CN110754484B - Mulberry scale control method for reducing pesticide residues in dragon orchard - Google Patents
Mulberry scale control method for reducing pesticide residues in dragon orchard Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of pest control, and particularly relates to a method for controlling a white mulberry scale by reducing pesticide residues in a dragon garden. The biological agent A, B comprises the following components: metarrhizium anisopliae, matrine, veratrine, abamectin, a surfactant, a pesticide degradation agent and water. The pesticide degradation agent is formed by mixing activated carbon powder and hydrogen peroxide. The biological agent A, the pesticide preparation and the biological agent B are used for comprehensively preventing and treating the white mulberry scale in different growth and reproduction periods in the dragon orchard, so that the hazard rate of the white mulberry scale can be reduced by about 20 percent, and the income per mu can be increased by more than 500 yuan each year; meanwhile, the pesticide residue in the dragon fruit garden can be reduced, and the safety of the dragon fruit is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of pest control, and particularly relates to a method for controlling a mulukhiya capable of reducing pesticide residues in a dragon orchard.
Background
Pitaya, also known as red dragon fruit, green dragon fruit, immortal honey fruit, belongs to the family of cactaceae plants of the genus Petasites; distributed from central to north of south america and cultivated widely around the world. The dragon fruit is a tropical and subtropical fruit tree, integrates fruits, flowers, vegetables and health care into a whole, and has high economic value. The pitaya fruit contains rich sugar, organic acid, protein, amino acid, vitamin, mineral elements and dietary fiber, has higher dietary therapy value, has the effects of reducing blood pressure and blood fat, detoxifying, nourishing lung, improving eyesight and beautifying, and is a novel fruit which has beautiful shape, bright color, delicate and refreshing flavor, unique fragrance and benefit for human health.
China introduced dragon fruits from the beginning of 90 s in the 20 th century; in recent years, with the development of high-efficiency and ecological agriculture, the planting scale of the dragon fruits is continuously enlarged, and the pest and disease damage of the dragon fruits tends to be gradually increased. However, since the introduction time of dragon fruits is short, most of researches on variety screening, cultivation techniques and the like are carried out, and the plants are lagged behind other fruits in the aspect of plant protection. The pitaya is fond of a high-temperature and high-humidity growth environment, orchard management measures are not in place, the icerya sanguinea kurz in the orchard is prone to outbreak, and then great economic loss is caused to growers. At present, no mature technology exists in China in the aspect of prevention and treatment of the dragon fruit mulberry white scale.
The white mulberry scale, also known as white mulberry pelagic scale and peach scale insect, belongs to the family of homoptera pelagic scale, is one of the important pests of fruit trees and forest trees, female adults and nymphs gather and fix on branches to absorb nutrients, and if serious, the gray scale shells are densely overlapped to form uneven surfaces of the branches, the tree vigor is weak, the dead branches are increased, and even the whole plant dies. If the pesticide is not effectively prevented and controlled, the whole garden can be destroyed within 3 to 5 years. The female adult Lecanicillium dorsalis lays eggs in the mesochite, nymphs climb to proper places from the bottom of the mesochite respectively after hatching, are fixed and do not move after being inserted into bark tissues by a mouth needle to suck juice, and then secrete excellent wax powder to cover the body. The prevention and treatment of the white mealybugs are difficult due to the living and breeding habits. At present, the insects are mainly prevented and controlled by spraying pesticides, but the effect is not ideal, and part of the pesticides can be remained on dragon fruit branches.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems in the prior art, the invention provides a method for preventing and controlling the mulberry white scale by reducing the pesticide residue in a dragon orchard, which is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method for preventing and treating the white mulberry scale by reducing the pesticide residue in a dragon orchard is characterized in that a biological agent A is adopted for preventing and treating the white mulberry scale in the incubation period, a pesticide preparation is adopted for preventing and treating the white mulberry scale in the nymph full incubation period, and a biological agent B is adopted for preventing and treating the nymph in the development period.
Preferably, the biological agent A comprises the following components in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of tobacco leaves, 8-10 parts of macleaya cordata, 4-6 parts of calamus, 8-10 parts of berberis thunbergii roots, 4-6 parts of walnut green husks, 8-10 parts of ginkgo testa, 0.5-1 part of surfactant and 3-5 parts of compound bacterium culture solution.
Preferably, the preparation method of the biological agent A comprises the following steps:
(1) pulverizing radix Berberidis Amurensis, pericarpium Juglandis Immaturus, and testa Ginkgo, mixing, adding 10 times of 80% ethanol, extracting with ultrasound at 50-60 deg.C for 20-25min, and filtering to obtain filtrate A and residue A;
(2) mixing and pulverizing tobacco leaf, herba Macleayae Cordatae and rhizoma Acori Calami, adding into filtrate A at 50-60 deg.C, heat preserving for 30min, and filtering to obtain filtrate B and residue B;
(3) mixing residue A and residue B, adding 8 times of water, decocting for 60min, and filtering to obtain filtrate C;
(4) mixing the filtrate C and the filtrate B, recovering ethanol under reduced pressure, and mixing with surfactant to obtain plant extract;
(5) mixing plant extractive solution and compound bacteria culture solution uniformly, and treating at 22-25 deg.C for 5 hr to obtain biological preparation A.
Preferably, the compound bacterium culture solution is a compound culture solution of aspergillus and actinomycetes.
Preferably, the preparation method of the compound bacterium culture solution comprises the following steps:
a. respectively inoculating actinomycetes and Aspergillus into PAD liquid culture medium, culturing at 25-30 deg.C for 4-5 days, and activating;
b. adding 5% of plant extract by mass into the PAD liquid culture medium, and uniformly stirring to obtain a PAD composite liquid culture medium; respectively inoculating the activated actinomycetes and aspergillus in the step a into a PAD composite liquid culture medium, culturing for 6-7 days at 25-30 ℃, and selecting actinomycetes and aspergillus strains with good growth vigor;
c. inoculating the selected actinomycetes and aspergillus to PAD composite liquid culture medium, and culturing at 25-30 deg.C for 10 days to obtain composite bacteria culture solution.
Preferably, in the step c, the ratio of the amount of the actinomycete to the aspergillus is 1: 2.
Preferably, the biological agent B comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.5-1 part of metarhizium anisopliae, 3-5 parts of matrine, 3-5 parts of veratrine, 0.1-0.2 part of abamectin, 0.1-0.2 part of surfactant, 0.2-0.4 part of pesticide degradation agent and 1200 parts of 1500 parts of water.
Preferably, the surfactant is tea saponin.
Preferably, the pesticide degradation agent consists of activated carbon powder and hydrogen peroxide according to the mass ratio of 1: 2.
The invention researches the degradation of the biological agent A, B to the residual pesticide of the dragon fruit: taking the dragon fruit branches, and cutting the dragon fruit branches into small sections of 10 g; placing the biological agent A in 800 times of diluent for soaking for 1h, taking out and respectively soaking in pesticide diluent for 30min, taking out and naturally airing, respectively carrying out washing experiments in 3d and 7d, and taking a part of small sections (5 g) for measuring the total pesticide residue therein; and (5) soaking the remaining small sections in 100mL of biological agent B for 1h, and then cleaning, wherein the cleaned small sections are used for measuring the pesticide residue in the small sections. The pesticide removal rate was calculated according to the following formula: the removal rate of the pesticide = (total pesticide residue-pesticide residue)/total pesticide residue × 100%. The results are shown in table 1:
TABLE 1
As can be seen from Table 1, the biological agent B adopted by the invention has good degradation effect on pesticides such as fenitrothion wettable powder, farmyard-land emulsion, Supo emulsion and the like.
The invention also discovers that: the dragon fruit branches are not treated by the biological agent A, soaked by the pesticide diluent and then placed in the biological agent B for treatment, the removal rate of the pesticide after 3d treatment is reduced by 3-8 percent compared with that of the part using the biological agent A, and the removal rate of the pesticide after 7d treatment is reduced by 0.2-5 percent.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the biological agent A contains plant extract such as tobacco, tea saponin, and compound bacteria culture solution; the plant extract has strong antifeedant, poison and growth and development inhibiting physiological activities on the white gecko, and can play a good killing effect; the tea saponin has strong dissolving capacity and penetrating capacity on waxy substances on the surface of the white gecko and can promote effective components in the biological agent A to penetrate into the white gecko body; the composite bacterium culture solution contains various degrading enzymes, and has a certain degradation effect on pesticides used in the subsequent prevention and treatment process after being absorbed by pitaya trees.
The biological agent B contains pesticides such as Metarrhizium anisopliae, tea saponin, and pesticide degradation agent; the tea saponin has strong dissolving capacity and penetrating capacity on waxy substances on the surface of the white gecko and can promote effective components in the biological agent B to penetrate into the white gecko body; the pesticide degradation agent can accelerate the degradation of residual pesticide after the pesticide is used, reduce the pesticide residue in the dragon fruit garden and improve the safety of the dragon fruit.
According to the invention, the biological agent A, the pesticide and the biological agent B are used for preventing and treating the white mulberry scale in different growth and propagation periods in the dragon orchard, so that the problem of pesticide residue caused by the existing pesticide prevention and treatment is solved, and the prevention and treatment effect on the white mulberry scale is very strong; the damage rate of the mealybugs can be reduced by 20 percent, and the income per mu can be increased by more than 500 yuan; meanwhile, the pesticide residue in the dragon fruit garden can be reduced, and the safety of the dragon fruit is improved.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further defined below with reference to the specific embodiments, but the scope of the claims is not limited to the description.
Embodiment 1 comprehensive prevention and treatment method for white mealybugs in dragon orchard
The implementation place is as follows: experimental base for planting dragon fruits in Longzongzhou town of Lodian county of Guizhou province
The specific process comprises the following steps:
and selecting 1 mu of dragon orchard, wherein one half of the dragon orchard serves as an experimental group, and the other half of the dragon orchard serves as a control group. The experimental group carries out prevention and treatment on the white mealybugs: the preparation method is characterized in that 800 times of liquid of the biological agent A is adopted for prevention and treatment in the hatching period of the mealybugs, 700 times of liquid of the 40% fast-killing emulsifiable concentrate is adopted for prevention and treatment in the full-hatching period of the nymphs, and the biological agent B is adopted for prevention and treatment in the development period of the nymphs. The control group was not treated at all.
The biological agent A comprises the following components in parts by weight: 10kg of tobacco leaves, 8kg of macleaya cordata, 4kg of calamus, 8kg of berberis thunbergii roots, 4kg of walnut green husks, 8kg of ginkgo episperm, 0.5kg of surfactant and 3kg of compound bacterium culture solution.
The preparation method of the biological agent A comprises the following steps:
(1) pulverizing radix Berberidis Amurensis, pericarpium Juglandis Immaturus, and testa Ginkgo, mixing, adding 10 times of 80% ethanol, extracting with ultrasound at 50-60 deg.C for 20min, and filtering to obtain filtrate A and residue A;
(2) mixing and pulverizing tobacco leaf, herba Macleayae Cordatae and rhizoma Acori Calami, adding into filtrate A at 50-60 deg.C, heat preserving for 30min, and filtering to obtain filtrate B and residue B;
(3) mixing residue A and residue B, adding 8 times of water, decocting for 60min, and filtering to obtain filtrate C;
(4) mixing the filtrate C and the filtrate B, recovering ethanol under reduced pressure, and mixing with surfactant to obtain plant extract;
(5) mixing plant extractive solution and compound bacteria culture solution uniformly, and treating at 22-25 deg.C for 5 hr to obtain biological preparation A.
The preparation method of the compound bacterium culture solution comprises the following steps:
a. respectively inoculating actinomycetes and Aspergillus into PAD liquid culture medium, culturing at 25-30 deg.C for 4 days, and activating;
b. adding 5% of plant extract by mass into the PAD liquid culture medium, and uniformly stirring to obtain a PAD composite liquid culture medium; respectively inoculating the activated actinomycetes and aspergillus in the step a into a PAD composite liquid culture medium, culturing for 6 days at 25-30 ℃, and selecting actinomycetes and aspergillus strains with good growth vigor;
c. inoculating the selected actinomycetes and aspergillus into a PAD composite liquid culture medium, and culturing for 10 days at 25-30 ℃ to obtain a composite bacterium culture solution, wherein the inoculation amount ratio of the actinomycetes to the aspergillus is 1: 2.
The biological agent B comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.5kg of Metarrhizium anisopliae, 3kg of matrine, 3kg of veratrine, 0.1kg of abamectin, 0.1kg of tea saponin, 0.2kg of pesticide degradation agent and 1200kg of water.
The pesticide degradation agent is composed of activated carbon powder and hydrogen peroxide according to the mass ratio of 1: 2.
The implementation result is that the hazard rate of the dragon fruit trees and the white scales of the experimental group is 3 percent, the hazard rate of the dragon fruit trees and the white scales of the control group is 24 percent, the hazard rate is reduced by 21 percent, and the income per mu is increased by 523 yuan/year.
Embodiment 2 comprehensive prevention and treatment method for white mealybugs in dragon orchard
The implementation place is as follows: experimental base for planting dragon fruits in Longzongzhou town of Lodian county of Guizhou province
The specific process comprises the following steps:
and selecting 2 mu of dragon orchard, wherein one half of dragon orchard serves as an experimental group, and the other half of dragon orchard serves as a control group. The experimental group carries out prevention and treatment on the white mealybugs: the 800-time liquid control of the biological agent A is adopted in the hatching period of the mealybugs, the 2000-time liquid control of the Nongdile missible oil is adopted in the full hatching period of the nymphs, and the biological agent B is adopted in the development period of the nymphs. The control group was not treated at all.
The biological agent A comprises the following components in parts by weight: 12kg of tobacco leaves, 9kg of macleaya cordata, 5kg of calamus, 9kg of berberis thunbergii roots, 5kg of walnut green husks, 9kg of ginkgo testa, 0.6kg of surfactant and 4kg of compound bacteria culture solution.
The preparation method of the biological agent A comprises the following steps:
(1) pulverizing and mixing radix Berberidis Amurensis, pericarpium Juglandis Immaturus, and testa Ginkgo, adding 10 times of 80% ethanol, extracting with ultrasound at 50-60 deg.C for 22min, and filtering to obtain filtrate A and residue A;
(2) mixing and pulverizing tobacco leaf, herba Macleayae Cordatae and rhizoma Acori Calami, adding into filtrate A at 50-60 deg.C, heat preserving for 30min, and filtering to obtain filtrate B and residue B;
(3) mixing residue A and residue B, adding 8 times of water, decocting for 60min, and filtering to obtain filtrate C;
(4) mixing the filtrate C and the filtrate B, recovering ethanol under reduced pressure, and mixing with surfactant to obtain plant extract;
(5) mixing plant extractive solution and compound bacteria culture solution uniformly, and treating at 22-25 deg.C for 5 hr to obtain biological preparation A.
The preparation method of the compound bacterium culture solution comprises the following steps:
a. respectively inoculating actinomycetes and Aspergillus into PAD liquid culture medium, culturing at 25-30 deg.C for 5 days, and activating;
b. adding 5% of plant extract by mass into the PAD liquid culture medium, and uniformly stirring to obtain a PAD composite liquid culture medium; respectively inoculating the activated actinomycetes and aspergillus in the step a into a PAD composite liquid culture medium, culturing for 7 days at 25-30 ℃, and selecting actinomycetes and aspergillus strains with good growth vigor;
c. inoculating the selected actinomycetes and aspergillus into a PAD composite liquid culture medium, and culturing for 10 days at 25-30 ℃ to obtain a composite bacterium culture solution, wherein the inoculation amount ratio of the actinomycetes to the aspergillus is 1: 2.
The biological agent B comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.6kg of Metarrhizium anisopliae, 3.5kg of matrine, 4kg of veratrine, 0.12kg of abamectin, 0.12kg of tea saponin, 0.2-0.4 part of pesticide degradation agent and 1400kg of water.
The pesticide degradation agent is composed of activated carbon powder and hydrogen peroxide according to the mass ratio of 1: 2.
The implementation result is that the hazard rate of the dragon fruit tree mulberry white scale in the experimental group is 3.5 percent, the hazard rate of the dragon fruit tree mulberry white scale in the control group is 23.6 percent, the hazard rate is reduced by 20.1 percent, and the income per mu is increased by 540 yuan/year.
Embodiment 3 comprehensive prevention and treatment method for white mealybugs in dragon orchard
The implementation place is as follows: experimental base for planting dragon fruits in Longzongzhou town of Lodian county of Guizhou province
The specific process comprises the following steps:
and selecting a 5-mu dragon orchard, and equally dividing the dragon orchard into 5 parts. Some of the orchards served as controls. The other 4 orchards were set as experimental groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Experiment group 1 prevention and cure of icerya sanguinea: the preparation method is characterized in that 800 times of liquid of the biological agent A is adopted for prevention and treatment in the hatching period of the mealybugs, 700 times of liquid of the 40% fast-killing emulsifiable concentrate is adopted for prevention and treatment in the full-hatching period of the nymphs, and the biological agent B is adopted for prevention and treatment in the development period of the nymphs. Experiment group 2 prevention and cure of icerya sanguinea: the biological preparation A is used for preventing and treating the coccid only in the hatching period of the white coccid. Experiment group 3 prevention and cure of icerya sanguinea: and only in the nymph incubation period, 700 times of solution of 40% fast-killing emulsifiable concentrate is adopted for control. The experimental group 4 carries out prevention and treatment of the white coccid: and the biological agent B is adopted for controlling only in the development stage of nymphs. The control group was not treated at all.
The biological agent A comprises the following components in parts by weight: 15kg of tobacco leaves, 10kg of macleaya cordata, 6kg of calamus, 10kg of berberis thunbergii roots, 6kg of walnut green husks, 10kg of ginkgo episperm, 1kg of surfactant and 5kg of compound bacterium culture solution.
The preparation method of the biological agent A comprises the following steps:
(1) pulverizing and mixing radix Berberidis Amurensis, pericarpium Juglandis Immaturus, and testa Ginkgo, adding 10 times of 80% ethanol, extracting with ultrasound at 50-60 deg.C for 25min, and filtering to obtain filtrate A and residue A;
(2) mixing and pulverizing tobacco leaf, herba Macleayae Cordatae and rhizoma Acori Calami, adding into filtrate A at 50-60 deg.C, heat preserving for 30min, and filtering to obtain filtrate B and residue B;
(3) mixing residue A and residue B, adding 8 times of water, decocting for 60min, and filtering to obtain filtrate C;
(4) mixing the filtrate C and the filtrate B, recovering ethanol under reduced pressure, and mixing with surfactant to obtain plant extract;
(5) mixing plant extractive solution and compound bacteria culture solution uniformly, and treating at 22-25 deg.C for 5 hr to obtain biological preparation A.
The preparation method of the compound bacterium culture solution comprises the following steps:
a. respectively inoculating actinomycetes and Aspergillus into PAD liquid culture medium, culturing at 25-30 deg.C for 5 days, and activating;
b. adding 5% of plant extract by mass into the PAD liquid culture medium, and uniformly stirring to obtain a PAD composite liquid culture medium; respectively inoculating the activated actinomycetes and aspergillus in the step a into a PAD composite liquid culture medium, culturing for 7 days at 25-30 ℃, and selecting actinomycetes and aspergillus strains with good growth vigor;
c. inoculating the selected actinomycetes and aspergillus into a PAD composite liquid culture medium, and culturing for 10 days at 25-30 ℃ to obtain a composite bacterium culture solution, wherein the inoculation amount ratio of the actinomycetes to the aspergillus is 1: 2.
The biological agent B comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1kg of Metarrhizium anisopliae, 5kg of matrine, 5kg of veratrine, 0.2kg of abamectin, 0.2kg of tea saponin, 0.4kg of pesticide degradation agent and 1500kg of water.
The pesticide degradation agent is composed of activated carbon powder and hydrogen peroxide according to the mass ratio of 1: 2.
The implementation result is that the hazard rate of the dragon fruit tree and the white scale in the experimental group 1 is 6.3 percent, the hazard rate of the dragon fruit tree and the white scale in the experimental group 2 is 18.6 percent, the hazard rate of the dragon fruit tree and the white scale in the experimental group 3 is 10.8 percent, the hazard rate of the dragon fruit tree and the white scale in the experimental group 4 is 16.3 percent, and the hazard rate of the dragon fruit tree in the control group is 26.7 percent. Compared with a control group, the hazard rate of the mealybugs in the experimental group 1 is reduced by 20.4%, and the income per mu is increased by 565 yuan/year.
It should be noted that the above examples and test examples are only for further illustration and understanding of the technical solutions of the present invention, and are not to be construed as further limitations of the technical solutions of the present invention, and the invention which does not highlight essential features and significant advances made by those skilled in the art still belongs to the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for preventing and treating a mulberries scale with reduced pesticide residues in a dragon orchard is characterized in that a biological agent A is adopted for preventing and treating in the hatching period of the mulberries scale, a conventional pesticide is adopted for preventing and treating in the full hatching period of nymphs, and a biological agent B is adopted for preventing and treating in the development period of the nymphs;
the biological agent A comprises the following components in parts by weight: 10-15 parts of tobacco leaves, 8-10 parts of macleaya cordata, 4-6 parts of calamus, 8-10 parts of berberis thunbergii roots, 4-6 parts of walnut green husks, 8-10 parts of ginkgo testa, 0.5-1 part of surfactant and 3-5 parts of compound bacteria culture solution;
the preparation method of the biological agent A comprises the following steps:
pulverizing radix Berberidis Amurensis, pericarpium Juglandis Immaturus, and testa Ginkgo, mixing, adding 10 times of 80% ethanol, extracting with ultrasound at 50-60 deg.C for 20-25min, and filtering to obtain filtrate A and residue A;
mixing and pulverizing tobacco leaf, herba Macleayae Cordatae and rhizoma Acori Calami, adding into filtrate A at 50-60 deg.C, heat preserving for 30min, and filtering to obtain filtrate B and residue B;
mixing residue A and residue B, adding 8 times of water, decocting for 60min, and filtering to obtain filtrate C;
mixing the filtrate C and the filtrate B, recovering ethanol under reduced pressure, and mixing with surfactant to obtain plant extract;
mixing plant extractive solution and compound bacteria culture solution, and treating at 22-25 deg.C for 5 hr to obtain biological preparation A;
the biological agent B comprises the following components in parts by weight: 0.5-1 part of metarhizium anisopliae, 3-5 parts of matrine, 3-5 parts of veratrine, 0.1-0.2 part of abamectin, 0.1-0.2 part of surfactant, 0.2-0.4 part of pesticide degradation agent and 1200 parts of 1500 parts of water;
the pesticide degradation agent is composed of activated carbon powder and hydrogen peroxide according to the mass ratio of 1: 2.
2. The method for controlling the coccid of mulberry trees with reduced pesticide residues in a dragon orchard according to claim 1, wherein the compound bacterium culture solution is a compound culture solution of aspergillus and actinomycetes.
3. The method for preventing and treating the mealybugs with the reduced pesticide residues in the dragon orchard, according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the preparation method of the compound bacterium culture solution comprises the following steps:
a. respectively inoculating actinomycetes and Aspergillus into PAD liquid culture medium, culturing at 25-30 deg.C for 4-5 days, and activating;
b. adding 5% of plant extract by mass into the PAD liquid culture medium, and uniformly stirring to obtain a PAD composite liquid culture medium; respectively inoculating the activated actinomycetes and aspergillus in the step a into a PAD composite liquid culture medium, culturing for 6-7 days at 25-30 ℃, and selecting actinomycetes and aspergillus strains with good growth vigor;
c. inoculating the selected actinomycetes and aspergillus to PAD composite liquid culture medium, and culturing at 25-30 deg.C for 10 days to obtain composite bacteria culture solution.
4. The method for controlling of mulberries for reducing pesticide residues in dragon fruit orchards according to claim 3, wherein in step c, the ratio of the amount of inoculated actinomycetes to aspergillus is 1: 2.
5. The method for controlling icerya sanguisorbae to reduce pesticide residues as claimed in claim 1, wherein the surfactant is tea saponin.
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Application publication date: 20200207 Assignee: Guizhou Huolong Horticultural Technology Co.,Ltd. Assignor: GUIZHOU FRUIT INSTITUTE Contract record no.: X2022520000011 Denomination of invention: A control method of mulberry white scale to reduce pesticide residues in Pitaya orchard Granted publication date: 20210525 License type: Common License Record date: 20220518 |
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