CN108884734A - 用于加热功率轴向分区的系统和方法 - Google Patents

用于加热功率轴向分区的系统和方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108884734A
CN108884734A CN201780017115.3A CN201780017115A CN108884734A CN 108884734 A CN108884734 A CN 108884734A CN 201780017115 A CN201780017115 A CN 201780017115A CN 108884734 A CN108884734 A CN 108884734A
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heater
heating element
multiple heating
control module
heating
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CN201780017115.3A
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CN108884734B (zh
Inventor
马卡·埃弗利
詹姆斯·N·普拉顿
张三宏
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Watlow Electric Manufacturing Co
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Watlow Electric Manufacturing Co
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N9/005—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus using models instead of sensors to determine operating characteristics of exhaust systems, e.g. calculating catalyst temperature instead of measuring it directly
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
    • F01N11/002—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity the diagnostic devices measuring or estimating temperature or pressure in, or downstream of the exhaust apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N11/00—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity
    • F01N11/002—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity the diagnostic devices measuring or estimating temperature or pressure in, or downstream of the exhaust apparatus
    • F01N11/005—Monitoring or diagnostic devices for exhaust-gas treatment apparatus, e.g. for catalytic activity the diagnostic devices measuring or estimating temperature or pressure in, or downstream of the exhaust apparatus the temperature or pressure being estimated, e.g. by means of a theoretical model
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/009—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series
    • F01N13/0097—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00 having two or more separate purifying devices arranged in series the purifying devices are arranged in a single housing
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
    • F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
    • F01N3/023—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles
    • F01N3/027—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters using means for regenerating the filters, e.g. by burning trapped particles using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
    • F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
    • F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
    • F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
    • F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
    • F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
    • F01N3/2013—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating using electric or magnetic heating means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N9/00—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F01N9/002—Electrical control of exhaust gas treating apparatus of filter regeneration, e.g. detection of clogging
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/021—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine
    • F02D41/0235—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F02D41/024—Introducing corrections for particular conditions exterior to the engine in relation with the state of the exhaust gas treating apparatus to increase temperature of the exhaust gas treating apparatus
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
    • F02D41/1446—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being exhaust temperatures
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/02—Circuit arrangements for generating control signals
    • F02D41/14—Introducing closed-loop corrections
    • F02D41/1438—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor
    • F02D41/1444—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases
    • F02D41/1446—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being exhaust temperatures
    • F02D41/1447—Introducing closed-loop corrections using means for determining characteristics of the combustion gases; Sensors therefor characterised by the characteristics of the combustion gases the characteristics being exhaust temperatures with determination means using an estimation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/22—Safety or indicating devices for abnormal conditions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/22—Safety or indicating devices for abnormal conditions
    • F02D41/222—Safety or indicating devices for abnormal conditions relating to the failure of sensors or parameter detection devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01F—MEASURING VOLUME, VOLUME FLOW, MASS FLOW OR LIQUID LEVEL; METERING BY VOLUME
    • G01F1/00—Measuring the volume flow or mass flow of fluid or fluent solid material wherein the fluid passes through a meter in a continuous flow
    • G01F1/76—Devices for measuring mass flow of a fluid or a fluent solid material
    • G01F1/86—Indirect mass flowmeters, e.g. measuring volume flow and density, temperature or pressure
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01K—MEASURING TEMPERATURE; MEASURING QUANTITY OF HEAT; THERMALLY-SENSITIVE ELEMENTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01K7/00—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements
    • G01K7/16—Measuring temperature based on the use of electric or magnetic elements directly sensitive to heat ; Power supply therefor, e.g. using thermoelectric elements using resistive elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M15/00—Testing of engines
    • G01M15/04—Testing internal-combustion engines
    • G01M15/05—Testing internal-combustion engines by combined monitoring of two or more different engine parameters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D23/00—Control of temperature
    • G05D23/185—Control of temperature with auxiliary non-electric power
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D23/00—Control of temperature
    • G05D23/19—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means
    • G05D23/20—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means with sensing elements having variation of electric or magnetic properties with change of temperature
    • G05D23/24—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means with sensing elements having variation of electric or magnetic properties with change of temperature the sensing element having a resistance varying with temperature, e.g. a thermistor
    • G05D23/2401—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means with sensing elements having variation of electric or magnetic properties with change of temperature the sensing element having a resistance varying with temperature, e.g. a thermistor using a heating element as a sensing element
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05D—SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING OR REGULATING NON-ELECTRIC VARIABLES
    • G05D23/00—Control of temperature
    • G05D23/19—Control of temperature characterised by the use of electric means
    • G05D23/30—Automatic controllers with an auxiliary heating device affecting the sensing element, e.g. for anticipating change of temperature
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07C—TIME OR ATTENDANCE REGISTERS; REGISTERING OR INDICATING THE WORKING OF MACHINES; GENERATING RANDOM NUMBERS; VOTING OR LOTTERY APPARATUS; ARRANGEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS FOR CHECKING NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • G07C5/00—Registering or indicating the working of vehicles
    • G07C5/08—Registering or indicating performance data other than driving, working, idle, or waiting time, with or without registering driving, working, idle or waiting time
    • G07C5/0808—Diagnosing performance data
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
    • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
    • H05B1/0227—Applications
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
    • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
    • H05B1/0227—Applications
    • H05B1/023—Industrial applications
    • H05B1/0244—Heating of fluids
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/0033—Heating devices using lamps
    • H05B3/0038—Heating devices using lamps for industrial applications
    • H05B3/0042—Heating devices using lamps for industrial applications used in motor vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/141—Conductive ceramics, e.g. metal oxides, metal carbides, barium titanate, ferrites, zirconia, vitrous compounds
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/18—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor the conductor being embedded in an insulating material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/10—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being a heat accumulator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/16—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an electric heater, i.e. a resistance heater
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2240/00—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being
    • F01N2240/36—Combination or association of two or more different exhaust treating devices, or of at least one such device with an auxiliary device, not covered by indexing codes F01N2230/00 or F01N2250/00, one of the devices being an exhaust flap
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2410/00—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device
    • F01N2410/04—By-passing, at least partially, exhaust from inlet to outlet of apparatus, to atmosphere or to other device during regeneration period, e.g. of particle filter
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2550/00—Monitoring or diagnosing the deterioration of exhaust systems
    • F01N2550/22—Monitoring or diagnosing the deterioration of exhaust systems of electric heaters for exhaust systems or their power supply
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2560/00—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics
    • F01N2560/06—Exhaust systems with means for detecting or measuring exhaust gas components or characteristics the means being a temperature sensor
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Abstract

提供了一种用于排气系统(18)的加热器系统(20)。加热器系统(20)包括设置在排气管中的加热器(28)。加热器(28)包括设置在排气管(32)中的多个加热元件(38)。加热控制模块(30)根据每个加热元件特有的操作条件不同地控制多个加热元件(38)。在其他形式中，用于排气系统(18)的加热器系统(20)具有多个加热区域，而不是多个加热元件(38)。加热控制模块根据每个加热区域特有的操作条件不同地控制多个加热区域。

Description

用于加热功率轴向分区的系统和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及用于流体流动应用的加热和传感系统，例如车辆排气系统，例如柴油机废气和后处理系统。
背景技术
本节中的陈述仅提供与本发明相关的背景信息，并且可能不构成现有技术。
物理传感器在诸如发动机的排气系统的瞬态流体流动应用中的使用由于诸如振动和热循环的恶劣环境条件而具有挑战性。一种已知的温度传感器包括位于热电偶套管内的矿物绝缘传感器，然后将其焊接到支撑托架上，该支撑托架保持管状元件。遗憾的是，这种设计需要很长时间才能达到稳定性，高振动环境会导致物理传感器损坏。
在许多应用中，物理传感器还呈现实际电阻元件温度的一些不确定性，因此，在加热器功率的设计中经常应用大的安全裕度。因此，与物理传感器一起使用的加热器通常提供较低的功率密度，这允许较低的损坏加热器的风险，代价是更大的加热器尺寸和成本(相同的加热器功率分布在更多的电阻元件表面区域上)。
此外，已知技术使用来自热控制回路中的外部传感器的开/关控制或PID控制。外部传感器的导线和传感器输出之间的热阻具有固有的延迟。任何外部传感器都会增加组件故障模式的可能性，并限制任何机械安装对整个系统的限制。
用于流体流动系统中的加热器的一种应用是车辆排气装置，其耦合到内燃发动机以帮助减少各种气体和其他污染物排放到大气中的不期望的释放。这些排气系统通常包括各种后处理装置，例如柴油微粒过滤器(DPF)，催化转化器，选择性催化还原(SCR)，柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)，贫NOx捕集器(LNT)，氨逃逸催化剂，或改变者等。DPF，催化转化器和SCR捕获废气中包含的一氧化碳(CO)，氮氧化物(NOx)，颗粒物质(PMs)和未燃烧的碳氢化合物(HCs)。加热器可以周期性地或在预定时间被激活，以增加排气温度并激活催化剂和/或燃烧已经在排气系统中捕获的颗粒物质或未燃烧的碳氢化合物。
加热器通常安装在排气管或诸如排气系统的容器的部件中。加热器可以包括排气管内的多个加热元件，并且通常被控制到相同的目标温度以提供相同的热输出。然而，温度梯度通常由于不同的操作条件而发生，例如来自相邻加热元件的不同热辐射，以及流过加热元件的不同温度的废气。例如，下游加热元件通常具有比上游元件更高的温度，因为下游加热元件暴露于已经被上游加热元件加热的具有更高温度的流体。此外，中间加热元件从相邻的上游和下游加热元件接收更多的热辐射。
加热器的寿命取决于加热元件的寿命，该加热元件处于最恶劣的加热条件下并且首先会失效。在不知道哪个加热元件首先会失效的情况下很难预测加热器的寿命。为了提高所有加热元件的可靠性，加热器通常设计成以安全系数操作以减少和/或避免任何加热元件的故障。因此，通常操作处于较不苛刻的加热条件下的加热元件以产生远低于其最大可用热输出的热输出。
发明内容
本发明提供了一种用于排气系统的加热器系统，其包括设置在排气系统的排气管中的加热器。加热器包括沿排气管的轴向设置的多个加热元件。加热器系统包括加热器控制模块，其可操作以根据至少两个加热元件中的至少两个加热元件的操作条件相对于彼此不同地控制多个加热元件中的至少两个加热元件。
在另一种形式中，提供了一种用于排气系统的加热器系统，其包括设置在排气系统的排气管中的加热器。加热器包括沿排气管的轴向设置的多个区域。该系统还包括加热器控制模块，该加热器控制模块可操作以相对于彼此不同地并且根据特定于多个加热区域中的至少两个加热区域的至少一个操作条件来不同地控制多个加热区域中的至少两个加热区域。
根据本文提供的描述，其他适用领域将变得显而易见。应该理解的是，描述和具体示例仅用于说明的目的，并不旨在限制本发明的范围。
附图说明
为了可以很好地理解本发明，现在将通过示例的方式参考附图描述其各种形式，其中：
图1是应用了本发明原理的柴油发动机和排气后处理系统的示意图；
图2是安装在上游排气管中并根据本发明的教导构造的加热器组件的透视图；
图3是安装在图2的上游排气管中的加热器组件的透视剖视图；
图4是另一个加热器组件的透视剖视图，示出了流动方向上的温度分布；
图5是根据本发明的教导构造和操作的加热系统的加热器控制模块的示意图；和
图6是比较每个加热元件的最大可用功率和实际功率输出以在加热器组件的加热元件上获得均匀温度的曲线图。
本文描述的附图仅用于说明目的，并不旨在以任何方式限制本发明的范围。
具体实施方式
以下描述本质上仅是示例性的，并不旨在限制本发明，应用或用途。应该理解的是，在整个附图中，相应的附图标记表示相同或相应的部件和特征。
参照图1，示例性发动机系统10通常包括柴油发动机12，交流发电机14(或一些应用中的发电机)，涡轮增压器16和排气后处理系统18。排气后处理系统18设置在涡轮增压器16的下游用于处理在废气释放到大气之前，来自柴油发动机12的废气。排气后处理系统18可包括一个或多个附加部件，装置或系统，其可操作以进一步处理排气流体流以实现期望的结果。在图1的示例中，排气后处理系统18包括加热系统20，柴油氧化催化剂(DOC)22，柴油微粒过滤装置(DPF)24和选择性催化还原装置(SCR)26。排气后处理系统18包括：上游排气管32，其接收加热器组件28，中间排气管34，其中提供DOC 22和DPF 24，以及下游排气管36，SCR 26设置在下游排气管36中。
应该理解的是，这里示出和描述的发动机系统10仅仅是示例性的，因此可以包括诸如NOx吸附器或氨氧化催化剂等其他部件，而其他部件例如DOC22，DPF 24和SCR 26可以不使用。此外，尽管示出了柴油发动机12，但是应该理解，本发明的教导也适用于汽油发动机和其他流体流动应用。因此，柴油发动机应用不应被解释为限制本发明的范围。这些变化应被解释为落入本发明的范围内。
加热系统20包括设置在DOC 22上游的加热器组件28，以及用于控制加热器组件28的操作的加热器控制模块30。加热器组件28可包括一个或多个电加热器，其中每个电加热器包括在至少一个电阻加热元件。加热器组件28设置在排气流体流动通道内，以便在操作期间加热流体流动。加热器控制模块30通常包括适于接收来自加热器组件28的输入的控制装置。控制加热器组件28的操作的示例可包括打开和关闭加热器组件，将加热器组件28的功率调制为单个单元和/或调制功率以分离子组件，例如单个或一组电阻加热元件(如果可用的话)，以及它们的组合。
在一种形式中，加热器控制模块30包括控制装置。控制装置与加热器组件28的至少一个电加热器通讯。控制装置适于接收至少一个输入，包括但不限于排气流体流动，排气流体流动的质量速度，至少一个电加热器的上游流动温度，至少一个电加热器下游的流动温度，至少一个电加热器的功率输入，从加热系统的物理特性得到的参数，以及它们的组合。至少一个电加热器可以是适于加热排出流体的任何加热器。示例性电加热器包括但不限于带式加热器，裸线电阻加热元件，电缆加热器，筒式加热器，分层加热器，条形加热器和管式加热器。
图1所示的系统包括设置在加热器组件28下游的DOC 22。DOC 22用作催化剂以氧化废气中的一氧化碳和任何未燃烧的碳氢化合物。另外，DOC 22将一氧化氮(NO)转化为二氧化氮(NO2)。DPF 24设置在DOC 22的下游，以帮助从废气中去除柴油颗粒物质(PM)或烟灰。SCR 26设置在DPF 24的下游，并且借助于催化剂将氮氧化物(NOx)转化为氮气(N2)和水。尿素水溶液喷射器27设置在DPF 24的下游和SCR 26的上游，用于将尿素水溶液喷射到废气流中。当尿素水溶液用作SCR 26中的还原剂时，NOx被还原成N2，H2O和CO2。
如图2和3所示，加热器组件28的一种形式被示出为设置在排气管32中并且包括多个加热元件38。加热元件38可以是加热线圈的形式，例如管状加热器，如图所示。在此，沿着上游排气管32的纵向轴线X布置。多个加热元件38可以以任何类型的结构提供，例如带式加热器，裸线电阻加热元件组件，电缆加热器，筒式加热器，层状加热器，条形加热器或管状加热器等。因此，管状加热器的图示不应被解释为限制本发明的范围。在一种形式中，加热器组件28通过支架40安装到上游排气管32。在另一种形式中，加热器组件28可包括沿上游排气管的轴向设置的多个加热区域。每个加热区域包括至少一个电阻加热元件。
通过测量或估计，多个加热元件38可以表现出预定的性能特征。多个加热元件38的性能特征包括在给定电压下或在指定工艺流程条件下多个加热元件38的热通量密度。热通量是每单位时间通过给定表面传递的热能的速率。热通量密度是以瓦特密度(watts/mm2)测量的每单位面积的热率。热通量或热通量密度为预测多个加热元件38的性能提供了有用的信息，包括温度，转移效率和寿命(以及因此可靠性)。具有较高通量密度的加热元件38通常提供比具有较低的较高通量密度的加热元件38更快的温升并且具有更小的表面积(并因此具有更低的制造成本)。然而，具有较高通量密度的加热元件38通常由于较高的热应力和疲劳而具有降低的寿命和较低的可靠性。
如图4所示，当废气流过包括多个加热元件38的加热器组件28时，上游加热元件42处的废气温度通常低于下游加热元件44处的废气温度。如果控制上游和下游加热元件42,44以产生相同的热通量，上游加热元件42通常具有比下游加热元件44低的温度，因为加热元件38上游的流动尚未被加热。然而，如果将上游加热元件42控制到相同的温度以输出比下游加热元件44更高的热通量密度，则上游加热元件42处的增加的热通量密度将导致上游加热元件42在循环中的各个点处的更高的加热和冷却速率，由于热疲劳导致更高的热应力和更短的寿命。
因此，代替简单地增加上游加热元件42的热通量密度，本发明的加热器控制模块30独立地主动控制多个加热元件38以提供期望的加热循环，加热速率和目标温度，基于特定于多个加热元件38的操作参数，考虑到多个加热元件38上的热梯度和不同的热辐射，以提高加热器性能，同时提供改进的可靠性。应当理解，加热器控制模块30可以独立地控制至少两个加热元件38，或者独立地控制多个加热元件38中的任何一个，或者独立地控制每个加热元件38，同时保持在本发明的范围内。
多个加热元件38可以设计成具有相同的物理特性，并因此在给定的功率水平下具有相同的热通量密度，以简化加热器组件28的制造和控制。或者，多个加热元件38可设计成具有不同的尺寸和物理特性，以在给定的功率水平下提供不同的瓦特密度。在任一种情况下，多个加热元件38由加热器控制模块30控制，以提供考虑到热梯度和热辐射的不同热通量密度，以提高加热器组件28的可靠性。
参照图5，加热器控制模块30根据特定于多个加热元件38的每一个的至少一个操作条件，相对于彼此不同地控制加热器组件28的多个加热元件38，以实现改善的加热性能和可靠性。加热器控制模块30包括操作参数获取模块50，可靠性确定模块52，目标温度和加热循环确定模块54，以及功率控制和切换模块56。可选地，加热器控制模块30可包括虚拟传感模块58和上述加热器性能特征数据存储模块59。还应该理解的是，各种模块，包括例如可靠性确定模块52，目标温度和加热循环确定模块54，以及虚拟传感模块58等，可以是可选的。
操作参数获取模块50从多个传感器60,62,64获取特定于多个加热元件38中的至少一个的操作参数。参数包括但不限于由温度传感器60测量的(或计算的)加热元件38的温度和由流量传感器62测量的废气的流量。
虚拟传感模块64可以从发动机控制模块(ECM)64接收数据以估计或预测一些操作参数，从而导致一些操作参数的虚拟感测。例如，从ECM 64获得的数据可包括排气流量和加热器入口温度。虚拟传感模块58可以基于来自ECM 64的数据来估计加热器出口温度。可以将估计的数据发送到操作参数获取模块50以进行更准确的可靠性估计。
在一些应用中，排气系统可以在不同模式下操作，例如正常(没有主动再生但可能是被动再生)；加热模式(或预热模式)--发动机提高后处理温度以实现主动再生；冷却模式(或冷却启动模式)--NOx在低温条件下主动存储；重载模式-允许在较高的排气温度下释放储存的NOx。另外的操作模式在美国公开的专利申请No.2014/0130481，其全部内容通过引用并入本文。
虚拟传感模块58可以接收多个加热元件38中的至少一个的操作参数。例如，虚拟传感模块58可以接收关于特定模式的信息并估计每个加热元件38的出口温度，以增加每个加热元件38可用的潜在热通量密度的准确度。因此，虚拟传感模块58可以估计从每个加热元件38出来的温度，这是到下一个加热元件38的入口温度，而不是仅知道用于每个加热元件38的入口温度。温度估计可以基于能量平衡(能量守恒)来预测每个加热元件38的出口温度，包括对周围环境的损失。
可靠性确定模块52基于特定于每个加热元件38的操作参数来确定每个加热元件38对于特定功率水平的可靠性。可靠性确定模块52可以从加热器性能特征数据存储模块59接收数据。虽然可以根据相同的规格制造多个加热元件38，但是由于制造变化和偏差，每个加热元件38可能不提供相同的加热性能，例如热通量密度。因此，可以预先确定与制造变化和偏差有关的参数并将其存储在加热器性能特性数据存储模块59中，并将其提供给可靠性确定模块52，以进行更准确的可靠性计算。
每个加热元件38的可靠性还可能受到其他因素的影响，例如由安装支架40施加的振动或物理负载，其将加热器组件28安装到上游排气管32。加热元件38是否也用作结构构件会影响加热元件38的可靠性。因此，这些因素的影响可以预先存储在加热器性能特性数据存储模块59中，以便更准确地确定可靠性。
可靠性确定模块52可以基于可靠性和操作参数之间的关系来确定多个加热元件38的预期可靠性。基于经验数据或实验，该关系可以直接用于上游加热元件42。例如，可以通过执行加热元件38的校准加速寿命测试(CALT)来获得该关系。加速寿命测试是通过使产品经受超过其正常服务参数例如应力，应变，温度等条件来测试产品的过程，以便在短时间内发现故障和潜在的故障模式。在本形式中，CALT可用于提供加热循环和给定功率水平或给定操作环境的时间之间的关系。因此，CALT提供了每个加热元件38的可靠性和操作参数之间的关系。可以仅为经历更苛刻的操作条件的加热元件38提供可靠性数据。
在确定上游和下游加热元件42,44的可靠性之后，可靠性确定模块52通过平均上游和下游加热元件42,44的可靠性来确定平均可靠性。关于平均可靠性的信息是发送到目标温度和加热循环确定模块54。
目标温度和加热循环确定模块54基于相同的平均可靠性计算上游和下游加热元件42,44的目标温度以及加热循环。目标温度将允许多个加热元件38实现相同的平均可靠性。对于中间加热元件39，来自上游和下游加热元件42,44的值之间的插值可用于确定目标温度。
目标温度和加热循环确定模块54计算每个加热元件38的目标温度，以获得对于给定的期望功率水平和流量的相同的平均可靠性。响应于在其他系统变量的变化中可能随时间变化的功率水平的变化，可以不断地更新目标温度。该动态计算将允许基于多个参数更精确地确定加热元件38的目标温度，包括但不限于实际流量，功率水平和这些数量的设计值。因此，可以提高操作加热系统20中给定加热器组件28的可靠性。
目标温度和加热循环确定模块54还可以执行实时目标温度计算以提高可靠性。例如，可靠性确定模块52可以确定di/dt(电流随时间的变化，或dV/dt，电压随时间的变化)对加热器可靠性的影响以及开关频率对期望功率水平的影响。然后，目标温度和加热循环确定模块54以更高的可靠性确定对应于期望功率水平的目标温度。目标温度和加热循环确定模块54还确定加热循环的次数，以维持各种加热元件38的特定目标温度，从而以更高的可靠性产生所需的功率水平。
在另一种形式中，目标温度和加热循环确定模块54可以是两个模块。功率控制和切换模块58控制提供给每个加热元件38的功率水平，并基于计算的加热周期切换加热元件38以达到目标温度。功率控制和切换模块56基于计算的加热周期控制加热元件38在“接通”状态和“断开”状态之间的切换。平均功率密度可以降低到提高加热元件38的可靠性的水平。更快的切换通常有助于延长寿命，但是可以选择切换速率以提高耐用性。可以控制每个加热元件38以具有最大平均热通量密度，同时确保加热元件38的最佳可靠性。
加热器控制模块30基于它们在上游排气管32中的轴向位置来控制和改变加热元件38的热通量密度，以在多个加热元件38上保持恒定的耐久性，同时增加所有加热元件38上的总组合热通量密度。通过在不同区域中不同地设定目标温度，从第一加热元件38到后续加热元件38的变化的热通量密度可以保持恒定的耐久性并且在较小的物理空间内增加功率。因此，可以操作加热元件38以提供增加的可用热通量密度，同时在多个加热元件38上保持恒定的耐久性/可靠性。可能不需要安全系数，因为特定于特定加热元件38的操作参数是被紧密地监控且获得最佳可靠性的热量输出被不断调整。
可以控制多个加热元件38以具有不同的目标温度，从而产生不同的热输出(热通量密度)以维持多个加热元件38的均匀温度，同时考虑到特定于每个加热元件38的参数。每个加热元件38可以设计成具有相同的大热通量密度，并且可以在发动机冷却启动期间同时接通到满功率。在加热元件38达到目标温度之后，可以将加热元件38切换到适当的功率水平，以将加热元件38保持在目标温度。因此，加热器组件28可以产生更大的热通量密度以快速加热废气，并且当达到安全极限时可以关闭各个加热元件38。
在图6中，曲线图示出了加热器组件28，其包括多个轴向布置的加热元件38，每个加热元件38可以设计成具有相同的高功率水平，如条A所示。加热元件38可以切换到当达到材料温度限制时，如条B所示的适当水平，或其他操作参数指示降低的功率。条B还表示处于稳定状态的每个加热元件38的加热器功率或保持恒定护套温度的简单瞬态。每个加热元件38的耐久性可能受到热循环的数量和大小以及瞬态条件的影响，例如di/dt(电流随时间的变化)。每个加热元件38的最大kW可以基于瞬态条件而变化。例如，当加热元件38被冷却时，可以在更短的时间段内利用更高的功率密度。随着时间的增加，功率密度可以降低。另外，可以将加热元件38的供电速率调节得更慢以防止损坏加热器组件28。因此，加热器控制模块30包括控制算法以采取多个加热元件38的至少一个的瞬态状态以提高耐用性/可靠性。通过使用加热器控制模块30来控制各个加热元件38的打开和断开以及上电和下电，可以基于操作条件和对加热器结构的限制(例如容量或耐久性)来优化加热器性能，从而获得所有加热元件38的最佳可靠性。
本发明具有在较小区域中产生更多热通量密度的优点。增加的热通量密度可导致加热元件38的尺寸减小，加热元件38的成本降低以及发动机冷却启动期间的更快加热。因此，本发明平衡了用于多区域加热器组件28的加热元件38的可靠性，尺寸和功率输出，从而实现了改善的加热结果。
本发明还可以适应瞬态条件，以及提供对故障加热元件38的更好适应。如果加热元件38或其相关功率组件发生故障，则可以控制剩余加热元件38以供应一部分损失功率。当加热元件38具有较低的可靠性时，或者如果加热元件38发生故障，则可以驱动特定的加热元件38以降低热通量密度。可以调节剩余加热元件38的输出以补偿来自特定的加热元件38的减少的热通量。因此，整个加热器组件28仍然可以产生所需的总功率输出，而不会使特定的加热器的可靠性降低。
在本发明的又一种形式中，可以控制加热元件38以提供期望的增加的瓦特密度(具有更小的尺寸，从而降低制造成本)。根据由操作参数获取模块50获取的操作数据，可以不同地控制从各个加热元件38输出的热通量并且在操作期间调节热通量。可以通过使用功率控制和切换来改变来自每个加热元件38的热通量。来自每个加热元件38的热通量可以通过使用功率控制和切换模块56来改变，以将加热元件38“接通”和“断开”，以实现期望的热通量和改善的可靠性。对于给定的功率水平和期望的可靠性水平，加热系统20允许更小(因此成本更低)的加热元件38。对于每个加热元件38，加热元件38的温度，最高和最低温度之间的差值，最大冷却速率，加热循环次数(“控制循环”和“机器循环”)和最大功率或者加热速率可以随着时间被跟踪。可以根据这些变化的参数调节来自加热元件38的热量输出。
尽管本文已说明和描述了柴油机废气的流体流动应用，但应理解，各种形式的轴向加热可应用于任何数量的应用并提供各种加热/功率分布，或者系统功能，沿着流体流动。例如，可以采用轴向加热来改变从一个加热元件到后续加热器元件的功率密度，以便在较小的物理空间中增加功率。在另一种形式中，可以改变功率密度以保持恒定的元件护套或线温度。更进一步地，可以创建在不同发动机速度和扭矩下的轴向功率分布图，然后可以基于使用中的实际发动机条件来控制功率变化。因此，本文说明和描述的各种形式不应被解释为限制本发明的范围。
本发明的描述本质上仅是示例性的，因此，不脱离本发明的实质的变型旨在落入本发明的范围内。不应将这些变化视为脱离本发明的精神和范围。

Claims (24)

1.一种用于排气系统的加热器系统，该加热器系统包括：
加热器，加热器设置在排气系统的排气管中，加热器包括沿排气管的轴向设置的多个加热元件；和
加热器控制模块，可操作以根据特定于多个加热元件的至少两个的至少一个操作条件，相对于彼此不同地控制多个加热元件中的至少两个加热元件。
2.根据权利要求1所述的加热器系统，其中多个加热元件设置在排气管的上游，并且多个加热元件设置在排气管的下游。
3.根据权利要求2所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块以比所述下游加热元件更高的功率水平和更低的温度控制所述上游加热元件。
4.根据权利要求3所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括操作参数获取模块，其可操作以获取所述多个加热元件中的至少一个的操作参数。
5.根据权利要求3所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括虚拟传感模块，其可操作以获取所述多个加热元件中的至少一个的操作参数。
6.根据权利要求3所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括加热器性能特征数据存储模块，其可操作以存储所述多个加热元件中的至少一个的操作参数。
7.根据权利要求3所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括可靠性确定模块，所述可靠性确定模块可操作以根据所述多个加热元件中的至少一个的操作条件确定所述多个加热元件中的至少一个的可靠性。
8.根据权利要求7所述的加热器系统，其中，所述可靠性确定模块确定所述多个加热元件的平均可靠性。
9.根据权利要求7所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括目标温度和加热循环确定模块，其可操作以基于所确定的可靠性确定加热元件，所述可靠性是目标温度，加热循环及其组合中的至少一个。
10.根据权利要求9所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括功率控制和切换模块，其可操作用于控制提供给所述多个加热元件中的每一个的功率水平，并且切换所述多个加热元件中的每一个的接通与断开，基于足以实现目标温度所确定的加热循环。
11.根据权利要求3所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括控制算法，以确定所述多个加热元件中的至少一个的瞬态条件。
12.根据权利要求3所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块可操作以控制所述多个加热元件中的每一个以达到不同目标温度，不同加热循环及其组合中的至少一个。
13.根据权利要求1所述的加热器系统，还包括：
多个加热元件区域沿排气管的轴向设置；和
加热器控制模块可操作以相对于彼此不同地并且根据特定于多个加热区域中的至少两个加热区域的至少一个操作条件来不同地控制多个加热区域中的至少两个加热区域。
14.根据权利要求13所述的加热器系统，其中所述多个加热区域设置在所述排气管的上游，并且多个加热区域设置在所述排气管的下游。
15.根据权利要求14所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块以比所述下游加热区域更高的功率水平和更低的温度控制所述上游加热区域。
16.根据权利要求15所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括操作参数获取模块，其可操作以获取所述多个加热区域中的至少一个的操作参数。
17.根据权利要求15所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括虚拟传感模块，所述虚拟传感模块可操作以获取所述多个加热区域中的至少一个的操作参数。
18.根据权利要求15所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括加热器性能特征数据存储模块，其可操作以存储所述多个加热区域中的至少一个的操作参数。
19.根据权利要求15所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括可靠性确定模块，所述可靠性确定模块可操作以根据所述多个加热区域中的至少一个的操作条件确定所述多个加热区域中的至少一个加热区域的可靠性。
20.根据权利要求19所述的加热器系统，其中所述可靠性确定模块可操作以确定所述多个加热区域的平均可靠性。
21.根据权利要求19所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括目标温度和加热循环确定模块，其可操作以基于所确定的可靠性为每个加热区域确定目标温度，加热循环，及其组合中的至少一个。
22.根据权利要求21所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括功率控制和切换模块，其可操作以基于足以实现目标温度的所确定的加热循环来控制提供给加热器的功率并接通和断开多个加热区域中的每一个。
23.根据权利要求15所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块包括控制算法，以确定所述多个加热区域中的至少一个的瞬态条件。
24.根据权利要求15所述的加热器系统，其中所述加热器控制模块可操作以控制所述多个加热区域中的每一个以达到不同目标温度，不同加热循环及其组合中的至少一个。
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