CN114458431B - 虚拟传感系统 - Google Patents

虚拟传感系统 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN114458431B
CN114458431B CN202210031673.8A CN202210031673A CN114458431B CN 114458431 B CN114458431 B CN 114458431B CN 202210031673 A CN202210031673 A CN 202210031673A CN 114458431 B CN114458431 B CN 114458431B
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Prior art keywords
heater
fluid flow
electric heater
temperature
heating system
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CN202210031673.8A
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CN114458431A (zh
Inventor
詹姆斯·N·普拉顿
张三宏
杰里米·匡特
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Watlow Electric Manufacturing Co
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Watlow Electric Manufacturing Co
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N9/005—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus using models instead of sensors to determine operating characteristics of exhaust systems, e.g. calculating catalyst temperature instead of measuring it directly
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
    • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
    • H05B1/0227—Applications
    • H05B1/023—Industrial applications
    • H05B1/0244—Heating of fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
    • F01N11/002—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity the diagnostic devices measuring or estimating temperature or pressure in, or downstream of the exhaust apparatus
    • F01N11/005—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity the diagnostic devices measuring or estimating temperature or pressure in, or downstream of the exhaust apparatus the temperature or pressure being estimated, e.g. by means of a theoretical model
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
    • F01N11/002—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity the diagnostic devices measuring or estimating temperature or pressure in, or downstream of the exhaust apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/027—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N9/002—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus of filter regeneration, e.g. detection of clogging
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
    • F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/024—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to increase temperature of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
    • F02D41/1446—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being exhaust temperatures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
    • F02D41/1446—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being exhaust temperatures
    • F02D41/1447—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being exhaust temperatures with determination means using an estimation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/22—Safety or indicating devices for abnormal conditions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/22—Safety or indicating devices for abnormal conditions
    • F02D41/222—Safety or indicating devices for abnormal conditions relating to the failure of sensors or parameter detection devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/76—Devices for measuring mass flow of a fluid or a fluent solid material
    • G01F1/86—Indirect mass flowmeters, e.g. measuring volume flow and density, temperature or pressure
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K7/00—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements
    • G01K7/16—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements using resistive elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M15/00—Testing of engines
    • G01M15/04—Testing internal-combustion engines
    • G01M15/05—Testing internal-combustion engines by combined monitoring of two or more different engine parameters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D23/00—Control of temperature
    • G05D23/185—Control of temperature with auxiliary non-electric power
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D23/00—Control of temperature
    • G05D23/19—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means
    • G05D23/20—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means with sensing elements having variation of electric or magnetic properties with change of temperature
    • G05D23/24—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means with sensing elements having variation of electric or magnetic properties with change of temperature the sensing element having a resistance varying with temperature, e.g. a thermistor
    • G05D23/2401—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means with sensing elements having variation of electric or magnetic properties with change of temperature the sensing element having a resistance varying with temperature, e.g. a thermistor using a heating element as a sensing element
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D23/00—Control of temperature
    • G05D23/19—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means
    • G05D23/30—Automatic controllers with an auxiliary heating device affecting the sensing element, e.g. for anticipating change of temperature
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C5/00—Registering or indicating the working of vehicles
    • G07C5/08—Registering or indicating performance data other than driving, working, idle, or waiting time, with or without registering driving, working, idle or waiting time
    • G07C5/0808—Diagnosing performance data
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
    • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
    • H05B1/0227—Applications
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/0033—Heating devices using lamps
    • H05B3/0038—Heating devices using lamps for industrial applications
    • H05B3/0042—Heating devices using lamps for industrial applications used in motor vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/141—Conductive ceramics, e.g. metal oxides, metal carbides, barium titanate, ferrites, zirconia, vitrous compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/18—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor the conductor being embedded in an insulating material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/10—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a heat accumulator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/16—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an electric heater, i.e. a resistance heater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/36—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an exhaust flap
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F01N2410/04—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device during regeneration period, e.g. of particle filter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2550/00—Monitoring or diagnosing the deterioration of exhaust systems
    • F01N2550/22—Monitoring or diagnosing the deterioration of exhaust systems of electric heaters for exhaust systems or their power supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/06—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being a temperature sensor
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Abstract

提供了一种用于排气系统的加热系统的控制系统。控制系统包括至少一个设置在流体流动通道内的电加热器，以及适于接收至少一个输入的控制装置，该输入选自由流体流动的质量流率、流体流动的流速、所述至少一个电加热器上游的流动温度、所述至少一个电加热器下游的流动温度、输入到所述至少一个电加热器的功率、从所述加热系统的物理特性导出的参数，以及它们的组合组成的组。控制装置可操作以基于至少一个输入调制到至少一个电加热器的功率。

Description

虚拟传感系统
本案是申请号为201780017844.9、发明名称为虚拟传感系统的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于流体流动应用的加热和传感系统，例如车辆排气系统，例如柴油机废气和后处理系统。
背景技术
本节中的陈述仅提供与本发明相关的背景信息，并且可能不构成现有技术。
物理传感器在诸如发动机的排气系统的瞬态流体流动应用中的使用由于诸如振动和热循环的恶劣环境条件而具有挑战性。一种已知的温度传感器包括位于热电偶套管内的矿物绝缘传感器，然后将其焊接到支撑托架上，该支撑托架保持管状元件。遗憾的是，这种设计需要很长时间才能达到稳定性，高振动环境会导致物理传感器损坏。
在许多应用中，物理传感器还呈现实际电阻元件温度的一些不确定性，因此，在加热器功率的设计中经常应用大的安全裕度。因此，与物理传感器一起使用的加热器通常提供较低的功率密度，这允许较低的损坏加热器的风险，代价是更大的加热器尺寸和成本(相同的加热器功率分布在更多的电阻元件表面区域上)。
此外，已知技术使用来自热控制回路中的外部传感器的开/关控制或PID控制。外部传感器的导线和传感器输出之间的热阻具有固有的延迟。任何外部传感器都会增加组件故障模式的可能性，并限制任何机械安装对整个系统的限制。
用于流体流动系统中的加热器的一种应用是车辆排气装置，其耦合到内燃发动机以帮助减少各种气体和其他污染物排放到大气中的不期望的释放。这些排气系统通常包括各种后处理装置，例如柴油微粒过滤器(DPF)，催化转化器，选择性催化还原(SCR)，柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)，贫NOx捕集器(LNT)，氨逃逸催化剂，或改良者等。DPF，催化转化器和SCR捕获废气中包含的一氧化碳(CO)，氮氧化物(NOx)，颗粒物质(PMs)和未燃烧的碳氢化合物(HCs)。加热器可以周期性地或在预定时间被激活，以增加排气温度并激活催化剂和/或燃烧已经在排气系统中捕获的颗粒物质或未燃烧的碳氢化合物。
加热器通常安装在排气管或诸如排气系统的容器的部件中。加热器可以包括排气管内的多个加热元件，并且通常被控制到相同的目标温度以提供相同的热输出。然而，温度梯度通常由于不同的操作条件而发生，例如来自相邻加热元件的不同热辐射，以及流过加热元件的不同温度的废气。例如，下游加热元件通常具有比上游元件更高的温度，因为下游加热元件暴露于已经被上游加热元件加热的具有更高温度的流体。此外，中间加热元件从相邻的上游和下游加热元件接收更多的热辐射。
加热器的寿命取决于加热元件的寿命，该加热元件处于最恶劣的加热条件下并且首先会失效。在不知道哪个加热元件首先会失效的情况下很难预测加热器的寿命。为了提高所有加热元件的可靠性，加热器通常设计成以安全系数操作以避免任何加热元件的故障。因此，通常操作处于较不苛刻的加热条件下的加热元件以产生远低于其最大可用热输出的热输出。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种用于排气系统的加热系统的控制系统。控制系统包括设置在排气流体流动路径内的至少一个电加热器。控制装置适于接收选自由排气流体流的质量流率，排气流体流的质量速度，至少一个电加热器的上游或下游的流动温度，至少一个电加热器的功率输入，来自加热系统的物理特性参数及其组合的组中的至少一个输入。控制装置可操作以基于输入调制到至少一个电加热器的功率。
在本申请的一种形式中，电加热器选自带式加热器，裸线电阻加热元件，电缆加热器，筒式加热器，分层加热器，条形加热器和管式加热器组成的组。所述至少一个电加热器可包括具有护套温度(Ts)的护套，所述护套温度由通过加热系统的物理特性得出的参数确定。
控制装置可操作以在没有物理传感器的情况下预测与至少一个加热器相关联的温度。质量流率可以通过从由扭矩需求，踏板位置，增加的歧管绝对压力(MAP)，增压正时，发动机正时及其组合组成的组中选择的参数来确定。控制装置还可操作以在需要电力之前确定所需的加热器功率。
本发明还提供了一种发动机系统，其包括如本文所述的排气系统。在一种形式中，控制装置适于接收从包括发动机参数，排气参数，电功率输出，加热器参数的组中选择的发动机输入，并且该装置可操作以产生从由功率消耗，排气温度，加热器温度，诊断，排气质量流量及其组合组成的组中选择的输出。在另一种形式中，控制系统可操作以诊断退化的发动机系统部件。在又一种形式中，控制系统与发动机控制单元通信，并且适于在确定的参数与预设参数不匹配时触发诊断故障代码。
本发明还提供了一种预测流体流动系统中的至少一个位置的温度的方法，该流体流动系统具有设置在用于加热流体的加热系统中的加热器。该方法包括：获得流体流动系统的流体流动的质量流率；获得加热器的流体出口温度和流体入口温度中的至少一个；获得提供给加热器的电力；基于流体流动系统的模型和所获得的质量流率以及流体出口和入口温度计算至少一个位置处的温度。
本发明还提供了一种在布置在流体流动系统中的加热器系统中的多个电阻加热元件中的每一个之后预测出口温度的方法。该方法包括：获得流体流动的质量流量；获得每个电阻加热元件的流体入口温度；获得提供给每个电阻加热元件的功率和流体流动系统的特性，其将输入到每个电阻加热元件的功率与传递到流体流的功率相关联；并根据流体流动系统的模型计算出口温度。
根据本文提供的描述，其他适用领域将变得显而易见。应该理解的是，描述和具体示例仅用于说明的目的，并不旨在限制本公开的范围。
附图说明
为了可以很好地理解本公开，现在将描述其各种形式，通过示例的方式给出，参考附图，其中：
图1是应用了本发明原理的柴油发动机和排气后处理系统的示意图；
图2是根据现有技术的管状加热器结构的剖视图；
图3是说明根据本发明的教导的流体流动系统中的一系列组件的示意图；
图4是示出根据本发明的教导的预测具有加热器的流体流动系统中的至少一个位置的温度的方法的流程图；和
图5是示出根据本发明的教导的在布置在流体流动系统中的加热器系统中的多个电阻加热元件中的每一个之后预测出口温度的方法的流程图。
本文描述的附图仅用于说明目的，并不旨在以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
具体实施方式
以下描述本质上是示例性的，并且决不旨在限制本公开，其应用或用途。因此，应该理解，方法中的步骤可以以不同的顺序执行而不改变本公开的原理。
参考图1，示例性发动机系统10一般包括柴油发动机12，交流发电机(在某些应用中或发电机)14，涡轮增压器16，以及排气后处理系统18，排气后处理系统18从涡轮增压器16的下游设置用于治疗在废气释放到大气之前，来自柴油发动机12的废气。排气后处理系统18可包括一个或多个附加部件，装置或系统。如图1所示，排气后处理系统18包括一个加热系统20，柴油氧化催化器(DOC)22，柴油机微粒过滤器装置(DPF)24，以及选择性催化还原装置(SCR)26。排气后处理系统18包括在上游排气导管32，上游排气导管其接收其中的加热器组件28，中间排气管道34，DOC 22和DPF 24位于中间排气管道34中，设置有SCR 26的排气导管36。
应该理解的是，这里示出和描述的发动机系统10仅仅是示例性的，因此可以包括诸如NOx吸附器或氨氧化催化剂等其他部件，而其他部件例如可以不使用DOC 22，DPF 24和SCR。此外，尽管示出了柴油发动机12，但是应该理解，本公开的教导也适用于汽油发动机和其他流体流动应用。因此，柴油发动机应用不应被解释为限制本发明的范围。这些变化应被解释为落入本发明的范围内。
加加热系统20包括设置在DOC 22上游的加热器组件28，以及用于控制加热器组件28的操作的加热器控制模块30。加热器组件28可包括一个或多个电加热器，其中每个电加热器包括至少一个电阻加热元件。加热器组件28设置在排气流体流动通道内，以便在操作期间加热流体流动。加热器控制模块30通常包括适于接收来自加热器组件28的输入的控制装置。控制加热器组件28的操作的示例可包括打开和关闭加热器组件，将加热器组件28的功率调节为单个单元和/或调制功率以分离子组件，例如单个或一组电阻加热元件(如果有的话)，以及它们的组合。
在一种形式中，加热器控制模块30包括控制装置。控制装置与加热器组件28的至少一个电加热器连通。控制装置适于接收至少一个输入，包括但不限于排气流体流动，排气流体流动的质量速度，至少一个电加热器上游流动温度，至少一个电加热器下游的流动温度，至少一个电加热器的功率输入，从加热系统的物理特性得到的参数，以及它们的组合。至少一个电加热器可以是适于加热排出流体的任何加热器。示例性电加热器包括但不限于带式加热器，裸线电阻加热元件，电缆加热器，筒式加热器，分层加热器，条形加热器，管式加热器及其组合。举例来说，物理特性可包括电阻丝直径，MgO(绝缘)厚度，护套厚度，导电率，结构材料的比热和密度，传热系数，以及加热器和流体导管的发射率，其他几何和应用相关信息。
图1所示的系统包括设置在加热器组件28下游的DOC 22。DOC 22用作催化剂以氧化废气中的一氧化碳和任何未燃烧的碳氢化合物。另外，DOC 22将一氧化氮(NO)转化为二氧化氮(NO2)。DPF24设置在DOC22的下游，以帮助从废气中去除柴油颗粒物质(PM)或烟灰。SCR 26设置在DPF 24的下游，并且借助于催化剂将氮氧化物(NOx)转化为氮气(N2)和水。尿素水溶液喷射器27设置在DPF 24的下游和SCR 26的上游，用于将尿素水溶液喷射到废气流中。当尿素水溶液用作SCR 26中的还原剂时，NOx被还原成N2，H2O和CO2。
在本发明的一种形式中，来自上述发动机系统10的数据用于数学模型中以预测各种温度，包括加热器温度，排气入口温度和排气出口温度等，而不使用物理传感器。这些模型是为瞬态和非瞬态系统开发的，适用于各种加热器类型和流体流动应用。因此，本文提供的管状加热器和发动机排气的各种形式不应被解释为限制本发明的范围。此外，具体提及“加热器护套”温度仅仅是示例性的，并且计算的温度可以是任何类型的加热器的任何部件，例如带式加热器，裸线电阻加热元件，电缆加热器，筒式加热器，分层加热器，条形加热器或管状加热器等。“分层加热器”先前已在美国专利No.7,196,295中定义，该专利与本申请共同转让，其内容通过引用整体并入本文。
参见在图2中，管状加热器用作加热器组件28中使用的示例类型的加热器，并且示出并且通常由附图标记40表示。管状加热器40包括设置在护套44内的电阻加热元件42和绝缘材料例如，压实的氧化镁(MgO)设置在它们之间。管状加热器40还可包括电力引脚50和密封件52。
本发明提供了控制电加热器的控制系统和方法，其通常包括使用输入的装置/设备，例如质量流量或流速，加热器上游或下游的流动温度，加热器功率输入，以及从系统的物理特性导出的参数，然后根据这些输入调制加热器的功率。为了根据一组已知变量计算系统的值，本文公开了各种方程。应该理解，这些等式仅仅是示例性的，不应该被解释为限制本发明的范围。
例如，为了在如上所述的诸如柴油机废气的应用中不使用物理传感器来计算护套44的温度，使用质量流率，入口温度和加热器40的功率，以及传热方程，适用于各种加热器配置。在一种形式中，下面的等式1用于计算护套44的温度(Ts)：
其中：
Ac＝加热器横截面积；
As＝护套面积；
C＝基于雷诺数(Re)的第一常数和下面的表1；
C2＝基于加热器元件数量的偏移；
D＝加热器元件直径；
K＝空气的导热率；
kW＝总加热器功率；
Mfuel＝燃料的质量流率；
Min＝入口质量空气流量(MAF)率；
m＝基于雷诺数(Re)的第二常数和下面的表1；
Pr＝气体温度下的Prandtl数；
Prs＝在护套温下取的Prandtl数；
ST＝元素之间的横向距离；
Tout＝加热器出口温度；和
μ＝空气粘度。
表1
ReD，max＝给定直径和速度最大值的雷诺数；
NL＝元素数量；和
C2＝在评估元素1时，使用NL＝1；在评估6个元素时，NL从0.7开始，并在分析每个元素时增加到0.92。
此外，在该等式1中，没有结合辐射效应，然而，可以结合辐射效应，同时保持在本发明的范围内。
除了加热器护套温度44之外，可以计算/建模流体流动流中的每个元件之后的出口温度(参见图3)，从而减少对额外温度传感器的需求。在一种形式中，出口温度根据下面的等式2计算：
其中：
As＝护套表面积；
Cp＝恒定压力下的空气比热；
h＝对流换热系数；
Tout，1＝加热元件1后的出口温度；
Tin，1＝加热元件1的入口温度；和
Ts＝护套温度。
因此，使用等式2，可以在整个流体流动系统中不使用物理传感器的情况下预测温度。作为进一步的优点，使用如本文所述的等式导致更快的响应时间，这是由于与物理传感器相关联的滞后时间，尤其是在瞬态系统中。更高的精度和更快的响应时间还允许使用在更高温度下操作的加热器，因此提供改进的性能并降低安全裕度。此外，通过本公开去除了物理传感器的故障模式。
由于等式1用于稳态，因此如本文所公开的，将另一个基础等式用于虚拟感测，即等式3：
其中：
Ac＝加热器横截面积；
As＝护套面积；
C＝基于雷诺数(Re)和表1的常数；
C2＝基于加热器元件数量的偏移；
Cp＝恒定压力下的空气比热；
D＝加热器元件直径；
K＝空气的导热率；
Mfuel＝燃料的质量流量；
Min＝入口质量空气流量(MAF)率；
m＝基于雷诺数(Re)和表1的常数；
Pr＝气体温度下的Prandtl数；
Prs＝在护套温下取的Prandt|数；
ST＝元素之间的横向距离；
Tin＝加热器入口温度；
Tout＝加热器出口温度；和
μ＝空气粘度。
通常，为了不限于本文公开的特定方程，通过使用设定点，质量流量和入口温度的输入的等式系统来确定Ts，以计算系统温度。
本发明还提供对加热器40的预测/主动控制。例如，诸如扭矩需求，踏板位置和增加的歧管绝对压力(MAP)/增压/发动机正时的系统数据可以被转换成质量流率，然后，可以将流率提供给控制系统，以在需要电力之前确定所需的加热器功率，而不是依赖于对物理传感器的延迟响应。
本发明的一个变型考虑了根据等式4的辐射效应：
Q＝ε·σ·vf(Th+Tse)
公式4
其中：
Q＝辐射密度；
Th＝绝对加热器温度；
Tse＝绝对传感器温度；
Vf＝视角因子(撞击传感器的加热器辐射部分)；
ε＝发射率；和
σ＝Stefan-Boltzmann常数。
此外，可以在数学上完全量化加热器，使得包括加热器的所有材料的系统频率响应可以根据质量空气流量(MAF)速率，加热器入口温度和施加的功率来确定。可以减少加热器对改变发动机和排气条件或一般系统中断的频率响应，使加热器具有更快的反馈响应。这改善了对加热器元件温度的控制，允许加热器具有更高的功率密度(每单位长度的瓦特数，每单位面积的瓦特数或每单位体积的瓦特数)和更好的耐久性，因为温度波动减小。系统表示可以简化为控制微处理器可以减少工作量使用的形式。此外，本发明可以将相对复杂的数学过程简化为表格形式以降低处理能力和定义的预期状态。应该理解的是，可以采用各种获得质量空气流的方法，例如MAP和将进气质量流与燃料消耗相结合。因此，如本文所用，术语“质量流量”应被解释为包括获得质量空气流量的这些和其他方法。
通常，本发明从各种装置获取输入，例如发动机，排气，电源和加热器，执行各种算法，然后产生诸如实际功率消耗，排气温度的输出，加热器温度，诊断和排气质量流量。发动机输入/参数可包括排气温度和排气流量；加热器输入/参数可包括加热器功率，几何形状和系数。系统模型可包括加热器模型，线温度和护套温度，以及至少一种控制算法。输出可以包括排气温度，排气流和诊断。
在另一种形式中，虚拟传感系统以诊断模式运行，以将加热器40的响应与已知的施加功率进行比较，以确定整个排气后处理系统18是否正在降级，效率降低，或者是否存在排气后处理系统18中的缺陷。此外，虚拟传感系统可以允许移除催化剂入口温度传感器，从而降低整个排气后处理系统18的成本和复杂性。如果催化剂入口温度传感器保持在排气后处理系统18中，其输出可以与虚拟传感系统提供的计算/预测的加热器出口温度进行比较，并且它们之间的任何不匹配都可以触发发动机控制单元(ECU)内的诊断故障代码。此外，本公开的虚拟传感器系统可以与基于模型的设计(例如，Simulink)集成，以改善瞬态性能并允许更好地表征加热器系统。此外，基于模型的设计可以基于除了这里使用的柴油机排气应用之外的特定应用来调整虚拟传感器系统的参数/表征。
虚拟传感器系统的使用进一步降低了知道实际电阻元件(例如，线)温度的不确定性并且允许降低安全裕度，增加瓦特密度和更少的加热器表面积，从而导致更高效和更便宜的加热器。
如本文所公开的控制系统还可以通过电阻加热元件(例如电阻丝)的计算或虚拟温度来控制加热器的功率。参考标题为“用于瞬态系统的高级双线加热器系统”的共同未决申请，该申请通过引用结合于此。在诸如管式加热器的一些应用中，通过虚拟线温度控制克服了绝缘和护套的热惯性。这导致导线上的温度变化较小，这提高了可靠性。这种方法还减少了电源上的循环负载，允许更平稳的功率输送和更小的电源应变。
本发明还提供了一种发动机系统10，其包括用于如前所述的排气系统的加热系统的控制系统。控制装置适于接收从包括发动机参数，排气参数，电功率输出，加热器参数的组中选择的发动机输入，并且该装置可操作以产生从由功率消耗，排气温度，加热器温度，诊断，排气质量流量及其组合组成的组中选择的输出。控制系统还可操作以诊断退化的发动机系统部件。在该示例中，控制系统与发动机控制单元通信，并且适于在确定的参数与预设参数不匹配时触发诊断故障代码。
参照图4，本发明还包括预测流体流动系统中的至少一个位置的温度的方法100，该流体流动系统具有设置在用于加热流体的加热系统中的加热器。该方法包括获得流体流动系统110的流体流动的质量流率，获得加热器120的流体出口温度和流体入口温度中的至少一个，获得提供给加热器130的功率，以及计算基于流体流动系统的模型和所获得的质量流率以及流体出口和入口温度140的至少一个位置的温度。所述至少一个位置可以位于加热组件的至少一个电加热器的加热元件上。该模型可以包括如上所述的温度预测模型。该过程可以进一步与基于模型的设计集成。
参照图5，本发明还提供了另一种方法200，其预测在设置在用于加热流体的流体流动系统中的加热器系统中的多个电阻加热元件中的每一个之后的出口温度。该方法包括获得流体流动系统210的流体流动的质量流率，获得至少一个电阻加热元件220的流体入口温度，获得提供给每个电阻加热元件的功率和流体流动系统的特征，其将输入到每个电阻加热元件的功率与传递到流体流230的功率相关联，并且基于流体流动系统240的模型计算出口温度。
如本文所使用的，术语“模型”应被解释为表示方程式或方程组，表示在各种操作条件下的参数值的值的列表，算法，计算机程序或一组计算机指令，信号调节装置或基于预测/预测/未来条件修改受控变量(例如，加热器的功率)的任何其他装置，其中预测/投影基于先验和原位测量的组合。
因此，本文已经公开了各种不同形式的加热器，传感器，控制系统以及相关的装置和方法，用于流体流动系统。许多不同形式可以彼此组合，并且还可以包括本文所述的数据，等式和配置特有的附加特征。这些变化应被解释为落入本发明的范围内。
本发明的描述本质上仅是示例性的，因此，不脱离本发明的实质的变型旨在落入本发明的范围内。不应将这些变化视为脱离本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (9)

1.一种用于流体流动系统的加热系统，所述加热系统包括：
至少一个电加热器，设置在所述流体流动系统的流体流动通道内；和
可操作地连接到所述至少一个电加热器的控制装置，被配置为接收至少一个流体流动系统输入和至少一个加热器输入，
其中所述至少一个流体流动系统输入选自由所述流体流动通道内流体流动的质量流率、流体流动的流速、所述至少一个电加热器上游的流动温度、所述至少一个电加热器下游的流动温度以及它们的组合组成的组，其中所述至少一个加热器输入选自由所述至少一个电加热器的功率输
入、从所述加热系统的物理特性导出的参数以及它们的组合组成的组，其中所述控制装置被配置为基于所述至少一个流体流动系统输入、所述至少一个加热器输入和表征所述至少一个电加热器的预定的数学模型来确定所述至少一个电加热器的温度，以及
其中控制装置被配置为基于所述至少一个电加热器的确定的温度调制到所述至少一个电加热器的功率。
2.根据权利要求1所述的加热系统，其中所述至少一个电加热器选自由带式加热器、裸线电阻加热元件、电缆加热器、筒式加热器、分层加热器、条形加热器和管式加热器组成的组。
3.根据权利要求1所述的加热系统，其中，所述至少一个电加热器包括护套，所述护套具有由通过加热系统的物理特性得出的参数确定的护套温度(Ts)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的加热系统，其中所述至少一个电加热器的物理特性选自由电阻丝直径、加热器绝缘厚度、加热器护套厚度、导电率、所述至少一个电加热器材料的比热和密度、传热系数、加热器和排气流体流动通道的发射率以及它们的组合组成的组。
5.根据权利要求1所述的加热系统，其中所述控制装置可操作以在没有物理传感器的情况下预测与所述至少一个电加热器相关联的温度。
6.根据权利要求1所述的加热系统，其中所述至少一个流体流动系统输入包括流体流动的质量流率，其通过选自由扭矩需求、踏板位置、增加的歧管绝对压力(MAP)、增压正时、发动机正时和其组合组成的组的参数来确定。
7.根据权利要求6所述的加热系统，其中，所述控制装置可操作以在需要电力之前确定所需的加热器功率。
8.根据权利要求1所述的加热系统，其中所述控制装置可操作以接收与辐射效应相关的输入。
9.根据权利要求1所述的加热系统，其中所述质量流率由选自由测量的歧管绝对压力(MAP)、组合入口空气质量流率与燃料消耗以及它们的组合组成的组的参数来确定。
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