WO1997045929A2 - Earthing device and rotating electric machine including the device - Google Patents
Earthing device and rotating electric machine including the device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1997045929A2 WO1997045929A2 PCT/SE1997/000900 SE9700900W WO9745929A2 WO 1997045929 A2 WO1997045929 A2 WO 1997045929A2 SE 9700900 W SE9700900 W SE 9700900W WO 9745929 A2 WO9745929 A2 WO 9745929A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- conductor
- earthing
- sheet metal
- rotating electric
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
- H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K15/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines
- H02K15/12—Impregnating, heating or drying of windings, stators, rotors or machines
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
- H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
- H01F27/288—Shielding
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
- H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
- H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
- H01F27/323—Insulation between winding turns, between winding layers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
- H01F27/34—Special means for preventing or reducing unwanted electric or magnetic effects, e.g. no-load losses, reactive currents, harmonics, oscillations, leakage fields
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
- H01F3/10—Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F3/00—Cores, Yokes, or armatures
- H01F3/10—Composite arrangements of magnetic circuits
- H01F3/14—Constrictions; Gaps, e.g. air-gaps
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K11/00—Structural association of dynamo-electric machines with electric components or with devices for shielding, monitoring or protection
- H02K11/40—Structural association with grounding devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K15/00—Methods or apparatus specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining or repairing of dynamo-electric machines
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K3/00—Details of windings
- H02K3/04—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
- H02K3/12—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors arranged in slots
- H02K3/14—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors arranged in slots with transposed conductors, e.g. twisted conductors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K3/00—Details of windings
- H02K3/04—Windings characterised by the conductor shape, form or construction, e.g. with bar conductors
- H02K3/28—Layout of windings or of connections between windings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K3/00—Details of windings
- H02K3/32—Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation
- H02K3/40—Windings characterised by the shape, form or construction of the insulation for high voltage, e.g. affording protection against corona discharges
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K3/00—Details of windings
- H02K3/46—Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure
- H02K3/48—Fastening of windings on the stator or rotor structure in slots
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
- H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
- H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
- H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
- H01F2027/329—Insulation with semiconducting layer, e.g. to reduce corona effect
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
- H02K2203/00—Specific aspects not provided for in the other groups of this subclass relating to the windings
- H02K2203/15—Machines characterised by cable windings, e.g. high-voltage cables, ribbon cables
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for earthing insulated conductors in an electric machine of the type described in the preamble to claim 1.
- the invention also relates to a rotating electric machine according to the preamble of claim 10.
- the types of machines in question may be for instance synchronous machines, double-fed machines, applications in asynchronous static current converter cascades, outer pole machines and synchronous flux machines, as well as alternating current machines .
- the machine and the device are intended primarily as and for a generator in a power station for generating electric power.
- the machine and the device are intended for use with high voltages .
- High voltages shall be understood here to mean primarily electric voltages in excess of 10 kV.
- a typical operating range may be 36 to 800 kV, preferably 72,5 -800 kV.
- the magnetic circuit referred to in this context comprises a magnetic core of laminated, non-oriented or oriented, sheet or other material, for example amorphous or powder-based, or any other arrangement for the purpose of allowing an alternating magnetic flux, a winding, a cooling system, etc., and which may be arranged in the stator of the machine, in the rotor or in both.
- a general endeavor in the concerned types of machines is to keep the outer insulating layer of insulated conductors/cables close to earth potential. This can naturally be achieved through the attachment points for suspending the cables at the distribution network or for attachment of the cable when used in or in connection with various electrical machines.
- stator windings for generators are traditionally manufactured so that their outer surfaces are kept at earth potential within the laminated stack but far out in the region of their end windings the surface potential is permitted to float. Normally the stator windings of known generators are earthed with high resistance.
- Machines of the type in question have conventionally been designed for voltages in the range 6-30 kV, and 30 kV has normally been considered to be an upper limit. This usually means that a generator must be connected to the power network via a transformer that steps up the voltage to the power network level - in the range of approximately 100-400 kV.
- the water- and oil-cooled synchronous machine described in J. Elektrotechmka is intended for voltages up to 20 kV.
- the article describes a new insulation system consisting of oil/paper insulation, which makes it possible to immerse the stator completely in oil. The oil can then be used as a coolant while at the same time using it as insulation
- a dielectric oil-separating ring is provided at the internal surface of the core
- the stator winding is made from con ⁇ ductors with an oval hollow shape provided with oil and paper insulation.
- the coil sides with their insulation are secured to the slots, made with rectangular cross section, by means of wedges.
- As coolant oil is used both in the hollow conductors and in holes in the stator walls.
- the above-mentioned US patent relates to the stator part of a synchronous machine which comprises a magnetic core of lami- nated sheet with trapezoidal slots for the stator winding.
- the slots are tapered since the need of insulation of the stator winding is less towards the interior of the rotor where that part of the winding which is located nearest the neutral point is located.
- the stator part comprises a dielectric oil-separating cylinder or ring nearest the inner surface of the core which may increase the magnetization requirement relative to a machine without this ring.
- the stator winding is made of oil-immersed cables with the same diameter for each coil layer. The layers are separated from each other by means of spacers in the slots and secured by wedges.
- the winding comprises two so-called half-windings connected in series.
- One of the two half-windings is located, centred, inside an insulation sleeve.
- the conductors of the stator winding are cooled by surrounding oil.
- the disadvantages with such a large quantity of oil in the system are the risk of leakage and the considerable amount of cleaning work which may result from a fault condition.
- Those parts of the insulation sleeve which are located outside the slots have a cylindrical part and a conical termination reinforced with current-carrying layers, the purpose of which is to control the electric field strength in the region where the cable enters the end winding.
- the oil-cooled stator winding comprises a conventional insulated conductor for medium voltage with the same dimension for all the layers.
- the conductor is placed in stator slots formed as circular, radially disposed openings corresponding to the cross-section area of the conductor and with the necessary space for fixation and for coolant.
- the different radially located layers of the winding are surrounded by and fixed in insulated tubes. Insulating spacers fix the tubes in the stator slot.
- an internal dielectric ring is also needed here for sealing the coolant against the internal air gap.
- the design shown has no tapering of the insulation or of the stator slots .
- the design exhibits a very narrow radial waist between the different stator slots, which means a large slot leakage flux which significantly influences the magnetization requirement of the machine.
- the object of the present invention is to solve the above mentioned problems and to provide a device for earthing insulated conductors or cables in an electric machine, in particular an electric machine which permits direct connection to all types of high-voltage power networks, as well as to provide such a rotating electric high-voltage machine.
- This object is achieved by providing a device for earthing insulated conductors in an electric machine, as defined in the introductory part of claim 1, with the advantageous features of the characterizing part of said claim, and by providing a rotating electric machine in accordance with the introductory of claim 10 with the advantageous features of the characterizing parts of said claim.
- the device is charcterized in that the insulated conductor comprises a central part composed of one or more electric conductors, which central part is surrounded by several layers comprising an inner semiconducting layer, an intermediate insulating layer and an outer semiconducting layer, and that the outer semiconducting layer of the insulated conductor is electrically connected to the earth reference of the machine via one or more sheet metal earthing plates connected thereto.
- insulated electric conductors also referred to as cables
- cables with permanent insulation similar to that used in cables for transmitting electric power (e.g. crosslmked polyethylene (XLPE) cables)
- the machine has the important advantage that the voltage can be increased to such levels that it can be connected directly to the power network without an intermediate transformer.
- XLPE crosslmked polyethylene
- the cable is provided with an outer semiconducting layer with the aid of which its potential in relation to the surroundings shall be defined. This layer must therefore be connected to earth, at least somewhere in the machine, possibly only in the end-winding section.
- the outer semiconducting layer In order to serve its purpose as earth connection, the outer semiconducting layer should have low resistance. On the other hand heat losses will then occur due to magnetically induced currents, which means that its coherent length must perhaps be limited.
- the advantage is obtained of ensuring reliable and uniform earthing of the entire length of cable in electric machines, particularly in generators for voltages within the range 36 - 800 kV.
- the rotating electric machine it is characterized in that the machine is provided with the claimed earthing device. It is further characterized in that the winding comprises at least one current-carrying conductor, that a first layer having semiconducting properties is provided around said conductor, that a solid insulating layer is provided around said first layer, and that a second layer having semiconducting properties is provided around said insulating layer.
- a machine according to the invention may have a number of features which significantly distinguishes it from the state of the art both as regards conventional mechanical engineering and the mechanical engineering which has been published during the last few years. Some will follow below.
- the winding is manufactured from one or more insulated conductors with an inner and an outer semiconducting layer, preferably an extruded cable of some sort.
- Some typical examples of such conductors are a cable of XLPE or a cable with ethylene propylene (EP) rubber insulation, which, however, for this purpose and according to the invention, has an improved design both as regards the strands of the conductor and as regards the outer layer.
- an insulated conductor with an outer semiconducting layer has the advantage that it permits the outer layer of the winding, in its full length, to be maintained at earth potential. Consequently, the claimed invention may have the feature that the outer semiconducting layer is connected to earth potential. As an alternative, the outer layer may be cut off, at suitable locations along the length of the conductor, and each cut-off part length may be directly connected to earth potential .
- a considerable advantage with having the outer or second layer connected to earth potential is that the electric field will be near zero in the end-winding region outside the outer semiconductor and that the electric field need not be controlled. This means that no field concentrations can arise, neither within the sheet, nor in the end-winding region, nor in the transition therebetween.
- At least two, and preferably all three, of the layers have substantially equal thermal expansion coefficients.
- each of the three layers is solidly connected to the adjacent layer along substantially the whole connecting surface.
- the present invention is characterized in that the current-carrying conductor comprises a number of strands, only a minority of said strands being uninsulated from each other.
- the uninsulated strand or strands in the outer layer of the conductor defines the potential on the inner semiconducting layer and thereby ensures a uniform electric field within the insulation.
- uninsulated strands instead of insulated strands a less expensive insulated conductor for a winding is obtained.
- every second strand may be uninsulated, but for practical reasons the number of uninsulated strands is less than the insulated strands.
- the winding may be formed of a cable comprising at least one current-carrying conductor and the machine is further characterized in that each conductor comprises a number of strands, that an inner semiconducting layer is provided around each conductor, that an insulating layer of solid insulating material is provided around said inner semiconducting layer, and that an outer semiconducting layer is provided around said insulating layer.
- - Figure 2 reveals an alternative embodiment of the sheet metal earthing plates
- - Figure 3 shows a direct connection of the earthing of the stator winding to the stator frame in a high-voltage generator according to the invention
- FIG. 4 shows the earthing of the stator winding through the connection of the end windings to a circular earth bar mounted in the stator frame in a high-voltage generator according to the invention
- FIG. 5 is a cross section through an insulated conductor/cable for which the invention is applicable.
- the cable in the shown machine constitutes the stator windings where each penetration of the cable through a stator slot is designated a coil side, and a loop of cable connecting two coil sides outside one of the ends of the stator is designated a coil end.
- each of the sheet metal earthing plates 5 is in the form of a hose clamp.
- the sheet metal earthing plate 5 according to a preferred embodiment shown in Figure 1 comprises two clamping strips 51, 52 facing each other. Each identical clamping strip 51, 52 is bent to a semi-cylindrical form to fit the outer diameter of the cable it is to surround.
- the outer ends of the clamping strips 51, 52 are in the form of lugs or flanges 6 in which a hole is provided for an earthing screw 7.
- the earthing screw 7 serves as tightening device so that when the sheet metal earthing plate 5 is fitted on the cable it will clamp firmly around the cable and be in electrically conducting contact with the outer semiconducting layer 4 of the cable.
- at least the flange part 6 facing away from the head of the earthing screw 7 may be in screw cooperation with the earthing screw 7 either by its aperture being threaded or by being supported by a nut .
- FIG. 2 An alternative embodiment of the sheet metal earthing plate 5 is shown in Figure 2, where the clamping strip 53 consists of a flexible ring applied on the cable part, after which the earthing screw 7 is inserted into the holes of the flange parts 6 to clamp the annular clamping strip 53 around the cable part .
- each individual sheet metal earthing plate 5 is mounted on a coil end of the stator winding which, for the sake of simplicity, is only indicated by a cross section through a cable part.
- the sheet metal earthing plates 5 are connected in series by earth wires 8, the outermost being electrically connected to an earth bar 10.
- the sheet metal earthing plates 5 are made of electrically conducting material, preferably material having good spring properties, e.g. phosphor bronze.
- the screw 7 it is advantageous for the screw 7 to be made of a material which is electrically non-conducting, in which case each electrically conducting earth wire 8 is connected to a flange part 6 as shown.
- FIG 3 shows schematically a part of an electric high- voltage generator with a rotor R journalled on its rotor shaft A and surrounded by the stator S (of which only a section to the left of the rotor is shown in the figure) .
- the laminated stack of the stator S is held together by a stator frame 9 and the end windings H of the stator winding protrude at the end of the stator S as indicated by two cut-off cable parts in the plane of the paper.
- these cable parts are each provided with a sheet metal earthing plate 5, said sheet metal earthing plates being electrically connected in series by means of earth wires 8 connected to the stator frame 9.
- FIG. 4 An alternative embodiment of the earthing of the end windings H is illustrated in Figure 4 showing the stator S seen in peripheral direction with the rotor shaft (not shown) in the vertical direction of the drawing.
- the sheet metal earthing plates 5 clamped on each cable part are electrically connected in series via the earth wires 8 to an earth bar 10 having circular form and attached to the stator frame (not shown) .
- a copper conductor 11 which is mounted on the sheath (i.e. the outer semiconducting layer) of each cable part, and which is electrically connected to respective sheet metal earthing plates 5, protection can be achieved against an undesired increase in potential in the stator winding in the event of faults (earth faults) in the power network supplied by the high-voltage generator.
- the copper conductor 11 extends over substantially the entire cable part of the end winding situated outside the stator stack. Resistance connected in the earth connection between the sheet metal earthing plate 5 and stator frame 9 may be of interest in damping any leakage currents .
- FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of a high-voltage cable according to the present invention.
- the high-voltage cable comprises the (central) electric conductor 1 including a number of strands 18 of copper (Cu) , for instance, having circular cross section. These strands 18 are arranged in the middle of the high-voltage cable.
- Around the strands 18 is a first semiconducting layer 2, and around the first semi ⁇ conducting layer 2 is an insulating layer 3, e.g. XLPE insulation.
- Around the insulating layer 3 is a second semi- conducting layer 4.
- the concept "high-voltage cable" in the present application does not include the outer protective sheath that normally surrounds such cables for power distribution.
- sheet metal earthing plate may be replaced with more or less tightly wound coil-shaped bodies, for instance, which surround a part of each coil end and which are earthed in the manner described above .
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Insulation, Fastening Of Motor, Generator Windings (AREA)
- Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU29889/97A AU2988997A (en) | 1996-05-29 | 1997-05-27 | Earthing device and rotating electric machine including the device |
DE29780444U DE29780444U1 (en) | 1996-05-29 | 1997-05-27 | Device for grounding insulated conductors in an electrical machine |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE9602092A SE9602092D0 (en) | 1996-05-29 | 1996-05-29 | Grounding Device |
SE9602079-7 | 1996-05-29 | ||
SE9602092-0 | 1996-05-29 | ||
SE9602079A SE9602079D0 (en) | 1996-05-29 | 1996-05-29 | Rotating electric machines with magnetic circuit for high voltage and a method for manufacturing the same |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1997045929A2 true WO1997045929A2 (en) | 1997-12-04 |
WO1997045929A3 WO1997045929A3 (en) | 1998-01-29 |
Family
ID=26662646
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/SE1997/000900 WO1997045929A2 (en) | 1996-05-29 | 1997-05-27 | Earthing device and rotating electric machine including the device |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
AU (1) | AU2988997A (en) |
DE (1) | DE29780444U1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1997045929A2 (en) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999017428A1 (en) * | 1997-09-30 | 1999-04-08 | Abb Ab | Method and arrangement for earthing a rotating electric machine, and a rotating electric machine |
WO1999029023A1 (en) * | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-10 | Abb Ab | Insulated electrical conductor for high voltage use |
WO1999029021A1 (en) * | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-10 | Abb Ab | An insulated conductor |
WO1999029020A1 (en) * | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-10 | Abb Ab | Electricity supply system |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1418856A (en) * | 1919-05-02 | 1922-06-06 | Allischalmers Mfg Company | Dynamo-electric machine |
DE584639C (en) * | 1929-12-28 | 1933-09-27 | Aeg | Corona protection for windings in electrical machines |
DE2050674A1 (en) * | 1969-10-29 | 1971-05-19 | Asea Ab | Arrangement for avoiding glow discharges on electrical conductors |
US5036165A (en) * | 1984-08-23 | 1991-07-30 | General Electric Co. | Semi-conducting layer for insulated electrical conductors |
DE4022476A1 (en) * | 1990-07-14 | 1992-01-16 | Thyssen Industrie | Electric cable for three=phase AC winding of linear motor - covers one phase by inner conducting layer surrounded by insulation and outer conducting layer |
DE4409794C1 (en) * | 1994-03-22 | 1995-08-24 | Vem Elektroantriebe Gmbh | Fastening for equalising connection lines of high-power DC machines |
-
1997
- 1997-05-27 WO PCT/SE1997/000900 patent/WO1997045929A2/en active Application Filing
- 1997-05-27 AU AU29889/97A patent/AU2988997A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-05-27 DE DE29780444U patent/DE29780444U1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1418856A (en) * | 1919-05-02 | 1922-06-06 | Allischalmers Mfg Company | Dynamo-electric machine |
DE584639C (en) * | 1929-12-28 | 1933-09-27 | Aeg | Corona protection for windings in electrical machines |
DE2050674A1 (en) * | 1969-10-29 | 1971-05-19 | Asea Ab | Arrangement for avoiding glow discharges on electrical conductors |
US5036165A (en) * | 1984-08-23 | 1991-07-30 | General Electric Co. | Semi-conducting layer for insulated electrical conductors |
DE4022476A1 (en) * | 1990-07-14 | 1992-01-16 | Thyssen Industrie | Electric cable for three=phase AC winding of linear motor - covers one phase by inner conducting layer surrounded by insulation and outer conducting layer |
DE4409794C1 (en) * | 1994-03-22 | 1995-08-24 | Vem Elektroantriebe Gmbh | Fastening for equalising connection lines of high-power DC machines |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO1999017428A1 (en) * | 1997-09-30 | 1999-04-08 | Abb Ab | Method and arrangement for earthing a rotating electric machine, and a rotating electric machine |
WO1999029023A1 (en) * | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-10 | Abb Ab | Insulated electrical conductor for high voltage use |
WO1999029021A1 (en) * | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-10 | Abb Ab | An insulated conductor |
WO1999029020A1 (en) * | 1997-11-28 | 1999-06-10 | Abb Ab | Electricity supply system |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE29780444U1 (en) | 1999-05-20 |
AU2988997A (en) | 1998-01-05 |
WO1997045929A3 (en) | 1998-01-29 |
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