以松散地包裹，并具有较低的热传导性。低热传导性的崩落材料可能导致加热器的过热和/或热量缓慢传递给岩层。含烃岩层(如油页岩岩层)中的崩落材料可能具有在1毫米(“mm”)和2.5厘米(“cm”)之间，1.5毫米和2厘米之间，或5毫米和1厘米之间的平均颗粒直径。
具有非常低的渗透率(例如，10微达西(“μdarcy”)或以下，20微达西或以下，或50微达西或以下)的地下岩层的体积可能具有崩落的趋势。对于油页岩，这些体积通常是具有5％或更大体积含量的粘土的贫层。粘土可以是蒙脱石粘土或伊利粘土。具有非常低的渗透率的体积材料可能在地下岩层的加热期间碎石化(rubbilize)。该碎石化可能由粘土结合水的膨胀、其它粘土结合流体和/或岩体中的气体导致。
几项技术可以用于禁止崩落或与崩落相关的问题。这些技术包括初始加热井筒，从而在近井筒区域中具有初始缓慢的温度上升，在加热之前用稳定流体预处理井筒，在加热之前在井筒中提供受控爆炸，将衬里或筛网放置在井筒中，并将井筒和放置在井筒中的设备的尺寸加工成使得崩落材料无法导致井筒中的问题。各种技术都可以独立使用或彼此组合使用。
在某些实施例中，大量地下岩层的渗透率受到评估。在某些实施例中，该区域地下岩层的粘土含量受到评估。所评估的体积或区域的渗透率和/或粘土含量处于井筒处或其附近(例如，在井筒的1米、0.5米，或0.3米之内)。可以通过例如Stoneley波衰减声速测井评估渗透率。可以通过例如脉冲中子测井系统(如来自Schlumberger OilfieldServices(H0uston，TX，USA)的RST(水库饱和工具)评估粘土含量。从密度和中子测井之间的差评估粘土含量。如果评估显示井筒附近的一个或多个区域具有低于所选值的渗透率(例如，最多10微达西，最多20微达西，或最多50微达西)和/或高于所选值的粘土含量(例如，至少5％体积，至少3％体积，或至少2％体积)，则井筒处或其附近的岩层的初始加热可以受到控制，以将加热速度保持在所选值之下。所选加热速度根据岩层的类型，岩层中井筒的图案，使用的加热器类型，岩层中井筒的间隔或其它因素改变。
初始加热可以保持在所选加热速度或以下特定的时间长度。在一定时间之后，井筒处或其附近的渗透率可能增大到由于层中气体的缓慢膨胀而不再可能发生崩落的值。较缓慢的加热速度允许水或其它流体具有从层中蒸发和溢出的时间，禁止层中压力快速增长。缓慢的初始加热速度允许膨胀的水蒸气和其他流体在岩层中产生微裂缝，而不是岩层快速受热时可能发生的井筒损坏。随着热前端从井筒移开，温度上升速度减慢。例如，温度上升速度通常在距离井筒0.1米、0.3米、0.5米、1米、3米或更大距离处极大减小。在某些实施例中，井筒处或其附近的地下岩层的加热速度(例如井筒的3米之内，井筒的1米之内，井筒的0.5米之内，或井筒的0.3米之内)保持在20摄氏度/天以下至少15天。在某些实施例中，井筒处或其附近的地下岩层加热速度保持在10摄氏度/天以下至少30天。在某些实施例中，井筒处或其附近的地下岩层的加热速度保持在5摄氏度/天以下至少60天。在某些实施例中，井筒处或其附近的地下岩层的加热速度保持在2摄氏度/天以下至少150天。
在某些实施例中，具有导致崩落的区域的岩层中的井筒受到预处理，以禁止在加热期间崩落。在加热器放入到井筒中之前可以处理井筒。在某些实施例中，具有所选粘土含量的井筒用一个或多个粘土稳定剂进行处理。例如，粘土稳定剂可以加入到在井筒的形成期间使用的盐水溶液中。粘土稳定剂包括但不局限于氧化钙或油田工业中已知的其他含钙材料。在某些实施例中，限制(或避免)包括卤素的粘土稳定剂的使用，以减少(或避免)对井筒中使用的加热器或其它设备的腐蚀问题。
在某些实施例中，通过在井筒中提供受控爆炸处理井筒。该受控爆炸可以沿着所选长度或在井筒的所选区域中进行。通过将受控的爆炸系统放置到井筒中进行受控爆炸。通过控制井筒中爆炸的垂直传播速度实施该受控爆炸。受控爆炸系统的一个例子是可从Ensign-Bickford Company(Spanish Fork，Utah，USA)获得的Primacord导炸索。受控爆炸系统可以设置成沿着井筒的所选长度或所选区域爆炸。可以控制爆炸系统，以限制井筒中爆炸的量。
附图3说明了用于在开口中提供受控爆炸的实施例。开口32形成在烃层34中。爆炸系统36放置在开口32中。在实施例中，爆炸系统36包括Primacord。在某些实施例中，爆炸系统36具有爆炸区域38。在某些实施例中，爆炸区域38位于具有较高粘土含量的层和/或将受到加热的具有很低渗透率的层(如贫层40)附近。在某些实施例中，爆炸系统36的非爆炸部分可以放置在富有烃并且粘土含量低的层(如富层42)附近。在某些实施例中，爆炸部分可以邻近贫层40和富层42延伸。爆炸区域38可以在井筒处或其附近进行受控爆炸。
附图4说明了在开口中进行受控爆炸之后开口的实施例。受控爆炸增大了区域44的渗透率。在某些实施例中，区域44具有从开口32的壁向外延伸到贫层40和富层42中0.1米至0.3米之间，0.2米至2米之间，或0.3米至1米之间的宽度。在一个实施例中，该宽度为0.3米。通过在区域中微裂缝，增大区域44的渗透率。在已经产生区域44之后，加热器46安装在开口32中。在某些实施例中，在将加热器46安装到开口中之前，将开口32中通过受控爆炸形成的碎石去除(例如，钻出或挖出)。在某些实施例中，在开始受控爆炸之前，将开口32钻得较深(钻得超过所需长度)。过度钻深的开口可以允许爆炸产生的碎石落入开口的额外部分(底部)中，从而禁止碎石干扰安装在开口中的加热器。
在井筒中进行受控爆炸产生微裂缝，并增大井筒附近区域中岩层的渗透率。在实施例中，受控爆炸产生微裂缝，在岩层中具有受限的碎石或没有碎石。增大的渗透率允许气体在加热的早期阶段在岩层中释放。气体释放禁止岩层中气体压力增大，该压力增大可能导致井筒区域附近材料的崩落。
在某些实施例中，通过进行受控爆炸产生的增大的渗透率在加热岩层的早期阶段中是有利的。在某些实施例中，增大的渗透率包括增大的水平渗透率和增大的垂直渗透率。增大的垂直渗透率可以连接岩层中的层(例如富层和贫层)。如附图4中箭头所示，由加热器46提供的热量在富层42中所产生的流体从富层通过区域44流到贫层40。区域44的增大的渗透率有利于从富层42流到贫层40。贫层40中的流体流到生产井筒或用于生产的低温井筒。该流动方式禁止流体受到加热器46过度加热。加热器46对流体的过度加热可能导致开口32中或开口32处焦化。区域44具有宽度，该宽度延伸超过从开口32的壁的焦化半径，以允许流体在焦化半径外侧的距离处与开口同轴或平行流动。通过禁止热量裂化和烯烃以及其它低质量产品的产生，流体的减少加热也可能提高产品质量。在加热的早期阶段中，由于岩层流体从区域44通过贫层40流动，所以加热器46以更高的速度提供给烃层34更多热量。
在某些实施例中，穿孔衬里(或穿孔导管)放置在加热器外侧的井筒中，以禁止崩落材料接触加热器。附图5说明了开口中衬里的实施例。在某些实施例中，衬里48用碳钢或不锈钢制成。在某些实施例中，衬里48禁止膨胀材料使加热器46变形。衬里48具有只比开口32的初始直径略小的直径。衬里48具有允许流体通过衬里的开口50。开口50为例如狭槽或狭缝。开口50将尺寸加工成使得流体通过衬里48但是崩落材料或其它颗粒不通过衬里。
在某些实施例中，衬里48可选择地放置在可能导致崩落的层(如富层42)处或其附近。例如，具有较低渗透率(例如，最多10微达西，最多20微达西，或最多50微达西)的层可能导致崩落。在某些实施例中，衬里48为筛网，线网或其它线结构，和/或可变性衬里。例如，衬里48可以是具有开口50的可膨胀管状。在衬里安装到开口中之后，衬里48可以用心轴或“锭块”张开。当岩层受热时，衬里48可以变形或弯曲，但是来自岩层的崩落材料将过大，而无法通过衬里中的开口50。
在某些实施例中，衬里48是以拉伸构造安装在开口中的可膨胀筛网。衬里48可以松散地进行如下安装。附图6说明了处于拉伸构造的衬里48的实施例。衬里48具有连接到衬里底部上的重物52。重物52自由悬挂，并提供张力，以拉伸衬里48。当重物接触底部表面(例如，开口的底部)时，重物52可能停止移动。在某些实施例中，重物从衬里释放。在来自重物52的张力去除的情况下，衬里48释放到膨胀构造，如附图7中所示。在某些实施例中，衬里48以紧凑构造安装在开口中，并用心轴或锭块张开。通常，可膨胀的衬里为穿孔的或开缝的管状，它们放置在井筒中，并通过迫使心轴穿过衬里而展开。这些可膨胀衬里可以展开靠在井筒的壁上，以禁止壁材料崩落。典型可膨胀衬里的例子可从Weatherford U.S.，L.P.(Alice，TX)和HalliburtonEnergy Services(Houston，TX)获得。
在某些实施例中，井筒或开口将尺寸加工使得井筒中崩落的材料不防碍井筒中加热。井筒和加热器可以将尺寸加工成使得加热器和井筒之间的环带较小，足以禁止所选尺寸(例如，崩落材料的尺寸)的颗粒在环带中自由移动(例如，由于重力而落下，由于流体压力而移动，或由于地质现象而移动)。在某些实施例中，环带的所选部分将尺寸加工成禁止颗粒自由移动。在某些实施例中，加热器和井筒之间的环带具有最多2.5厘米，最多2厘米，或最多1.5厘米的宽度。此处所述减小崩落效应的不同方法都可以单独使用或组合使用。
在该描述的基础上，本领域技术人员将清楚本发明的各个方面的其他修改和备选实施例。尤其是，此处所公开的禁止崩落效应的不同方法可以组合或单独使用。因此，该描述将构造成只是说明性的，并出于向本领域技术人员说明实现本发明的基本方式的目的。应当理解的是，此处所示和所描述的本发明的形式用作优选实施例。此处说明和描述的元件和材料可以替换，部件和过程可以颠倒，并且本发明的某些特征可以单独使用。在不脱离如所附权利要求中公开的本发明的精神和范围的情况下，可以在此处所述元件中进行改变。另外，将理解的是，此处所述特征可以是独立的，在某些实施例中可以组合。
Claims (22)
1.用于处理地下岩层的方法，包括：
将一个或多个爆炸物放入岩层中一个或多个井筒的选择用于爆炸的部分中，该井筒形成在岩层中的一个或多个区域中；
在一个或多个井筒中使该爆炸物进行可控制地爆炸，从而环绕所选择的井筒的至少某些岩层具有增强的渗透率；及
在该一个或多个井筒中设置一个或多个加热器。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法还包括在将加热器设置在所选择的井筒中之前，对所选择的井筒进行扩孔。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，增强的渗透率发生在半径距离至少一个井筒至少0.3米，至少0.5米，或至少1米处。
4.如权利要求1至3所述的方法，其特征在于，该增强的渗透率增大了一个或多个井筒附近的垂直渗透率。
5.如权利要求1至4所述的方法，其特征在于，爆炸物包括细长的柔性材料，该材料构造成将放置在至少一个井筒的长度中。
6.如权利要求1至5所述的方法，其特征在于，爆炸禁止至少一个井筒中的材料在加热期间崩落。
7.如权利要求1至6所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法还包括允许热量从一个或多个加热器传递给岩层的一个或多个区域。
8.如权利要求1至7所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法还包括：
从一个或多个加热器向岩层的至少一部分提供热量，其中该加热器的一个或多个处于一个或多个井筒中，该井筒至少部分将尺寸加工成使得井筒和井筒中的其中一个加热器之间的距离具有一宽度，该宽度禁止所选尺寸的颗粒在该空间中自由移动。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法，其特征在于，该空间的宽度最大为2.5厘米，最大为2厘米，或最大为1.5厘米。
10.如权利要求7至9所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法还包括控制岩层的该区域的加热，从而一个或多个区域的加热速度保持在20摄氏度/天以下至少15天，10摄氏度/天以下至少30天，或者5摄氏度/天以下至少60天，从而禁止加热器附近的材料在加热期间和/或加热之后崩落。
11.如权利要求7至10中任意一个所述的方法，其特征在于，加热控制在至少一个井筒的1米之内，0.5米之内，或0.3米之内。
12.如权利要求7至11中任意一个所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法还包括加热岩层中的某些烃，从而这些烃的至少一部分热解。
13.如权利要求7至12中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法还包括从岩层生产混合物，其中所生产的混合物包括可凝结烃，该可凝结烃具有至少25的API重力。
14.如权利要求7至13中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法还包括控制所提供的热量，以禁止具有高于25的碳数的岩层产生烃。
15.如权利要求7至14中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法还包括将岩层的一部分加热到至少270摄氏度的最小热解温度。
16.如权利要求1至15中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法还包括评估岩层的一部分的渗透率，并选择井筒用于爆炸，加工井筒的尺寸，和/或以所评估的渗透率为基础控制各区域的加热。
17.如权利要求16所述的方法，其特征在于(a)选择用于爆炸的井筒处于，(b)将井筒和加热器之间的空间尺寸加工处于，和/或(c)将加热控制在具有最多50微达西，最多20微达西，或最多10微达西的渗透率的岩层的部分中。
18.如权利要求1至17所述的方法，其特征在于，该方法还包括评估岩层的一部分的粘土含量，并选择井筒用于爆炸，加工井筒的尺寸，和/或以所评估的粘土含量为基础控制各区域的加热。
19.如权利要求18所述的方法，其特征在于(a)选择用于爆炸的井筒处于，(b)将井筒和加热器之间的空间尺寸加工处于，和/或(c)将加热控制在具有至少2％，至少3％，或至少5％的粘土体积含量的岩层的部分中。
20.如权利要求18或19所述的方法，当在具有至少大约2％，至少3％，或至少5％粘土体积含量的区域中形成井筒时，在钻井液中使用粘土稳定剂。
21.如权利要求1至20中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，各区域靠近岩层中一个或多个井筒。
22.如权利要求1至21中任意一项所述的方法，其特征在于，至少其中一个井筒具有放置在井筒中加热器和岩层之间的衬里，并且该衬里包括开口，该开口将尺寸加工成使得流体能够通过衬里，但是所选尺寸的颗粒无法通过衬里。
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| CN108884742A (zh) * | 2016-03-02 | 2018-11-23 | 沃特洛电气制造公司 | 虚拟传感系统 |
| CN108884742B (zh) * | 2016-03-02 | 2022-02-01 | 沃特洛电气制造公司 | 虚拟传感系统 |
| US11255244B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2022-02-22 | Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company | Virtual sensing system |
| CN114458431A (zh) * | 2016-03-02 | 2022-05-10 | 沃特洛电气制造公司 | 虚拟传感系统 |
| US11486291B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2022-11-01 | Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company | Virtual sensing system |
| CN114458431B (zh) * | 2016-03-02 | 2024-01-12 | 沃特洛电气制造公司 | 虚拟传感系统 |
| US11970964B2 (en) | 2016-03-02 | 2024-04-30 | Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company | Virtual sensing system |
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