CN108990668A

CN108990668A - A kind of implantation methods of gold tribute shaddock

Info

Publication number: CN108990668A
Application number: CN201810919631.1A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 王鹏
Original assignee: Hunan Hilly Eco-Agriculture Development Co Ltd
Current assignee: Hunan Hilly Eco-Agriculture Development Co Ltd
Priority date: 2018-08-14
Filing date: 2018-08-14
Publication date: 2018-12-14

Abstract

The present invention relates to a kind of implantation methods of gold tribute shaddock, include the following steps: (1) garden addressing；(2) water conservancy construction；(3) site preparation；(4) definite value；(5) weeds management；(6) fertilizing management；(7) drought control and drought resistance；(8) drainage waterlogging prevention；(9) pruning；(10) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control；(11) picking storage.This implantation methods is scientific and reasonable, and the gold tribute shaddock planted using the implantation methods still keeps original local flavor in 200 days after adopting, special storage tolerance, selling time is long, and early knot property is good, yielding ability is strong, wide adaptability, three annual bearings after general cultivation are got bumper crops for 5 to six years, and 4000 kilograms of per mu yield.Since gold tribute shaddock clean taste, kind are novel, the market price is substantially tens of members or more, is much higher than general citrus fruit.

Description

A kind of implantation methods of gold tribute shaddock

Technical field

The present invention relates to application field, in particular to a kind of implantation methods of gold tribute shaddock.

Background technique

The miscellaneous mandarin orange of gold tribute shaddock category tangerine shaddock class, original name spring perfume (or spice) tangerine shaddock, Japan cultivars.Its tree vigo(u)r is more prosperous, shows slightly vertical, as a result After open a business, branch thorniness, leaf be involute, premunition extra-heavy, cold-resistant, and fruit weighs 150~300 grams, and appearance is peculiar.Fruit face yellow-white and lemon Lemon is similar, and there is copper coin print on fruit top, and fruit face is slightly glossy, and lower tree fruit sugar content 10 ~ 15%, slightly sour few seed, the excellent skin of quality are easy-peel, mouth Sense is sweet crisp and refreshing and has fragranced.Gold tribute shaddock clean taste, kind are novel, agronomical value with higher.But it is domestic at present The experience for planting gold tribute shaddock is also insufficient, lacks complete, scientific implantation methods.

Summary of the invention

In order to solve the above technical problems, the invention discloses a kind of implantation methods of gold tribute shaddock.

The implantation methods of gold tribute shaddock of the present invention mainly comprise the steps that

(1) garden addressing: garden selects 600 meters of height above sea level or less, 25 ° of the gradient mountainous region, hills, pollution-free hillside fields or ground below The lower lower level land of water level, also should ensure that and has abundant water resources, and Summer Drought can be no less than 30 tons per acre with water source.

(2) water conservancy construction: pumping equipment mainly includes blocking gully, tidal channel, terrace land back ditch and settling pit；Mountainous region or hills Have biggish collection rain face above orchard, excavate above and block ditch and guide water outside orchard, tidal channel with self-assembling formation or Based on existing tidal channel regulation, not firm enough place is reinforced.

(3) site preparation: the 15 degree of gentle slopes below in level land and the gradient do not need out ladder can direct ridging, the gradient is at 15 degree or more Ladder must be opened, every breadth of the lift degree 2m to 2.5m after earth's surface weeds are turned over, is not needed to burn, can be rotted naturally, and when site preparation cannot break Bad topsoil.

(4) it is colonized: surveying good field planting point according to plantation spacing specification and loosen the soil and dig pit, by the root system of nursery stock and branches and leaves moderate pruning After be put into hole center, unfold root system, righting gently mentions seedling, having peace of mind when banketing upwards, touches root system and soil, then heap Soil supports, and is watered with root water and every other day pours a water later, continues a week.

(5) weeds management: Seedling Stage passes through artificial or weeding by machine, or the anti-grass of overlay film before weeds grow as far as possible.Tree Seedling can use herbicide after growing up in right amount.

(6) fertilizing management: gold tribute shaddock is in the treelet phase, and using a small amount of principles applied, annual top dressing 6 ~ 8 times is newly planted trees more Seedling, for the first time fertilising are when leaf discoloration starts to send out branch, and fertilising for the first time can use potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, dosage 125g/ plants, ditch spread, earth backing；Following second month can apply urea, 125g/ plants of dosage, spread fertilizer over the fields before raining；The first half of the year Compound fertilizer and urea are alternately applied 4 times or so, and the second half year starts after sending out autumn growth, also continuously to be applied compound fertilizer twice or urea, be entered the winter Later, apply a winter top dressing, winter top dressing mainly mainly based on organic fertilizer or it is decomposed after animal wastes, after gold tribute shaddock fruiting, A cake-shaped rape seed dregs or Chinese wood oil residule are applied in annual lunar calendar mid-June to lunar calendar mid-July.

(7) drought control and drought resistance: covered ground is carried out at 10 centimetres away from trunk to 30 centimeters of drip, the material of covering is Straw, green manure, weeds, rice husk and other crop stems etc., it is 10 ~ 20 centimetres thick, a thin layer of fine earth is topmost covered again；Mountainous region Orchard will repair small hilly pond and reservoir, build a small low bank of earth between fields at a certain distance in terraced fields back ditch, formed " ring ditch ", when rainwater is more Can retention part water, when arid invade soil in；The high hydroscopic resins substance such as perlite or bentonite is selected to mix with soil, It applies in the tree disk ditch near tree crown drip, it is 20 ~ 30 centimetres deep；On tree crown surrounding drip dig 3 ~ 4 depths, it is wide by each 30 ~ 50 centimetres or so of cave inserts straw or weeds and adds appropriate farmyard manure, above earthing, in order to water storage and infiltration.

It needs to irrigate within autumn general continuous high temperature arid 15 days or more, autumn and winter arid can continue 20 days or more and start to fill again It irrigates.

(8) drainage waterlogging prevention: in orchard, surrounding opens deep, wide each 1 meter or so main drainage ditch, is slightly in by landform and water flow trend Certain height difference according to circumstances can open a gutter every 2 ~ 4 rows in garden and communicate with main drainage ditch and furrow ditch, waist ditch and enclose ditch, Three ditches are mating, and the depth of ditch should be lower than the main distribution layer of root system, and 1 meter or so, in the ranks gutter is preferably in provided underground tile, Convenient for orchard management, hilly and mountainous land orchard can utilize the back ditch water discharge of terraced fields, in the low-lying land orchard establishment for being easy ponding, carry out zanjon Root growth, level of ground water does not exceed 1 meter in ditch.

(9) pruning: it is nature globular model that trimming, which is suitable for tree-like, and the treelet phase is based on light pruning.Selected center is dry to be extended After branch and each major branch, secondary main branch extend branch, moderate is carried out to it to severe cutting back, and adjust with cutting back degree and clip bud direction The balance of growth potential between each major branch.Remaining branch of light pruning avoids excessive prune off and weight cutting back.It is appropriate except making to overstocked branch group It dredges and deletes outer, the weaker branch of internal branch and tree crown middle and lower part will generally be wiped out.

Fruiting period out: continuing selection and cutting back handles skeleton branches at different levels and extends, and summer shoot of erasing inspires healthy and strong autumn growth.To mistake Long nutrition branch stays 8~10 timely pinching of leaf, branch group after retraction or cutting back result.Autumn uses girdling to prosperous tree, breaks The measure for promoting blossom such as root, control water.

At fruiting period: bounce back fruit-bearing shoot cluster, fallen flowers fruit branch group and declining branch group in time.Wipe out deadwood, sick branch.To more crowded Skeleton branch suitably prune " windowing " off, by light introduce in thorax.Summer, autumn growth nutrition branch to current year pumping, wherein by cutting back Part branch adjusts the yield in the coming year, prevents biennial fruiting.Flower amount appropriate flower and fruit thinning when larger.To no leaf branch group, in weight To the processing of largely or entirely branch cutting back on the basis of dredging.

(10) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: the disease being specifically subject to according to tribute shaddock and insect pest carry out specific aim prevention and treatment.

(11) picking storage: plucking time is solar calendar mid-December, is selected in fine day picking, with scissors by fruit when picking It cuts, clip has to cut flat, and gently adopts and puts down gently, avoids mechanical damage as far as possible, stores again 15 to 30 days after picking.

The garden in the step (1), garden soil should reach the following conditions in one of the embodiments: soil PH5.5 ~ 6.5, the content of organic matter 2 ~ 3%, draining is good, and the curing layer of soil is greater than 40 centimetres, and geology total porosity is 50 ~ 60%, bulk density 0.9 ~ 1.1, water-stable aggregate 50 ~ 80%, the content of organic matter 1.5 ~ 2.5%, full nitrogen 0.1 ~ 0.15%, and it is quick-acting feeding Balance-dividing (it is more than 150 mg/kg of hydrolyzable nitrogen, it is more than 20 mg/kg of rapid available phosphorus, 60~100 mg/kg of available potassium) With degree of base saturation 45~60%.

The main drain of Flat Ground Orchard and citrus row are to vertical in the step (2) in one of the embodiments, and every 50 One, rice or so, depth are not less than 1 meter, and general gutter and plant row are to parallel；Drainage of soil performance is good, every 2~4 row tree One bar ditch, every one bar ditch of row tree (Root growth) of drainage of soil performance difference, 0.8~1 meter of ditch depth；The main drain of slope garden Mostly along slope and under, but to be horizontally orientated to using 5~10 meters every a distance, and build settling pit or storage on being horizontally orientated to Back ditch is arranged in pond, terrace land under terraced wall, and short back ditch sets settling pit near water outlet, and it is heavy that long back ditch sets one every 20~40 meters Sand basin or small reservoir.

In one of the embodiments, in the step (4) gold tribute shaddock hillside fields plant spacing be 2m*2m, one mu 150 plants of plantation, it is 2m*3m that spacing is transplanted on level land, and one mu is planted 120 plants.

Mound is no more than graft union in the step (4) in one of the embodiments, and graft union is higher by highest soil face 7 Centimetre, field planting put part phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer as base fertilizer in hole, make the tree disk of diameter 1m or so after plantation around sapling.

In one of the embodiments, in the step (6) fertilizing management principle are as follows: before fruiting fertilizer with compound fertilizer and Based on urea, when soil depletion, soil can be improved by application of organic fertilizers in winter；After sapling starts fruiting, Chinese wood oil residule is added Or cake-shaped rape seed dregs or other organic fertilizers, temperature do not have to fertilising at 12 degrees Celsius or less.

Control method in the step (10) in one of the embodiments, are as follows:

(1) anthracnose: reinforcing orchard management, carries out fertilizer and water management and insect prevention, the work such as antifreeze, anti-day burns, and avoid setting Body mechanical damage keeps healthy and strong tree vigo(u)r, wipes out sick branch and the branch of excessive growth, removes ground fallen leaves, and concentration is burnt, and reinforces rich water pipe Reason improves plant vigor, ploughs deeply and improve the soil, and applying organic manure and phosphorus potash fertilizer avoid applying nitrogen fertilizer application partially, renovates irrigation and drainage system, does The good work such as antifreeze insect prevention of taking precautions against drought, winter wipe out disease branch disease leaf, and collection is burnt, and overwintering cause of disease is eliminated；

When tree vigo(u)r is weak or tree body is damaged, spray protection, when having acute scab to occur, should prevent and treat immediately in time, cleaning fallen leaves 1~2 fungicide is sprayed after deadwood, every 10 days or so primary, and medicament can use 65% Zineb wettable powder, 600 times of liquid, 50% generation 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid of gloomy ammonium aqua, 70% 800 ~ 1000 times of thiophanate methyl wettable powder liquid, 50% 800 times of carbendazim liquid；

(2) resin disease: early spring wipes out disease branch, deadwood and concentration and burns, clip coating protectant.And shelter-forest is built, it carries out anti- Freeze, take precautions against drought and prevent waterlogging work, keeps the stronger premunition of tree body；

The diseased tissues that morbidity branch is done thoroughly is struck off in spring, after 75% alcohol disinfecting, then coats medicament, medicament can use 70% 100 times of liquid of 100 times of liquid of thiophanate-methyl wettable powder or 50% carbendazol wettable powder or antibacterial agent 402 or copper sulphate 100 times of liquid；It is preceding in full summer to whitewash trunk than sparse orchard, it burns to prevent day, white-out agent can use 20 kilograms of quick lime, food 1 kilogram of salt adds water double centner to be formulated；

When spring bud germination period and blossom fall 2/3, on the basis of each spray 1 time, then spray 2 times in young fruit period, effective medicament product Kind have: 80% 600 times of mancozeb wettable powder liquid or 0.5 ~ 1% equivalent formula Bordeaux mixture or 77% Kocide SD 2000 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid of type or 80% 400 ~ 600 times of liquid of indispensable wettable powder；

(3) red spider: carrying out winter clear garden before early December, carries out spring clear garden in late Febuary next year, can be big by clear garden It is big to reduce worm sources radix；Reinforce fretilization management, enhances tree vigo(u)r；In conjunction with winter pruning, the stiff leaf that leaf miner is caused harm is wiped out, between reasonable The short stem plant of kind, field planting Ageratum conyzoides, soybean, pea and Chinese milk vetch carry out Sod culture, and blunt mite of field adaptability cucumber etc. catches Eat mite, using predatory mite to control pest mites；

Efficient, low toxicity, low-residual and the chemical pesticide small to natural enemy lethality, index for control general spring is selected to rest in 3~4 Head/leaf, 5~7/leaf of summer and autumn.0.8~1 Baume degrees lime sulfur or 8~10 times of resin soap emulsifiable concentrate can be selected before spring tip rudiment Liquid 20% goes out and 50~80 times of liquid of a red-spotted lizard wettable powder or 20% melts and kill 80~120 times of liquid of a red-spotted lizard mite wettable powder or 95% machine oil 80~120 times of liquid of 60~100 times of liquid of emulsion or 99.1% D C Tron missible oil；

(4) coccid: periodically fertilising enhances the resistance of tree vigo(u)r and trees；In conjunction with maintenance management, autumn manually brush branch, it is dry on Overwintering nymphs；Dead strain concentrate and is burnt, worm sources are utterly destroyed, in order to avoid propagate；Reinforce trimming, ventilation and penetrating light reduces worm Evil incidence；

At 28~32 degrees Celsius of temperature, " a red-spotted lizard must be controlled " 750~1000 times of liquid is selected to spray, even twice, interval is 5~7 for spray It, the trees being sprayed onto are difficult to tall and big, medical fluid, be can be used and are punched injection " tree body insecticide " in trunk middle and upper part, medical fluid passes through Xylem vessel's conveying is transmitted to top；

(5) leaf miner: reinforcing cultivation management, and winter and early spring wipe out the Winter hardness of Overwintering Larvae or pupa, and spring and early summer pluck Except sporadic larva and pupa, fertilizer and water management is controlled, promotes the pumping tip neat, and combine chemical control；

Adult eclosion phase and low instar larvae phase are proper control times, and prevention and treatment adult can carry out in the dusk；Larva is prevented and treated, preferably at the fine day noon Medication afterwards can spray 2500 times of liquid of 10% permethrin, 2000~3000 times of liquid or 2.5% decis or 25% dimehypo 1500 times of liquid of 500 times of liquid of aqua or 25% liang of denapon wettable powder, 500~1000 times of liquid or 5% imidacloprid missible oil.Every 7~ It sprays within 10 days 1 time, continuously sprays 3~4 times.

(6) blister mite: reinforce orchard management, orchard can interplanting green manure perhaps Ageratum conyzoides to improve orchard humidity or increasing Add its natural enemy quantity, cover weeds in the case where tree can be used in the midsummer of high temperature and drought or suitably pour water, to improve orchard humidity, to rust The apparent control action of the generation of mite, winter remove orangery fallen leaves, sprinkling lime sulfur mixture, acaricide and malathion etc. The Natural Enemies of medicament, blister mite are crinosity bacterium, and crinosity mushroom is to every square meter melon skin such as Bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur and zineb Resistance it is poor,, should be few with or without these types of pesticide as far as possible during crinosity bacterium is popular in summer, autumn high temperature and humidity, can reach The purpose of Sustainable use natural enemy；

Winter combines pruning, wipes out overstocked branch, disease pest leaf roll and the fragmentary winter tip, ventilation and penetrating light environment in creation garden can Reduce overwintering worm sources；The covering plant such as leguminous green manure, vegetables is planted to adaptation to local conditions in orangery；Dry season suitably irrigates and applies Fertilizer plays the role of mitigating occurrence injury；

In 5~July, especially between late May~mid-June, should check within every 5 ~ 7 days once, with hand-held expansion spectroscopy fruit Quantity occurs for the blister mite on real and blade, averagely have worm 2~3 in every visual field, again without natural enemy in the case where, or when 5% or so Blade and fruit when having when blister mite or having occurred the killed fruit of grey in garden, should spray prevention and treatment immediately；

First medication requirement when the more serious fruit strain of insect pest situation or orchard, spray is uniformly thoughtful, pays special attention to spray blade back and fruit The back, spray number can according to insect pest situation, natural enemy depending on a situation arises, generally except Wintering Period spray is primary, to kill outside worm sources, It concentrates on late May~September and carries out preventing and controlling.

The method packet stored in the step (11) in one of the embodiments, are as follows: first sweep storehouse before storage dry Only, rat hole is blocked, and is put in storage 500 times of liquid spray disinfectants of the last week carbendazim or thiophanate methyl in tribute shaddock, before tribute shaddock is put in storage Door and window ventilation should be opened wide within two days, injuring with anti-bacteria influences the storage of tribute shaddock；The tribute shaddock of picking back will be placed on ventilation storehouse and store in advance, General storage 5 ~ 7 days in advance, such as the rainy day, can extend to 10 ~ 12 days, usually be dried with pericarp, fruit weightlessness 3 ~ 5% is degree, pre- storage Tribute shaddock afterwards is stored with polythene film bag individual packing, can also the storage of naked fruit, storage fruit apparatus can use Wooden Crate, bamboo basket or rattan basket Deng.

Beneficial effects of the present invention: this implantation methods is scientific and reasonable, and the gold tribute shaddock planted using the implantation methods is adopted Original local flavor is still kept within 200 days afterwards, and special storage tolerance, selling time is long, and early knot property is good, yielding ability is strong, wide adaptability, after general cultivation Three annual bearings are got bumper crops for 5 to six years, and 4000 kilograms of per mu yield.Since gold tribute shaddock clean taste, kind are novel, market price lattice It is tens of members or more on this, is much higher than general citrus fruit.

Specific embodiment

The technical scheme in the embodiments of the invention will be clearly and completely described below, it is clear that described implementation Example is only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, instead of all the embodiments.Based on the embodiments of the present invention, this field is common Technical staff's all other embodiment obtained without making creative work belongs to the model that the present invention protects It encloses.

The embodiment of the present invention:

A kind of implantation methods of gold tribute shaddock, the specific steps are as follows:

(1) garden addressing: garden selects 600 meters of height above sea level or less, 25 ° of the gradient mountainous region, hills, pollution-free hillside fields or ground below The lower lower level land of water level, also should ensure that and has abundant water resources, and Summer Drought can be no less than 30 tons per acre with water source.Its garden soil should reach To the following conditions: soil pH 5.5 ~ 6.5, the content of organic matter 2 ~ 3%, draining is good, and the curing layer of soil is greater than 40 centimetres, geology Total porosity is 50 ~ 60%, bulk density 0.9 ~ 1.1, water-stable aggregate 50 ~ 80%, the content of organic matter 1.5 ~ 2.5%, full nitrogen 0.1 ~ 0.15%, and available nutrient balance (it is more than 150 mg/kg of hydrolyzable nitrogen, it is more than 20 mg/kg of rapid available phosphorus, available potassium 60 ~100 mg/kgs) and degree of base saturation 45~60%.

(2) water conservancy construction: pumping equipment mainly includes blocking gully, tidal channel, terrace land back ditch and settling pit；Mountainous region or hills Have biggish collection rain face above orchard, excavate above and block ditch and guide water outside orchard, tidal channel with self-assembling formation or Based on existing tidal channel regulation, not firm enough place is reinforced.The main drain of Flat Ground Orchard and citrus row are to vertical, often 50 meters or so one, depth is not less than 1 meter, and general gutter and plant row are to parallel；Drainage of soil performance is good, every 2 row tree One bar ditch, every one bar ditch of row tree (Root growth) of drainage of soil performance difference, 0.8 meter of ditch depth；The main drain of slope garden is more For along slope and under, but to be horizontally orientated to using 5 meters every a distance, and build settling pit or reservoir on being horizontally orientated to, Back ditch is arranged in terrace land under terraced wall, and short back ditch sets settling pit near water outlet, and long back ditch sets a settling pit or small every 20 meters Reservoir.

(3) site preparation: the 15 degree of gentle slopes below in level land and the gradient do not need out ladder can direct ridging, the gradient is at 15 degree or more Ladder must be opened, 2 meters of every breadth of the lift degree after earth's surface weeds are turned over, is not needed to burn, can be rotted naturally, and when site preparation cannot destroy table Layer soil.

(4) it is colonized: surveying good field planting point according to plantation spacing specification and loosen the soil and dig pit, by the root system of nursery stock and branches and leaves moderate pruning After be put into hole center, unfold root system, righting gently mentions seedling, having peace of mind when banketing upwards, touches root system and soil, then heap Soil supports, and is watered with root water and every other day pours a water later, continues a week.Gold tribute shaddock is between the plant in hillside fields Away from for 2m*2m, one mu is planted 150 plants, and it is 2m*3m that spacing is transplanted on level land, and one mu is planted 120 plants.Mound is no more than graft union, transfers Interface is higher by 7 centimeters of highest soil face, and field planting puts part phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer as base fertilizer in hole, does around sapling after plantation straight The tree disk of diameter 1m or so.

(6) fertilizing management: gold tribute shaddock is in the treelet phase, using a small amount of principles applied more, annual top dressing 6 times, and seedling of newly planting trees, Fertilising for the first time is when leaf discoloration starts to send out branch, and fertilising for the first time can use potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, dosage 125g/ plants, ditch spread, earth backing；Following second month can apply urea, 125g/ plants of dosage, spread fertilizer over the fields before raining；The first half of the year Compound fertilizer and urea are alternately applied 4 times or so, and the second half year starts after sending out autumn growth, also continuously to be applied compound fertilizer twice or urea, be entered the winter Later, apply a winter top dressing, winter top dressing mainly mainly based on organic fertilizer or it is decomposed after animal wastes, after gold tribute shaddock fruiting, A cake-shaped rape seed dregs or Chinese wood oil residule are applied in annual lunar calendar mid-June to lunar calendar mid-July.The principle of fertilizing management are as follows: before fruiting Fertilizer is based on compound fertilizer and urea, when soil depletion, can improve soil by application of organic fertilizers in winter；Sapling starts fruiting Afterwards, Chinese wood oil residule or cake-shaped rape seed dregs or other organic fertilizers are added, temperature does not have to fertilising at 12 degrees Celsius or less.

(7) drought control and drought resistance: covered ground is carried out at 10 centimetres away from trunk to 30 centimeters of drip, the material of covering is Straw, green manure, weeds, rice husk and other crop stems etc., it is 10 centimetres thick, a thin layer of fine earth is topmost covered again；Mountainous region fruit Garden will repair small hilly pond and reservoir, build a small low bank of earth between fields at a certain distance in terraced fields back ditch, formed " ring ditch ", can when rainwater is more Retention part water invades in soil when arid；It selects the high hydroscopic resins substance such as perlite or bentonite to mix with soil, applies Enter in the tree disk ditch near tree crown drip, it is 20 centimetres deep；3 depths, wide each 30 centimetres or so are dug on tree crown surrounding drip Cave, insert straw or weeds and add appropriate farmyard manure, above earthing, in order to water storage and infiltration.

(8) drainage waterlogging prevention: in orchard, surrounding opens deep, wide each 1 meter or so main drainage ditch, is slightly in by landform and water flow trend Certain height difference according to circumstances can open a gutter every 2 rows in garden and communicate with main drainage ditch and furrow ditch, waist ditch and enclose ditch, and three Ditch is mating, and the depth of ditch should be lower than the main distribution layer of root system, and 1 meter or so, in the ranks gutter is preferably in provided underground tile, just In orchard management, hilly and mountainous land orchard can utilize the back ditch water discharge of terraced fields, in the low-lying land orchard establishment for being easy ponding, carry out zanjon and rise Ridge is cultivated, and level of ground water does not exceed 1 meter in ditch.

Fruiting period out: continuing selection and cutting back handles skeleton branches at different levels and extends, and summer shoot of erasing inspires healthy and strong autumn growth.To mistake Long nutrition branch stays 8 timely pinching of leaf, branch group after retraction or cutting back result.Autumn to prosperous tree using girdling, be completely cured, control water Equal measure for promoting blossom.

(a) anthracnose: reinforcing orchard management, carries out fertilizer and water management and insect prevention, the work such as antifreeze, anti-day burns, and avoid making At tree body mechanical damage, healthy and strong tree vigo(u)r is kept, wipes out sick branch and the branch of excessive growth, removes ground fallen leaves, concentration is burnt, and fertilizer is reinforced Water management improves plant vigor, ploughs deeply and improve the soil, and applying organic manure and phosphorus potash fertilizer avoid applying nitrogen fertilizer application partially, renovates irrigation and drainage system System carries out prevention waterlogging and takes precautions against drought the work such as antifreeze insect prevention, and winter wipes out disease branch disease leaf, and collection is burnt, and overwintering cause of disease is eliminated；

When tree vigo(u)r is weak or tree body is damaged, spray protection, when having acute scab to occur, should prevent and treat immediately in time, cleaning fallen leaves 1 fungicide is sprayed after deadwood, every 10 days or so primary, and medicament can use 65% Zineb wettable powder, 600 times of liquid, 50% ambam 800 times of liquid of aqua, 70% 800 times of thiophanate methyl wettable powder liquid, 50% 800 times of carbendazim liquid；

(b) resin disease: early spring wipes out disease branch, deadwood and concentration and burns, clip coating protectant.And shelter-forest is built, it carries out anti- Freeze, take precautions against drought and prevent waterlogging work, keeps the stronger premunition of tree body；

When spring bud germination period and blossom fall 2/3, on the basis of each spray 1 time, then spray 2 times in young fruit period, effective medicament product Kind have: 80% 600 times of mancozeb wettable powder liquid or 0.5% 2000 type of equivalent formula Bordeaux mixture or 77% Kocide SD 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid or 80% 400 ~ 600 times of liquid of indispensable wettable powder；

(c) red spider: carrying out winter clear garden before early December, carries out spring clear garden in late Febuary next year, can be big by clear garden It is big to reduce worm sources radix；Reinforce fretilization management, enhances tree vigo(u)r；In conjunction with winter pruning, the stiff leaf that leaf miner is caused harm is wiped out, between reasonable The short stem plant of kind, field planting Ageratum conyzoides, soybean, pea and Chinese milk vetch carry out Sod culture, and blunt mite of field adaptability cucumber etc. catches Eat mite, using predatory mite to control pest mites；

Select efficiently, low toxicity, low-residual and the chemical pesticide small to natural enemy lethality, index for control general spring rest in 3/ Leaf, 5/leaf of summer and autumn.Before spring tip rudiment can be selected 8 times of liquid of 0.8 Baume degrees lime sulfur or resin soap emulsifiable concentrate or 20% go out a red-spotted lizard can 50 times of liquid of wet powder 20% melt and kill 60 times of liquid of 80 times of liquid of a red-spotted lizard mite wettable powder or 95% machine oil emulsion or 99.1% enemy is dead 80 times of liquid of worm missible oil；

(d) coccid: periodically fertilising enhances the resistance of tree vigo(u)r and trees；In conjunction with maintenance management, autumn manually brush branch, it is dry on Overwintering nymphs；Dead strain concentrate and is burnt, worm sources are utterly destroyed, in order to avoid propagate；Reinforce trimming, ventilation and penetrating light reduces worm Evil incidence；

At 28~32 degrees Celsius of temperature, select " a red-spotted lizard must be controlled " 750 times of liquid spray, even spray twice, interval be 5 days, to it is tall and big, Medical fluid is difficult the trees being sprayed onto, and can be used and punches injection " tree body insecticide " in trunk middle and upper part, medical fluid passes through xylem vessel Conveying is transmitted to top；

(e) leaf miner: reinforcing cultivation management, and winter and early spring wipe out the Winter hardness of Overwintering Larvae or pupa, and spring and early summer pluck Except sporadic larva and pupa, fertilizer and water management is controlled, promotes the pumping tip neat, and combine chemical control；

Adult eclosion phase and low instar larvae phase are proper control times, and prevention and treatment adult can carry out in the dusk；Larva is prevented and treated, preferably at the fine day noon Medication afterwards can spray 2500 times of liquid of 10% permethrin, 2000 times of liquid or 2.5% decis or 25% dimehypo water solution 1500 times of liquid of 500 times of liquid or 25% liang of denapon wettable powder, 500 times of liquid or 5% imidacloprid missible oil.Every spray in 7 days 1 time, continuously Spray 3 times.

(f) blister mite: reinforce orchard management, orchard can interplanting green manure perhaps Ageratum conyzoides to improve orchard humidity or increasing Add its natural enemy quantity, cover weeds in the case where tree can be used in the midsummer of high temperature and drought or suitably pour water, to improve orchard humidity, to rust The apparent control action of the generation of mite, winter remove orangery fallen leaves, sprinkling lime sulfur mixture, acaricide and malathion etc. The Natural Enemies of medicament, blister mite are crinosity bacterium, and crinosity mushroom is to every square meter melon skin such as Bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur and zineb Resistance it is poor,, should be few with or without these types of pesticide as far as possible during crinosity bacterium is popular in summer, autumn high temperature and humidity, can reach The purpose of Sustainable use natural enemy；

In 5~July, especially between late May~mid-June, should check within every 5 ~ 7 days once, with hand-held expansion spectroscopy fruit Quantity occurs for the blister mite on real and blade, averagely have worm 2 in every visual field, again without natural enemy in the case where, or when 5% or so When blade and fruit have when blister mite or occurred the killed fruit of grey in garden, should spray prevention and treatment immediately；

First medication requirement when the more serious fruit strain of insect pest situation or orchard, spray is uniformly thoughtful, pays special attention to spray blade back and fruit The back, spray number can according to insect pest situation, natural enemy depending on a situation arises, generally except Wintering Period spray is primary, to kill outside worm sources, It concentrates on late May to September and carries out preventing and controlling.

(11) picking storage: plucking time is solar calendar mid-December, is selected in fine day picking, with scissors by fruit when picking It cuts, clip has to cut flat, and gently adopts and puts down gently, avoids mechanical damage as far as possible, stores again after picking 15 days.First by storehouse before storage It cleans up, blocks rat hole, and be put in storage 500 times of liquid spray disinfectants of the last week carbendazim or thiophanate methyl, tribute shaddock in tribute shaddock Storage should a few days ago open wide door and window ventilation, and being injured with anti-bacteria influences the storage of tribute shaddock；The tribute shaddock of picking back will be placed on ventilation library Room is store in advance, and general pre- storage 5 days such as the rainy day, can extend to 10 days, is usually dried with pericarp, fruit weightlessness 3 ~ 5% is to spend, in advance Tribute shaddock after storage is stored with polythene film bag individual packing, can also naked fruit storage, storage fruit apparatus can use Wooden Crate, bamboo basket or rattan Basket etc..

Embodiment 2

(2) water conservancy construction: pumping equipment mainly includes blocking gully, tidal channel, terrace land back ditch and settling pit；Mountainous region or hills Have biggish collection rain face above orchard, excavate above and block ditch and guide water outside orchard, tidal channel with self-assembling formation or Based on existing tidal channel regulation, not firm enough place is reinforced.The main drain of Flat Ground Orchard and citrus row are to vertical, often 50 meters or so one, depth is not less than 1 meter, and general gutter and plant row are to parallel；Drainage of soil performance is good, every 4 row tree One bar ditch, every one bar ditch of row tree (Root growth) of drainage of soil performance difference, 1 meter of ditch depth；The main drain of slope garden is mostly Under along slope, but to be horizontally orientated to using 10 meters every a distance, and on being horizontally orientated to build settling pit or reservoir, ladder Back ditch is arranged in ground under terraced wall, and short back ditch sets settling pit near water outlet, and long back ditch sets a settling pit or small storage every 40 meters Pond.

(3) site preparation: the 15 degree of gentle slopes below in level land and the gradient do not need out ladder can direct ridging, the gradient is at 15 degree or more Ladder must be opened, every breadth of the lift degree 2.5m after earth's surface weeds are turned over, is not needed to burn, can be rotted naturally, and when site preparation cannot destroy table Layer soil.

(6) fertilizing management: gold tribute shaddock is in the treelet phase, using a small amount of principles applied more, annual top dressing 8 times, and seedling of newly planting trees, Fertilising for the first time is when leaf discoloration starts to send out branch, and fertilising for the first time can use potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, dosage 125g/ plants, ditch spread, earth backing；Following second month can apply urea, 125g/ plants of dosage, spread fertilizer over the fields before raining；The first half of the year Compound fertilizer and urea are alternately applied 4 times or so, and the second half year starts after sending out autumn growth, also continuously to be applied compound fertilizer twice or urea, be entered the winter Later, apply a winter top dressing, winter top dressing mainly mainly based on organic fertilizer or it is decomposed after animal wastes, after gold tribute shaddock fruiting, A cake-shaped rape seed dregs or Chinese wood oil residule are applied in annual lunar calendar mid-June to lunar calendar mid-July.The principle of fertilizing management are as follows: before fruiting Fertilizer is based on compound fertilizer and urea, when soil depletion, can improve soil by application of organic fertilizers in winter；Sapling starts fruiting Afterwards, Chinese wood oil residule or cake-shaped rape seed dregs or other organic fertilizers are added, temperature does not have to fertilising at 12 degrees Celsius or less.

(7) drought control and drought resistance: covered ground is carried out at 10 centimetres away from trunk to 30 centimeters of drip, the material of covering is Straw, green manure, weeds, rice husk and other crop stems etc., it is 20 centimetres thick, a thin layer of fine earth is topmost covered again；Mountainous region fruit Garden will repair small hilly pond and reservoir, build a small low bank of earth between fields at a certain distance in terraced fields back ditch, formed " ring ditch ", can when rainwater is more Retention part water invades in soil when arid；It selects the high hydroscopic resins substance such as perlite or bentonite to mix with soil, applies Enter in the tree disk ditch near tree crown drip, it is 30 centimetres deep；4 depths, wide each 50 centimetres or so are dug on tree crown surrounding drip Cave, insert straw or weeds and add appropriate farmyard manure, above earthing, in order to water storage and infiltration.

(8) drainage waterlogging prevention: in orchard, surrounding opens deep, wide each 1 meter or so main drainage ditch, is slightly in by landform and water flow trend Certain height difference according to circumstances can open a gutter every 4 rows in garden and communicate with main drainage ditch and furrow ditch, waist ditch and enclose ditch, and three Ditch is mating, and the depth of ditch should be lower than the main distribution layer of root system, and 1 meter or so, in the ranks gutter is preferably in provided underground tile, just In orchard management, hilly and mountainous land orchard can utilize the back ditch water discharge of terraced fields, in the low-lying land orchard establishment for being easy ponding, carry out zanjon and rise Ridge is cultivated, and level of ground water does not exceed 1 meter in ditch.

Fruiting period out: continuing selection and cutting back handles skeleton branches at different levels and extends, and summer shoot of erasing inspires healthy and strong autumn growth.To mistake Long nutrition branch stays 10 timely pinching of leaf, branch group after retraction or cutting back result.Autumn to prosperous tree using girdling, be completely cured, control The measure for promoting blossom such as water.

When tree vigo(u)r is weak or tree body is damaged, spray protection, when having acute scab to occur, should prevent and treat immediately in time, cleaning fallen leaves 2 fungicide are sprayed after deadwood, every 10 days or so primary, and medicament can use 65% Zineb wettable powder, 600 times of liquid, 50% ambam 1000 times of liquid of aqua, 70% 1000 times of thiophanate methyl wettable powder liquid, 50% 800 times of carbendazim liquid；

When spring bud germination period and blossom fall 2/3, on the basis of each spray 1 time, then spray 2 times in young fruit period, effective medicament product Kind have: 80% 600 times of mancozeb wettable powder liquid or 1% 2000 type of equivalent formula Bordeaux mixture or 77% Kocide SD 1000 times of liquid or 80% 600 times of liquid of indispensable wettable powder；

Select efficiently, low toxicity, low-residual and the chemical pesticide small to natural enemy lethality, index for control general spring rest in 4/ Leaf, 7/leaf of summer and autumn.8~10 times of liquid of 1 Baume degrees lime sulfur or resin soap emulsifiable concentrate can be selected before spring tip rudiment or 20% go out a red-spotted lizard 80 times of liquid of wettable powder 20% melt and kill 100 times of liquid of 120 times of liquid of a red-spotted lizard mite wettable powder or 95% machine oil emulsion or 99.1% 120 times of liquid of D C Tron missible oil；

At 28~32 degrees Celsius of temperature, " a red-spotted lizard must be controlled " 1000 times of liquid is selected to spray, even twice, interval is 7 days, to height for spray Greatly, medical fluid is difficult the trees being sprayed onto, and can be used and punches injection " tree body insecticide " in trunk middle and upper part, medical fluid is led by xylem Pipe conveying is transmitted to top；

Adult eclosion phase and low instar larvae phase are proper control times, and prevention and treatment adult can carry out in the dusk；Larva is prevented and treated, preferably at the fine day noon Medication afterwards can spray 2500 times of liquid of 10% permethrin, 3000 times of liquid or 2.5% decis or 25% dimehypo water solution 1500 times of liquid of 500 times of liquid or 25% liang of denapon wettable powder, 1000 times of liquid or 5% imidacloprid missible oil.It was sprayed 1 time every 10 days, even Continuous spray 4 times.

In 5~July, especially between late May~mid-June, should check within every 7 days once, with hand-held expansion spectroscopy fruit With on blade blister mite occur quantity, every visual field averagely have worm 3, again without natural enemy in the case where, or when 5% or so leaf When piece and fruit have when blister mite or occurred the killed fruit of grey in garden, should spray prevention and treatment immediately；

(11) picking storage: plucking time is solar calendar mid-December, is selected in fine day picking, with scissors by fruit when picking It cuts, clip has to cut flat, and gently adopts and puts down gently, avoids mechanical damage as far as possible, stores again after picking 30 days.First by storehouse before storage It cleans up, blocks rat hole, and be put in storage 500 times of liquid spray disinfectants of the last week carbendazim or thiophanate methyl, tribute shaddock in tribute shaddock Storage should a few days ago open wide door and window ventilation, and being injured with anti-bacteria influences the storage of tribute shaddock；The tribute shaddock of picking back will be placed on ventilation library Room is store in advance, and general pre- storage 7 days such as the rainy day, can extend to 12 days, is usually dried with pericarp, fruit weightlessness 3 ~ 5% is to spend, in advance Tribute shaddock after storage is stored with polythene film bag individual packing, can also naked fruit storage, storage fruit apparatus can use Wooden Crate, bamboo basket or rattan Basket etc..

One, edaphic condition

Gold tribute shaddock is perennial evergreen fruit tree, likes subacidity, alluvial soil, red-yellow soil, boccaro stronger for the adaptability of soil As long as soil, vegetable garden soil, soil layer are deep, drain, can plant.P in soil H4.5~8.0 can be grown, and be with PH5.5~6.5 Most suitable, P in soil H is greater than 8 effective supply that will affect zinc in soil (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), boron (B)；P in soil H is lower than 4.0 influence the effective supply of soil phophorus (P), calcium (Ga), magnesium (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), hinder root growth.The growth of gold tribute shaddock is wanted Ask soil oxygen content higher, well-formed loose with the soil texture, the content of organic matter 2%~3%, well-drained loam is most suitable Preferably.Gold tribute shaddock root system starts to grow in soil temperature 12, and root growth and absorbability are the most active at 23~31 DEG C, overground part Also vigorous growth, 37 DEG C or more or 10 DEG C or less then root growth it is weak.

In general, gold tribute shaddock soil is most suitable for condition are as follows: soil layer is deep (curing layer > 40cm), quality pine (total pore space Degree 50%~60%), bulk density 0.90~1.10, water-stable aggregate 50%~80%, organic matter abundance (1.5%~2.5%), full nitrogen 0.10%~0.15%, and available nutrient balance (150 mg/kg of hydrolyzable nitrogen, it is more than 20 mg/kg of rapid available phosphorus, available potassium 60 ~100 mg/kgs) and degree of base saturation height (45%~60%).

But since its different local landform, landforms are different, soil, water condition are widely different.Therefore in orchard establishment, It must distinguish between and treat, to accomplish that adaptation to local conditions improves soil, as far as possible to provide good soil ring for gold tribute shaddock growth and development Border.Following farming principle should be grasped in different soil plantation:

Hilly and mountainous land red soil, soil alkali are in undersaturated condition, and the available nutrient of soil is generally very low, available phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, boron Content is lower, it should be noted that applies these fertilizer；Mountainous region Red Stone Ware easily occurs iron, manganese, zinc, boron in the Gong Youyuan of lime reaction and lacks It loses, and also boron easily occurs for acid soil Gong Youyuan, magnesium lacks, it is necessary to applying these element fertilizers；Downstream alluvial soil, quality are dredged Pine, nutrient are abundant, it should be noted that match organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer wants split application；Part citrus orchard P in soil H higher, should suitably apply stone Cream prevents alkalization of soils.Later period, many citrus Orchard Soils can be acidified with the age of tree, especially 10 years or more citrus orchards, soil Acidification can be further exacerbated by the missing of phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, boron, molybdenum, so liming is needed to adjust soil aciditiy, be supported with improving Divide validity.

Two, orchard establishment requirement

1. garden selects

Garden height above sea level must be at 600 meters hereinafter, general height above sea level is every to increase 100 meters, and 0.5~0.6 degree of mercury dropped, garden Zone position height above sea level excessively high winter is subject to freeze injury, unsuitable orchard establishment；Tribute shaddock orchard establishment is typically chosen that traffic is more convenient, and the gradient is at 25 degree Below, free of contamination hillside fields or the lower level land of level of ground water, P in soil H7.5 or less are advisable.Summer Drought can use water source, generally No less than 30 tons/mu；

2. water conservancy projects is built

Pumping equipment mainly includes blocking gully, tidal channel, terrace land back ditch and settling pit.Have above mountainous region or hilly orchard biggish Collect rain face, excavation blocks gully Jiang Shui and guides to outside orchard above.Tidal channel is renovated with self-assembling formation or existing tidal channel Based on, not firm enough place is reinforced.The main drain of Flat Ground Orchard and citrus row are every 50 meters or so one, deep to vertical Degree is not less than 1 meter；General gutter and citrus row are to parallel, and drainage of soil performance is good, every 2~4 row tree, one bar ditch, and soil is arranged Aqueous every one bar ditch of row tree (Root growth) that can be poor, 0.8~1 meter of ditch depth.The main drain of slope garden be mostly along slope and under, But it to be horizontally orientated to using 5~10 meters every a distance, and build settling pit or reservoir on being horizontally orientated to.Terrace land is in ladder Setting back ditch under wall, short back ditch set settling pit near water outlet, and long back ditch sets a settling pit or small water storage every 20~40 meters Pond.

Three, the time is transplanted

Gold tribute shaddock was planted there are two the best times, and first is lunar calendar late September to late October, and second time is After the Spring Festival in one month of two weeks (lunar calendar the beginning of February).After the time is planted in addition to the two best periods, other times As long as guarantee is had abundant water resources, temperature is improper, can also optionally specially treated rear plantation.Wherein preferably planted before year, One growth period in the tribute shaddock years more most than the tribute shaddock planted after year planted before year.

Five, planting density

The spacing of gold tribute shaddock dense planting is pacifically slightly different in hillside fields, and the plant spacing in hillside fields is 2m*2m, and one mu probably 150 plants of plantation.And the spacing that level land plant is planted is 2m*3m, one mu of probably 120 plants of plantation.

Six, method for planting

1. the clear table of site preparation

The plantation of gold tribute shaddock, soil require soil depth at 50 centimeters or so, and red sandy loam is best.Level land and 15 degree of the gradient or less Gentle slope do not need out ladder can direct ridging, the gradient must open ladder, every breadth of the lift degree 2m to 2.5m at 15 degree or more.Earth's surface weeds It after turning over, does not need to burn, can rot naturally, soil fertility can be increased in this way.A principle must be adhered to when site preparation not Topsoil can be destroyed, because topsoil is rich in organic matter, this is not available for other soil layers, and the later period needs by very big Soil improvement cost can be only achieved this effect

2. plantation requires

According to plant spacing in the rows specification, surveys and be colonized a little, loosen the soil.When field planting, a pitting is dug, by the root system of nursery stock and branches and leaves appropriateness It is put into hole center after trimming, unfolds root system, righting gently mentions seedling, having peace of mind when banketing upwards, touches root system and soil, so Mound afterwards supports, and has to be watered with root water.It should be noted that root system is not below, ground level is too many, and mound does not exceed Graft union, graft union will be higher by 7 centimeters of highest soil face.The tree disk of diameter 1m or so is made after plantation around sapling.(note: Hole can be colonized by, which having ready conditions when if 1, planting, puts part phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer as base fertilizer；2, after lifting, sapling must be three It is finished within it, young plant must erect when stored, can sprinkle a small amount of water and drench root；3, when missing best plantation time plantation Leaf must be removed, the same day is watered with root water and every other day pours a water later, continues a week；4, do not have to when current year plants It applies fertilizer at once, but support must be carried out, after tree starts to send out young leaves, (it is former that long tender leaf can add green shield to accelerate with potassium dihydrogen sulfate Have leaf aging) it can just apply fertilizer.)

Six, weeds management

Sapling is poor in Seedling Stage competitiveness, is easy to grow grass.After sapling grows up, weeds can accordingly be reduced.Seedling Stage passes through as far as possible Artificial or weeding by machine not use herbicide, when conditions permit, can consider that overlay film is anti-before weeds grow Grass.Sapling can use herbicide after growing up in right amount.

Seven, fertilizing management

1. fertilization principle

For fertilizer based on compound fertilizer and urea, but also depending on soil fertility, soil is poor before fruiting for gold tribute pomelo seedling When lean, it is necessary to which application of organic fertilizers improves soil in winter.After sapling starts fruiting, in addition to fertilize, also to add tung oil again To increase mouthfeel, (temperature reaches 12 degree or less and does not have to fertilising the organic fertilizers such as withered or cake-shaped rape seed dregs, because tree has begun into suspend mode Phase).Before gold tribute shaddock fruiting and there is also very big differences in the selection of compound fertilizer after fruiting.Before fruiting, the ratio of nitrogen is wanted Higher (generally 20 or more), the ratio of potassium want relatively low (generally 20 or so), and phosphorus is preferably at most 5；After fruiting, the ratio of nitrogen is wanted It is relatively low that (general 20 or less), the ratio of potassium want that higher (general 25 or so), phosphorus are preferably at most 5.More nitrogen fertilizer applications can promote before fruiting The growth of tree, more potassium applications can increase the mouthfeel and pol of fruit after fruiting.

2. fertilization time and dosage

The principles that gold tribute shaddock is applied more on a small quantity in treelet phase, to master, annual top dressing 6 ~ 8 times.

New seedling of planting trees, for the first time fertilising are when leaf discoloration starts to send out branch, and first time fertilising can use sulfuric acid Jia Xing compound fertilizer (generally with 20 ~ 5 ~ 20), 125g/ plants of dosage, ditch spread, earth backing；Following second month can apply urea, dosage It 125g/ plants, is spread fertilizer over the fields before can raining；The first half of the year compound fertilizer and urea alternately apply 4 times or so.The second half year starts after sending out autumn growth, Fertilizer twice is also continuously applied, with compound fertilizer or urea can be used.After entering the winter, also to apply a winter top dressing, winter top dressing mainly with Based on organic fertilizer, can be it is decomposed after animal wastes, be mainly used for improveing soil organic matter content, refer to product for the coming year Store strength.After gold tribute shaddock fruiting, a cake-shaped rape seed dregs or Chinese wood oil residule are applied in annual lunar calendar mid-June to lunar calendar mid-July, The mouthfeel of tribute shaddock can be increased in this way.

Eight, water management

Tribute shaddock rudiment, bear fruit, fruit expanding period need washiness；Fruit maturation, flower bud differentiation period water requirement are less.Due to Annual rainfall is unevenly distributed weighing apparatus, and water management is critically important, to do a good job of it three big links.

1. water conservation is taked precautions against drought

Soil water storage water holding capacity is improved, irrigation frequency and water consumption can be reduced.Water conservation is for non-irrigated condition or irrigation quantity Insufficient orchard is even more important.Covered ground is carried out at 10 centimetres away from trunk to 30 centimeters of drip, the material of covering is just Ground materials, preferably straw, green manure, weeds, rice husk and other crop stems etc. are 10 ~ 20 centimetres thick, topmost one layer of lid again Very thin fine earth.It can be reduced soil water evaporation in this way, and slowly seeped down when raining and irrigating convenient for water.Covering is being adopted Base manure can also be made by ploughing under after fruit in soil.Hillside orchard will repair small hilly pond and reservoir；It is built at a certain distance in terraced fields back ditch The one small low bank of earth between fields, formed " ring ditch ", when rainwater is more can retention part water, when arid invade soil in.Select perlite or swelling The high hydroscopic resins substance such as soil is mixed with soil, is applied in the tree disk ditch near tree crown drip, 20 ~ 30 centimetres deep.These Material meets water water swelling, and neighbouring soil is made often to keep wet.3 ~ 4 depths, wide by each 30 ~ 50 are dug on tree crown surrounding drip Centimetre or so cave, insert straw or weeds and add appropriate farmyard manure, above earthing, in order to water storage and infiltration.

2. drought resisting of pouring water

It needs to irrigate within summer and autumn general continuous high temperature arid 15 days or more, autumn and winter arid can continue 20 days or more and start to fill again It irrigates.If blade occur withering here if it is too late.Irrigation method has following several:

Flood irrigation and furrow irrigation

Water flows to orchard along channel and is known as flood irrigation everywhere；It flows to and is known as irrigating through furrow in irrigation ditch.Flood irrigation is at low cost, but water and soil is easy stream It loses, soil out-of-flatness is to pour water unevenly.The effect that irrigates through furrow is preferable, but water consumption is big.

Simple pipe network furrow irrigation

The laying water pipes in orchard are fed the water into garden after being pressurizeed using the natural-drop or water pump water lift of water.Cost is suitable In, landform is not strict with, soil erosion can be reduced

It pours

The plant suitable for the orchard of insufficient water sources and childhood tree or sporadicly planted.Using water-carriage system directly toward digging under tree crown Cave or plate-like ditch are poured by strain.Best incorporated fertilizer carries out together, timely earthing after pouring.This method can be with water-saving, but spends It is artificial more.

Water-saving irrigation

It is most widely used with trickle irrigation and microspray irrigation.Water is sent under every plant of tree after filter-press by aqueduct, and trickle irrigation is The method that water is irrigated with drop-wise input root.Microspray irrigation is using the douche of irrigation system tail portion as mini sprinkler, with tiny Soil of the water mist spray near blade face or root indicate.Above method to efficiency of water application height, it is time saving and energy saving, but build at This is higher.

3. drainage waterlogging prevention

Tribute shaddock soil water-containing is excessive, causes rotten, yellow leaf, fruit drop.The key of defence orchard damage or crop failure caused by waterlogging is to do fruit well The irrigation and drainage system in garden is to open deep, wide each 1 meter or so main drainage ditch in orchard surrounding frequently with gutter drainage, by landform and water Flow away to being slightly in certain height difference, in garden can according to circumstances every 2 ~ 4 rows open a gutter communicated with main drainage ditch and furrow ditch, Waist ditch and ditch being enclosed, three ditches are mating, and the depth of ditch should be lower than the main distribution layer of root system, and 1 meter or so.In the ranks gutter is preferably on ground Lower laying tile is convenient for orchard management, but is built costly.Hilly and mountainous land orchard can utilize the back ditch water discharge of terraced fields.Holding The low-lying land orchard establishment of easy ponding, preferably level of ground water does not exceed 1 meter in progress zanjon Root growth ditch.

Nine, the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control

1. anthracnose

Anthracnose is the most common disease of citrus, it has the characteristics that harm is wide and harm time is long, main harm blade, branch Item, flower, fruit and carpopodium, often result in that most Citrus Cultivars are largely fallen leaves, branch is withered, a large amount of fallen flowers, shedding and fruit rot. In the area that condition is suitable for, citrus can be endangered throughout the year.

Symptom

Often cause a large amount of fallen leaves, shedding, branch withered and bark explosion, whole strain death can be caused when serious.It is transported in fruit storage Period can also cause largely to rot.Anthracnose can betide each position of mandarin tree overground part.

(1) leaf symptom: scab often has in leaf margin or blade tip, rounded or irregular shape, terra brown, edge on leaf Brown, the strong part circle of disease are clear.The black dot for thering is concentric wheel stripe to arrange on scab.Under abnormal weather conditions and cultivate When mismanagement, acute scab occurs sometimes for leaf portion.The simultaneously extension downwards rapidly generally since blade tip, just such as boiled water is scalded Shape, nattierblue or crineous are in the alternate corrugated of the depth, and edge blur boundary, scab both sides generate numerous at random The flesh pink clayey dot of arrangement, later period darken secretly, and sick leaf is easy to fall off.

(2) branch symptom: mostly since at the axillary bud of petiole base, scab is just filbert, ellipse；After expand as shuttle Shape, canescence, the strong intersection of disease have brown edge, there is black small grain point thereon.After a week around branch, the sick tip is i.e. from upper in sick portion It is withered under and.Tender tip is it sometimes appear that acute symptom, and often from top end 3~l0 centimeters sudden onset, shape such as boiled water is scalded, and is in Dirty-green, water stain shape, wilting blackening after 3~5 days above have vermilion granule point.

(3) flower symptom: after pistil stigma is infected, often there is brown and rot and fallen flowers.

(4) fruit symptom: young fruit morbidity, initial stage are the irregular scab of dirty-green, and sick portion's recess has white mustiness object thereon Or the small liquid point of vermilion.After be extended to full fruit, become blackening mummy and hang on branch.Big fruit is aggrieved, have dry scar type, tear stains type and Soft corruption 3 kinds of symptoms of type.Scar type is done with more in fruit waist, it is in keratin shape that round or subcircular, yellowish-brown or brown are micro- to sink, Incidence tissue is not goed deep under pericarp；Tear stains type is that have a rule as tears on pericarp surface, small convex by many bronzing The scab of point composition；Soft corruption type occurs in storage period, generally since base of fruit portion, initial stage be it is filbert, become brown later and It rots.

(5) carpopodium symptom: carpopodium is aggrieved, initial stage chlorisis, in faint yellow, becomes brown thereafter, dries up, fruit takes off immediately It falls, the disease fruit also having is hung on the tree at mummy.

(6) nursery stock symptom: often from tender tip top, scald shape symptom takes place in the first and second leaf, spreads gradually downward later, Entire tender tip is withered when serious.Sometimes also can from graft union fall ill, scab dark brown, scattered pore thereon.

Occurrence regularity

Germ is overwintering in diseased tissues with mycelium and conidium.Conidium is by wind and rain and entomochory, be suitable for It is sprouted under environmental condition and generates germ tube, from stomata, wound or be directed through epidermis host tissue.Anthrax bacteria is a kind of weak parasitism Bacterium, health tissues will not generally fall ill.But serious cold damage occurs；Or since farming, transplanting, long-term ponding, overfertilization etc. are made It is damaged at root system；Or early spring low temperature and moisture, summer and autumn high temperature and rainy, fertility are insufficient, arid, insect pest are serious, pesticide injury and sky Gas pollution etc. causes tree body weak；Or due to largely taking out hair young sprout and the branch of excessive growth after inclined nitrogen fertilizer application, it can encourage disease.

Control method

(1) reinforce orchard management.It carries out fertilizer and water management and insect prevention, the work such as antifreeze, anti-day burns, and avoids tree body machinery damage Wound keeps healthy and strong tree vigo(u)r.Sick branch and the branch of excessive growth are wiped out, ground fallen leaves are removed, concentration is burnt.Reinforce fertilizer and water management, improves Plant vigor.It ploughs deeply and improves the soil, applying organic manure and phosphorus potash fertilizer avoid applying nitrogen fertilizer application partially；Irrigation and drainage system is renovated, it is anti-to carry out prevention waterlogging The work such as the antifreeze insect prevention of drought.Winter wipes out disease branch disease leaf, and collection is burnt, and eliminates overwintering cause of disease.

(2) when tree vigo(u)r is weak or tree body is damaged, should spray protection in time.When thering is acute scab to occur, it should more prevent immediately It controls.1~2 fungicide is sprayed after cleaning fallen leaves deadwood, every 10 days or so primary.Medicament can use 65% Zineb wettable powder 600 Times liquid, 50% 800-1000 times of liquid of ambam aqua, 70% 800-1000 times of liquid of thiophanate methyl wettable powder, more than 50% bacterium Clever 800 times of liquid etc., there is certain effect.

2. resin is sick

Citrus resin disease will usually infect disease that limb is occurred resin disease or bleeding disease；It infects pericarp and blade is occurred Disease diplostomiasis or rubber disease；Infecting fruit makes it occur to rot to be brown blossom-end rot in storage period.Occur seriously often It causes large area citrus orchard to destroy, or causes a large amount of decayed fruits in storing.

Symptom

(1) gummosis type: citrus limb is killed, and initial stage, cortical tissue was soft, has small crackle, water stain shape, and ooze out brown glue, And there is similar vinasse taste.In the case of high temperature drying, sick portion gradually dries up, is sagging, and cortex cracking peels off, and xylem is exposed, scar Trace surrounding protuberance.

(2) dry up type: limb disease portion cortex bronzing is withered slightly to sink, micro- to have crack, does not peel off, in the strong portion's intersection of disease There is apparent crown line, but gummosis type can also be switched in high humidity and proper temperature.Germ can encroach on xylem, quilt through cortex Harm is terra brown, and the strong portion's intersection of disease has a yellowish-brown or dark brown color marks band.

(3) rubber or stain type: young fruit, young sprout and tender leaf are killed, generate countless brown, dark brown dispersion on sick portion surface Raw or intensive sheet of hard colloid granule point, rough surface slightly swell, like sticking many fine sands.

Occurrence regularity

Germ is mainly overwintering in sick tree tissue with mycelia, pycnidia and conidium.Wind, rain, elder brother are borrowed with conidium The media such as worm are propagated.Have moisture in the case where, spore could be sprouted and be infected.Illumination is sprouted and is infected Preference temperature is 15~25 DEG C.This germ is thryptophytism, the germ tube that spore germination generates can only from the wound of host (frostbite, Burn, clip wound, insect bite etc.) intrusion, could go deep into inside.In the newborn group such as no wound, the stronger tender leaf of vigor and young fruit The surface knitted, infecting for germ are hampered by the epidermis of host, form the pore of many colloids.Therefore, only in host With the presence of a large amount of wounds, while rainwater is more, when proper temperature, the limb gummosis and withered and fruit base of a fruit is rotten just understands happening and prevelence.And The generation of stain and rubber then only needs rainy and thermophilic, and in the more citrus producing region of rainwater, long-term stain and rubber can flow Row.

Control method

(1) remove pathogeny: early spring wipes out disease branch, deadwood and concentration and burns, clip coating protectant.And shelter-forest is built, it carries out anti- Freeze, take precautions against drought and prevent waterlogging work, keeps the stronger premunition of tree body

(2) sick tree, which is scraped, controls: thoroughly striking off the diseased tissues that morbidity branch is done in spring, after 75% alcohol disinfecting, then applies medicine-feeding Agent.Medicament can use 100 times of liquid of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, 100 times of liquid or 50% carbendazol wettable powder or antibacterial 100 times of liquid of agent 402 or copper sulphate.

(3) trunk whitewashing: it is preceding in full summer to whitewash trunk than sparse orchard, it burns to prevent day.White-out agent can use raw stone 20 kilograms, 1 kilogram of salt of ash plus water double centner are formulated.

(4) spray protection: when spring bud germination period and blossom fall 2/3, on the basis of each spray 1 time, then in young fruit period spray 2 It is secondary.Effective pharmacy variety has: 80% 600 times of mancozeb wettable powder liquid or 0.5% ~ 1% equivalent formula Bordeaux mixture or 77% Kocide SD, 2000 type, 800 ~ 1000 times of liquid or 80% 400 ~ 600 times of liquid of indispensable wettable powder etc..

3. red spider

Citrus red mite also known as panonychus citri, citrus tetranychus telarius, citrus red mite belong to spider guiding principle Acarina Tetranychidae.At me There is generation in each citrus producing region of state, and in addition to citrus of causing harm, can also cause harm a variety of fruit trees and xylophyta.Red spider is punctured with lancet The epidermis of leaf, spray and fruit, draws juice, and light generates many canescence dots, entire leaf when serious in leaf surface Face is in canescence, and causes largely to fall leaves, and seriously affects the tree vigo(u)r and yield of citrus.It is that current many citrus producing regions are most important Pest.

Morphological feature

(1) ovum: to be spherical slightly flat, cerise that just be after salmon pink be, diameter is about 0.12~0.14mm, and center has one uprightly Egg pedicle, pommel has 11~12 filaments, stretches out, be attached on blade face around.

(2) young mite: shape color approximation adult mite, it is small in size.

(3) adult mite: female adult mite volume ellipse is about 0.32~0.41mm like hemispherical, and back has 13 pairs of wartys prominent It rises, upper parasitic white bristle, body is dark red to dark red, 4 pairs of foot, yellow-white；Male adult mite body cerise, it is tall and thin, it is more obvious than female adult mite Body is small, wedge shaped.

Pests occurrence rule

15~20 generations, the overlapping of field epoch can occur within citrus red mite 1 year.It is total mostly movable on branch with adult mite and ovum, it is more Number area is without the obvious overwintering stage.Its generation and temperature it is in close relations.Average annual temperature can occur for 1 year at 20 DEG C or so Or so 20 generations.Generally starting to cause harm in early March, temperature is that insect population starts to increase at 12 DEG C, and 20 DEG C are to contain hair, 20 DEG C~30 DEG C Relative air humidity with 60%~70% is the most suitable condition of its development and breeding, temperature worm lower than 10 DEG C or when being higher than 30 DEG C Mouth is suppressed.Every germination SPRING WHEAT BEFORE AND AFTER FLOWERING in 3~May is sent out full of nutrition since temperature is suitble on the occasion of spring tip pumping, is its generation With the peak period that causes harm, such as drought will result in and cause harm at this time.Hereafter since high temperature, high humidity and natural enemy are more, insect population is suppressed And it substantially reduces.9~November such as benign climate will cause again to cause harm.

Red spider has tender light, nursery stock and treelet due to taking out, and the tip is more, sunshine is strong, natural enemy is few and aggrieved heavy.Often from old Leaf is migrated to young leaves and young fruit.Field influence red spider occur quantity because being known as temperature, foodstuff, natural enemy and human factor etc..1 There are 2 peak of occurrence in year, respectively in 4~June and 9~November.There are parasitics and predator a variety of.Stethorus chengi, Predatory Mites are that food mite thrips, the raw phycomycete of worm, bud branch bacterium, virus etc. have preferable control action.

Control method

(1) clear garden: can generally carry out winter clear garden before early December, carry out spring clear garden in late Febuary next year, pass through clear garden Worm sources radix can be greatly reduced.

(2) cultural control: reinforcing fretilization management, enhances tree vigo(u)r；In conjunction with winter pruning, the stiff leaf that leaf miner is caused harm is wiped out； Short stem plant is planted between rationally, such as leguminous plant, peanut, can not only improve the soil texture, but also is conducive to the life of beneficial insect, beneficial bacteria It is long.

(3) biological control: for Sustainable use natural enemy, field can plant the plants such as Ageratum conyzoides, soybean, pea and Chinese milk vetch, Also practicable Sod culture.The Predatory Mites such as the blunt mite of the releasable cucumber in field, using predatory mite to control pest mites.

(4) chemical prevention: avoiding abusing dense medicine, carries out indexing prevention and treatment.Select efficient, less toxic, low-residual and to natural enemy The small chemical pesticide of lethality.Index for control general spring rests in 3~4/leaf, 5~7/leaf of summer and autumn.Before spring tip rudiment 8~10 times of liquid of 0.8~1 Baume degrees lime sulfur or resin soap emulsifiable concentrate can be selected or 20% go out 50~80 times of liquid of a red-spotted lizard wettable powder, Or 20% melt and kill 60~100 times of liquid of 80~120 times of liquid of a red-spotted lizard mite wettable powder or 95% machine oil emulsion or 99.1% D C Tron missible oil 80~120 times of liquid.

4. coccid

Coccid, also known as " scale insect ".Coccid is citrus, a kind of important pests on shaddock, common are California red scale, brown circle A red-spotted lizard, health piece a red-spotted lizard, arrowhead scales and icerya purchasi etc..Scale insect endangers blade, branch and fruit.Scale insect is often that male has wing, energy Flying, female adult and larva reside on branches and leaves or fruit throughout one's life once emergence, and cause yellow leaf, branch to wither, tree vigo(u)r decline, And easily induce sooty mould.

Coccid frequent species

(1) icerya purchasi

Female adult pest body is 5~7 millimeters long, and ellipse, Chinese red is aptery, back side protuberance, drapes over one's shoulders white wax powder, and have black short Mao, attached white egg capsule, above there is crown line 14~16 behind abdomen.Male imago body is 3 millimeters long, kermesinus, and tool is a pair of black dull Color fore wing, hind wing are degenerated.Each province in addition to northwest of China has generation (North of Yangtze River is detected in greenhouse).Also it is distributed in the big benefit of Australia Other areas of sub-, Europe, America and Asia.Also cause harm in addition to citrus horse-tail, acacia confusa, mountain green soy bean and rose and tea tree Deng.Nymph, adult cluster citrus branches and leaves are caused harm, and leaf color is made to turn to be yellow, and branch is withered, cause fallen leaves, shedding or even complete stool withered. It is 2~3 generation of the Yangtze river basin, mainly overwintering with nymph and female adult pest SOUTHERN CHINA 1 year 3~4 generations of generation.Per female laying hundred Grain, up to 2000.Change teleonymph in egg capsule through beginning a period of time dispersed operations, be fixed on young leaves blade back master pulse two sides more, Position is replaced after decortication, limb back cluster is gradually moved to and causes harm, and is drawn sap, while draining honeydew, is caused dark mildew.Field Male worm quantity is very few, mostly battalion's single-female generation.But overwinter generation male worm is more, often cocoons in trunk wound, crack, blade back and soil It pupates.Overwintering female adult pest is laid eggs a lot of with male worm post-coitum.Often cause disaster between 5~June.Natural Enemies have Australian wooden dipper Worm, bright red ladybug, small red ladybug and the Rodolia limbata of China etc.

(2) brown round a red-spotted lizard

Female adult pest shell is round, and about 2 millimeters of diameter, puce, central uplift.Polypide is under shell, and obovate is faint yellow, body It is about 1 millimeter.Male shell color and female shell are same, long avette, and rear end part extends, and canescence is about 1 millimeter, male imago body 0.7 millimeter or so long, orange-yellow, wing a pair is translucent.It blazons all over the world, South China is extremely widespread.Suck blade And fruit juice, cause blade caducous and fruit loses commodity value.3 generations, South China 1 year occur every year for Hunan, Shaanxi Occurred for 4~6 generations, overwintering with female adult of being fertilized, fruit of causing harm in two season of summer and autumn is most strong.Bisexual reproduction, ovum produce under shell.If just changing Worm finds just fixed feeding behind suitable place, and starts to secrete wax nappe back, does not move throughout one's life.After peeling for the first time, Foot and feeler disappear.Female nymph is mostly caused harm on blade back and fruit, is adult after peeling twice.Male worm is mostly posted on blade face It is raw, in stage through propupa and pupa again after peeling for the first time, finally turn into adult.The female adult service life is up to several months, male worm only 4~5 It.Natural Enemies have the huge angle encyrtid of golden yellow chalcid fly, biobelt, Chilocorus Kuwanae Silvestri and C.circumdatus etc..

Control measure includes nursery stock quarantine or is sterilized with methyl bromide fumigation；Worm branch concentration is wiped out to burn；It is sprayed in ovum peak period The pesticides such as kerosene emulstion, rosin mixture or malathion, phosmet, and protect and utilize natural enemy etc..

(3) arrowhead scales

Female adult pest body is orange-yellow, long 2.5mm or so.Male shell is long and narrow, and long 1.2~1.6mm, white powder flocculence, the back side has 3 Longitudinal ridge, 1 age cast off a skin shell yellowish-brown in front end.Male imago body long 0.5mm, it is orange-yellow, have flourishing fore wing, hind wing specialization is balance Stick.Abdomen end property pricker shape.Ovum ellipse, long 0.2mm are orange-yellow.Nymph 1 age soleaeform, orange-yellow, feeler and foot are flourishing, Abdomen end has l to becoming mildewed；2 age flat ellipses, faint yellow, feeler and foot disappear.Pupa is long, long 1.4mm, orange-yellow, and property furcella goes out.

Host: cumquat, Euonymus japonicus, crape myrtle, Buxus sinica, citron, citrus, pawpaw, Chinese holly, Chinese ash, longan.

Harm characteristics: the juice of nymph and female adult pest piercing and sucking limb, leaf and fruit, severe one leaf is withered to crispatura, and weakens tree vigo(u)r It is even withered.

Pests occurrence rule: Gansu, Shaanxi year raw 2 generations, it is Hunan, Hubei, 3 generation of Sichuan, 3-4 generation of Fujian, overwintering with female adult of being fertilized Based on, it is a small number of overwintering with nymph.

Control method

(1) cultural control: periodically fertilising enhances the resistance of tree vigo(u)r and trees；In conjunction with maintenance management, autumn manually brushes branch, does On overwintering nymphs；Dead strain concentrate and is burnt, worm sources are utterly destroyed, in order to avoid propagate；Reinforce trimming, ventilation and penetrating light is reduced Insect pest incidence.

(2) chemical prevention: for the Morphological Features of coccid, to the preferred interior suction with super strength of the prevention and treatment of the class pest and Chemosmotic medicament, such as " a red-spotted lizard must be controlled " 750~1000 times of liquid spray, and medical fluid after tree body absorbs, suck to having by coccid The tree body juice of poison is poisoned to death, good disinsection effect.Medication suggestion is higher (it is required that at 28 DEG C~32 DEG C, therefore temperature in temperature Medical fluid conduction is fast, and coccid is easily poisoned, and wax coat softens at this temperature, is conducive to medicinal liquid osmosis polypide) afternoon use, even spray Twice, interval is 5~7 days.It is difficult the trees being sprayed onto tall and big, medical fluid, can be used and punch injection " tree body in trunk middle and upper part Insecticide ", medical fluid are transmitted to top by xylem vessel's conveying, and the coccid of, wax thickness big to worm age and difficult prevention and treatment is imitated Fruit is obvious, easy to operate, and prevention and treatment is thorough.

(3) biological control: different coccids are directed to, are prevented and treated using natural enemy.

5. leaf miner

Leaf miner is called picture worm, leaf miner, tangerine lyonetid, belongs to Lepidoptera tangerine lyonetid section.There is generation in each citrus producing region in China. Host plant is only limitted to citrus.Eaten into larva and caused harm into tender leaf epidermis, form curved gallery, cause leaf rolling, hardening, Fall off, once in a while it is also seen that eat into be into tender stem and fruit surface cause harm the citrus summer, autumn growth important pests.It is made after causing harm At wound be conducive to the intrusion of ulcer bacteria, leaf roll caused by causing harm often becomes the overwintering of mite pest and lives in concentrated communities place.

Morphological feature

(1) adult: phyllocnistis citrella stainton body is only 2 millimeters 5.3 millimeters of wing expanse or so long.Feeler is Filamentous.Body wing is all white.Fore wing Point is leaf, has longer echinid, base portion has black longitudinal grin 2, and there is the black line of " Y " font at middle part, and close end has an obvious stain；Afterwards Wing needle shape, echinid are extremely long.Pure silver white, each foot tibia end have 1 large size away from；5 section of digitus, first segment longest.

(2) ovum: it is oblate, long by 0.3~O.4 millimeter, white are transparent.

(3) phyllocnistis citrella stainton larva: phyllocnistis citrella stainton harm and polypide (16) body are flat, spindle, yellow green；Head Point；Foot is degenerated；Abdomen end is tapering, has 1 pair of elongated tail.

(4) phyllocnistis citrella stainton pupa: there is prepupal period.The flat spindle of pupa, it is 3 millimeters or so long, just to be faint yellow, after deepen it is brown Color.Respectively there is 1 strumae in visible 7 section of abdomen, the up-front two sides of first segment and second to the 6th section of two sides center, and upper raw l long is rigid Hair；Respectively there are 1 obvious corn in minor details rear two sides.There is thin cocoon outside pupa, cocoon is golden yellow.

Pests occurrence rule

Leaf miner 1 year 9~15 generations of generation, generation overlap are overwintering in blade edge curling with pupa and larva.Annual late April is extremely The first tenday period of a month in May, larva start to endanger, and 7~September part summer, autumn growth pumping hair phase are occurance peaks, endanger also serious.It is sent out after October Life is most reduced.Field generations overlapping is obvious, and each generation goes through the phase and varies with temperature and different.27 DEG C~29 DEG C of temperature on average, complete a generation It needs 13.5 days~15.6 days；Temperature on average is 42 days when being 16.6 DEG C.Adult sprouts wings in the morning mostly, inhabit daytime in blade back and In weeds, evening events, phototaxis is strong.It lays eggs at dusk after mating in second to third day, ovum fecund is attached in tender leaf back side middle arteries Closely, every leaf can produce several.Every female adult can lay eggs 40~90,60 or so average.After larvae hatch, i.e., slipped by ovum bottom surface Under leaf epidermis, in interior feeding mesophyll, advances in food, gradually form bending gallery.When mature, mostly at moth to leaf margin, polypide Spinning ties thin cocoon and pupates wherein, often results in blade edge and rolls.Nursery stock and earsh, due to take out the tip more than and it is irregular, be suitble to Adult worms producting eggs and larva harm, it is often more aggrieved than bearing tree serious.

Control method

(1) reinforce cultivation management: winter and early spring wipe out the Winter hardness of Overwintering Larvae or pupa, and spring and early summer extract fragmentary hair Raw larva and pupa.Fertilizer and water management is controlled, promotes the pumping tip neat.And combine chemical control.

(2) chemical control: adult eclosion phase and low instar larvae phase are proper control times, and prevention and treatment adult can carry out in the dusk；It is anti- Larva is controlled, preferably in the afternoon medication of fine day.10% permethrin, 2000~3000 times of liquid or 2.5% decis can be sprayed 500 times of liquid of 2500 times of liquid or 25% dimehypo water solution (desinsection and ovicidal effect are good) or 25% liang of denapon wettable powder 500 1500 times of liquid of~1000 times of liquid or 5% imidacloprid missible oil.It sprayed every 7~10 days 1 time, continuously sprays 3~4 times.

6. blister mite (rust mite)

Citrus blister mite also known as phyllocoptruta oleivora, citrus rust goitre mite, rust mite, are commonly called as copper disease, belong to Arachnoidea Acarina Eriophyidae.It is main Cause harm citrus blade back and fruit.It is at deutonymph sucks juice to be needled into citrus tissue, keeps the oil vacuole of killed leaf, fruit broken It splits, overflow aromatic oil makes pericarp or blade become dirty black after air oxidation.When causing harm serious, often cause fallen leaves and it is black Follicarpium causes tree vigo(u)r weak.

Pests occurrence rule

It is overwintering in the axillary bud, leaf roll (leaf roll that leaf miner is caused harm) of citrus or at the carpopodium for fruit of passing the winter, under sepal with adult mite. In or so 1 year 18~22 generation of generation of China.Overwintering adult mite is opened (before and after March) when spring daily mean temperature rises to 15 DEG C or so It is movable that beginning feeding causes harm and lays eggs etc., gradually migrates later to young sprout, is gathered in the master pulse two sides harm of blade back.5~June moves Cause harm on to fruit face, 7~October is occurance peak, especially with insect population rapid development at 25 DEG C~31 DEG C of temperature, 11 month temperatures drop Insect population is reduced when to 20 DEG C or less, and 12 month temperatures stop developing when dropping to 10 DEG C or less, and start overwintering.

Blister mite can borrow wind, insect, nursery stock and the farm implements propagation for being engaged in operation.General last year occurs seriously, and prevention and treatment is inadequate Thoroughly, winter temperature is higher, and fine day is more, orangery extensive management, and comfortable weak orchard occurs early and more.The occurrence and distribution in field It is extremely uneven, there is the phenomenon that " strain of center worm ".Field insect population is in the majority with blade back, fruit lower section and opaco.Heavy Rain of Typhoon is to this Mite has significant souring.Using the cuprics such as Bordeaux mixture, zinc, manganese, sulphur bactericidal agent for preventing and treating citrus disease when, can also kill The Important Natural Enemy crinosity bacterium of blister mite, and lead to its big generation.Copper agent has fall out effect to blister mite.

Control method

(1) biological control: reinforce orchard management, orchard can interplanting green manure perhaps Ageratum conyzoides to improve orchard humidity or increase Its natural enemy quantity covers weeds in the case where tree can be used in the midsummer of high temperature and drought or suitably pours water, to improve orchard humidity, to rust mite The apparent control action of generation.Winter removes orangery fallen leaves, the medicines such as sprinkling lime sulfur mixture, acaricide and malathion Agent.The Natural Enemies of blister mite are crinosity bacterium, and Chang Liuhang has certain control to make in high temperature and rainy season, to the wildness of blister mite With.Crinosity mushroom is poor to the resistance of every square meter melon skin such as Bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur and zineb, more in summer, autumn high temperature It is wet, should be few with or without these types of pesticide as far as possible during crinosity bacterium is popular, it can reach the purpose of Sustainable use natural enemy.

(2) reinforce cultivation management: winter combines pruning, wipes out overstocked branch, disease pest leaf roll and the fragmentary winter tip, creates Ventilation and penetrating light environment in garden can reduce overwintering worm sources.The coverings such as leguminous green manure, vegetables plant is planted to adaptation to local conditions in orangery Object.Dry season suitably irrigates and applies fertilizer, and plays the role of mitigating occurrence injury.

(3) reinforce Insect infestation monitoring: in 5~July, especially between late May~mid-June, should check one within every 5 ~ 7 days It is secondary, quantity occurs with the blister mite on hand-held expansion spectroscopy fruit and blade, averagely has worm 2~3, again without day in every visual field It, should be immediately when having occurred the killed fruit of grey in the case where enemy, or when 5% or so blade and fruit have blister mite or in garden Spray prevention and treatment.

(4) chemical prevention: generally controlling method with choosing, i.e., first medication is in the more serious fruit strain of insect pest situation or orchard, when necessary It can comprehensive medication.Requirement is uniformly thoughtful when spray, pays special attention to the back for spraying blade back and fruit.Spraying number can be according to worm Feelings, natural enemy are depending on a situation arises.Generally except Wintering Period spray is primary, to kill outside worm sources, should focus on to do a good job of it late May~September Preventing and controlling, in orangery natural enemy influence it is smaller.

Ten, pruning

1. the principle of pruning

Adaptation to local conditions achievees the purpose that ventilation and penetrating light, three-dimensional result, force-saving synergistic because of tree because kind is trimmed.

2. being suitable for tree-like for nature globular model

High 20cm ~ 40cm is done, the distribution of major branch (3~4) on trunk is in picturesque disorder.30 °~50 ° of major branch branch angle, respectively On major branch configure secondary main branch 2~~ 3.

3. the main period of trimming

Winter pruning: refer to the trimming before being sprouted after fruit picking to spring in coming year bud.To prevent freeze injury from as far as possible old leaf should be stayed to pass the winter more.Generally Around the beginning of spring carry out.

Summer pruning: refer to that the spring tip sprouts to autumn growth the trimming for the phase that stops growing.

4. trimming main points

(1) the treelet phase: based on light pruning.After the selected dry extension branch in center and each major branch, secondary main branch extend branch, moderate is carried out to it To severe cutting back, and adjust with cutting back degree and clip bud direction the balance of growth potential between each major branch.Remaining branch of light pruning, keeps away Exempt from excessive prune off and weight cutting back.Except overstocked branch group is made it is appropriate dredge delete in addition to, the weaker branch one of internal branch and tree crown middle and lower part As be intended to wipe out.

(2) go out fruiting period: continuing selection and cutting back handles skeleton branches at different levels and extends, summer shoot of erasing inspires healthy and strong autumn growth.It is right Too long nutrition branch stays 8~10 timely pinching of leaf, branch group after retraction or cutting back result.Autumn to prosperous tree using girdling, It is completely cured, controls the measure for promoting blossom such as water.

(3) at fruiting period: bounce back fruit-bearing shoot cluster, fallen flowers fruit branch group and declining branch group in time.Wipe out deadwood, sick branch.To compared with Crowded skeleton branch suitably prunes " windowing " off, and light is introduced interior thorax.Summer, autumn growth nutrition branch to current year pumping, pass through cutting back Part of branch adjusts the yield in the coming year, prevents biennial fruiting.Flower amount appropriate flower and fruit thinning when larger.To no leaf branch group, To the processing of largely or entirely branch cutting back on the basis of dredge again.

11, picking and storage

The plucking time of gold tribute shaddock is to pick in solar calendar mid-December, and generally in fine day, with scissors by fruit when picking Son is cut, and clip has to cut flat, and gently adopts and puts down gently, avoids mechanical damage as far as possible.Mouth is eaten after placing 15 to 30 days after picking Sense is more preferably.Gold tribute shaddock is certain it is noted that the following aspects in storage:

1. ventilation warehouse or general housing can all store tribute shaddock.First storehouse is cleaned up before storage, blocks rat hole, and in tribute shaddock It is put in storage 500 times of liquid spray disinfectants of the last week carbendazim or thiophanate methyl.Tribute shaddock storage should a few days ago open wide door and window ventilation, with Anti-bacteria injury influences the storage of tribute shaddock.

2. the tribute shaddock of picking back will be placed on ventilation storehouse and store in advance, general pre- storage 5-7 days such as the rainy day, can be extended to It 10-12 days, is usually dried with pericarp, fruit weightlessness 3-5% is degree.Tribute shaddock available polyethylene bag film single fruit packet after pre- storage Transport and store hiding, can also the storage of naked fruit, storage fruit apparatus can use Wooden Crate, bamboo basket or rattan basket etc..

3. when the storage storage of tribute shaddock, storage method can be selected according to holding conditions and storehouse size, mainly there is triangle disposition Pile, frame storage and mound storage etc. on the spot.No matter which kind of mode is used, it all should be there are enough channels and convenient for manager works Space

12, preventing disease and pest drug is recommended in part

1. red Yin second brassin (green shield)

Green shield is a kind of growth hormone, it can control fruit size, increase the smoothness of fruit, and also helpful sapling plays dead return Raw effect.It is commonly used in when planting trees, after meeting with serious plant disease, Pubertal peak, dosage: 1 gram is converted 30 jin of water.

2. azoles ether Carbatene (hundred is safe)

It is mainly used for disease prevention, can be used together, use 3-4 times with green shield within 1 year.

3. AVM hereinafter Envidor

The mite class pest and disease damages such as main prevention and treatment red spider, blister mite.

4. cypermethrin

It is mainly used for preventing and treating bass worm, coccid.

5. biphenyl clothianidin (gold is balanced)

Mainly prevent and treat all kinds of aphids, green worm.

6. glufosinate-ammonium

Herbicide, toxicity is low, and side effect is less.

Claims

1. a kind of implantation methods of gold tribute shaddock, it is characterised in that include the following steps:

(1) garden addressing: garden selects 600 meters of height above sea level or less, 25 ° of the gradient mountainous region, hills, pollution-free hillside fields or ground below The lower lower level land of water level, garden have abundant water resources, and Summer Drought can be no less than 30 tons per acre with water source；

(2) water conservancy construction: pumping equipment mainly includes blocking gully, tidal channel, terrace land back ditch and settling pit；Mountainous region or hilly orchard There is biggish collection rain face in top, excavates block ditch for outside water guidance orchard above, tidal channel is with self-assembling formation or existing Tidal channel regulation based on, not firm enough place is reinforced；

(3) site preparation: the 15 degree of gentle slopes below in level land and the gradient do not need out ladder can direct ridging, the gradient is necessary at 15 degree or more Ladder is opened, every breadth of the lift degree 2m to 2.5m after earth's surface weeds are turned over, does not need to burn, and can give free rein to rot, and when site preparation cannot destroy Topsoil；

(4) it is colonized: surveying good field planting point according to plantation spacing specification and loosen the soil and dig pit, will be put after the root system of nursery stock and branches and leaves moderate pruning Enter hole center, unfold root system, righting gently mentions seedling, having peace of mind when banketing upwards, touches root system and soil, then mound, does Support is watered with root water and every other day pours a water later, continues a week；

(5) weeds management: Seedling Stage passes through artificial or weeding by machine as far as possible, or the anti-grass of overlay film before weeds grow, sapling are long Herbicide can be used in right amount after big；

(6) fertilizing management: gold tribute shaddock is in the treelet phase, using a small amount of principles applied more, annual top dressing 6 ~ 8 times, and seedling of newly planting trees, the Single-dose application is applied fertilizer use potassium sulfate compound fertilizer for the first time when leaf discoloration starts to send out branch, 125g/ plants of dosage, Ditch spread, earth backing；Following second month applies urea, 125g/ plants of dosage, applies fertilizer before raining；First half of the year compound fertilizer and urea Alternating is applied 4 times or so, and the second half year starts after sending out autumn growth, is continuously applied compound fertilizer twice or urea, after entering the winter, is applied a winter top dressing, Winter top dressing mainly mainly based on organic fertilizer or it is decomposed after animal wastes, after gold tribute shaddock fruiting, in annual lunar calendar June Ten days to lunar calendar mid-July applies a cake-shaped rape seed dregs or Chinese wood oil residule；

(7) drought control and drought resistance: carrying out covered ground at 10 centimetres away from trunk to 30 centimeters of drip, and the material of covering is rice Grass, green manure, weeds, rice husk and other crop stems etc., it is 10 ~ 20 centimetres thick, a thin layer of fine earth is topmost covered again；Mountainous region fruit Garden will repair small hilly pond and reservoir, build a small low bank of earth between fields at a certain distance in terraced fields back ditch, formed " ring ditch ", can when rainwater is more Retention part water invades in soil when arid；It selects the high hydroscopic resins substance such as perlite or bentonite to mix with soil, applies Enter in the tree disk ditch near tree crown drip, it is 20 ~ 30 centimetres deep；3 ~ 4 depths, wide by each 30 ~ 50 are dug on tree crown surrounding drip Centimetre or so cave, insert straw or weeds and add appropriate farmyard manure, above earthing, in order to water storage and infiltration；

It needs to irrigate within autumn general continuous high temperature arid 15 days or more, autumn and winter arid can continue 20 days or more and start to irrigate again；

(8) drainage waterlogging prevention: in orchard, surrounding opens deep, wide each 1 meter or so main drainage ditch, by landform and water flow trend slightly in certain Height difference according to circumstances can open a gutter every 2 ~ 4 rows in garden and communicate with main drainage ditch and furrow ditch, waist ditch and enclose ditch, three ditches Mating, the depth of ditch should be lower than the main distribution layer of root system, and 1 meter or so, in the ranks gutter is convenient for preferably in provided underground tile Orchard management, hilly and mountainous land orchard can utilize the back ditch water discharge of terraced fields, in the low-lying land orchard establishment for being easy ponding, carry out zanjon ridging It cultivates, level of ground water does not exceed 1 meter in ditch；

(9) pruning: it is nature globular model that trimming, which is suitable for tree-like, and the treelet phase is based on light pruning；Selected center is dry extend branch and After each major branch, secondary main branch extend branch, moderate is carried out to it to severe cutting back, and each master is adjusted with cutting back degree and clip bud direction The balance of growth potential between branch；Remaining branch of light pruning avoids excessive prune off and weight cutting back；It is deleted except appropriate dredge is made to overstocked branch group Outside, the weaker branch of internal branch and tree crown middle and lower part will generally be wiped out；

Fruiting period out: continuing selection and cutting back handles skeleton branches at different levels and extends, and summer shoot of erasing inspires healthy and strong autumn growth；To too long Nutrition branch stays 8~10 timely pinching of leaf, branch group after retraction or cutting back result, autumn to prosperous tree using girdling, be completely cured, control The measure for promoting blossom such as water；

At fruiting period: bounce back fruit-bearing shoot cluster, fallen flowers fruit branch group and declining branch group in time；Wipe out deadwood, sick branch；To more crowded bone Dry branch suitably prunes " windowing " off, and light is introduced interior thorax；Summer, autumn growth nutrition branch to current year pumping pass through cutting back part Branch adjusts the yield in the coming year, prevents biennial fruiting；Flower amount appropriate flower and fruit thinning when larger；To no leaf branch group, base is being dredged again To the processing of largely or entirely branch cutting back on plinth；

(10) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: the disease being specifically subject to according to tribute shaddock and insect pest carry out specific aim prevention and treatment；

(11) picking storage: plucking time is solar calendar mid-December, is selected in fine day picking, and when picking is cut fruit with scissors Under, clip has to cut flat, and gently adopts and puts down gently, avoids mechanical damage as far as possible, stores again 15 to 30 days after picking.

2. implantation methods according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the garden in the step (1), garden soil are answered Reach the following conditions: soil pH 5.5 ~ 6.5, the content of organic matter 2 ~ 3%, draining is good, and the curing layer of soil is greater than 40 centimetres, ground Matter total porosity is 50 ~ 60%, bulk density 0.9 ~ 1.1, water-stable aggregate 50 ~ 80%, the content of organic matter 1.5 ~ 2.5%, full nitrogen 0.1 ~ 0.15%, and available nutrient balance (it is more than 150 mg/kg of hydrolyzable nitrogen, it is more than 20 mg/kg of rapid available phosphorus, available potassium 60 ~100 mg/kgs) and degree of base saturation 45~60%.

3. implantation methods according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the main drain of Flat Ground Orchard in the step (2) With citrus row to vertical, every 50 meters or so one, depth is not less than 1 meter, and general gutter and plant row are to parallel；Drainage of soil Performance is good, every 2~4 row tree, one bar ditch, every one bar ditch of row tree (Root growth) of drainage of soil performance difference, ditch depth 0.8~1 Rice；The main drain of slope garden be mostly along slope and under, but to be horizontally orientated to using 5~10 meters every a distance, and It is horizontally orientated to build settling pit or reservoir, back ditch is arranged in terrace land under terraced wall, and short back ditch sets settling pit near water outlet, long Back ditch sets a settling pit or small reservoir every 20~40 meters.

4. implantation methods according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: cultivation of the gold tribute shaddock in hillside fields in the step (4) Plant spacing is 2m*2m, and one mu is planted 150 plants, and it is 2m*3m that spacing is transplanted on level land, and one mu is planted 120 plants.

5. implantation methods according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: mound is no more than graft union in the step (4), transfers Interface is higher by 7 centimeters of highest soil face, and field planting puts part phosphate fertilizer and organic fertilizer as base fertilizer in hole, does around sapling after plantation straight The tree disk of diameter 1m or so.

6. implantation methods according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the principle of fertilizing management in the step (6) are as follows: hang Before fruit fertilizer is based on compound fertilizer and urea, when soil depletion, can improve soil by application of organic fertilizers in winter；Sapling starts After fruiting, Chinese wood oil residule or cake-shaped rape seed dregs or other organic fertilizers are added, temperature does not have to fertilising at 12 degrees Celsius or less.

7. implantation methods according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the control method in the step (10) are as follows:

(2) resin disease: early spring wipes out disease branch, deadwood and concentration and burns, clip coating protectant；And shelter-forest is built, it carries out anti- Freeze, take precautions against drought and prevent waterlogging work, keeps the stronger premunition of tree body；

Efficient, low toxicity, low-residual and the chemical pesticide small to natural enemy lethality, index for control general spring is selected to rest in 3~4 Head/leaf, 5~7/leaf of summer and autumn；0.8~1 Baume degrees lime sulfur or 8~10 times of resin soap emulsifiable concentrate can be selected before spring tip rudiment Liquid 20% goes out and 50~80 times of liquid of a red-spotted lizard wettable powder or 20% melts and kill 80~120 times of liquid of a red-spotted lizard mite wettable powder or 95% machine oil 80~120 times of liquid of 60~100 times of liquid of emulsion or 99.1% D C Tron missible oil；

Adult eclosion phase and low instar larvae phase are proper control times, and prevention and treatment adult can carry out in the dusk；Larva is prevented and treated, preferably at the fine day noon Medication afterwards can spray 2500 times of liquid of 10% permethrin, 2000~3000 times of liquid or 2.5% decis or 25% dimehypo 1500 times of liquid of 500 times of liquid of aqua or 25% liang of denapon wettable powder, 500~1000 times of liquid or 5% imidacloprid missible oil；Every 7~ It sprays within 10 days 1 time, continuously sprays 3~4 times；

(6) blister mite: reinforce orchard management, orchard can interplanting green manure perhaps Ageratum conyzoides to improve orchard humidity or increase it Natural enemy quantity covers weeds in the case where tree can be used in the midsummer of high temperature and drought or suitably pours water, to improve orchard humidity, to rust mite Apparent control action occurs, winter removes orangery fallen leaves, the medicines such as sprinkling lime sulfur mixture, acaricide and malathion The Natural Enemies of agent, blister mite are crinosity bacterium, and crinosity mushroom is to every square meter melon skin such as Bordeaux mixture, lime sulfur and zineb Resistance is poor,, should be few with or without these types of pesticide as far as possible during crinosity bacterium is popular in summer, autumn high temperature and humidity, can reach guarantor Shield utilizes the purpose of natural enemy；

8. implantation methods according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the method packet stored in the step (11) are as follows: storage First storehouse is cleaned up before hiding, blocks rat hole, and be put in storage the 500 times of liquid sprays of the last week carbendazim or thiophanate methyl in tribute shaddock Disinfection is spilt, tribute shaddock storage should a few days ago open wide door and window ventilation, and injuring with anti-bacteria influences the storage of tribute shaddock；The tribute shaddock of picking back is wanted It is placed on ventilation storehouse to store in advance, general pre- storage 5 ~ 7 days such as the rainy day, can extend to 10 ~ 12 days, usually dry with pericarp, fruit loses 3 ~ 5% are weighed as degree, the tribute shaddock after pre- storage is stored with polythene film bag individual packing, can also naked fruit storage, storage fruit apparatus is available Wooden Crate, bamboo basket or rattan basket etc..