CN1220039A - 用于高压绕组的绝缘导体及其制作方法 - Google Patents

用于高压绕组的绝缘导体及其制作方法 Download PDF

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CN1220039A
CN1220039A CN97195040A CN97195040A CN1220039A CN 1220039 A CN1220039 A CN 1220039A CN 97195040 A CN97195040 A CN 97195040A CN 97195040 A CN97195040 A CN 97195040A CN 1220039 A CN1220039 A CN 1220039A
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conductive layer
insulating barrier
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玛斯·雷乔
彼特·卡斯特森
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Abb Asiya Brown Bofari Co
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    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
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    • H02K3/32—Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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    • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
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    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/288—Shielding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H01F27/323—Insulation between winding turns, between winding layers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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    • H01F27/34—Special means for preventing or reducing unwanted electric or magnetic effects, e.g. no-load losses, reactive currents, harmonics, oscillations, leakage fields
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    • H01F3/14—Constrictions; Gaps, e.g. air-gaps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
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    • H02K3/04—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
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    • H02K3/14—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors arranged in slots with transposed conductors, e.g. twisted conductors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
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    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
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    • H02K3/00—Details of windings
    • H02K3/46—Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure
    • H02K3/48—Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure in slots
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    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H01F2027/329—Insulation with semiconducting layer, e.g. to reduce corona effect
    • H—ELECTRICITY
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Abstract

本发明涉及用于电机中的高压绕组的绝缘导体(30)及其应用方法。此绝缘导体包括一根或多根股线(12)、包围此股线(12)的第一半导电层(14)、包围此第一半导电层(14)的第一绝缘层(16)以及包围第一绝缘层(16)的第二半导电层(18),该第二半导电层(18)在沿着绝缘导体(30)上的至少两个不同点上接地。在每对接地点之间的第二半导电层(18)电接触被间隙(20)断开。并且在第二半导电层(18)的每个上述间隙上设置一个器件(24,26)用来减小在上述间隙(20)上电场强度的放大。

Description

用于高压绕组的绝缘导体及其制作方法
技术领域
本发明第一个方面涉及的是用于旋转电机中的高压绕组的绝缘导体。
本发明第二个方面涉及的是采用用于旋转电机中的高压绕组的绝缘导体的方法。
本发明第三个方面涉及的是包含上述类型绝缘导体的旋转电机。
此种电机主要是用作在发电站用来发电的电机。
本发明可用于旋转电机，如同步电机之中。本发明也可用于其他旋转电机中，如双端馈电电机之中，以及用在异步静态电流级联装置、外磁极电机和同步流电机，只要其绕组是由在引言中所述类型的绝缘导电体构成的，并且最好是在高电压下。此处“高电压”是指电压超过10kV。根据本发明的用于高压绕组的绝缘导体的典型工作电压范围是36-800kV。
背景技术
首先以同步电机为例简略描述旋转电机，以便能够对其进行解释和描述。本描述的第一部分主要涉及此种电机的磁路及根据传统技术制造此类电机的方法。由于在大多数情况下所述磁路是位于定子内，所以下面的磁路通常将作为由叠片铁心构成的定子来描述，而其绕组将称为定子绕组，并且叠片铁心中的绕组槽将称为定子槽或就称为槽。
定子绕组位于铁心片中的定子槽内，定子槽通常具有矩形或梯形截面。各绕组相由多个串联的串联线圈组构成，并且每个线圈组包括多个串联的串联线圈。线圈不同部分有不同的名称，置于定子内的部分称为线圈边，位于定子外的那一部分称为端部绕组端。线圈包括一个或多个在高度和/或宽度上组合起来的导体。
在各个导体之间有一层薄的绝缘物，比如环氧树脂/玻璃纤维。
线圈与定子槽之间通过线圈绝缘进行绝缘，该绝缘用于抵抗电机对地的额定电压。可采用各种塑料、清漆和玻璃纤维等材料作绝缘。通常是使用所谓的云母带，云母带是云母和硬塑料的混合物，专门用来抵抗可迅速击穿绝缘的局部放电。这种绝缘是通过将数层云母带绕在线圈上而用于线圈绝缘。这种绝缘要经过浸渍，并于其后在线圈面上涂以石墨基涂料以改进位于其周围与大地电位连接的定子的接触情况。
绕组的导电区域由所考虑的电流密度及所采用的冷却方法决定。导电体及线圈通常制作成矩形以使定子槽中的导体材料达到最大值。典型的线圈一般由所谓的罗贝尔线棒组成，其中某些线棒可作成中空供冷却剂使用。罗贝尔(换位)线棒由多根矩形铜导体并联而成，线棒沿着定子槽进行360°换位。也有采用540°换位及其他形式换位的林兰(Ringland)线棒。换位的目的是要避免出现在导电材料的断面中生成从磁场方向观察为环形的环流。
由于机械和电学的原因，电机的尺寸并非可选择任意大小。电机的功率大致由下面的三个因素确定：
-绕组的导体面积，在正常工作温度下，比如铜的最大值为3-3.5A/mm2。
-定子和转子材料的最大磁通密度。
-绝缘材料的最大电场强度，即所谓的介电强度。
多向交流绕组设计成为单层或多层绕组。在单层绕组情况下每个定子槽中只有一层线圈边，而在双层绕组情况下每个定子槽中有两层线圈边。双层绕组通常设计成为模绕绕组(菱形绕组)，而在这方面适用的单层绕组则可设计成为模绕绕组或同心绕组。在模绕绕组的情况下，只有一种线圈节距(或可能有两种线圈节距)，而扁形绕组则设计成为同心绕组，即线圈节距变化很大。线圈节距指的是属于同一线圈的线圈两边之间以弧度计量的距离，或是以相关极距或是以中间槽距数计量。通常采用不同的短距，比如短节距，以便赋予绕组所要求的性质。
绕组的类型大致描述槽内的线圈，即线圈边，在定子外边，即在端部绕组端，是如何连接起来的。
在定子的叠装铁心片的外部，线圈上不加半导电的地电位涂层。对端部绕组端通常设置所谓防电晕漆形式的电场控制以求将径向电场转变为轴向电场，这意味端部绕组端上的绝缘相对于地处于高电位。这有时会在端部绕组端区域中引起电晕，很可能是破坏性的。端部绕组端上的所谓的电场控制点给旋转电机留下了问题。
在通常情况下，所有大电机都设计成为双层绕组和同样大的线圈。每个线圈都有一边置于一层之中，而另一边置于置于另一层之中。这意味着所有的线圈在端部绕组端互相交叉。如果使用两层以上，这些交叉会使绕组工作困难并使端部绕组端恶化。
众所周知同步电机/发电机与电网的连接必须通过一台AE/YD连接的所谓升压变压器，因为电网电压通常比旋转电机的电压高。这一变压器与同步电机一起组成设备的组合部件。变压器构成额外花费并且具有使系统总效率降低的缺点。如果能制造出电压高得多的电机，则可去掉升压变压器。
在过去几十年中对电压更高的旋转电机的要求一直增加，比先前能够设计出的电压为高。最大电压，按现有技术来看，对于线圈生产产品良好的同步电机而言，可以达到大约25-30kV。
特别是在J.Electrotechnika,No.1,1970,PP.6-8、在美国专利US4,429,244“发电机的定子”和俄文专利文献苏联专利955369中描述了关于同步电机设计的某些新方法的尝试。
在J.Electrotechnika中所描述的水和油冷的同步电机的目标电压是20kV。文章描述了一种由油/纸绝缘材料组成的新绝缘系统，使得可以将定子整个浸入油中。于是油在用作冷却剂的同时又作为绝缘使用。为了防止定子中的油漏出进入转子，在铁心的内表面上设置一个介电体的隔油环。定子线圈由带有油和纸绝缘的中空椭圆形导体构成，带有绝缘的线圈边利用槽楔固定在矩形截面的槽内。在中空导体中和定子壁上的孔中用冷却油作为冷却剂。但此种冷却系统在线圈端部造成大量油和电的连接。厚绝缘也导致导体的曲率半径加大，而这又造成绕组端部的尺寸加大。
上述的美国专利涉及同步电机的定子部分，此部分由层压板铁心构成，其上的梯形槽供定子绕组使用。槽是梯形的，因为定子绕组对绝缘的需要在靠向转子内部时逐渐减小，绕组靠近中性点的部分即位于该处。此外，在定子部分在靠近铁心内表面处包含一个介电体的隔油环。与没有隔油环的电机相比，这一部分可能会增加对磁化强度的要求。定子绕组由油浸电缆制作，其直径对线圈各层均相同。各层之间利用槽内的隔片互相隔开并用槽楔固定。这种绕组的特别之处在于它是由两个所谓的半圈绕组串联组成。两个半圈绕组之一位于绝缘套筒里的中心。定子绕组的导体由周围的油冷却。系统中如此大量的油造成的缺点是有漏油的危险并且在发生故障时清理工作量相当大。绝缘套筒的那些位于槽外的部分有一个圆筒形部件和一个由载流层加强的圆锥形终端，其中的载流层的目的是控制电缆进入端部绕组那一部分区域中的电场强度。
从苏联专利955369可以看得很清楚，在另一提高同步电机的额定电压的尝试中，油冷定子绕组由通常的高压电缆组成，在所有各层中其直径不变。电缆置于定子槽之中，定子槽的径向设置的开口圆形，与电缆的截面对应并包括必需的空间以对电缆进行固定和容纳冷却剂。绕组的径向设置的不同层由绝缘管包围和固定。绝缘隔片将绝缘管固定在定子槽中。由于油冷，此处还需要一个内介电环用来将油冷却剂相对内气隙进行密封。前述系统中的油的缺点也适用于这一设计。这一设计中不同的定子槽之间的径向腰部很窄，这意味着槽漏磁通很大，而这会大大影响对电机的磁化强度要求。
Electric Power Research Institute(EPRI)1984年的报告EL-3391综述了电机一些方案：如何使旋转电机达到更高电压以求能够将电机不通过中间变压器连接到电网。这种解决方案，根据调研的判断，可以提供良好的效率改善和巨大的经济收益。之所以认为在1984年启动直连电网的发电机的研制工作是可能的是因为当时制成了超导转子。超导磁场的强大磁化能力使得采用具有足以抵抗电应力的绝缘厚度的气隙绕组成为可能。当时判断，根据该计划，如果将最有希望的设计磁路的方案同一种绕组，一种所谓的整体圆柱电枢，一种绕组由两个同心封闭在三个圆柱形绝缘壳之中的导体圆柱构成并将整个结构固定于无齿铁心的方案结合起来，则高压旋转电机就可直接连接到电网。这种解决方案意味着主绝缘必须制作得足够厚以对付网-网和网-地电位。经过对当时所了解的所有技术进行考察，得出的判断是：为处理升高到高压而必需的绝缘系统是通常用于电力变压器的绝缘系统，并且其构成为介质流体浸渍的合成纤维板。上述建议方案的明显缺点是，除了要求要具备一个超导转子外，还要求很厚的绝缘，而这将增加电机的尺寸。端部绕组端必须绝缘并利用油或氟利昂冷却以控制端部的强大的电磁场。整个电机必须密封以防止液体电解质从大气吸收湿气。
当根据现有技术制造旋转电机时，绕组要通过数道工序采用导体和绝缘系统制造，其中的绕组必须在安装到磁路中之前预先成形。而制作绝缘系统的浸渍则要在绕组安装到磁路中之后完成。
本发明简介
本发明的目的是无需对绕组进行任何复杂的预先处理，也无需在绕组安装之后对绝缘系统进行浸渍而能够制造出高压旋转电机。
众所周知，为了加大旋转电机的功率需要增加AC线圈中的电流。这一点已经通过使导体材料的数量最优化，即通过将矩形转子槽中的矩形导体紧密填充而达到。其目的是通过增加绝缘材料的数量和使用更能耐高温因而价格更贵的绝缘材料来适应由此造成的温度升高。绝缘上的高温和高磁场负荷也会引起绝缘寿命的问题。在用于高压设备的相对厚壁的绝缘层，比如，云母带的浸渍层中，局部放电(PD)是严重问题。在制造这种绝缘层时，很容易出现空穴和孔洞等等，当绝缘受到高电场强度作用时，在这些缺陷处会出现内电晕放电。这种电晕放电会逐渐使材料老化并可导致通过绝缘的电击穿。
本发明的根据就是认识到，要想能以在技术和经济上都合理的方式加大旋转电机的功率，就必须保证在做到这一点时绝缘不会由于上述现象引起击穿。根据本发明可以做到这一点，方法是绝缘采用出现空穴和孔洞的机会极小的绝缘层，比如由合适的固体绝缘材料，例如热塑性树脂；交联热塑性树脂；橡胶，如硅橡胶，等制作的挤压层。此外，很重要的一点是绝缘层由围绕导体具有半导电性质的内层构成，并且绝缘具有至少一层围绕导体具有半导电性质的附加外层。在本文中半导电性质指的是材料的导电性较导体低得多，但又不像绝缘体导电性那样低。只采用可以制得的缺陷最少的绝缘层，并且再为绝缘提供一个半导电内层和一个半导电外层，就可以保证降低热负荷和电负荷。这一绝缘部件带有至少一层附加的半导电层，其热膨胀系数应该与之大体相同。在存在温度梯度时不应出现由于绝缘层和其周围各层之间的热膨胀不同而招致的缺陷。加于材料上的电负荷由于绝缘层周围的半导电层形成等位面并且在绝缘部件中电场在绝缘厚度上的分布相当均匀而降低。半导电外层可连接一选定的电位，例如地电位。这意味着对于此种电缆，绕组的外壳在其整个长度上可保持，比如，地电位。也可以在沿着导体的长度在合适的位置将外层切断，并且切断后的每一个部分长度都可以直接连接到所选定的电位。在半导电外层的周围也可以设置其他的层、壳体等等，如金属护套及保护套。
由本发明所获得的进一步的知识是电流负荷增加会导致在线圈交叉段在角部出现电场(E)集中的问题，并且这会在该处的绝缘上产生巨大的局部负荷。与此类似，在定子齿中磁场(B)将在角部集中。这意味着造成局部磁饱和，铁心未能得到充分利用，并且生成的电压/电流波形将发生畸变。另外，还有一个缺点是由感应涡流在导体中引起的涡流损耗(由于导体相对磁场B的几何形状所造成)将会使电流密度增加。本发明的进一步改进可以通过将线圈和放置线圈的槽做成基本上为圆形而不是矩形来实现。通过将线圈的截面做成圆形，线圈的周围的磁场B将保持为定值，不会出现集中而在其中造成磁饱和的现象。还有，在交叉段上线圈中的电场E也将均匀分布，并且绝缘上的局部负荷可大大减小。此外，将更容易做到将圆形线圈放入槽内时使每个线圈组的线圈边的数目增加，并且能够做到使电压增加而无需增加导体中的电流。其原因在于导体的冷却一方面是由较低的电流密度，从而在横过绝缘的方向上较小的温度梯度，造成的，另一方面是由圆形槽决定的，圆形槽使温度沿截面分布更均匀。通过使导体由更小的部件，股线，组成还可以获得更进一步的改进。股线之间互相绝缘，只有一小部分股线不绝缘而与半导电内层接触以保证该部分与导体同电位。
采用根据本发明的旋转电机的优点是这种电机较之通常的此种电机可以在相当长期间内过载运行而不会损坏。其原因是有赖此种电机的结构和其中的绝缘上的热负荷有限。比如，可以使这种电机在过载达100％的情况下运行超过15分钟并且可长达2小时。
根据本发明的一种实施方案是旋转电机的磁路的构成包括由穿入的电缆组成的绕组，有一个或多个带有固体绝缘的挤压绝缘导体，并且在导体和壳体两者之上都有半导电层。半导电外层可与地电位连接。为了能对付将旋转电机直接与各种类型高压电网连接时出现的问题，根据本发明的电机具有很多特点使其与现有技术有别。
如上所述，旋转电机绕组可以利用由一个或多个带有固体绝缘的挤压绝缘导体构成的电缆制作而成，在导体和壳体两者之上都有半导电层。其中一些典型的例子为XLPE电缆或带有EP橡胶绝缘的电缆。由股线组成的导体的进一步的可能发展是可以使股线之间互相绝缘以便从而使导体中的涡流损耗减少。一根或几根股线不绝缘以保证导体周围的半导电层与导体同电位。
众所周知，传输电能的高压电缆是由带有固体绝缘的挤压绝缘导体构成的，并具有半导电内层和半导电外层。在传输电能过程中，要求绝缘不应有缺陷。在传输电能时，出发点长期以来就是绝缘不应有缺陷。当利用高压电缆传输电能时，目的并不是要使通过电缆的电流达到最大值，因为传输电缆并不受空间限制。
旋转电机中的导体的绝缘也可不采用挤压的方式实现，比如可以采用喷涂等方式。但是，重要的是绝缘在其整个截面上不能有缺陷，并且应当具有相近的热特性。在导体上施加绝缘时可在绝缘上提供半导电层。
最好是采用具有圆形截面的电缆。此外，为了得到更好的填充密度，可以采用其他形状截面的电缆。为了在旋转电机中形成电压，电缆在铁心的槽内连续安放数匝。绕组可以设计为多层同心电缆绕组以减少端部绕组端的交叉数。电缆可以采用梯形绝缘以便更好地利用铁心，在这种情况下槽的形状可以适应绕组的梯形绝缘。
根据本发明的旋转电机的重要优点是在外部半导体的外边的端部绕组端区域电场E为零和在外壳处于地电位时电场无需进行调节。这意味着无论是在叠片内，还是在端部绕组端区域或在其间的过渡区中都不会出现场集中现象。
本发明还涉及磁路，特别是绕组的制造方法。这一制造法包括将电缆穿过梯形中的槽口将绕组放置在槽内。由于电缆是柔性的，所以可以弯折，从而允许一根长电缆在线圈中环绕成数匝。于是端部绕组端将由电缆的弯折区构成。电缆也可连接，但在整个电缆长度上其特性要保持不变。与现有技术比较，本方法实现了很多简化。所谓的罗贝尔线棒是非柔性的，所以必须要预先做成所要求的形状。线圈的浸渍也是当前制造旋转电机时一项极其复杂而费钱的技术。
这一点的实现是借助权利要求1中所定义的用于旋转电机中的高压绕组绝缘导体、权利要求9中所定义的采用用于旋转电机中的高压绕组绝缘导体的方法以及根据权利要求8的由上述类型的绝缘导体构成的旋转电机。根据本发明的高压电缆的构成包括一根或多根由第一半导电层包围的股线。此第一半导电层又由第一绝缘层包围，后者则由第二半导电层包围。第二半导电层在沿着高压电缆上的至少两点上接地。位于定子槽中的那一部分电缆必须与定子的磁铁电绝缘。沿着高压电缆上的每对接地点之间，第二半导电层中的电接触被断开。在第二半导电层的每个这种间隙上设置一个器件用来减小在上述间隙上电场强度的放大。
根据本发明，采用用于旋转电机中的高压绕组绝缘导体的方法包括如下步骤：
●在每对接地点之间断开第二半导电层中的电接触；及
●在每个这种间隙上设置一个器件用来减小在上述间隙上电场强度的放大。
借助上述方法和根据本发明的高压导体，可以获得不带有由半导电外层中的电压引起的热损耗的高压电缆。在所得到的高压电缆中发生电击穿的危险极小。
下面参考附图并通过对优选实施例进行更为详细的描述来对本发明予以说明。
附图简介
图1示出的是高压电缆的断面图；
图2A示出的是高压电缆的视图，部分为断面图，在第二半导电层上有间隙，目的是显示在间隙的边缘处电场的放大情况；
图2B示出的是图2A所揭示的高压电缆的一部分的透视图；
图3示出的是沿着根据本发明的高压电缆的纵轴的断面图；
图4A示出的是对于在第二半导电层上有间隙的高压电缆进行计算而得到的其电场图像；
图4B示出的是对于根据本发明的高压电缆进行计算而得到的其电场图像；
图5示出的是采用根据本发明的高压电缆的方法的流程图。
本发明实施例详述
图1示出传统上用来传输电能的高压电缆10的断面图。示出的高压电缆10可以是标准的145kV的XLPE电缆，不过是去掉了护套或屏蔽。高压电缆10的构成包括一个可由一根或多根铜(Cu)制股线12组成的导电体，此导电体可具有，比如，圆形截面。这些股线12位于高压电缆10的中间。围绕股线12的是第一半导电层14，而此第一半导电层14又由第一绝缘层16，比如XLPE绝缘，包围。在第一绝缘层16的周围是第二半导电层18。
图2A示出的是高压电缆的视图，部分为断面图，在第二半导电层上有间隙，目的是显示在间隙的边缘处电场的放大情况。图2A中所示出的断面系沿着高压电缆的纵轴。图2B示出的是图2A所揭示的高压电缆的一部分的透视图。在图2A和2B中同一部件使用与图1相同的标号表示。在图2A中股线12仅仅示意性地绘出。由图2A和2B可见，在高压电缆10的周边上第二半导电层18去掉一条环形部分而形成一个沟20。第一绝缘层16就从此沟中暴露出来。在两个接地点之间，第二半导电层18中的电接触断开，可保证不会发生由于感应电压而引起的电流流过，从而不会造成热损耗。然而，在第二半导电层18中的一切中断都会使间隙的边缘上的电场强度增大。由图2可见，电力线靠近在一起(用标号22表示)。在沟22的边缘处电力线22集中，表明该处的电场强度急剧增加。很遗憾，这将增加应该避免的电击穿的危险。
图3示出的是沿着根据本发明的高压电缆的纵轴的断面图。与图1中的高压电缆10同样，高压电缆30的构成包括股线12、第一导电层14、第一绝缘层16及第二半导电层18。由图3可见，在周边上第二半导电层18去掉一条环形部分以形成一个沟20，而第一绝缘层16就暴露出来。由图3可见，沟20具有斜形边缘，即沟20在半导电层18的上缘比在第一绝缘层16处要宽。沟20也可具有，比如，直的边缘，尽管斜形边缘更有利。在图3中，在第一绝缘层16处第二半导电层18的边缘之间的距离以b表示。沟20的宽度b最好是4 mm。高压电缆30还包括一个第二绝缘层24,该层位于沟20上而将沟充满。沟20具有斜边的原因是如此一来在用合适的材料，比如自混汞EPDM绝缘带(绝缘带Ⅳ-tejp,IA2322,ABBKabeldon生产)，填充沟20而形成第二绝缘层24时不会出现空腔。第二绝缘层24也覆盖第二半导电层18的斜形边缘及第二半导电层18位于斜形边缘外边的一部分。高压电缆30还包括一个带形的第三半导电层26，例如半导电带HL-tjgp,IA2352,ABB Kabeldon生产，该带置于第二绝缘层24之上，而且在一端使此第三半导电层26覆盖在第二绝缘层24之上并与第二半导电层18实现电接触。而在另一端，第三半导电层26不覆盖在第二绝缘层24另一端，而是在与第二绝缘层24另一边缘距离为c处终止。第二绝缘层24的厚度在第三半导电层26不覆盖第二绝缘层24的部分的边缘处至少应该是1mm。另一方面，第三半导电层26在其另一端应该延伸到(重叠)位于第二绝缘层24之下的第二半导电层18之上。第三半导电层26的边缘与第二半导电层18的边缘之间在电缆30的纵轴方向上的距离为d，如图3所示。第三半导电层26应具有的厚度至少为1mm。带有以如图3所示的方式设置的第二绝缘层24和第三半导电层26的沟20在沿着高压电缆30的长度上的每对接地点之间都存在。带有器件24、26的沟的数量就等于接地点的数量减1。于是，如果接地点的数量为N。则沟20和器件24、26的数量将为N-1。
图4A示出的是对于在半导电层上有间隙的高压电缆(即如图2A和2B中所示的高压电缆)进行计算而得到的电场。图4A示意地示出电缆10的断面，揭示了第二半导电层18和沟20。箭头代表电场强度E(V/m)，其中的箭头的长度与场强成正比。由图4A可见，在沟20的边缘处电场强度最大。在角部最大场强为4kV/mm。
图4B示出的是对于根据本发明的高压电缆30(即根据图3)进行计算而得到的电场。图4B示意地示出电缆30的断面，揭示了第二半导电层18、沟20、第二绝缘层24和第三半导电层26。箭头代表电场强度E(V/m)，其中的箭头的长度与场强成正比。由图4B可见，在沟20的边缘处电场强度不像图4A中的那样大。在角部最大场强为2.3kV/mm。这可以大大减小电击穿的危险。同时不会遭受感应电压所引起的热损耗。
图5示出的是采用根据本发明的用于旋转电机高压绕组中的高压电缆的方法的流程图。使用的是根据图1的高压电缆10，上述电缆10的构成包括一个由一根或多根股线组成的导电体、第一半导电层14、第一绝缘层16和第二半导电层18。第二半导电层18在沿着高压电缆的至少两个不同点处接地。流程图从方块40开始。下一步，在方块42，是在每对接地点之间，在第二半导电层18制作一个电接触间隙20。如果沿着高压电缆有N个接地点，则在第二半导电层18上将有N-1个间隙20。之后，在方块44，将一个器件24,26加到第二半导电层18中的每个间隙20上，以便减小在上述间隙20处的电场强度的放大。方块42和44就重复N-1次，直到在方块46到达此过程的结束。间隙20是通过将围绕高压电缆的周边的第二半导电层18去掉而形成的，其深度达到第一绝缘层16而形成沟20，沟的两侧是第二半导电层18。沟20具有合适的斜形边缘，如图3所示。在每个沟20上加有第二绝缘层24。此层24还覆盖沟20两侧的第二半导电层18的一部分。之后，在第二绝缘层24之上加上一个第三半导电层26，此第三半导电层26的一端覆盖在第二绝缘层24的一个边缘之上并与第二半导电层18实现电接触，而其另一端未覆盖第二绝缘层24另一边缘，而是延伸到第二绝缘层24之下的第二半导电层18的一部分之上(见图3)。
本发明不局限于所示出的实施例。在所附的权利要求范围内可以有数种变化。

Claims (13)

1．一种用于电机高压绕组的绝缘导体(30)，其特征在于，该绝缘导体包括：一根或多根股线(12)、包围该股线(12)的内部的第一半导电层(14)、包围该内部的第一半导电层(14)的第一绝缘层(16)以及包围该第一绝缘层(16)的外部的第二半导电层(18)，该外部的第二半导电层(18)在沿着绝缘导体上的至少两个不同点上接地，在两个相邻的接地点之间的第二半导电层(18)中的电接触被间隙(20)断开，并且在第二半导电层(18)的每个这种间隙(20)上设置一个器件(24,26)用来减小在上述间隙(20)上电场强度的放大。
2．一种用于旋转电机高压绕组的绝缘导体(30)，其特征在于，该绝缘导体包括：一根或多根股线(12)、包围该股线(12)的内部的第一半导电层(14)、包围该内部的第一半导电层(14)的第一绝缘层(16)以及包围该第一绝缘层(16)的外部的第二半导电层(18)，该外部的第二半导电层(18)在沿着绝缘导体上的至少两个不同点上接地，在两个相邻的接地点之间的第二半导电层(18)中的电接触被间隙(20)断开，并且在第二半导电层(18)的每个这种间隙(20)上设置一个器件(24,26)用来减小在上述间隙(20)上电场强度的放大。
3．如权利要求2中所述的绝缘导体(30)，其特征在于第二半导电层(18)与定子槽中的定子电绝缘，并且第二半导电层(18)在电缆通过的每个定子槽的悬伸(overhanging)区域具有至少一个间隙和一个接地点。
4．如权利要求1、2或3中所述的绝缘导体(30)，其特征在于：第二半导电层(18)的电接触是通过将围绕绝缘导体(30)周边的第二半导电层(18)去掉并使其深达第一绝缘层(16)而形成沟(20)来断开的，沟(20)的两侧是第二半导电层(18)。
5．如权利要求4中所述的绝缘导体(30)，其特征在于：用于减小在上述间隙(20)处电场强度放大的器件(24,26)包括设置于每个沟(20)上方的第二绝缘层(24)，上述第二绝缘层(24)还覆盖每个沟(20)两侧的第二半导电层(18)的一部分；上述器件(24,26)还包括设置在绝缘层(24)之上的第三半导电层(26)，该第三半导电层(26)的一端覆盖在第二绝缘层(24)的一个边缘之上并与第二半导电层(18)实现电接触，而其另一端未覆盖第二绝缘层(24)另一边缘，而是延伸到第二绝缘层(24)之下的第二半导电层(18)的一部分的上面。
6．如权利要求5中所述的绝缘导体(30)，其特征在于：在上述沟(20)处第二半导电层(18)的边缘被加工成斜形，且倾斜方式是沟(20)的宽度在第一绝缘层(16)处最小。
7．如权利要求6中所述的绝缘导体(30)，其特征在于：在第三半导电层(26)覆盖住第二绝缘层(24)的一个边缘的与第二半导电层(18)有机械接触，而在其另一端第三半导电层(26)与第二半导电层(18)没有机械或电接触。
8．如权利要求7中所述的绝缘导体(30)，其特征在于：第二半导电层(18)由绝缘EPDM带构成。
9．如权利要求8中所述的绝缘导体(30)，其特征在于：第三半导电层(26)由橡胶基半导电带构成。
10．一种电机，其特征在于：包含如权利要求1-9中任何一项中所述的绝缘导体(30)。
11．一种采用用于旋转电机中的高压绕组绝缘导体(30)的方法，上述绝缘导体(30)的构成包括：一根或多根股线(12)、包围该股线(12)的内部的第一半导电层(14)、包围该内部的第一半导电层(14)的第一绝缘层(16)以及包围该第一绝缘层(16)的外部的第二半导电层(18)，该外部的第二半导电层(18)在沿着绝缘导体上的至少两个不同点上接地，上述方法包括下列步骤：
在每对接地点之间制作成断开第二半导电层(18)电接触的间隙(20)；以及
在第二半导电层(18)的每个上述这种间隙(20)上设置器件(24,26)用来减小在上述间隙(20)上的电场强度的放大。
12．如权利要求10中所述的方法，其特征在于：通过将围绕绝缘导体(30)的周边的第二半导电层(18)去掉而形成上述间隙(20)，其深度达到第一绝缘层(16)，以使沟(20)的两侧是第二半导电层(18)。
13．如权利要求12中所述的方法，其特征在于，设置上述器件(24,26)的步骤包括：
在每个沟(20)上加上第二绝缘层(24)，使该第二绝缘层(24)覆盖每个沟(20)两侧的第二半导电层(18)的一部分；以及
在第二绝缘层(24)之上加上第三半导电层(26)，使该第三半导电层(26)的一端覆盖在第二绝缘层(24)的一个边缘之上并与第二半导电层(18)实现电接触，而其另一端未覆盖第二绝缘层(24)另一边缘，而是延伸到第二绝缘层(24)之下的第二半导电层(18)的一部分的上面。
CN97195040A 1996-05-29 1997-05-27 用于高压绕组的绝缘导体及其制作方法 Pending CN1220039A (zh)

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SE9602079A SE9602079D0 (sv) 1996-05-29 1996-05-29 Roterande elektriska maskiner med magnetkrets för hög spänning och ett förfarande för tillverkning av densamma
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CN110853898A (zh) * 2019-11-21 2020-02-28 阳光电源股份有限公司 变压器及变压器加工工艺
CN113890240A (zh) * 2020-07-02 2022-01-04 通用电气航空系统有限责任公司 用于电机的电绝缘部分的方法和系统

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WO1997045918A1 (en) 1997-12-04
EA199801055A1 (ru) 1999-08-26
PL330202A1 (en) 1999-04-26
KR20000016040A (ko) 2000-03-25
US20020046867A1 (en) 2002-04-25
US6417456B1 (en) 2002-07-09
AU2989097A (en) 1998-01-05
JP2000511337A (ja) 2000-08-29
EP1016185A1 (en) 2000-07-05
BR9709371A (pt) 2000-01-11
AU718707B2 (en) 2000-04-20
CZ385998A3 (cs) 1999-06-16
CA2255772A1 (en) 1997-12-04
EA001173B1 (ru) 2000-10-30

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