CN104770261A - Pollution-free orange production method - Google Patents
Pollution-free orange production method Download PDFInfo
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- CN104770261A CN104770261A CN201410012678.1A CN201410012678A CN104770261A CN 104770261 A CN104770261 A CN 104770261A CN 201410012678 A CN201410012678 A CN 201410012678A CN 104770261 A CN104770261 A CN 104770261A
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Abstract
The invention provides a pollution-free orange production method. The pollution-free orange production method comprises the following steps: selecting and planning a field, transplanting, managing solid manure, shaping and pruning, managing flowers and fruits, applying a plant growth regulator, preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests, and harvesting the fruits. In order to overcome the disadvantages of traditional orange culture that as more plant diseases and insect pests exist, more pesticides are applied, and as more chemical fertilizers are used in order to obtain higher yield, more pesticide residues are formed, the quality of the fruits is lower and the taste is worse, the invention provides the pollution-free orange production method, so that the quality of oranges is improved, the taste is more delicious and the pollution-free orange supply in the market is increased.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to economic crops cultivation method class, relate to a kind of citrus No-harmful apple orchard method.
Background technology
General traditional citrus culture, because damage by disease and insect is more, applying pesticides is many, for asking high yield, uses chemical fertilizer more, causes residue of pesticide more, and fruit matter is lower, and taste is poor.
Summary of the invention
In order to overcome traditional citrus culture, because damage by disease and insect is more, applying pesticides is many, for asking high yield, use chemical fertilizer more, cause residue of pesticide more, fruit matter is lower, the shortcoming that taste is poor, the invention provides a kind of how citrus No-harmful apple orchard method, to improve citrus fruit matter, taste is more delicious, increases the nuisanceless citrus supply in market.
The technical scheme that the present invention takes is:
The process route that the present invention takes: field select with plan → plant → clay fertilizer water management → pruning → flower and fruit management → plant growth regulator applies the → extermination of disease and insect pest → fruit harvesting.
1, field is selected and planning
One is that field is selected: soil condition, and the soil texture is good, loose fertile, the content of organic matter preferably more than 1.5%, soil layer at more than 60cm, below subterranean water level 1m.Home environment meets NY5013 (pollution-free food woods fruit prods home environment condition) requirement.
Terrain, the gradient below 25 °, the mountain region that the gradient is 6 ° ~ 20 °, hills, the horizontal terrace land of the appropriate to the occasion build in garden of building.
Two is field planning, builds necessary road, irrigation and drainage and the facility such as retaining, outbuildings, builds shelter forest.Shelter forest selects the quick growing species of trees, and does not have symbiosis damage by disease and insect with citrus.Level land and the gradient ground, gentle slope below 6 °, behavior north-south of planting.Suggestion adopts rectangle to plant.The gradient 6 ° ~ 25 ° mountain region, hilly ground, capable row of planting moves towards identical to terrace land.Recommend to adopt contour famring.Terrace land level trend should have the ratio of 3 ‰ ~ 5 ‰ to fall.
Three is kind and Root-stock selection, Fruit variety: tribute mandarin orange, Citrus shatangju, navel orange, Xia Cheng, crackling tangerine, Rong'an cumquat etc.
Conventional stock: trifoliate orange, sour tangerine etc.
2, plant
One is the time of planting, generally after September ~ October, autumn growth was aging or February ~ tip rudiment of spring in March before plant.Container seedling or balled transplanting are not subject to seasonal restrictions.
Two is planting densities, and by mu, sweet orange is generally advisable with 40 ~ 60 strains, seeding row spacing 3m × 4m ~ 5m; M andarin 60 ~ 70 strain, plant 3m × 3.5m; The strain of gold mandarin orange class 110, seeding row spacing 2m × 3m.Planting density should be determined according to kind, Stockscion combination, environmental condition and management of water equality.
Three is planting techniques, the long 60cm of planting hole, wide 40cm, dark 30cm ~ 40cm, puts into cave central authorities, unfold root system, righting by after the root system of nursery stock and branches and leaves moderate pruning, bankets while upwards propose seedling, having peace of mind gently, and root system and soil are touched.Around sapling, make the tree dish of diameter 1m after banketing, water sufficient normal root water.The depth of planting is advisable with the collar 5 ~ 10cm that bassets.
3, clay fertilizer water management
One is soil management, ploughs deeply and expands cave, vegetable soil, ploughs deeply expansion cave and generally carries out after autumn growth stops length, from the peripheral drip place of tree crown, year by year to external expansion 0.4 ~ 0.5m.Mix with green manure, straw or people and animals' fecaluria, compost, barnyard manure, cake fertilizer etc. through becoming thoroughly decomposed during backfill, table soil is placed on bottom, and cubsoil is placed on top layer, then to filling with sufficient moisture in cave.
Intercropping or sward, Citrus Orchard should carry out sward system, the interrow crop of plantation or careless class should be with citrus without symbiosis venereal disease worm, shallow root, short bar, be advisable with leguminous plant and gramineous forage grass, cradle to turn in good time and be embedded in soil or be covered in tree dish.
Cover and ridging, high temperature or arid season, the coverings such as the interior stalk of tree dish, thickness 10 ~ 15cm, covering should keep the distance of about 10cm with collar.Ridging in the winter time intertillage is carried out after loosening the soil.The rich soil near pond sludge, river silt or Citrus Orchard can be trained, thickness 8 ~ 10cm.
Intertillage, carries out, intertills 3 ~ 4 times every year after summer, autumn and fruit picking, keeps loosing soil without weeds.The intertillage degree of depth 8 ~ 15cm, hillside fields should be dark, and level land should be more shallow.
Two is fertilisings, and fertilization principle, fully to meet the demand of citrus to various nutritive element, many organic fertilizers, Rational Application inorganic fertilizer.Advocate foliar nutrition diagnosis rational application of fertilizers.
Fertilizer type and quality, the fertilizer used should be administrative department in charge of agriculture's registration or avoids the fertilizer of registration.Restriction uses Chloride fertilizer.People and animals' fecaluria etc. through more than 50 DEG C high temperature, need ferment more than 7 days.
Fertilizing method, soil application, the method such as ring-type ditch spread, bar ditch spread and native face can be adopted to spread fertilizer over the fields.In tree crown drip place's ditching (cave), the degree of depth 20 ~ 40cm.Thing, north and south symmetrical wheel change place apply fertilizer.The fertilizer that soil face is spread fertilizer over the fields is based on granulation slow-release fertilizer.Instant chemical fertilizer answers shallow ridges (cave) to execute.
Foliage spray, at different growth and development stages, selects different types of fertilizer to carry out foliage spray.The spring tip takes out the phase of sending out, florescence to spray boron, zinc, manganese, and other periods fill a vacancy to lack, with the demand of supplemental tree body to nutrition.The high temperature and drought phase should use by the lower limit of working concentration scope, and fruit harvesting stops foliage spray in first 20 days.
Treelet is applied fertilizer, and duty executes thin executing, based on nitrogenous fertilizer, and compounding application phosphorus, potash fertilizer.Spring, the summer, the autumn growth pumping phase fertilising 4 ~ 6 times, terminal bud from cut to young sprout turn green before increase top dressing.There is the area of freeze injury, should stop after August using instant nitrogenousfertilizer.1 ~ 3 year raw treelet individual plant year executed purity nitrogen 100 ~ 400g, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium ratio 1:0.25 ~ 0.3:0.5.Fertilizing amount should increase from less to more year by year.
Bearing-age tree applies fertilizer, fertilizing amount, executes pure ammonia 0.6 ~ 0.8kg, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium ratio 1:0.8 ~ 1.0:0.8 ~ 1.0 to produce fruit 100kg.Trace element fertilizer is filled a vacancy to lack, and makes foliage-spray, uses by 0.1% ~ 0.3% concentration.
Fertilization time, the fertilizer (base manure) of the amount of using sufficient after fruit picking, nitrogen amount of application accounts for annual 20% ~ 40%, and phosphorus amount of application accounts for annual 20% ~ 25%, and potassium amount of application accounts for annual 30%; Before spending, (rudiment) is fertile in nitrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen amount of application accounts for annual 20%; Surely (strengthen) fruit fertilizer based on nitrogen, potassium, join and execute phosphate fertilizer, nitrogen amount of application accounts for annual 40% ~ 60%, and phosphorus amount of application accounts for annual 35%, and potassium amount of application accounts for annual 50%.Trace element fertilizer was used in the Spring-shoot growth phase.
Three is water managements, irrigates, orange tree the spring tip sprout and flowering stage (March ~ May) and fruit expanding period (July ~ September) to moisture-sensitive.Easily there is arid and should irrigate in time in the long-term autumn and winter.
Draining, timely desilting, dredging irrigation and drainage system.By the timely draining of irrigation canals and ditches when rainy season or orchard ponding.Area rainy before fruit harvesting also covers garden soil by film.Reduce soil moisture content, improve fruit quality.
4, pruning
One is shaping principle, because of tree because kind is pruned, reaches the object of ventilation and penetrating light, three-dimensional result, force-saving synergistic.
Suitable tree-like have become then trunk shape, natural open centre shape, many major branches radiation.
Become then trunk shape, dry high 30 ~ 50cm, class of selecting and remain central authorities are dry, configuration 5 ~ 6, major branch.Major branch spacing 30 ~ 50cm, about 45 °, branch angle.Become, trunk shape is suitable for orange class, shaddock class, lemon class.
Natural open centre shape, dry high 20 ~ 40cm, major branch (3 ~ 4) distribution on trunk is in picturesque disorder.30 ° ~ 50 °, major branch branch angle, each major branch configures 2 ~ 3, secondary major branch, and generally after the 3rd major branch is formed, by class, central authorities dryly wipe out or turn round to making fruit-bearing shoot cluster.Natural open centre shape is suitable for satsuma mandarin etc.
Many major branches radiation, dry high 20 ~ 30cm, without class, central authorities are dry.Trunk directly configures 4 ~ 6, major branch, and after major branch pinching or cutting back, two fork branch that mostly occurs greatly becomes secondary major branch (secondary major branch).Skeleton branch at different levels is all adopted to cutting back, pinching, draws the methods such as branch, tree crown is radially stretched out.Many major branches radiation is suitable for the stronger kind of growing thickly property.
Two is prune main points, and the treelet phase, based on light pruning.After the selected class dry elongated shoot of central authorities and each major branch, secondary major branch elongated shoot, moderate is carried out to severe cutting back to it, and regulates the balance of growth potential between each major branch with cutting back degree and clip bud direction.All the other branch of light pruning, avoid too much pruning off and heavy cutting back.Except doing overstocked branch group suitably to dredge and deleting, the stronger branch of interior thorax branch and tree crown middle and lower part generally all should retain.
The firstfruits phase, continue to select and cutting back process skeleton branch elongated shoot at different levels, summer shoot of erasing, inspires healthy and strong autumn growth.8 ~ 10 timely pinching of leaf are stayed to long vegetative shoot, bounces back or branch group after cutting back result.When pumping more summer, autumn growth vegetative shoot, three thirds process can be adopted: namely cutting back 1/3rd growing way is stronger, dredge and go 1/3rd weak, to retain 1/3rd growing way golden means of the Confucian school.Autumn adopts girdling to prosperous tree, be completely cured, control the measure for promoting blossom such as water.
The full bearing period, the fruit-bearing shoot cluster that bounces back in time, fruit drop branch group and decline branch group.Wipe out deadwood, sick branch.More crowded skeleton branch is suitably pruned off and outputs in " skylight ", thorax in light is introduced.To summer, the autumn growth vegetative shoot of pumping then, by cutting back wherein part branch or three thirds process regulate output in next year, prevent biennial fruiting.Appropriate flower thinning or fruit thinning when flower amount is larger.To without leaf branch group, delete on basis heavily thin, to major part or all branch cutting back process.
Old and feeble regeneration period, flower amount should be reduced, even give up whole output to recover tree vigo(u)r.On the basis of the weak branch group of retraction, dredge and delete close weak branch group, cutting back all summers, autumn growth vegetative shoot and have leaf fruit bearing shoot.Extremely weak plant carries out retraction process to side shoot or major branch before rudiment.Old and feeble set the summer, the autumn growth that inspire after renewal pruning should carry out short strong, stay in, go weak three thirds process.
5, flower and fruit management
One be control flower fruit thinning, control flower, press down flower: winter pruning based on cutting back, bounce back; Carry out spending front complex shears, enriching shoot suitably more stays flower, and weak branch stays less or do not stay, and has Ye Danhua to stay more, spends stay less or do not stay without leaf; Erase malformed flower, sick worm flower etc.
Short flower: adopt girdling in the fall, be completely cured, draw branch, control water or use measure promotion children, the prosperous tree flower bud differentiation such as flower promoter.
Control fruit, flower and fruit protecting: spring tip vegetative shoot of suitably erasing, thank florescence and young fruit period spray flower and fruit protector, boron fertilizer etc.
Artificial fruit thinning: carry out at twice.First time, after first time physiological fallen fruit, only removes fruitlet, sick wormed fruit, malformed fruit, close weak fruit; Second time, after physiological fallen fruit terminates, carries out fruit thinning according to leaf-fruit ratio.
Two is fruit epiphragmas, rainproof antifreeze along the whole tree cover film of tree row to the late-maturing variety do not gathered in the crops after entering the winter.
6, plant growth regulator application
One is using priciple, limited use can improve Growth status situation, improve fruit yield, oil recovery enhancement, and the plant growth regulator harmless to environmental and human health impacts, but will use in strict accordance with the concentration of regulation, period, once, safety interval is more than 20 days in annual only use.Other growth inhibitors as: alar-85, methyl α-naphthyl acetate, 2,4-D etc. do not use.
Two is uses of cytokinin, and be only limitted to use benzyl purine (BA) and kinetin, scope is limited to: promote rudiment and promote wound healing; Prevent young fruit from coming off, improve fruit-setting rate.
Three is uses of gibberellin class, can use all gibberellin preparations, as gibberellin-3 (gibberellic acid, GA3, GA), gibberellin-4 (GA4) and gibberellin-7 (GA7) etc.
Four is uses of ethene and release or derivant, adopts accelerating the ripening of fruit to be only limitted to use ethrel, but adopts and prohibit the use for first 7 days, prohibits the use after adopting.Accelerating the ripening of post-harvest fruits is only limitted to use gaseous ethylene.
Five is uses of growth inhibitor, production is only limitted to use paclobutrazol and chlormequat.The scope of application is limited to: blade face spraying prevent pericarp slightly thick, control young sprout growth and promote flower bud differentiation, safety interval should more than 30 days.
7, the extermination of disease and insect pest
One is control principle, implements the plant protection policy of " putting prevention first, integrated control ".Based on agricultural and physical control, biological control is core, and according to pests occurrence rule and the economic threshold values of damage by disease and insect, scientifical use Techniques For Chemical Control, effectively controls the harm of sick worm.
Two is plant quarantine, forbids that quarantine damage by disease and insect imports protection zone into from epidemic-stricken area, and nursery stock, scion, fruit and seed must not be allocated and transported from epidemic-stricken area in protection zone, destroys immediately once discovery.
Three is cultural controls, plantation shelter forest; Select disease-resistant variety, stock; Intercropping and Sod culture in garden; Enforcement is digged, prune, clean the agricultural measures such as orchard, draining, control shoot, reduces disease worm source, strengthens cultivation management, strengthens tree vigo(u)r, improves tree body self resistant to diseases and insects.Improve fruit picking quality, reduce fruit wound, reduce fruit rot rate.
Four is physico mechanical controls, and application control with lighting insect, available black light lamp is lured or repellent fruit piercing moth, chafer, leaf roller etc.
Application chemotaxis pest control, the insects such as large trypetid, Adoxophyes cyrtosema have taxis to sugar, wine, vinegar liquid, can utilize its characteristic, add agricultural chemicals trapping in sugar, wine, vinegar liquid.
Application color pest control, available yellow plate lures collection aphid.
Artificial capture method insect, concentrated plantation insect vector insect-killing trapping, the insects such as artificial capture method longicorn, grasshopper cicada, chafer; , there is serious regional artificial planting fruit piercing moth, lure Adult worms producting eggs, then with medicament kill larva in the vector wood tetrandra root of fruit piercing moth.
Five is biological controls, manually draws to move, breed release natural enemy, by Amblyseius Nicholsi control mite class; Arrowhead scales is prevented and treated with Cybocephalus nipponicus and Chilocorus hupehanus etc.; With pine tag oophagous trichogrammae control leaf roller etc.
Applying biological source pesticide and mineral sources agricultural chemicals, use the mineral sources agricultural chemicals such as biopesticide and Cupravit, Kocide SD, mineral oil emulsion such as bacillus thuringiensis,Bt, China tree, cigarette aqua.
Usability lure, places sex attractant and a small amount of agricultural chemicals in field, kills dacus dorsalis hendel of mandarin orange male worm, reduces the Mating opportunity with female worm.
Six is Ecological Control, and orchard planting stinkweed is also regularly cut and cuts, and for beneficial insect provides habitat, suppresses other weed growth, improves soil conservation liquid manure ability.
Seven is chemical control, must not use the pesticide variety and unregistered agricultural chemicals listed in annex; The agricultural chemicals that restriction uses, often kind of medicament uses at most 1 time every year; Allow the agricultural chemicals used, often kind of medicament uses at most 2 times every year; Restriction uses and allows the agricultural chemicals used must control amount of application on request; Notice that the agricultural chemicals of the different mechanism of action is used alternatingly with rationally mixed, avoid insect to develop immunity to drugs.
8, fruit harvesting, marketing fresh fruit is at fruit normal mature, and showing the intrinsic qualitative characteristics of this kind (color and luster, fragrance, local flavor and mouthfeel etc.) time gathers.Storage fruit should be gathered than marketing fresh fruit for Zao 7 ~ 10 days, and processing fruit should be gathered evening for 7 ~ 10 days.
Claims (9)
1. the invention discloses a kind of citrus No-harmful apple orchard method, by field select with plan, plant, clay fertilizer water management, pruning, flower and fruit management, plant growth regulator are applied, the extermination of disease and insect pest, fruit harvesting form.
2. a kind of citrus No-harmful apple orchard method according to claim 1, is characterized in that described field is selected and planning, and one is that field is selected: soil condition, the soil texture is good, and loose fertile, the content of organic matter is preferably more than 1.5%, soil layer at more than 60cm, below subterranean water level 1m.Home environment meets NY5013 (pollution-free food woods fruit prods home environment condition) requirement.
Terrain, the gradient below 25 °, the mountain region that the gradient is 6 ° ~ 20 °, hills, the horizontal terrace land of the appropriate to the occasion build in garden of building.
Two is field planning, builds necessary road, irrigation and drainage and the facility such as retaining, outbuildings, builds shelter forest.
Three is kind and Root-stock selection, Fruit variety: tribute mandarin orange, Citrus shatangju, navel orange, Xia Cheng, crackling tangerine, Rong'an cumquat etc.
Conventional stock: trifoliate orange, sour tangerine etc.
3. a kind of citrus No-harmful apple orchard method according to claim 1, plant described in it is characterized in that, one is the time of planting, generally after September ~ October, autumn growth was aging or February ~ tip rudiment of spring in March before plant.Container seedling or balled transplanting are not subject to seasonal restrictions.
Two is planting densities, and by mu, sweet orange is generally advisable with 40 ~ 60 strains, seeding row spacing 3m × 4m ~ 5m; M andarin 60 ~ 70 strain, seeding row spacing 3m × 3.5m; The strain of gold mandarin orange class 110, plant 2m × 3m.Planting density should be determined according to kind, Stockscion combination, environmental condition and management of water equality.
Three is planting techniques, the long 60cm of planting hole, wide 40cm, dark 30cm ~ 40cmm, puts into cave central authorities, unfold root system, righting by after the root system of nursery stock and branches and leaves moderate pruning, bankets while upwards propose seedling, having peace of mind gently, and root system and soil are touched.Around sapling, make the tree dish of diameter 1m after banketing, water sufficient normal root water.The depth of planting is advisable with the collar 5 ~ 10cm that bassets.
4. a kind of citrus No-harmful apple orchard method according to claim 1, it is characterized in that described clay fertilizer water management, one is soil management, plough deeply and expand cave, vegetable soil, plough deeply expansion cave and generally carry out after autumn growth stops length, from the peripheral drip place of tree crown, year by year to external expansion 0.4 ~ 0.5m.Mix with green manure, straw or people and animals' fecaluria, compost, barnyard manure, cake fertilizer etc. through becoming thoroughly decomposed during backfill, table soil is placed on bottom, and cubsoil is placed on top layer, then to filling with sufficient moisture in cave.
Intercropping or sward, Citrus Orchard should carry out sward system, the interrow crop of plantation or careless class should be with citrus without symbiosis venereal disease worm, shallow root, short bar, be advisable with leguminous plant and gramineous forage grass, cradle to turn in good time and be embedded in soil or be covered in tree dish.
Cover and ridging, high temperature or arid season, the coverings such as the interior stalk of tree dish, thickness 10 ~ 15cm, covering should keep the distance of about 10cm with collar.Ridging in the winter time intertillage is carried out after loosening the soil.The rich soil near pond sludge, river silt or Citrus Orchard can be trained, thickness 8 ~ 10cm.
Intertillage, carries out, intertills 3 ~ 4 times every year after summer, autumn and fruit picking, keeps loosing soil without weeds.The intertillage degree of depth 8 ~ 15cm, hillside fields should be dark, and level land should be more shallow.
Two is fertilisings, and fertilization principle, fully to meet the demand of citrus to various nutritive element, many organic fertilizers, Rational Application inorganic fertilizer.Advocate foliar nutrition diagnosis rational application of fertilizers.
Fertilizer type and quality, the fertilizer used should be administrative department in charge of agriculture's registration or avoids the fertilizer of registration.Restriction uses Chloride fertilizer.People and animals' fecaluria etc. through more than 50 DEG C high temperature, need ferment more than 7 days.
Fertilizing method, soil application, the method such as ring-type ditch spread, bar ditch spread and native face can be adopted to spread fertilizer over the fields.In tree crown drip place's ditching (cave), degree of depth 20cm ~ 40cm.Thing, north and south symmetrical wheel change place apply fertilizer.The fertilizer that soil face is spread fertilizer over the fields is based on granulation slow-release fertilizer.Instant chemical fertilizer answers shallow ridges (cave) to execute.
Foliage spray, at different growth and development stages, selects different types of fertilizer to carry out foliage spray.The spring tip takes out the phase of sending out, florescence to spray boron, zinc, manganese, and other periods fill a vacancy to lack, with the demand of supplemental tree body to nutrition.The high temperature and drought phase should use by the lower limit of working concentration scope, and fruit harvesting stops foliage spray in first 20 days.
Treelet is applied fertilizer, and duty executes thin executing, based on nitrogenous fertilizer, and compounding application phosphorus, potash fertilizer.Spring, the summer, the autumn growth pumping phase fertilising 4 ~ 6 times, terminal bud from cut to young sprout turn green before increase top dressing.There is the area of freeze injury, should stop after August using instant nitrogenousfertilizer.1 ~ 3 year raw treelet individual plant year executed purity nitrogen 100 ~ 400g, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium ratio 1:0.25 ~ 0.3:0.5.Fertilizing amount should increase from less to more year by year.
Bearing-age tree applies fertilizer, fertilizing amount, executes pure ammonia 0.6 ~ 0.8kg, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium ratio 1:0.8 ~ 1.0:0.8 ~ 1.0 to produce fruit 100kg.Trace element fertilizer is filled a vacancy to lack, and makes foliage-spray, uses by 0.1% ~ 0.3% concentration.
Fertilization time, the fertilizer (base manure) of the amount of using sufficient after fruit picking, nitrogen amount of application accounts for annual 20% ~ 40%, and phosphorus amount of application accounts for annual 20% ~ 25%, and potassium amount of application accounts for annual 30%; Before spending, (rudiment) is fertile in nitrogen, phosphorus, and nitrogen amount of application accounts for annual 20%; Surely (strengthen) fruit fertilizer based on nitrogen, potassium, join and execute phosphate fertilizer, nitrogen amount of application accounts for annual 40% ~ 60%, and phosphorus amount of application accounts for annual 35%, and potassium amount of application accounts for annual 50%.Trace element fertilizer was used in the Spring-shoot growth phase.
Three is water managements, irrigates, orange tree the spring tip sprout and flowering stage (March ~ May) and fruit expanding period (July ~ September) to moisture-sensitive.Easily there is arid and should irrigate in time in the long-term autumn and winter.
Draining, timely desilting, dredging irrigation and drainage system.By the timely draining of irrigation canals and ditches when rainy season or orchard ponding.Area rainy before fruit harvesting also covers garden soil by film.Reduce soil moisture content, improve fruit quality.
5. a kind of citrus No-harmful apple orchard method according to claim 1, is characterized in that described pruning
One is shaping principle, because of tree because kind is pruned, reaches the object of ventilation and penetrating light, three-dimensional result, force-saving synergistic.
Suitable tree-like have become then trunk shape, natural open centre shape, many major branches radiation.
Become then trunk shape, dry high 30cm ~ 50cmm, class of selecting and remain central authorities are dry, configuration 5 ~ 6, major branch.Major branch spacing 30 ~ 50cmm, about 45 °, branch angle.Become, trunk shape is suitable for orange class, shaddock class, lemon class.
Natural open centre shape, dry high 20 ~ 40cm, major branch (3 ~ 4) distribution on trunk is in picturesque disorder.30 ° ~ 50 °, major branch branch angle, each major branch configures 2 ~ 3, secondary major branch, and generally after the 3rd major branch is formed, by class, central authorities dryly wipe out or turn round to making fruit-bearing shoot cluster.Natural open centre shape is suitable for satsuma mandarin etc.
Many major branches radiation, dry high 20cm ~ 30cmm, without class, central authorities are dry.Trunk directly configures 4 ~ 6, major branch, and after major branch pinching or cutting back, two fork branch that mostly occurs greatly becomes secondary major branch (secondary major branch).Skeleton branch at different levels is all adopted to cutting back, pinching, draws the methods such as branch, tree crown is radially stretched out.Many major branches radiation is suitable for the stronger kind of growing thickly property.
Two is prune main points, and the treelet phase, based on light pruning.After the selected class dry elongated shoot of central authorities and each major branch, secondary major branch elongated shoot, moderate is carried out to severe cutting back to it, and regulates the balance of growth potential between each major branch with cutting back degree and clip bud direction.All the other branch of light pruning, avoid too much pruning off and heavy cutting back.Except doing overstocked branch group suitably to dredge and deleting, the stronger branch of interior thorax branch and tree crown middle and lower part generally all should retain.
The firstfruits phase, continue to select and cutting back process skeleton branch elongated shoot at different levels, summer shoot of erasing, inspires healthy and strong autumn growth.8 ~ 10 timely pinching of leaf are stayed to long vegetative shoot, bounces back or branch group after cutting back result.When pumping more summer, autumn growth vegetative shoot, three thirds process can be adopted: namely cutting back 1/3rd growing way is stronger, dredge and go 1/3rd weak, to retain 1/3rd growing way golden means of the Confucian school.Autumn adopts girdling to prosperous tree, be completely cured, control the measure for promoting blossom such as water.
The full bearing period, the fruit-bearing shoot cluster that bounces back in time, fruit drop branch group and decline branch group.Wipe out deadwood, sick branch.More crowded skeleton branch is suitably pruned off and outputs in " skylight ", thorax in light is introduced.To summer, the autumn growth vegetative shoot of pumping then, by cutting back wherein part branch or three thirds process regulate output in next year, prevent biennial fruiting.Appropriate flower thinning or fruit thinning when flower amount is larger.To without leaf branch group, delete on basis heavily thin, to major part or all branch cutting back process.
Old and feeble regeneration period, flower amount should be reduced, even give up whole output to recover tree vigo(u)r.On the basis of the weak branch group of retraction, dredge and delete close weak branch group, cutting back all summers, autumn growth vegetative shoot and have leaf fruit bearing shoot.Extremely weak plant carries out retraction process to side shoot or major branch before rudiment.Old and feeble set the summer, the autumn growth that inspire after renewal pruning should carry out short strong, stay in, go weak three thirds process.
6. a kind of citrus No-harmful apple orchard method according to claim 1, is characterized in that described flower and fruit management
One be control flower fruit thinning, control flower, press down flower: winter pruning based on cutting back, bounce back; Carry out spending front complex shears, enriching shoot suitably more stays flower, and weak branch stays less or do not stay, and has Ye Danhua to stay more, spends stay less or do not stay without leaf; Erase malformed flower, sick worm flower etc.
Short flower: adopt girdling in the fall, be completely cured, draw branch, control water or use measure promotion children, the prosperous tree flower bud differentiation such as flower promoter.
Control fruit, flower and fruit protecting: spring tip vegetative shoot of suitably erasing, thank florescence and young fruit period spray flower and fruit protector, boron fertilizer etc.
Artificial fruit thinning: carry out at twice.First time, after first time physiological fallen fruit, only removes fruitlet, sick wormed fruit, malformed fruit, close weak fruit; Second time, after physiological fallen fruit terminates, carries out fruit thinning according to leaf-fruit ratio.
Two is fruit epiphragmas, rainproof antifreeze along the whole tree cover film of tree row to the late-maturing variety do not gathered in the crops after entering the winter.
7. a kind of citrus No-harmful apple orchard method according to claim 1, is characterized in that described plant growth regulator is applied
One is using priciple, limited use can improve Growth status situation, improve fruit yield, oil recovery enhancement, and the plant growth regulator harmless to environmental and human health impacts, but will use in strict accordance with the concentration of regulation, period, once, safety interval is more than 20 days in annual only use.Other growth inhibitors as: alar-85, methyl α-naphthyl acetate, 2,4-D etc. do not use.
Two is uses of cytokinin, and be only limitted to use benzyl purine (BA) and kinetin, scope is limited to: promote rudiment and promote wound healing; Prevent young fruit from coming off, improve fruit-setting rate.
Three is uses of gibberellin class, can use all gibberellin preparations.
Four is uses of ethene and release or derivant, adopts accelerating the ripening of fruit to be only limitted to use ethrel, but adopts and prohibit the use for first 7 days, prohibits the use after adopting.Accelerating the ripening of post-harvest fruits is only limitted to use gaseous ethylene.
Five is uses of growth inhibitor, production is only limitted to use paclobutrazol and chlormequat.The scope of application is limited to: blade face spraying prevent pericarp slightly thick, control young sprout growth and promote flower bud differentiation, safety interval should more than 30 days.
8. a kind of citrus No-harmful apple orchard method according to claim 1, is characterized in that the described extermination of disease and insect pest
One is control principle, implements the plant protection policy of " putting prevention first, integrated control ".Based on agricultural and physical control, biological control is core, and according to pests occurrence rule and the economic threshold values of damage by disease and insect, scientifical use Techniques For Chemical Control, effectively controls the harm of sick worm.
Two is plant quarantine, forbids that quarantine damage by disease and insect imports protection zone into from epidemic-stricken area, and nursery stock, scion, fruit and seed must not be allocated and transported from epidemic-stricken area in protection zone, destroys immediately once discovery.
Three is cultural controls, plantation shelter forest; Select disease-resistant variety, stock; Intercropping and Sod culture in garden; Enforcement is digged, prune, clean the agricultural measures such as orchard, draining, control shoot, reduces disease worm source, strengthens cultivation management, strengthens tree vigo(u)r, improves tree body self resistant to diseases and insects.Improve fruit picking quality, reduce fruit wound, reduce fruit rot rate.
Four is physico mechanical controls, and application control with lighting insect, available black light lamp is lured or repellent fruit piercing moth, chafer, leaf roller etc.
Application chemotaxis pest control, the insects such as large trypetid, Adoxophyes cyrtosema have taxis to sugar, wine, vinegar liquid, can utilize its characteristic, add agricultural chemicals trapping in sugar, wine, vinegar liquid.
Application color pest control, available yellow plate lures collection aphid.
Artificial capture method insect, concentrated plantation insect vector insect-killing trapping, the insects such as artificial capture method longicorn, grasshopper cicada, chafer; , there is serious regional artificial planting fruit piercing moth, lure Adult worms producting eggs, then with medicament kill larva in the vector wood tetrandra root of fruit piercing moth.
Five is biological controls, manually draws to move, breed release natural enemy, by Amblyseius Nicholsi control mite class; Arrowhead scales is prevented and treated with Cybocephalus nipponicus and Chilocorus hupehanus etc.; With pine tag oophagous trichogrammae control leaf roller etc.
Applying biological source pesticide and mineral sources agricultural chemicals, use the mineral sources agricultural chemicals such as biopesticide and Cupravit, Kocide SD, mineral oil emulsion such as bacillus thuringiensis,Bt, China tree, cigarette aqua.
Usability lure, places sex attractant and a small amount of agricultural chemicals in field, kills dacus dorsalis hendel of mandarin orange male worm, reduces the Mating opportunity with female worm.
Six is Ecological Control, and orchard planting stinkweed is also regularly cut and cuts, and for beneficial insect provides habitat, suppresses other weed growth, improves soil conservation liquid manure ability.
Seven is chemical control, must not use the pesticide variety and unregistered agricultural chemicals listed in annex; The agricultural chemicals that restriction uses, often kind of medicament uses at most 1 time every year; Allow the agricultural chemicals used, often kind of medicament uses at most 2 times every year; Restriction uses and allows the agricultural chemicals used must control amount of application on request; Notice that the agricultural chemicals of the different mechanism of action is used alternatingly with rationally mixed, avoid insect to develop immunity to drugs.
9. a kind of citrus No-harmful apple orchard method according to claim 1, is characterized in that described fruit harvesting, and marketing fresh fruit is at fruit normal mature, and showing the intrinsic qualitative characteristics of this kind (color and luster, fragrance, local flavor and mouthfeel etc.) time gathers.Storage fruit should be gathered than marketing fresh fruit for Zao 7 ~ 10 days, and processing fruit should be gathered evening for 7 ~ 10 days.
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