CN104813886A - Production technology of pollution-free peaches - Google Patents
Production technology of pollution-free peaches Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a production technology of pollution-free peaches, and the technology comprises the following steps: 1, the breeding of high-quality seedlings of peaches: (1) the selection of a nursery field; (2) the breeding of stock seedlings; (3) the grafting of the seedlings; (4) the management of the grafted seedlings; (5) the outplanting and lifting of seedlings; 2, the building of a pollution-free peach orchard: (1) the selection of an orchard; (2) the planning and design of the orchard; (3) the soil improvement before field planting; (4) the selection and configuration of varieties; (5) the field planting and management of the seedlings; 3, the management of soil, fertilizer, and water: (1) the deep and clear tillage of soil; (2) fertilization; 4, trimming; 5, the management of flower and fruit: (1) the protection of flower and fruit; (2) the thinning of flower and fruit; (3) fruit bagging; 6, pest control; 7, the harvesting of peach fruits; and 8, the classification, package, storage and transportation of peach fruits. Peaches, which are produced through the technology and green, are safe, are high in quality, are abundant in nutrition, and completely meet the national hygienic standard for pollution-free fruits.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to Green fruit production field, particularly relate to a kind of nuisanceless peach production technology.
Background technology
Safety tea garden is with the improved seeds of applicable locality plantation, plant among all free of contamination ecotope of soil, farmland irrigating water, farmland atmosphere, and implement orchard management, postharvest treatment and the nuisanceless operation of processing overall process, produce safety, high-quality, nutritious, meet the fruit of national safety tea garden sanitary standard.
The production of safety tea garden has its strict standard and program, it mainly comprises environmental quality standards, production technical standard and product quality inspection standard, must examine or check through national departments concerned, detect and evaluate, all meet above standard can be called safety tea garden.
The developing history of agricultural experienced by primitive farming, traditional farming and modern agriculture three developing stage.Primitive farming is simply extensive, and do not have what pollutant to drop into, output is very low.The early stage of traditional farming pollutes lighter, fertilizer is fertilizer mainly, agricultural chemicals is then based on plant resource and mineral sources agricultural chemicals, in the intermediary and later stages of traditional farming and modern agricultural production process, use the agricultural chemicals such as chemical fertilizer, agricultural chemicals, growth regulator in a large number, add the develop rapidly of industrial and mineral, communication, the discharge of " three wastes ", the pollution of agroecological environment is increased the weight of day by day, and natural ecosystems are destroyed, and Land Sustainable growing ability declines.Along with migration and the deposition of pollutant, the agricultural product of production are also subject to pollution in various degree, have started to jeopardize the healthy and safe of mankind itself.In order to enable agricultural production sustainable development, within 1972, the United Nations has held " people and environment " conference, can go up and propose " ecological agriculture " concept first.Subsequently, the ecological agriculture is risen in many countries, advocates the thought establishing " food security " in the links such as raw-food material production, processing.Belong to this kind of agricultural, Britain is organic farming (food), and the ecological agriculture (food) is by Finland, Sweden etc., and natural agriculture (food) is in Japan, China is pollution-less agriculture (food) or is pollution-free food, and these are all the novel agriculturals being engaged in safety, high-quality, nutraceutical production.In June, 1992, the United Nations held " world environments and development conference ".There are 183 countries to participate in, wherein have 102 heads of state and Head of Government to attend meeting.Meeting have passed Global Sustainable Development strategic framework file Olympic Movement's Agenda 21, and its core is exactly emphasize the sustainability of environment and development.
In recent years, some developed countries, as the U.S., Sweden, Holland, Canada etc., all after summarizing modern agriculture and using some drawbacks of agriculture chemical in a large number, change the simple policy relying on chemical pesticide in plant protection work.The production of China's environmental pollution and pollution-free food is very paid attention to, and points out: " actively will promote biological control " in the decision of " Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is about strengthening agricultural development some problem " that 11 Fourth Plenary Session Of the Party Central Committee of party in 1979 are passed through.Point out in nineteen ninety " State Council is about the decision of further strengthen environmental protection work ": " agricultural sector must strengthen the protect and manage to agricultural environment, controls agricultural chemicals, chemical fertilizer, plastic sheeting for farm use to the pollution of environment, promotes integrated pest prevention and control ".Within 1993, in " State Council is about the decision of development an agriculture featuring high yields, fine quality and high efficiency ", particularly point out the production will strengthening " pollution-free food ".
Under the strategic directing of Global Sustainable Development, agricultural production must walk the road of sustainable development.Sustainable agriculture mainly comprises the contents such as low energy expenditure (comprising agricultural chemicals, chemical fertilizer etc.), protection of the environment and agricultural product sustainable growth, and its product requirement is pollution-free.According to data introduction, existing more than 80 countries and regions research and produce pollution-free, high nutrition, product organic food (namely China AA level pollution-free food, can not use chemical pesticide and chemical fertilizer) of fine quality in the world at present.The developed countries such as European Union, the U.S., Japan and Korea S, organic farming is produced area and has been developed into more than 2% of the gross area, and individual countries has exceeded 10%.Such as U.S.'s statistics in 1994, the farm that the whole nation produces organic food just reaches about 20,000, and only just there is more than 300 organic food farm in Washington.U.S.'s organic food sales volume improves year by year, and the total sales volume of 1996 just reaches 4,000,000,000 dollars, adds 5 times, and sold by the mode of monopolized store than nineteen ninety.Some countries of European Union also take much count of the production of organic food, and within 1996, organic food farm reaches 5.5 ten thousand, and the cultivated area of organic farm products has reached 1,300,000 hectares, year increasing degree reach about 25%.The price of organic food is compared with general food, and general high 20%-30%, what have is high by more than 50%.The development of international trade of organic food is rapid, and within 2000, reached 3,000 hundred million dollars, annual growth rate is especially up to 26%.Expecting European Countries market for Organic Foods import shares in 2007 and will reach 20%, is 10 times in 1998.
The history of China's pollution-free food research and production is shorter.The Ministry of Agriculture organizes and implements Green Foodstuff Project only more than 10 year time so far, but development speed is very fast.According to statistics in 1997, the whole nation obtained the usufructuary product of green food logo and reaches 890, and gross yield reaches 6,300,000 tons, and environmental monitoring exploitation area reaches 2,140,000 hectares.Have 104 products to obtain pollution-free food certificate in national fruit types in 1996, output reaches 49.6 ten thousand tons, and cultivated area reaches 4.92 ten thousand hectares.The fruit every kilogram cost ratio surrounding area that safety tea garden base produces is high about 1 yuan, and what have squeezes into the international market, obtains good economic benefit and social benefit.
Current people more and more pay attention to food security quality.The demand of pollution-free food increases year by year, and many countries are to the output of the demand of this based food well beyond this country, and the import volume of Britain, Germany reaches 80% and 98% respectively.2000, China's organic food export amount was about 2,000 ten thousand yuan, but less than the one thousandth of developed country's demand.The prospect developing pollution-free food is as can be seen here very wide.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem that the present invention mainly solves is to provide a kind of nuisanceless peach production technology, the peach safety produced, high-quality, nutritious, meets the green fruit of national safety tea garden sanitary standard completely.
For solving the problems of the technologies described above, the technical scheme that the present invention adopts is: provide a kind of nuisanceless peach production technology, comprise the following steps:
(1) the breeding of peach high quality seedling
1. the selection of nursery lot: select in subterranean water level lower, draining is good, and illumination is sufficient, and soil is deep, fertile and have the place of irrigation conditions;
2. the cultivation of rootstock seedling: select kind pure, type is consistent, enrich full, the blodynamic seed that tool is vigorous, autumn sowing is carried out before freezing in November or soil, seed is hidden without sand, soak and directly sow for 2 ~ 3 days, or seed is hidden through sand, the beginning of spring, temperature went up, soil sows in spring after thawing, the degree of depth of planting seed is 3 ~ 4 times of seed size, thickness of sowing is line-spacing 40 ~ 50 centimetres, spacing in the rows 8 ~ 12 cm, every mu of sowing quantity 40 ~ 50 kilograms, every mu of nursery 11800 ~ 12200 strain, timely loosening soil, weeding after coming up, make loosing soil, reduce evaporation from land surface, after 3 ~ 4 weeks, impose nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer, and combination is watered, want draining irrigation and the extermination of disease and insect pest simultaneously,
3. the grafting of nursery stock: bud grafting is carried out in ready scion, choose substantial band leaf bud as buddering, centered by buddering, upper and lower horizontal partial application, and along scion direction, standardized cutter is erected for subsequent use in the face, left and right of bud, apart from 10 ~ 15 centimetres, ground eminence on peach anvil, select more smooth position with getting the method strip off interface of buddering same, good for scribing buddering firmly one is pushed away, square bud is peeled, and is attached on the otch of stock rapidly, frap around stock with the upper and lower that plastic film strip is being buddered immediately;
4. the management of grafting: the management of budling, bud grafting can check whether after 10 days and survive, namely fresh petiole one of buddering touches and do not fall person for survive, and connects should mending in time of not surviving, the nursery stock then of grafting, after bud grafting completes, above 7 ~ 8 centimeters of certainly buddering cut anvil, will remove the sprout tillers on stock after cutting anvil in time, make the growth that nutrient centralizedly supply is buddered, when budling grows, diligent loosening soil, weeding, drought resisting fertilizing, be beneficial to growth of seedling; The management of scion grafting seedling, after scion is germinateed, an orientation of selecting and remain just, the young sprout of robust growth, all the other rudiments erased, the management of scion grafting seedling is identical with budling;
5. outplanting and lifting: with robust growth, has more than 3 key roots, and is evenly distributed, and long more than 20 centimetres of root, has more side root and fibrous root to be qualified nursery stock; The rugosity of nursery stock base portion distance interface is more than 0.6 centimetre; Seedling height more than 40 centimetres, and has more than 6 full buds, and interface heals with the clip cutting anvil, and kind is pure, without root nodule, root rot; Lifting is got final product after nursery stock fallen leaves;
(2) foundation in nuisanceless peach garden
1. the selection in field: orchard is selected in away from city, industrial and mining enterprises, station, harbour and traffic main artery, air, soil and irrigation water all can not have pollution, national standard is met through detection, soil layer is deep fertile, subterranean water level is lower, draining is good, and illumination is sufficient, can avoid the place that windburn is attacked;
2. the planning and designing in orchard: peach garden each several part takes up an area ratio and is: peach accounts for more than 90%, road about 2 ~ 4%, irrigation and drainage system 1.5%, shelter forest 4% ~ 6%, and other are 0.4% ~ 0.6% years old;
3. the soil melioration before field planting: first level land, then ploughs deeply comprehensively, green manure or legume in kind, increases the soil organic matter, and improvement deep soil structure and physicochemical property promote the activity of microorganism, for peach root growth creates favourable soil condition;
4. the selection of kind and configuration;
5. the field planting of nursery stock and management: nursery stock prepares, selected planting generation, peach planting density is determined according to geographical conditions, the field planting previous moon has first dug planting pit or field planting ditch, furrow trench digging is drawn by line-spacing, planting pit and field planting ditch is dug again at furrow face center line, the diameter of planting pit and field planting ditch is not less than 1 meter, dark 60 ~ 80 centimetres, organic matter is inserted at bottom, then to mix with the soil dug with fertilizer and backfill, 50 ~ 100 kilograms of fertilizers in every cave separately add superphosphate 2 kilograms, fill out while having peace of mind during loam backfill, pile the field planting pier higher than 30 ~ 40 centimetres of steamed bun shapes in furrow face, field planting point has dug planting pit, apply mixing fertile, and fully mix and stir with soil, lid layer fine earth in cave, then nursery stock is vertically put into cave, root system does not directly contact with fertilizer, root system is put to good use naturally, insert with fine earth, fill out while having peace of mind, irrigate normal root water, grave mound preserves soil moisture, nursery stock collar sinks in fact slightly above ground level in mound, can not be buried in the earth, will keep ground moistening after seedling planting, become a fine day arid, irrigation of watering in time, and cover grass or film at rhizosphere, find that dead seedling is reseeded immediately, after treelet seedling-slowing stage, thin fertile duty is executed, and promotes little tree robust growth,
(3) soil, fertile, water management
1. soil deep tillage is ploughed with clear: plough deeply and expand cave, after peach field planting, year by year in planting pit surrounding to extending out cave, dig 40 ~ 50 centimetres of dark annular ditch, in ditch, combine the farmyard manure that the fertilizer applying and became thoroughly decomposed or retting are crossed, in the place that grit is more, take out husky soil removal and replacement, the soil dug out when ploughing deeply wants layering to stack, and first will show soil and mix with fertilizer during backfill, be filled to Root Distribution layer, subsoil is placed on upper strata; Full garden is ploughed deeply, by beyond planting hole soil combine fertilising disposable plough deeply complete; Once, dark 5 ~ 10 centimetres, stone phase and fruit expanding period are ploughed shallowly, and dark 4 ~ 6 centimetres, plum rain season is only hoed up weeds and do not loosened the soil, and after gathering, full garden is carried out intertillage and loosened the soil in intertillage in early spring;
2. apply fertilizer: the fertilizer that nuisanceless peach produces, based on organic manure, auxiliaryly uses microorganism fertilizer, according to the situation of soil fertility and fruit tree to the demand of nutrient and kind, all ages and classes period, different tree vigo(u)r and result quantities Reasonable adjustment fertilizing amount;
(4) prune: adopt different pruning techniques according to the different age of tree, growth stage division and environmental condition and culture technique;
(5) flower and fruit management
1. flower and fruit protecting: to the kind without pollen and cross pollination, configures a certain proportion of pollinated variety, or carries out artificial supplementary pollination;
2. flower and fruit thinning: the kind high to percentage of fertile fruit carries out flower thinning at bud stage, preparation branch, master, side shoot head do not stay bud; Fruit thinning divides secondary to carry out, first time fruit thinning after spending 3 weeks start, second time fruit thinning carry out before bagging in mid-May stone phase, percentage of fertile fruit strong kind elder generation fruit thinning, the slow fruit thinning of the kind that physiological fallen fruit is heavy and 10 ~ 15% safety factor; Remove sallow fruit, fruitlet, sick wormed fruit, malformed fruit raw fruit during fruit thinning, towards sky fruit with without leaf fruit, retain the uniform good fruit of branch middle and upper part growth, the order of fruit thinning is first up and then down, is undertaken from inside to outside by branch, and determines to stay fruit amount;
3. fruit bagging;
(6) extermination of disease and insect pest;
(7) the gathering of Peach fruits;
(8) peach classification really, packaging, storage and transport.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (1) 1. nursery lot selection in, described soil is sandy loam or loam, and the acid-base value of soil is neutral or subacidity.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (1) 4. grafting management in, anvil is cut at high temperature and drought weather, in order to improve survival rate, carry out twice top clipping, meet weather arid nursery lot before top clipping and carry out irrigating once, the anvil tip is cut off large portion by the upper joint place that first time, top clipping was buddered, reserve part blade, impelling budders sprouts rapidly; After second time is sprouted when buddering, above buddering, 1 centimeters cuts anvil, and clip slightly tilts to opposite of buddering, and is beneficial to healing.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (2) 1. field selection in, build garden at non-second crop soil; Or again build garden to peach garden, soil transformed, remove veteran undesirable root, and carry out soil moved in improve the original, the hole or to disinfecting soil of drying in the air, utilize Resistant stock, strengthen new rich water quality management of planting peach.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (2) 5. in the field planting of nursery stock and management, described organic matter is straw or stalk, and fertilizer is barnyard manure or farmyard manure, the fertile fertilizer 2 kilograms for becoming thoroughly decomposed of mixing, 0.5 kilogram, cake fertilizer, composite fertilizer 0.5 kilogram.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (5) 1. in flower and fruit protecting, artificial pollination is selected just open, chapiter has the flower of mucus, artificial pollination is carried out in two steps: pollen collection: in conjunction with flower thinning, gathers polliniferous flower, 50 grams, every kilogram of peelable flower pesticide of fresh flower, pollen 16 grams can be dried, peel stamen, then be placed in carton, to heat baking with electric light, temperature controls at about 20 ~ 30 DEG C, and anther dehiscence sheds after pollen, puts into dry container and keeps in Dark Place; Pollination: award with writing brush or rubber tip pencil point, long fruit branch point 4 ~ 5 flowers, medium fruit branch point 2 ~ 3, fruit spur point 1 ~ 2.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in step (5) 2. in flower and fruit thinning, stay fruit amount: the large-scale fruit of long fruit branch stays 1 ~ 2, and medium-sized fruit stays 2 ~ 3, and small-sized fruit stays 3 ~ 4; The large-scale fruit of medium fruit branch stays 1, and medium-sized fruit stays 1 ~ 2, and small-sized fruit stays 2 ~ 3; Fruit spur stays 1 fruit or 2 ~ 3 fruit spurs to stay 1 fruit, and bouquet shape fruit branch and preparation branch all do not stay fruit.
The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: the peach safety that the present invention produces, high-quality, nutritious, meet the green fruit of national safety tea garden sanitary standard completely.
Embodiment
Be clearly and completely described to the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention below, obviously, described embodiment is only a part of embodiment of the present invention, instead of whole embodiments.Based on the embodiment in the present invention, those of ordinary skill in the art, not making other embodiments all obtained under creative work prerequisite, belong to the scope of protection of the invention.
The embodiment of the present invention comprises:
A kind of nuisanceless peach production technology, comprises the following steps:
1, the breeding of peach high quality seedling
(1) selection of nursery lot
Nursery lot should be selected in subterranean water level lower, draining is good, and illumination is sufficient, and soil is deep, fertile and have the place of irrigation conditions, soil is sandy loam or loam, the acid-base value of soil is neutral or subacidity, and front stubble is old peach garden or the field of educating peach seedling, does not do nursery lot, noxious material can be produced because peach remains root system decomposition of rotting, not only seriously suppress the normal growth of nursery stock, also make nursery stock easy infection root knot, root rot disease, even cause nursery stock dead;
(2) cultivation of rootstock seedling
1. the collection of stock seed and preservation
Cultivate that rootstock seedling selects that kind is pure, type is consistent, enrich full, the blodynamic seed that tool is vigorous, be ensure seed quality, selection traits is excellent, the tree of robust growth as seed tree, gather grow normal, fully ripe, without the fruit of damage by disease and insect; After fruit harvesting, pile 40-50 centimetre high, through spontaneous fermentation in 10-15 days, cleaned by kind of core after pulp rots and dry, wait until sowing, autumn sowing seed did not need sand to hide, and completes afterripening in nursery; Then 100 ~ 120 days will be hidden by sand prior to seeding, after cleaned seed is soaked 2 ~ 3 days before hiding by sand in water, with the rear mound storage of river sand mixing being equivalent to grain weight 4 ~ 5 times with the wild peach seed of sowing in spring, pile high 45 ~ 55 centimetres, husky humidity is that hand is pinched agglomerating, looses one's grip and namely falls apart, and it is 2-7 DEG C that sand hides temperature;
2. seedtime
Before freezing in November or soil, carry out autumn sowing, seed is hidden without sand, soak and directly sow for 2 ~ 3 days, or seed is hidden through sand, and the beginning of spring, temperature went up, and sowed in spring after soil thaws; Wuxi Area generally adopts autumn sowing, facts have proved, autumn sowing is better than spring sowing, and early sowing is better than late sowing, and the wild peach seeding ratio of autumn sowing is high;
3. seeding technique
The degree of depth of planting seed is 3 ~ 4 times of seed size, and thickness of sowing is line-spacing 40 ~ 50 centimetres, spacing in the rows 8 ~ 12 cm, every mu of sowing quantity 40 ~ 50 kilograms, every mu of nursery 11800 ~ 12200 strain;
4. the management of seedling
After coming up, timely loosening soil, weeding, makes loosing soil, reduces evaporation from land surface, after 3 ~ 4 weeks, impose nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer, and combination is watered, want draining irrigation and the extermination of disease and insect pest simultaneously, with short nursery stock robust growth, ensure that the later stage reaches grafting rugosity, diameter is 0.5cm ~ 0.7cm, the grafting part of peach seedling, apart from ground 15 ~ 20 centimeters, during seedling growth, will remove the branch of grafting part in time, make trunk base portion smooth, be convenient to grafting;
(3) grafting of nursery stock
1. the preparation before grafting
The preparation of grafting tool and material
Whip material: generally use plastic film tape, it is drawn materials easily, and cost is low, whip rear port and become closed state, wound does not affect by dry wetting, and easily survives;
Grafting knife: conventional has square bud grafting double-pole, ordinary bud grafting cutter and grafting knife, square bud grafting double-pole can utilize steel scrap saw blade to make by oneself, method is that steel scrap saw blade is broken into 5 centimeter length, serrated face is worn into the edge of a knife, two cuttves of formed objects are tied up long 10 centimetres, and wide, thick is respectively on the wooden handle of 1.5 centimetres;
2. the preparation of scion
After determining to want the kind of grafting, in order to ensure the pure of kind, scion should be gathered, as without breeding maternal plant garden from breeding maternal plant garden, also should excellent from kind, high yield struture good, elite stand that is disease-free, robust growth is taked, can when fruit harvesting with paint put signs on trunk; The scion of summer, autumn grafting preferably with adopt with, in order to avoid reduce survival rate, should cut off blade immediately during clip scion, only stay the petiole of 0.5 centimetre, prevent moisture from evaporating, exhaustless scion on the same day should be tied up and be erected in refrigerant clean water; Gather when the scion of spring grafting can be pruned in the winter time, scion is broken into bundle by kind, and fastens description and quantity label, be embedded in the wet sand in cellar or ditch, moisturizing, insulation and antifreeze will be noted in storage; Gather scion from other places, available blister-pack, inside fills out material which can retain moisture, to transport; Moisturizing antifreeze work should be carried out when winter transports, high temperature-proof anti-dehydration should be noted summer, after transporting back, bag should be opened immediately, scion be erected in clear water;
3. the preparation of stock
Between grafting time 7, August sends out the phase on the occasion of the Sheng of slug moth, leafhopper, carry out chemical control, in order to grafting, without interruption; In first three sky of grafting, if soil drought, irrigate once, to strengthen the cambial activity of stock, make the easy strip off of cortex;
4. grafting method
In 7-9 month, bud grafting is carried out in ready scion, choose substantial band leaf bud as buddering, centered by buddering, upper and lower horizontal partial application, and along scion direction, erecting standardized cutter in the face, left and right of bud for subsequent use, apart from 10 ~ 15 centimetres, ground eminence on peach anvil, selecting more smooth position with getting the method strip off interface of buddering same, good for scribing buddering firmly one is pushed away, square bud is peeled, and is attached on the otch of stock rapidly, frap around stock with the upper and lower that plastic film strip is being buddered immediately;
(4) management of grafting
1. the management of budling
Bud grafting can check whether after 10 days and survive, namely fresh petiole one of buddering touches and do not fall person for survive, and connect should mending in time of not surviving, the nursery stock then of grafting, after bud grafting completes, above 7 ~ 8 centimeters of certainly buddering cut anvil; Cutting anvil at high temperature and drought weather, in order to improve survival rate, carrying out twice top clipping, meet weather arid nursery lot before top clipping and carry out irrigating once, the anvil tip is cut off large portion, reserve part blade by the upper joint place that first time, top clipping was buddered, and impelling budders sprouts rapidly; After second time is sprouted when buddering, above buddering, 1 centimeters cuts anvil, and clip slightly tilts to opposite of buddering, and is beneficial to healing; The sprout tillers on stock to be removed after cutting anvil in time, make the growth that nutrient centralizedly supply is buddered, when budling grows, diligent loosening soil, weeding, drought resisting fertilizing, be beneficial to growth of seedling;
2. the management of scion grafting seedling
After scion is germinateed, an orientation of selecting and remain just, the young sprout of robust growth, all the other rudiments erased, the management of scion grafting seedling is identical with budling;
(5) outplanting and lifting
1. outplanting specification
With robust growth, have more than 3 key roots, and be evenly distributed, long more than 20 centimetres of root, has more side root and fibrous root to be qualified nursery stock; The rugosity of nursery stock base portion distance interface is more than 0.6 centimetre; Seedling height more than 40 centimetres, and has more than 6 full buds, and interface heals with the clip cutting anvil, and kind is pure, without root nodule, root rot;
2. lifting
Get final product lifting after nursery stock fallen leaves, if soil drought, lifting again after fully watering, in order to avoid damage too much root system during lifting, point kind after lifting, to list by class count; Also can at lifting in spring, lifting can reduce and heeled in operation spring; During lifting in winter, storage should be heeled in the nursery stock wouldn't sold, plant; First dig and heel in ditch, ditch depth 40 centimetres, wide 50 centimetres, length is then depending on nursery stock quantity, and by nursery stock point kind, come in ditch by rank is loose, head is to the south, and root is exposed to the north, and then with wet soil, wet sand, root is buried reality.
2, the foundation in nuisanceless peach garden
(1) selection in field
Orchard is selected in away from city, industrial and mining enterprises, station, harbour and traffic main artery, and air, soil and irrigation water all can not have pollution, meets national standard through detecting, soil layer is deep fertile, and subterranean water level is lower, and draining is good, illumination is sufficient, can avoid the place that windburn is attacked;
Non-second crop soil builds garden; Again build garden to peach garden, soil transformed, remove veteran undesirable root, and carry out soil moved in improve the original, the hole or to disinfecting soil of drying in the air, utilize Resistant stock, strengthen new rich water quality management of planting peach;
(2) planning and designing in orchard
Peach garden each several part takes up an area ratio: peach accounts for more than 90%, road about 2 ~ 4%, irrigation and drainage system 1.5%, shelter forest 4% ~ 6%, and other are 0.4% ~ 0.6% years old;
(3) soil melioration before field planting
First level land, then plough deeply comprehensively, green manure or legume in kind, increase the soil organic matter, improvement deep soil structure and physicochemical property, promote the activity of microorganism, for peach root growth creates favourable soil condition;
(4) selection of kind and configuration;
(5) field planting of nursery stock and management
1. nursery stock prepares
Kind should be carried out before planting check, register, list, also should carry out seedling quality inspection and classification, qualified nursery stock should root system intact, healthy and strong, bud is full, without quarantine damage by disease and insect etc., should strictly reject defective, ropy weak seedling, sick seedling, and wipe out root turion, dead arm and deadwood; Through the nursery stock of long-distance transport, unpack leaching root diel, fully plant again after water suction;
2. planting generation: the autumn plants;
3. planting density
Determine peach planting density according to geographical conditions, hillside soil layer is thin, and seeding row spacing is 3 meters × 4 meters; Level land soil layer is thick, and seeding row spacing is (3. 5 ~ 4) rice × (4 ~ 5) rice;
4. cultivation method
The field planting previous moon has first dug planting pit or field planting ditch, furrow trench digging is drawn by line-spacing, planting pit and field planting ditch is dug again at furrow face center line, the diameter of planting pit and field planting ditch is not less than 1 meter, dark 60 ~ 80 centimetres, the organic matter of straw or stalk type is inserted at bottom, then to mix with the soil dug with barnyard manure or farmyard manure fertilizer and backfill, 50 ~ 100 kilograms of fertilizers in every cave separately add superphosphate 2 kilograms, fill out while having peace of mind during loam backfill, pile the field planting pier higher than 30 ~ 40 centimetres of steamed bun shapes in furrow face, field planting point has dug planting pit, apply the fertilizer 2 kilograms become thoroughly decomposed, 0.5 kilogram, cake fertilizer, composite fertilizer 0.5 kilogram, and fully mix and stir with soil, lid layer fine earth in cave, then nursery stock is vertically put into cave, root system does not directly contact with fertilizer, root system is put to good use naturally, insert with fine earth, fill out while having peace of mind, irrigate normal root water, grave mound preserves soil moisture, nursery stock collar sinks in fact slightly above ground level in mound, can not be buried in the earth,
5. the management after planting
Will keep ground moistening after seedling planting, become a fine day arid, irrigation of watering in time, and cover grass or film at rhizosphere, find that dead seedling is reseeded immediately, after treelet seedling-slowing stage, thin fertile duty is executed, and promotes little tree robust growth.
3, soil, fertile, water management
(1) soil deep tillage is ploughed with clear
1. plough deeply and expand cave
After peach field planting, year by year in planting pit surrounding to extending out cave, dig 40 ~ 50 centimetres of dark annular ditch, combine the farmyard manure applying the fertilizer that became thoroughly decomposed or retting and cross in ditch, in the place that grit is more, take out husky soil removal and replacement, the soil dug out when ploughing deeply wants layering to stack, first will show soil during backfill to mix with fertilizer, be filled to Root Distribution layer, subsoil is placed on upper strata; Full garden is ploughed deeply: by beyond planting hole soil combine fertilising disposable plough deeply complete;
2. cultivated clearly
Once, dark 5 ~ 10 centimetres, stone phase and fruit expanding period are ploughed shallowly, and dark 4 ~ 6 centimetres, plum rain season is only hoed up weeds and do not loosened the soil, and after gathering, full garden is carried out intertillage and loosened the soil in intertillage in early spring;
(2) apply fertilizer
The fertilizer that nuisanceless peach produces, based on organic manure, auxiliaryly uses microorganism fertilizer, according to the situation of soil fertility and fruit tree to the demand of nutrient and kind, all ages and classes period, different tree vigo(u)r and result quantities Reasonable adjustment fertilizing amount.
4, prune: adopt different pruning techniques according to the different age of tree, growth stage division and environmental condition and culture technique.
5, flower and fruit management
(1) flower and fruit protecting: to the kind without pollen and cross pollination, configure a certain proportion of pollinated variety, or carry out artificial supplementary pollination, artificial pollination is selected just open, chapiter there is the flower of mucus, artificial pollination is carried out in two steps: pollen collection: in conjunction with flower thinning, gather polliniferous flower, 50 grams, every kilogram of peelable flower pesticide of fresh flower, can dry pollen 16 grams, peel stamen, then be placed in carton, to heat baking with electric light, temperature controls at about 20 ~ 30 DEG C, anther dehiscence sheds after pollen, puts into dry container and keeps in Dark Place; Pollination: award with writing brush or rubber tip pencil point, long fruit branch point 4 ~ 5 flowers, medium fruit branch point 2 ~ 3, fruit spur point 1 ~ 2;
(2) flower and fruit thinning: the kind high to percentage of fertile fruit carries out flower thinning at bud stage, preparation branch, master, side shoot head do not stay bud; Fruit thinning divides secondary to carry out, first time fruit thinning after spending 3 weeks start, second time fruit thinning carry out before bagging in mid-May stone phase, percentage of fertile fruit strong kind elder generation fruit thinning, the slow fruit thinning of the kind that physiological fallen fruit is heavy and 10 ~ 15% safety factor; Remove during fruit thinning sallow fruit, fruitlet, sick wormed fruit, malformed fruit raw fruit, towards sky fruit with without leaf fruit, retain the uniform good fruit of branch middle and upper part growth, the order of fruit thinning is first up and then down, is undertaken from inside to outside by branch, fruit is stayed on tree crown periphery and top more, and interior thorax and bottom stay fruit less; Determine to stay fruit amount: the large-scale fruit of long fruit branch stays 1 ~ 2, and medium-sized fruit stays 2 ~ 3, and small-sized fruit stays 3 ~ 4; The large-scale fruit of medium fruit branch stays 1, and medium-sized fruit stays 1 ~ 2, and small-sized fruit stays 2 ~ 3; Fruit spur stays 1 fruit or 2 ~ 3 fruit spurs to stay 1 fruit, and bouquet shape fruit branch and preparation branch all do not stay fruit;
(3) fruit bagging
1. the period of bagging
Bagging carries out after fruit thinning surely fruit, and the time rests in before fruit evil wormy fruit is mainly eaten in locality and completes, and Jiangsu Province completes bagging at the end of May, and on the front really face of bagging, an even spray high-efficiency low-toxicity sterilization and disinsection medicament treats that bagging immediately done by liquid; Early, the kind of medium variety and not easily shedding, veteran first overlap, and overlaps after the tree that first fruit tree, shedding are many;
2. bagging paper using
When middle-late ripening variety is ripe, sunlight is strong, overlaps yellowish-white bag;
3. bagging method and order
With finger, bag is strutted during bagging, fruit is placed in bag, and makes sack jag place ride on fruit bearing shoot, with thin wire or silk grass, sack is tightened; Should press major branch from top to bottom during bagging, order is carried out from inside to outside;
4. bag is torn
Eating raw with fruit in adopting first 3 ~ 5 days, will tear to promote colouring at the bottom of bag, pole late variety such as chinese birthday peach should unpacking in 20 days before adopting, so that painted.
6, the extermination of disease and insect pest
(1) prevention and controls of aphid
Cultural control: in the ranks and the neighbouring unsuitable crop such as planting vegetable, tobacco, summer removes orchard weed to peach, reduces aphid breeding place, wipes out killed treetop and strikes off trunk and stick up skin, concentrate and burn;
Conservation and utilization natural enemy ladybug, Chrysopa, syrphus fly, parasitic wasp etc., should spray broad-spectrum pesticide or interlacing spray medicine, with Protect natural enemies as far as possible less;
Chemical control: Hua Qian, Hua Houhe spray medicine control autumn, and medicament can be selected: 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 2500 ~ 3000 times liquid, 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate 6000 ~ 8000 times liquid, 20% killing logvalue class missible oil, 3000 times of liquid;
(2) prevention and controls of dichocrocis punctiferalis
Cultural control: extract killed fruit by stages and in groups, picks up clean fallen fruits, and focus on and eliminate larva in fruit, early spring scrapes bark, and the timely bagging of fruit can reduce and avoid harm;
Trapping adult: utilize black light lamp or sweet and sour tank trapping adult;
Chemical control: be about in spawning period and spray 1.8% A Fu quinoline 1200 times the first tenday period of a month in the last ten-days period in May to June, 50% Folithion 1000 times liquid, or spray 25% cyhalothrin missible oil 2000 times of liquid, spray twice altogether;
(3) prevention and controls of pink neck longicorn
Early June adds appropriate clay with 25% sevin wetting powder, 200 times of liquid and is made into mud, the dry and major branch base portion of brushing within the scope of 1.2 meters, ground, poisoning ovum and newly hatched larvae;
There is limb and eaten in the season of growth, inserts trunk borer smoked kill rod (aluminum phosphate) after being removed by worm excrement, and aperture clay is closed, and smoked kill rod creates phosphine gas and depths, tunnel larva can be killed, and can dig comparatively superficial part position larva, draw assassination with iron wire;
Adult is catched and killed when early June the morning 11 ~ 1;
To exclude in time killed tree body in heaven, and burn as early as possible and kill wherein larva;
(4) prevention and controls of white peach scale
Artificial control: after defoliation of fruit trees, the female scale insect of surviving the winter on branch is apparent, and available scrub-brush or bamboo chip brush off the female worm that survives the winter; When the winter cuts, cut the branch that polypide is too much;
Biological control: Chilocorus Kuwanae Silvestri is the Natural Enemies of white peach scale, to control, it has certain effect; After white peach scale nymph is fixing, does not spray chemical pesticide as far as possible, to reduce the injury to natural enemy, play its predation;
Chemical control: the key of chemical control is at each nymph incubation period in generation spray medicine; Before fruit tree germinates, be coated with 5 Baume degrees lime sulfurs and be brushed with worm branch or spraying, or with 5% diesel oil emulsion spraying, all can eliminate the overwintering stage on branch; In the nymph incubation period, select following agents to spray: 25% buprofezin wetting powder 1000 ~ 1500 times liquid, 40.7% Le Siben missible oil 1000 times liquid, decis 2500 times of liquid;
(5) prevention and controls of slug moth (foreign spicy)
In conjunction with winter pruning and Qing Yuan, stave hard cocoon, and turn in conjunction with the winter, pick up worm cocoon in soil; Elimination is survived the winter egg capsule, also will attach equal importance to, thoroughly remove tree windproof in orchard, street tree;
First brood of larvae initial stage of origination to be paid attention to especially, be gathered in blade back, when not yet disperseing, available manual catching and killing;
Larvae occurrence time, sprays 90% chlorophos, 1000 times of liquid, and can in conjunction with other insect of control;
(6) prevention and controls of oriental fruit moth
Reasonable disposition seeds: during orchard establishing, avoid peach, pears, Lee, apricot companion planting as far as possible, cause harm to reduce transfer mutually;
Strike off bark: early spring thoroughly strikes off disease portion bark, focuses on before germinateing, eliminate Overwintering Larvae;
Trapping larva: before the de-fruit of Overwintering Larvae, Sokcho or damaged hemp bag sheet on major branch, trunk, lure collection larva to hide, then take off and focus on;
Pack processing package material: the fruit basket of storage fruit, fruit case and packing material, with after focus on, eliminate wherein larva;
Wipe out the worm tip: between early spring 5, June, when pushing up the tip 1 ~ 2 blade and being wilting, wipe out the newfound killed top tip in time, or summer is in conjunction with pinching, extracts the worm tip in time, focus on, eliminate wherein larva;
Physical control: hang oriental fruit moth lure sheet in orchard, trapping adult, can do again to predict the adult apparition, determines the foundation of spraying medicine Control stage;
Biological control: prevent and treat oriental fruit moth with trichogramma dendrolimi, concrete grammar is: by being suspended on peach by the ovum card of Trichogramma, from the first generation Adult worms producting eggs initial stage, putting honeybee, putting 1 time later every 5 days, continuous anti-honeybee 5 times, at every turn every 667 square metres to put honeybee amount be 40,000;
Spraying insecticide: from the first tenday period of a month in May, start according to gyplure prediction, within continuous several days, increasing suddenly when luring adult quantity, and combine the ovum checked on fruit, when ovum fruit rate reaches 1%, 50% Folithion emulsion, 1000 times of liquid should be sprayed in time, or Bt emulsion 800 times of liquid or 1.8% abamectin emulsifiable concentrate, 2000 times of liquid;
(7) prevention and controls of peach bacterial shot hole
Clear garden, wiped out disease branch and burnt winter;
Spray 4 ~ 5 Baume degrees lime sulfurs before germinateing early spring, (bud is just sprouted, and blade face is not yet launched) spray 1:1:100 times of equivalent formula bordeaux mixture after two weeks;
Germinate after 1 month, their early stage just, every spray in 10 ~ 15 days medicine, totally 2 ~ 3 times, medicament can with 500 times of 65% Zineb wettable powder; 70% mancozeb wettable powder 500 ~ 600 times liquid; 1:4:240 zinc sulphate lime liquor; 0.3 Baume degrees lime sulfur or 80% spray gram wetting powder, 600 times of liquid;
Later growth spray 1:1:240 equivalent zinc sulphate lime liquor, doublely can control soil zinc deficiency and the little leaf that causes;
(8) prevention and controls of brown rot
Elimination is survived the winter bacterium source: combine to prune and thoroughly remove sick branch, mummy, concentrate and burn, plough, buried ground invalid body, timely bagging simultaneously;
Timely pest control: the insects such as heart-eating worm, stinkbug, dichocrocis punctiferalis prevented and treated by spray medicine in time, reduce insect bite, to reduce the chance that germ invades;
Spray medicine protection: spray 5 Baume degrees lime sulfurs before peach germinates, each spray 1 50% Sukeling or 70% thiophanate methyl before and after fallen flowers, fruit harvesting first about 20 days spray 1 75% tpn wetting powders 800 times of liquid;
(9) prevention and controls of anthracnose of peach
Cultural control: carry out clear garden work in winter, burn disease fruit disease branch; Note orchard draining and lowering of watertable; Increasing application phosphorus potassium fertilizer, improves premunition;
Chemical control: bud sprouting period spray 1:1:100 times of bordeaux mixture; To bagging, spray medicine 1 time every 10 days after fallen flowers, spray 3 ~ 4 times altogether; Most important with twice spray medicine in late April and the first tenday period of a month in May, medicament can select 70% thiophanate methyl wetting powder, 1000 times of liquid, 50% captan wetting powder 400 ~ 500 times liquid, 75% tpn wetting powder 800 times liquid;
(10) leaf curl of peach prevention and controls
Cultural control: extract sick leaf, sick branch in time, and burn, reduces pathogeny, and the peach heavy to morbidity will strengthen rich water quality management;
Peach bud start to expand also do not open up leaf time, spray 3 ~ 4 Baume degrees lime sulfurs, spray evenly; At peach bud dew red phase spray 1:1:100 equivalent formula bordeaux mixture, eliminate resting spore, the field serious to morbidity, adding spray 30 ~ 50 times of copper sulphate once late fall then after fallen leaves, effect just significantly.
7, the gathering of Peach fruits: before gathering, length finger nail, when gathering, breaks down gently with the full fruit of palm when held, and handle with care, reduce fruit damage, buttress fruit bearing shoot on the other hand, in order to avoid fruit bearing shoot fractures or injured, when full tree fruit maturation is inconsistent, should gather by stages and in groups; Gather order from top to bottom, from inside to outside; Fruit basket and fruit basket want the resilient piece of sack or useless fruit bearer pad, prevent stabbing and extruding fruit.
8, peach classification really, packaging, storage and transport
(1) classification: still disunity before the standard mesh of classification, different kinds has different grade scales, and should be less than 5 as spent one-level fruit 1 kilogram of fruit number in vain, Bai Feng 1 kilogram fruit number is 6 ~ 8; Usually anosis for fruit face insect bite, machinery wound, fruit shape is rectified and reaches the due size of this kind, and the fruit meeting suitable harvest maturity is decided to be one-level; What fruit was slightly little is decided to be secondary; Fruit is little or have wound, outside the maturity person of being not suitable for is classified as etc.;
(2) packaging and transport:
After fruit harvesting, the quality according to different transportation range and variety and quality adopts carton, wooden case, plastic box to pack respectively, with the packing mark of a batch of goods, pattern must be completely unified; At the outer same position of packing case, print or stick the word and mark of not easily erasing, logo content should indicate the name of an article, kind, grade, the place of production, net weight or number, packing date;
The measured peach of matter, the carton package of available dedicated, each fruit is first wrapped with wrapping paper, put into box code tighter, space paper using is tamped or in box, is carried out grid with corrugated paper, then is put into by peach, often box-packed 4 ~ 5 kilograms, the high-class product of honey peach all adopts individual layer to place; After packaging, be sent to rapidly point of sale or put into refrigerated room; The peach of as ready must be batch clearly demarcated, and pile is neat, clean environment, well-ventilated, forbid strong to clash into and burning sun is exposed to the sun, drenches with rain, and air storage will have sunshade measure;
Stack and handling time gently to remove and put down gently, means of transport must sanitation and hygiene, forbid with poisonous, have peculiar smell, dangerous things loads in mixture, mixedly transport;
(3) preserve
Adopt rear precooling: precooling is the method adopting artificial hypothermia after fruit harvesting, get rid of the heat (field heat and respiration heat) that fruit is held as early as possible, make it to reach suitable temperature, the method for precooling has water precooling, air precooling and vacuum pre-cooling;
Storage practice: different storage method fresh-keeping effect is different, and room temperature storage fresh keeping time is shorter, gravity-flow ventilation storage is far away from constant refrigeration and controlled atmosphere cold storage; Best by the Effect of Air-adjustment Storing of hypoxemia low carbon dioxide, storage & fresh-keeping period is than long 2 ~ 3 times of refrigeration, Bai Fengtao and beautiful dew peach are suitable at (oxygen 3% ~ 4%, carbonic acid gas 5% ~ 8%) condition under preserve, Feicheng-peach is suitable for preserving under (oxygen 3% ~ 4%, carbonic acid gas 2% ~ 3%) hypoxemia low carbon dioxide condition.
The peach safety that the present invention produces, high-quality, nutritious, meet the green fruit of national safety tea garden sanitary standard completely.
The foregoing is only embodiments of the invention; not thereby the scope of the claims of the present invention is limited; every utilize description of the present invention to do equivalent structure or equivalent flow process conversion; or be directly or indirectly used in other relevant technical field, be all in like manner included in scope of patent protection of the present invention.
Claims (7)
1. a nuisanceless peach production technology, is characterized in that, comprise the following steps:
(1) the breeding of peach high quality seedling
1. the selection of nursery lot: select in subterranean water level lower, draining is good, and illumination is sufficient, and soil is deep, fertile and have the place of irrigation conditions;
2. the cultivation of rootstock seedling: select kind pure, type is consistent, enrich full, the blodynamic seed that tool is vigorous, autumn sowing is carried out before freezing in November or soil, seed is hidden without sand, soak and directly sow for 2 ~ 3 days, or seed is hidden through sand, the beginning of spring, temperature went up, soil sows in spring after thawing, the degree of depth of planting seed is 3 ~ 4 times of seed size, thickness of sowing is line-spacing 40 ~ 50 centimetres, spacing in the rows 8 ~ 12 cm, every mu of sowing quantity 40 ~ 50 kilograms, every mu of nursery 11800 ~ 12200 strain, timely loosening soil, weeding after coming up, make loosing soil, reduce evaporation from land surface, after 3 ~ 4 weeks, impose nitrogen, phosphorus, K composite fertilizer, and combination is watered, want draining irrigation and the extermination of disease and insect pest simultaneously,
3. the grafting of nursery stock: bud grafting is carried out in ready scion, choose substantial band leaf bud as buddering, centered by buddering, upper and lower horizontal partial application, and along scion direction, standardized cutter is erected for subsequent use in the face, left and right of bud, apart from 10 ~ 15 centimetres, ground eminence on peach anvil, select more smooth position with getting the method strip off interface of buddering same, good for scribing buddering firmly one is pushed away, square bud is peeled, and is attached on the otch of stock rapidly, frap around stock with the upper and lower that plastic film strip is being buddered immediately;
4. the management of grafting: the management of budling, bud grafting can check whether after 10 days and survive, namely fresh petiole one of buddering touches and do not fall person for survive, and connects should mending in time of not surviving, the nursery stock then of grafting, after bud grafting completes, above 7 ~ 8 centimeters of certainly buddering cut anvil, will remove the sprout tillers on stock after cutting anvil in time, make the growth that nutrient centralizedly supply is buddered, when budling grows, diligent loosening soil, weeding, drought resisting fertilizing, be beneficial to growth of seedling; The management of scion grafting seedling, after scion is germinateed, an orientation of selecting and remain just, the young sprout of robust growth, all the other rudiments erased, the management of scion grafting seedling is identical with budling;
5. outplanting and lifting: with robust growth, has more than 3 key roots, and is evenly distributed, and long more than 20 centimetres of root, has more side root and fibrous root to be qualified nursery stock; The rugosity of nursery stock base portion distance interface is more than 0.6 centimetre; Seedling height more than 40 centimetres, and has more than 6 full buds, and interface heals with the clip cutting anvil, and kind is pure, without root nodule, root rot; Lifting is got final product after nursery stock fallen leaves;
(2) foundation in nuisanceless peach garden
1. the selection in field: orchard is selected in away from city, industrial and mining enterprises, station, harbour and traffic main artery, air, soil and irrigation water all can not have pollution, national standard is met through detection, soil layer is deep fertile, subterranean water level is lower, draining is good, and illumination is sufficient, can avoid the place that windburn is attacked;
2. the planning and designing in orchard: peach garden each several part takes up an area ratio and is: peach accounts for more than 90%, road about 2 ~ 4%, irrigation and drainage system 1.5%, shelter forest 4% ~ 6%, and other are 0.4% ~ 0.6% years old;
3. the soil melioration before field planting: first level land, then ploughs deeply comprehensively, green manure or legume in kind, increases the soil organic matter, and improvement deep soil structure and physicochemical property promote the activity of microorganism, for peach root growth creates favourable soil condition;
4. the selection of kind and configuration;
5. the field planting of nursery stock and management: nursery stock prepares, selected planting generation, peach planting density is determined according to geographical conditions, the field planting previous moon has first dug planting pit or field planting ditch, furrow trench digging is drawn by line-spacing, planting pit and field planting ditch is dug again at furrow face center line, the diameter of planting pit and field planting ditch is not less than 1 meter, dark 60 ~ 80 centimetres, organic matter is inserted at bottom, then to mix with the soil dug with fertilizer and backfill, 50 ~ 100 kilograms of fertilizers in every cave separately add superphosphate 2 kilograms, fill out while having peace of mind during loam backfill, pile the field planting pier higher than 30 ~ 40 centimetres of steamed bun shapes in furrow face, field planting point has dug planting pit, apply mixing fertile, and fully mix and stir with soil, lid layer fine earth in cave, then nursery stock is vertically put into cave, root system does not directly contact with fertilizer, root system is put to good use naturally, insert with fine earth, fill out while having peace of mind, irrigate normal root water, grave mound preserves soil moisture, nursery stock collar sinks in fact slightly above ground level in mound, can not be buried in the earth, will keep ground moistening after seedling planting, become a fine day arid, irrigation of watering in time, and cover grass or film at rhizosphere, find that dead seedling is reseeded immediately, after treelet seedling-slowing stage, thin fertile duty is executed, and promotes little tree robust growth,
(3) soil, fertile, water management
1. soil deep tillage is ploughed with clear: plough deeply and expand cave, after peach field planting, year by year in planting pit surrounding to extending out cave, dig 40 ~ 50 centimetres of dark annular ditch, in ditch, combine the farmyard manure that the fertilizer applying and became thoroughly decomposed or retting are crossed, in the place that grit is more, take out husky soil removal and replacement, the soil dug out when ploughing deeply wants layering to stack, and first will show soil and mix with fertilizer during backfill, be filled to Root Distribution layer, subsoil is placed on upper strata; Full garden is ploughed deeply, by beyond planting hole soil combine fertilising disposable plough deeply complete; Once, dark 5 ~ 10 centimetres, stone phase and fruit expanding period are ploughed shallowly, and dark 4 ~ 6 centimetres, plum rain season is only hoed up weeds and do not loosened the soil, and after gathering, full garden is carried out intertillage and loosened the soil in intertillage in early spring;
2. apply fertilizer: the fertilizer that nuisanceless peach produces, based on organic manure, auxiliaryly uses microorganism fertilizer, according to the situation of soil fertility and fruit tree to the demand of nutrient and kind, all ages and classes period, different tree vigo(u)r and result quantities Reasonable adjustment fertilizing amount;
(4) prune: adopt different pruning techniques according to the different age of tree, growth stage division and environmental condition and culture technique;
(5) flower and fruit management
1. flower and fruit protecting: to the kind without pollen and cross pollination, configures a certain proportion of pollinated variety, or carries out artificial supplementary pollination;
2. flower and fruit thinning: the kind high to percentage of fertile fruit carries out flower thinning at bud stage, preparation branch, master, side shoot head do not stay bud; Fruit thinning divides secondary to carry out, first time fruit thinning after spending 3 weeks start, second time fruit thinning carry out before bagging in mid-May stone phase, percentage of fertile fruit strong kind elder generation fruit thinning, the slow fruit thinning of the kind that physiological fallen fruit is heavy and 10 ~ 15% safety factor; Remove sallow fruit, fruitlet, sick wormed fruit, malformed fruit raw fruit during fruit thinning, towards sky fruit with without leaf fruit, retain the uniform good fruit of branch middle and upper part growth, the order of fruit thinning is first up and then down, is undertaken from inside to outside by branch, and determines to stay fruit amount;
3. fruit bagging;
(6) extermination of disease and insect pest;
(7) the gathering of Peach fruits;
(8) peach classification really, packaging, storage and transport.
2. nuisanceless peach production technology according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in step (1) 1. nursery lot selection in, described soil is sandy loam or loam, and the acid-base value of soil is neutral or subacidity.
3. nuisanceless peach production technology according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, in step (1) 4. grafting management in, cutting anvil at high temperature and drought weather, in order to improve survival rate, carrying out twice top clipping, meet weather arid nursery lot before top clipping to carry out irrigating once, the anvil tip is cut off large portion, reserve part blade by the upper joint place that first time, top clipping was buddered, and impelling budders sprouts rapidly; After second time is sprouted when buddering, above buddering, 1 centimeters cuts anvil, and clip slightly tilts to opposite of buddering, and is beneficial to healing.
4. nuisanceless peach production technology according to claim 1, is characterized in that, in step (2) 1. field selection in, build garden at non-second crop soil; Or again build garden to peach garden, soil transformed, remove veteran undesirable root, and carry out soil moved in improve the original, the hole or to disinfecting soil of drying in the air, utilize Resistant stock, strengthen new rich water quality management of planting peach.
5. nuisanceless peach production technology according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, in step (2) 5. nursery stock field planting and management in, described organic matter is straw or straw, fertilizer is barnyard manure or farmyard manure, the fertile fertilizer 2 kilograms for becoming thoroughly decomposed of mixing, 0.5 kilogram, cake fertilizer, composite fertilizer 0.5 kilogram.
6. nuisanceless peach production technology according to claim 1, it is characterized in that, in step (5) 1. in flower and fruit protecting, artificial pollination is selected just open, chapiter there is the flower of mucus, artificial pollination is carried out in two steps: pollen collection: in conjunction with flower thinning, gather polliniferous flower, 50 grams, every kilogram of peelable flower pesticide of fresh flower, can dry pollen 16 grams, peel stamen, then be placed in carton, to heat baking with electric light, temperature controls at about 20 ~ 30 DEG C, anther dehiscence sheds after pollen, puts into dry container and keeps in Dark Place; Pollination: award with writing brush or rubber tip pencil point, long fruit branch point 4 ~ 5 flowers, medium fruit branch point 2 ~ 3, fruit spur point 1 ~ 2.
7. nuisanceless peach production technology according to claim 1, is characterized in that, stays fruit amount in step (5) 2. in flower and fruit thinning: the large-scale fruit of long fruit branch stays 1 ~ 2, and medium-sized fruit stays 2 ~ 3, and small-sized fruit stays 3 ~ 4; The large-scale fruit of medium fruit branch stays 1, and medium-sized fruit stays 1 ~ 2, and small-sized fruit stays 2 ~ 3; Fruit spur stays 1 fruit or 2 ~ 3 fruit spurs to stay 1 fruit, and bouquet shape fruit branch and preparation branch all do not stay fruit.
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| CN114793744A (en) * | 2022-06-02 | 2022-07-29 | 肥城市肥城桃产业发展中心 | Planting method capable of overcoming continuous cropping of peach trees |
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