CN114097514A - Method for improving yield and quality of old citrus orchard and old small tree and preventing and controlling diseases and pests - Google Patents
Method for improving yield and quality of old citrus orchard and old small tree and preventing and controlling diseases and pests Download PDFInfo
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- CN114097514A CN114097514A CN202111409900.8A CN202111409900A CN114097514A CN 114097514 A CN114097514 A CN 114097514A CN 202111409900 A CN202111409900 A CN 202111409900A CN 114097514 A CN114097514 A CN 114097514A
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B11/00—Drainage of soil, e.g. for agricultural purposes
- E02B11/005—Drainage conduits
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B13/00—Irrigation ditches, i.e. gravity flow, open channel water distribution systems
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
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- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
- Forests & Forestry (AREA)
- Soil Sciences (AREA)
- Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
- Ecology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of citrus planting, and discloses a method for improving the yield and quality of an old citrus orchard. A method for improving the yield and quality of old and small citrus trees comprises soil improvement, perfect irrigation and drainage, balanced fertilization and reasonable pruning. A method for preventing and controlling diseases and pests of an old citrus orchard comprises agricultural measures and physical measures. The invention can effectively improve the soil quality and the tree quality of old orchards and old tree orchards, improve the yield and the quality, and efficiently and pertinently treat the plant diseases and insect pests by matching various modes.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of citrus planting, in particular to a method for improving the yield and quality of old citrus orchards and old small trees and preventing and controlling diseases and pests.
Background
The citrus is an evergreen small tree, is usually ripe in 11-12 months, the middle-ripe variety of the citrus in China ripe in 11-12 months accounts for more than 85%, and the market competition is intense and the planting benefit is reduced due to the over-concentrated market period of the citrus. Therefore, late-maturing oranges have been vigorously developed in recent years in many orange producing areas to adjust variety structures, prolong fresh fruit supply periods and fill up gaps, so that benefits are increased.
The old citrus orchard is mostly aged in varieties, is not suitable for market demands, is low in citrus output value, lowers the yield and quality of citrus year by year, is ecologically deteriorated, is weak in stress resistance, is prone to disasters, and is low in productivity and benefit.
The age of a few citrus trees is more than 6 years, the citrus trees are in a high-yield period, but the citrus trees are short and small in crown, small in trunk, weak in growth of new shoots, rare in branches and leaves of the citrus trees, serious in pest and disease damage, late in production, low in yield and poor in quality.
In part of old orchards, longicorn, black locust, gummosis and foot rot are particularly serious because of large tree age and weak growth vigor, so that the longicorn, black locust, gummosis and foot rot are specially controlled in addition to the conventional pest control of the citrus orchards.
Therefore, a method for improving the yield and the quality of old citrus orchards and old small trees and preventing and controlling diseases and pests is provided to solve the problems.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem that the yield and the quality of old citrus orchards are reduced year by year in the prior art, and provides a method for improving the yield and the quality of old citrus orchards and old small trees and preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a method for improving the yield and quality of old citrus orchard comprises variety improvement, dense orchard thinning and crown shape improvement;
variety improvement: comprises high grafting seed changing and inarching stock;
and (3) dense garden thinning: alternate cutting or transplanting;
the crown shape is improved: adjusting tree form and reducing branching level;
adjusting the tree shape: adopting a method for thinning out a central upright main branch and other main branches of a fruit tree, reserving 3-5 main branches, and uniformly configuring 2-3 lateral branches on each main branch;
the branch grade is over high, the nutrition consumption is increased. Reducing the branching level, retracting the tree body with the higher branching level, controlling the branching level to be 8-10 levels, and keeping the diameter of the crown within 3 meters.
Preferably, top grafting and seed changing are carried out in the period from late 2 months to late 3 months, the sap begins to flow, the outside air temperature is stabilized to be above 10 ℃, top grafting and seed changing are carried out on 2-3 grades of branches, and the distance between the joints is about 25-30cm from the bifurcations;
the grafting mode is mainly cutting grafting, and the cutting position is selected as follows: taking 12 points in the central direction of a tree body as a standard, when a main grafting branch grows obliquely, the cut parts are positioned in the directions of 2 points and 10 points of a section, and when the main grafting branch grows vertically, the cut parts are positioned in the directions of 4 points and 8 points of the section;
checking survival condition 20-30 days after grafting, finding yellow and black dead, and performing supplementary grafting;
after the grafted buds survive and the new buds grow to 1-2cm, breaking the plastic film at the bud bracts without completely contacting the film, selecting 1 robust new shoot as a backbone branch for culturing each interface after 4 months and 5 months, removing the rest new shoots, and pinching at the position of 12-15cm of the reserved new shoots to promote the robust growth of the grafted buds;
and when the month is 6-9, binding and reinforcing.
Preferably, the rootstock is grafted in a leaning way, branches of oranges, tangerines or trifoliate orange are selected as rootstock seedlings, and the month of grafting is 3-6 months;
during inarching, a single plant is inarched with 3 stocks, 3 small holes are respectively formed in the positions 20-40cm away from the base of the trunk of the inarched tree according to the length of stock seedlings, the longer the stock seedlings are, the larger the space between adjacent stock seedlings is, and the stock seedlings are obliquely placed into the small holes for planting;
selecting a stock seedling inarching part at a position of 30-50cm above the trunk, cutting a rectangular opening, wherein the inner surface of the cut is smooth, the depth reaches the cambium of the trunk, the xylem is not damaged, and the size of the rectangular opening is adapted to that of the stock seedling;
and (3) chamfering one end of the stock seedling inserted into the rectangular opening to enable the section to be horse ear-shaped, shearing and transversely cutting the inclined plane, and slowly and directly inserting the stock seedling into the rectangular opening to enable the stock seedling to be matched with the trunk.
Preferably, the dense garden is changed to sparse: after thinning or transplanting, the row spacing is not less than 4m, and the reserved plants per mu are not higher than 66 plants;
pruning the retained plants, and retracting or moderately cutting the weak branches or branch groups to update fruiting branch groups and rejuvenate crowns.
Preferably, the method also comprises soil improvement, wherein the soil improvement comprises deep soil turning, improved fertilization and grass growing cultivation;
deep soil turning and improving: adopting a groove drawing, radial or hole digging mode, extending outwards from the planting holes until the plants are turned through, deeply turning year by year, and digging at a fixed time period of 9 months per year, wherein the digging width is more than 30cm and the depth is more than 50cm near the tree crown water dripping line;
applying 1000-3000 kg of commercial organic fertilizer or 3000-8000 kg of decomposed human and animal manure, biogas manure, oil residue and green manure per mu;
when fertilizing, thoroughly decomposing, and doing killing work to prevent and control the spread of plant diseases and insect pests;
and (3) improving fertilization: determining the fertilizing amount by three methods of soil testing fertilization, leaf analysis fertilization and yield reverse-push fertilization;
and (3) raw grass cultivation: planting one or more of broad beans, alfalfa, smooth leaf vetch, clover, cogongrass, soybeans and mung beans, and planting season crops, growing grass in 3-6 months and killing grass in 7 months according to seasons;
covering the tree disk with a covering material at a temperature higher than 32 deg.C, wherein the thickness of the covering material is 10-15cm, the thickness of the covering material and the root are maintained at above 10cm, and the covering material comprises straw, grass and green manure.
Preferably, the method also comprises the steps of perfecting irrigation and drainage and road facilities, wherein perfecting irrigation and drainage comprises a flat orchard, a hilly-land ladder-changed orchard and a hilly-land ladder-unchanged orchard;
the flat orchard comprises a row ditch arranged between two adjacent rows of fruit trees along the row direction, the depth of the row ditch is not less than 60cm, and the ratio of the ditch bottom is reduced by 0.3-0.4%; the drainage ditch is vertical to the row ditch, the length of the drainage ditch is not more than 100 meters, the depth of the side ditch is not less than 100cm, the width of the side ditch is not less than 80cm, and the ratio of the ditch bottom is reduced by 0.4-0.5%;
the mountain land ladder-changing orchard comprises a ladder surface and a back ditch, when the width of the ladder surface is less than 4 meters, the depth of the back ditch is not less than 60cm, the back ditch comprises a short back ditch and a long back ditch, a sand settling tank is arranged near a water outlet of the short back ditch, and a sand settling tank or a small water storage tank is arranged every 20-40cm of the long back ditch;
in an orchard with the tread width larger than 4m, a row of ditches are formed;
and (3) the hilly region does not change into a ladder orchard: the water-saving and sand-settling tank comprises main drainage ditches built along a slope, wherein the distance between every two adjacent main drainage ditches is not more than 100m, an auxiliary drainage ditch is arranged at about every 50m away from the slope surface of each main drainage ditch, the ratio of the auxiliary drainage ditches is reduced to 6%, the main drainage ditches and the auxiliary drainage ditches form a net drainage system, and a sand-settling tank or a small water storage tank is built in the horizontal direction;
and (3) road facilities are perfected: the orchard road comprises a trunk road, branches and a sidewalk, wherein the sidewalk comprises a ditch road and a sidewalk, the width of the trunk road is not less than 5m, and the trunk road is arranged in an orchard with the area exceeding 1000 mu;
the width of the branch road surface is 3m-4m, and the slope of the main road and the branch road is not more than 15%;
the width of the ditch belt road surface is 1.2m-2m, the depth of the ditch is 0.5m-0.8m, and the barred rock is laid dry and arranged along the water flow direction;
the width of the pedestrian road surface is 1m-1.5m, the slope is greater than 10 degrees, S-shaped or step straight line is built, and the distance between the sidewalks is 30m-50 m.
A method for improving the yield and quality of old and small citrus trees comprises improving soil, improving irrigation and drainage, balancing fertilization, and reasonably trimming;
improving soil comprises the deep soil modification and grass growing cultivation, and completing the deep soil modification in the whole garden within 2-3 years;
the improvement of irrigation and drainage comprises the flat orchard, the hilly-land ladder-changed orchard and the hilly-land ladder-not-changed orchard;
the balanced fertilization comprises applying a root promoting agent before spring shoot germination, after spring shoot aging and after autumn shoot aging, and applying liquid humic acid or fulvic acid type organic fertilizer;
the reasonable pruning comprises pruning the upper branch tips, pruning weak branches, dense branches and insect-disease branches, cutting off 2-3-year old side branches, and retracting peripheral long branches before the summer and autumn tips germinate.
A method for preventing and controlling diseases and pests of an old citrus orchard comprises agricultural measures and physical measures;
the agricultural measures comprise dense garden improvement and sparse soil improvement, crown shape improvement and deep soil improvement;
the soil layer after deep soil modification is more than 60cm thick, loose in texture, neutral in pH value and acid, 5.5-6.8 in pH value, more than 2.5% in organic matter content, more than 10% in oxygen content of mellow soil layer, less than 100cm in underground water level height, balanced in supply of trace elements and capable of enhancing tree resistance;
the physical measures comprise manual control and winter garden cleaning, the manual control adopts black light lamp trapping and killing and manual catching and killing, the black light lamp trapping and killing adopts the installation of an insect killing lamp, and the insect killing lamp is arranged in a flat terrain area of 17000-2Installing 1 insecticidal lamp in 14000-2Installing 1 insecticidal lamp, selecting resistant stocks from the selected stock seedlings, carrying out close grafting and stock changing treatment on the seriously damaged stocks, and manually scraping disease spots on the diseased plants to xylem or coating the plants after longitudinal carving;
pruning in winter to remove branches and leaves of diseases and insects on the branches and tips of fruit trees, intensively burying deeply or moving out of the orchard for harmless treatment, whitening the trunk within 50cm and the main branches within 20cm by using a whitening agent, spraying a pesticide to clear the orchard, and spraying mineral oil to clear the orchard in early spring.
Preferably, chemical measures are also included;
chemical measures are as follows: comprises the treatment of foot rot, resinopathy, longicorn, black locust larva and Giardia gibsonii;
foot rot, resin disease: selecting 100 times of liquid of 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder, 100 times of liquid of 50 percent thiophanate-methyl wettable powder and 100 times of liquid of 80 percent mancozeb wettable powder;
b, longhorn beetle: uniformly spraying 3000-4000 times of 40% thiacloprid liquid or injecting pesticide through wormholes in a whole garden within 6-8 months;
black locust larvae: spraying 40% chlorpyrifos 150-fold in soil with the trunk radius within 1 m;
2, the gerbil: in the middle and late 5 months of the full egg laying period, a 25% carbaryl wettable benefit agent 400-time liquid is used.
Preferably, biological measures are also included;
biological measures are as follows: growing grass or planting a protection forest in or around a citrus orchard, releasing imagoes of dastarcus helophoroides or scleroderma guani, and releasing mantis or spiders; releasing parasitic wasp, Paecilomyces cicadae and Beauveria cicadae.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. the crown shape of the tree body is improved, and measures such as reducing the number of main branches, reducing the number of branch stages and the like are taken by controlling the size of the crown, so that the optimal illumination condition required by high-quality production is achieved;
2. when high grafting and seed changing are adopted, a proper external environment is selected so that the survival rate of the grafted branches is higher, and when the cut parts are selected, a special cut mode is adopted, so that the grafted branches and the original branches can grow more closely, the harm of strong wind is prevented, the proportion of good varieties is improved, and effective measures for quickly putting into production and realizing economic benefit are achieved;
3. the corresponding part of the stock seedling is leaned and cut by 1 cutter to ensure that the section is horse ear-shaped, then the tip of the inclined plane is transversely cut slightly to ensure that the stock is flat and carefully inserted into a small opening, so that the stock is firmly inosculated with the trunk to be beneficial to survival.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments.
The application provides the technologies of variety improvement of old citrus orchards, thinning of dense orchards, crown shape improvement, soil improvement, perfect irrigation and drainage and road facilities, improvement of 'small old tree' orchards, green prevention and control and the like.
2 improved variety
The variety improvement comprises high grafting and seed changing, stock grafting and the like. The high grafting and seed changing is an effective measure for adjusting variety structures, improving the proportion of good varieties, achieving rapid production and realizing economic benefits. The inarching stock can solve the problem of stock aging of the old citrus orchard, enhance the absorbing capacity of the original plant root system and improve the tree vigor.
2.1 high grafting
The high-grafting variety should be mainly selected from late-maturing hybrid oranges according to local conditions, a tree body with robust root system and trunk and no disease or pest is selected during high-grafting and seed changing, and the scion is selected with attention to purity. The top grafting and the seed changing are generally carried out on a sunny day when the temperature is stabilized to be more than 10 ℃ when the sap begins to flow from late 2 months to early 3 months. The high grafting position is controlled to be high grafted on 2-3 levels as much as possible, the distance between a connector and a bifurcation port is about 25-30cm, the grafting mode is mainly cut grafting, the cut position is selected, the central direction of a tree body is taken as a standard of 12 points, and for the oblique main branch for grafting, the cut position is in the directions of 2 points and 10 points of a section; for the main grafting branch which grows vertically, the incision position is in the directions of 4 points and 8 points of the section. And (5) checking the survival rate 20-30 days after grafting, and immediately performing supplementary grafting when yellow and black dead plants are found. When the scion bud survives and the bud grows to 1-2cm, the plastic film at the bud part needs to be broken by a knife, but the film is not completely removed. And in the vigorous growth stage of the grafted bud young shoots in the months of 4 and 5, selecting 1 strongly grown young shoot as a bone stem branch for culturing each interface, timely erasing the rest, and pinching the selected and remained young shoots out of 12-15 cm. And after high grafting, water management of the orchard is enhanced, and binding reinforcement is carried out in 6-9 months to prevent the damage of strong wind.
2.2 stock replacement by inarching
The variety of the stock is selected by combining with the variety of citrus, the current stocks suitable for the region are orange, tangerine, trifoliate orange and the like, the approach grafting time is preferably 3-6 months, and 3 stocks are subjected to single plant approach grafting. According to the length of the stock seedling, 3 small holes are dug at the positions 20-40cm away from the base of the trunk of the inarched tree, and the stock seedling is obliquely placed into the holes for field planting. Meanwhile, selecting a stock seedling abutting part at a position of 30-50cm on the trunk, and opening a 1-square small opening by using a knife, wherein the cut of the small opening needs to be smooth, the depth reaches a cambium, a xylem is not damaged, and the size is determined according to the size of the abutting stock seedling. After the small opening is opened, 1 cutter is obliquely cut at the corresponding part of the inarching stock seedling to ensure that the section is in a horse ear shape, then the tip of the inclined plane is transversely cut slightly to ensure that the inclined plane is flat, and the stock is carefully inserted into the small opening to ensure that the stock is firmly inosculated with the trunk, thereby being beneficial to survival.
3 dense garden changed rarity
3.1 transformation of over dense orchard
The over-dense orchard is an orchard with row spacing of 3 x 2m or less, or more than 80 plants planted per mu, serious row closing, poor illumination, large fruit quality difference at different parts of a tree body and inconvenient operation.
In an orchard with the row spacing of 3 multiplied by 2m, thinning or transplanting can be carried out in an interlaced or plant-separated mode; and (3) selecting the vigorous trees in the orchard with the row spacing of less than 3 multiplied by 2m on the basis of alternate row cutting or transplanting, and cutting or transplanting the rest trees. After thinning or transplanting, the row spacing is ensured to be not less than 4m, and less than 66 plants are reserved per mu. And (3) trimming the reserved plants in bright rows, and retracting or moderately cutting the weak branches or branch groups formed by long-term closure so as to update fruiting branch groups and rejuvenate crowns.
3.2 denser orchard improvement
The dense orchard is characterized in that row spacing of planted plants is more than 3 x 2m, and 66-80 planted plants per mu are closed in a closed row, so that illumination of trees is influenced, and fruit quality at different parts of the trees is different, so that operation is influenced.
The orchard can retract plants, control the crown diameter of a tree body to be not more than 2.5-3 m, implement top grafting and seed changing by combining with variety improvement, and retract the crown at the same time. If necessary, transformation can be carried out by adopting thinning or transplanting.
Improved 4-crown shape
The citrus trees are mostly in a natural round head shape, the illumination is obviously low, the number of main branches of the tree crowns is too large, the number of branch levels is too high, most branches are above 15 levels, the diameters of the tree crowns are above 3m, and the tree crowns are crossed and sealed, so that the illumination in the inner cavities of the tree crowns is insufficient. Particularly, in part of orchards, the high grafting and seed changing are performed for multiple times, the number of intermediate stock stages is increased, branch groups and fruiting parts are moved upwards, the nutrient transportation distance is increased, the space utilization of trees is reduced, and the trees are weak in growth vigor, low in yield and poor in quality. For the orchard, the crown shape of the tree body can be improved, and measures such as reducing the number of main branches, reducing the number of branch stages and the like are taken by controlling the size of the crown, so that the optimal illumination condition required by high-quality production is achieved.
4.1 adapting the Tree form
And (3) thinning out the central upright main branch and other dense main branches, reserving 3-5 main branches, pressing a roof, evacuating and opening a skylight, and adjusting the tree shape from a natural round-head shape to a natural open heart shape under the condition of ensuring that the interior of the tree body is not too hollow. And 2-3 lateral branches are reasonably arranged on each main branch, so that the tree body structure is optimized.
4.2 reduction of branching order
Retracting the tree body with the higher branching level, controlling the branching level to be 8-10 levels, and keeping the diameter of the crown within 3 m. Through tree shape adjustment, the thickness of the leaf curtain layer is reduced, ventilation and light transmission are achieved, illumination distribution is uniform and reasonable, and a tree body structure with high yield and high quality is formed.
5 improving the soil
5.1 deep ploughing and improving soil
Deep soil-improving or soil-gathering cultivation is not usually carried out on orange orchards in the Meishan city when the orchards are built, deep soil-improving is not noticed in the later-stage production process, and the content of organic matters in the soil is low. The perennial habit of spreading fertilizers by farmers causes shallow root system distribution of trees and concentration on the surface, which causes weak tree vigor and is easily affected by adverse environmental conditions.
Deep tillage and soil improvement are the only way to reform such orchards. Deeply ploughing soil in an old orchard and additionally applying organic fertilizer to improve the soil structure. The method of drawing grooves or radial or digging holes is adopted to expand from the planting holes to the outside until the plants are turned and communicated. Turning over deeply year by year, excavating the water near the water dropping line of the crown in the middle ten days of 9 months every year, wherein the width of the water is more than 30cm, the depth of the water is more than 50cm, 1000-3000 kg of commercial organic fertilizer or 3000-8000 kg of decomposed human and animal excrement, biogas manure, oil residue, green manure and the like are applied to each mu, but the water needs to be thoroughly decomposed when the water is applied, and the water is used for killing, preventing and treating the spread of plant diseases and insect pests, well detecting the residual quantity of antibiotics and pesticides and ensuring the food safety of citrus fruits. The orchard deep ploughing and improving soil requires soil and fertilizer mixing, surface soil and bottom soil exchange, sufficient water is filled, soil is loosened, root system expansion is promoted, and the complete orchard deep ploughing and improving soil is completed within 2-3 years.
5.2 improved fertilization
The fruit agricultural fertilizer is not scientific, so that the rhizosphere soil of the citrus orchard is generally sour, partial nutrient elements are fixed, nutrients are lost, and the problem of nutrient deficiency is caused. The soil microbial flora is changed, the quantity of beneficial microorganisms is influenced, harmful microorganisms, particularly fungal pathogens are continuously increased, and various diseases are aggravated.
And (4) selecting a proper fertilizer according to the growth condition of the citrus and the soil condition. Enhancing the application of soil conditioners and beneficial microorganisms. The fertilizing amount can be determined by three methods of soil testing fertilization, leaf analysis fertilization and yield reverse push fertilization, the application of medium and trace element fertilizers is emphasized, and the soil application of calcium and magnesium and the leaf surface application times of boron and zinc are properly increased according to the soil condition of the Meishan citrus orchard.
5.3 cultivation of raw grass
The cultivation of annual grasses is not recommended, and the grasses such as lima beans, alfalfa, smooth leaf sweet potatoes, clover, mouse couch grass, soybeans, mung beans and the like are planted according to local conditions, the grasses grow for 3-6 months, and the grasses are killed for 7 months. In high-temperature drought seasons, the tree plate is covered by straws, green grass, green manure and the like, the thickness is 10-15cm, and the distance between a covering and a rhizome is kept above 10 cm.
The ground is covered from 9 months to 5 months in the following year, the violet leaves are pod-bearing in the 5 th late ten days, the stem leaves are withered, the grass seeds fall off the soil, and the grass seeds germinate and grow in the 9 months in the year.
6 perfecting irrigation and drainage and road facilities
6.1 guarantee of water supply for orchard
The orchard without a stable water source can be considered to construct a reservoir or be dug into a deep well, and the water source is ensured to be sufficient. Perfects the orchard irrigation system, and facilities such as drip irrigation, sprinkling irrigation and the like can be built in the conditional orchard, so that the water utilization rate is improved.
6.2 perfecting the drainage system
The drainage ditch is unreasonably arranged in the orchard, and the drainage ditch is improved or additionally arranged, so that different measures are taken for different types of orchards. The ground runoff intercepted by the drainage system is introduced into a reservoir or a pond or a reservoir for accumulation.
6.2.1 land leveling orchard
For a citrus orchard built on flat ground, a row ditch is ensured to be arranged between every two rows of fruit trees along the row direction, the depth of the row ditch is not less than 60cm, and the ratio of the ditch bottom is reduced by 0.3-0.4%. The drainage ditch is arranged perpendicular to the row ditch and is not more than 100m, the depth of the side ditch is not less than 100cm, the width of the side ditch is not less than 80cm, and the ratio of the ditch bottom is reduced by 0.4-0.5%.
6.2.2 mountain ladder-changing orchard
For the orchard for changing the mountain ladder, a ladder face back ditch is arranged, the width of the ladder face is less than 4m, the depth of the back ditch is not lower than 60cm, a sand settling tank is arranged near a water outlet of the short back ditch, and a sand settling tank or a small water storage tank is arranged every 20-40 m of the long back ditch; for orchards with the width of the terrace larger than 4m, the number of the open ditches is increased.
6.2.3 orchard without changing terraces in mountainous regions
For the main drainage ditch along the slope construction of the mountain orchard without changing the terrane, according to the topography, the distance between adjacent main drainage ditches is not more than 100m, every 50m or so on the slope surface according to the main drainage ditch, set up the secondary drainage ditch that reduces by 6%, the depth of the secondary drainage ditch should be less than the rock stratum or more than 60cm, form the netted drainage system, accomplish timely drainage, alleviate the rainwater to the scouring of earth's surface soil, construct the desilting tank or small-size cistern in the horizontal trend.
6.3 perfected road installation
The orchard road layout is reasonably arranged, and orchard management operation is facilitated. The orchard road consists of a main road, branch roads and a sidewalk. The sidewalk comprises a ditch road and a sidewalk. The trunk road surface width is not less than 5m, and in orchards with more than 1000 mu, a trunk road or a highway beside the trunk road should be constructed. The width of the branch road surface is 3m-4 m. The slope drop of the main road and the branch road is not more than 15 percent generally, and the roadbed needs to be compacted and paved into a cement stone road surface as far as possible. The ditch belt road has the road surface width of 1.2-2.0 m and the ditch depth of 0.5-0.8 m, and the barren rocks are laid dry according to the water flow direction; the pavement, the width of the pavement is 1.0 m-1.5m, and the place with larger gradient adopts S-shaped up and down or is trimmed into a step straight line up and down; the distance between the sidewalks is 30m-50 m.
For the conditional hillside orchard, a track traffic system can be set by referring to LY/T3166 and 2019 mountain single-rail transport plane taking an internal combustion engine as power of the forestry machine, so that the transport efficiency of the produced materials and the fruit harvesting is improved.
7 reforming 'old and small tree' orchard
The age of a few citrus trees is more than 6 years, and the citrus trees are in a high-yield period, but the citrus trees are short and small in crown, small in trunk, weak in growth of new shoots, rare in branches and leaves of the citrus trees, serious in pest and disease damage, late in production, low in yield and poor in quality.
7.1 hole enlargement, soil improvement and soil fertility improvement
According to orchard soil improvement measures, the complete deep soil improvement and soil improvement can be completed within 2-3 years, the soil condition is improved, and the organic matter content of the soil is increased.
7.2 ditching and draining, and timely watering
According to the improvement requirement of an orchard drainage system, the orchard drainage system, particularly a flat orchard, is improved in time, flood and waterlogging are prevented, and the situation that the water accumulated in the orchard cannot exceed 4 hours under the condition of rainstorm is ensured; perfect irrigation facilities and guarantee the water supply of orchards.
7.3 promoting root growth and strengthening tree vigor
Balanced fertilization, avoiding excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, applying a root promoting agent before spring shoot germination, after spring shoot aging and after autumn shoot aging, and applying liquid humic acid or fulvic acid type organic fertilizer to restore root growth.
7.4 reasonably trimming and culturing the crown
When soil improvement and fertilization are carried out on the underground part, the branch tips on the underground part are reasonably trimmed, and weak branches, dense branches and insect-disease branches are cut off. Cutting the aged lateral branches for 2-3 years, retracting peripheral long branches before sprouting in summer and autumn, and culturing to obtain full tree crowns for fruiting.
8 targeted prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests
In part of old orchards, longicorn, black locust, gummosis and foot rot are particularly serious because of large tree age and weak growth vigor, so that the longicorn, black locust, gummosis and foot rot are specially controlled in addition to the conventional pest control of the citrus orchards.
8.1 agricultural measures
8.1.1 Density reduction, scientific pruning
And (3) reforming the orchard according to the requirements of dense orchard changing and sparse orchard and crown shape improving. And the distance between branches and tips of trees is controlled by combining pruning, so that the ventilation of the orchard is kept. Prevent the increase of infection probability caused by poor ventilation and mutual friction contact between trees.
8.1.2 rational orchard management
And (4) carrying out orchard soil improvement according to the requirement of soil improvement. Particularly, for an orchard in a paddy field, a dark and humid area, an orchard with heavy soil, over-high soil acidity and poor drainage condition, soil improvement is required, and soil layers are guaranteed to be over 60cm, loose in texture, neutral in pH value and acid, 5.5-6.8 in pH value, rich in organic matter content, over 10% in oxygen content of mellow soil layers and below 100cm in underground water level height. The balanced supply of medium trace elements is noticed, and the resistance of trees is enhanced. And 4, loosening the soil in an orange garden, turning out a cicada pupa chamber of the black locust, and eliminating nymphs.
8.2 physical measures
8.2.1 Artificial control
By utilizing the phototaxis of the longicorn, a black light lamp can be adopted to trap and kill the longicorn to assist in artificial killing, and the area 17000-35000m with flat terrain21 insecticidal lamp is arranged in the hill mountain area 14000-25000m21 insecticidal lamp is arranged. Adults can also be manually caught, eggs cleared or larvae trimmed and killed during the day.
Aiming at foot rot and gummosis, resistant stocks are selected, the stocks which are seriously damaged are subjected to anvil replacement by grafting, and ventilation and drainage are paid attention. The diseased plants are manually scraped to the xylem or coated after longitudinal carving.
8.2.2 winter garden cleaning
And reasonably trimming, namely trimming and clearing away the disease and insect branches and leaves on the branches of the fruit trees in the harvested orchard in combination with winter trimming, and performing centralized deep burying or moving out of the orchard for harmless treatment. And (3) whitening the trunk, namely whitening the trunk within 50cm and the main branches within 20cm by using a whitening agent. Spraying mineral oil in early spring, but taking care of concentration and dosage.
8.3 chemical control
The prevention is mainly used for comprehensive prevention, and aiming at foot rot and resin diseases, 100 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 100 times of 50% thiophanate methyl wettable powder, 100 times of 80% mancozeb wettable powder and the like can be selected for prevention and treatment. The longicorn can be uniformly sprayed or injected with 40% thiacloprid 3000-4000 times liquid in 6-8 months. And (5) spraying and irrigating the soil with the radius of the trunk within 1m by using 40% chlorpyrifos 150-fold. The 2-fold solution of 25 percent carbaryl wettable agent is used for the germlined midday and late 5 months of the full egg laying period of the germlit.
8.4 biological measures
When pest control is carried out, attention should be paid to the protection of natural enemies and chemical control, and the control and pesticide spraying technology is updated and improved. The method of applying the chemical to the trunk and the roots can be applied, the chemical is prohibited to be applied in the peak period of the natural enemies, and the individual plant control is carried out when necessary. According to the concept of ecological development, the ecological environment suitable for the survival, propagation and inhabitation of natural enemies is created by applying the related knowledge of biodiversity. Grass can be grown in or around the citrus orchard, or a protection forest is planted, and the dastarcus helophoroides adults or scleroderma guani adults are released to carry out biological control on the longicorn; mantis and spider can prey on adult black locust, and parasitic wasps, paecilomyces cicadae, and Beauveria bassiana have certain effect on adult black locust, ovum, and nymph, and can be used.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any person skilled in the art should be considered to be within the technical scope of the present invention, and the technical solutions and the inventive concepts thereof according to the present invention should be equivalent or changed within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for improving the yield and quality of old citrus orchards is characterized by comprising the steps of variety improvement, dense orchard thinning and crown shape improvement;
variety improvement: comprises high grafting seed changing and inarching stock;
and (3) dense garden thinning: alternate cutting or transplanting;
the crown shape is improved: adjusting tree form and reducing branching level;
adjusting the tree shape: adopting a method for thinning out a central upright main branch and other main branches of a fruit tree, reserving 3-5 main branches, and uniformly configuring 2-3 lateral branches on each main branch;
reducing the branching level, retracting the tree body with the higher branching level, controlling the branching level to be 8-10 levels, and keeping the diameter of the crown within 3 meters.
2. The method for improving the yield and quality of the citrus orchard according to claim 1, wherein the high grafting and the seed changing are carried out from late 2 to late 3 months, the sap begins to flow, the outside air temperature is stable at more than 10 ℃, the high grafting and the seed changing are carried out on 2-3 branches, and the distance between the joints is about 25-30 cm;
the grafting mode is mainly cutting grafting, and the cutting position is selected as follows: taking 12 points in the central direction of a tree body as a standard, when a main grafting branch grows obliquely, the cut parts are positioned in the directions of 2 points and 10 points of a section, and when the main grafting branch grows vertically, the cut parts are positioned in the directions of 4 points and 8 points of the section;
checking survival condition 20-30 days after grafting, finding yellow and black dead, and performing supplementary grafting;
after the grafted buds survive and the new buds grow to 1-2cm, breaking the plastic film at the bud bracts without completely contacting the film, selecting 1 robust new shoot as a bone trunk branch for culturing each interface after 4 months and 5 months, removing the rest new shoots, and pinching at the position of 12-15cm of the reserved new shoots;
and when the month is 6-9, binding and reinforcing.
3. The method for improving the yield and the quality of the citrus orchard according to claim 2, wherein the method comprises the steps of inarching a stock, selecting branches of oranges, tangerines or poncirus trifoliata as stock seedlings, and performing inarching for 3-6 months;
during inarching, a single plant is inarched with 3 stocks, 3 small holes are respectively formed in the positions 20-40cm away from the base of the trunk of the inarched tree according to the length of stock seedlings, the longer the stock seedlings are, the larger the space between adjacent stock seedlings is, and the stock seedlings are obliquely placed into the small holes for planting;
selecting a stock seedling inarching part at a position of 30-50cm above the trunk, cutting a rectangular opening, wherein the inner surface of the cut is smooth, the depth reaches the cambium of the trunk, the xylem is not damaged, and the size of the rectangular opening is adapted to that of the stock seedling;
and (3) chamfering one end of the stock seedling inserted into the rectangular opening to enable the section to be horse ear-shaped, shearing and transversely cutting the inclined plane, and slowly and directly inserting the stock seedling into the rectangular opening to enable the stock seedling to be matched with the trunk.
4. The method for improving the yield and quality of old citrus orchards according to claim 3, wherein the dense orchard is changed to sparse orchard: after thinning or transplanting, the row spacing is not less than 4m, and the reserved plants per mu are not higher than 66 plants;
pruning the retained plants, and retracting or moderately cutting the weak branches or branch groups to update fruiting branch groups and rejuvenate crowns.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising improving the soil, wherein improving the soil comprises deep tillage, improved fertilization, and grass cultivation;
deep soil turning and improving: adopting a groove drawing, radial or hole digging mode, expanding outwards from the planting holes until the plants are turned to be open, deeply turning year by year, and digging the tree crown near a water dripping line with the width of more than 30cm and the depth of more than 50cm in 9 months per year;
applying 1000-3000 kg of commercial organic fertilizer or 3000-8000 kg of decomposed human and animal manure, biogas manure, oil residue and green manure per mu;
when fertilizing, thoroughly decomposing, and doing killing work to prevent and control the spread of plant diseases and insect pests;
and (3) improving fertilization: determining the fertilizing amount by three methods of soil testing fertilization, leaf analysis fertilization and yield reverse-push fertilization;
and (3) raw grass cultivation: planting one or more of broad beans, alfalfa, smooth leaf vetch, clover, cogongrass, soybeans and mung beans, and planting season crops, growing grass in 3-6 months and killing grass in 7 months according to seasons;
covering the tree disk with a covering material at a temperature higher than 32 deg.C, wherein the thickness of the covering material is 10-15cm, the thickness of the covering material and the root are maintained at above 10cm, and the covering material comprises straw, grass and green manure.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising perfecting irrigation and drainage including flat orchard, hilly-land ladder-changed orchard, and hilly-land ladder-not-changed orchard;
the flat orchard comprises a row ditch arranged between two adjacent rows of fruit trees along the row direction, the depth of the row ditch is not less than 60cm, and the ratio of the ditch bottom is reduced by 0.3-0.4%; the drainage ditch is vertical to the row ditch, the length of the drainage ditch is not more than 100 meters, the depth of the side ditch is not less than 100cm, the width of the side ditch is not less than 80cm, and the ratio of the ditch bottom is reduced by 0.4-0.5%;
the mountain land ladder-changing orchard comprises a ladder surface and a back ditch, when the width of the ladder surface is less than 4 meters, the depth of the back ditch is not less than 60cm, the back ditch comprises a short back ditch and a long back ditch, a sand settling tank is arranged near a water outlet of the short back ditch, and a sand settling tank or a small water storage tank is arranged every 20-40cm of the long back ditch;
in an orchard with the tread width larger than 4m, a row of ditches are formed;
and (3) the hilly region does not change into a ladder orchard: the water-saving and sand-settling tank comprises main drainage ditches built along a slope, wherein the distance between every two adjacent main drainage ditches is not more than 100m, an auxiliary drainage ditch is arranged at about every 50m away from the slope surface of each main drainage ditch, the ratio of the auxiliary drainage ditches is reduced to 6%, the main drainage ditches and the auxiliary drainage ditches form a net drainage system, and a sand-settling tank or a small water storage tank is built in the horizontal direction;
and (3) road facilities are perfected: the orchard road comprises a trunk road, branches and a sidewalk, wherein the sidewalk comprises a ditch road and a sidewalk, the width of the trunk road is not less than 5m, and the trunk road is arranged in an orchard with the area exceeding 1000 mu;
the width of the branch road surface is 3m-4m, and the slope of the main road and the branch road is not more than 15%;
the width of the ditch belt road surface is 1.2m-2m, the depth of the ditch is 0.5m-0.8m, and the barred rock is laid dry and arranged along the water flow direction;
the width of the pedestrian road surface is 1m-1.5m, the slope is greater than 10 degrees, S-shaped or step straight line is built, and the distance between the sidewalks is 30m-50 m.
7. A method for improving the yield and quality of small and old citrus trees is characterized by comprising the steps of improving soil, perfecting irrigation and drainage, balancing fertilization and reasonably pruning;
improving soil comprises the deep ploughing soil and the grass cultivation in the claim 5, and completing the deep ploughing soil in the whole garden within 2-3 years;
the perfect irrigation and drainage method comprises the flat orchard, the hilly-land ladder-changed orchard and the hilly-land ladder-unchanged orchard in the claim 6;
the balanced fertilization comprises applying a root promoting agent before spring shoot germination, after spring shoot aging and after autumn shoot aging, and applying liquid humic acid or fulvic acid type organic fertilizer;
the reasonable pruning comprises pruning the upper branch tips, pruning weak branches, dense branches and insect-disease branches, cutting off 2-3-year old side branches, and retracting peripheral long branches before the summer and autumn tips germinate.
8. A pest and disease control method for an old citrus orchard is characterized by comprising agricultural measures and physical measures;
agricultural measures including dense garden improvement, crown improvement in the above claim 1 and deep tillage soil improvement in the above claim 5;
the soil layer after deep soil modification is more than 60cm thick, loose in texture, neutral in pH value and acid, 5.5-6.8 in pH value, more than 2.5% in organic matter content, more than 10% in oxygen content of the mellow soil layer and less than 100cm in underground water level height, so that the resistance of the tree body is enhanced;
the physical measures comprise manual control and winter garden cleaning, the manual control adopts black light lamp trapping and killing and manual catching and killing, the black light lamp trapping and killing adopts the installation of an insect killing lamp, and the insect killing lamp is arranged in a flat terrain area of 17000-2Installing 1 insecticidal lamp in 14000-2Installing 1 insecticidal lamp, selecting resistant rootstocks from rootstock seedlings selected in claim 3, carrying out anvil replacement treatment on seriously damaged rootstocks, and manually scraping disease spots on diseased plants to xylem or coating after longitudinal carving;
removing the branches and leaves of the disease and pests on the branches and tips of the fruit trees by combining winter pruning, intensively burying deeply or moving out of the orchard for innocent treatment, whitening the trunk within 50cm and the main branches within 20cm by using a whitening agent, spraying a pesticide to clear the orchard, and spraying mineral oil to clear the orchard in early spring.
9. A pest control method for citrus orchards according to claim 8, further comprising chemical measures;
chemical measures are as follows: comprises the treatment of foot rot, resinopathy, longicorn, black locust larva and Giardia gibsonii;
foot rot, resin disease: selecting 100 times of liquid of 50 percent carbendazim wettable powder, 100 times of liquid of 50 percent thiophanate-methyl wettable powder and 100 times of liquid of 80 percent mancozeb wettable powder;
b, longhorn beetle: uniformly spraying 3000-4000 times of 40% thiacloprid liquid or injecting pesticide through wormholes in a whole garden within 6-8 months;
black locust larvae: spraying 40% chlorpyrifos 150-fold in soil with the trunk radius within 1 m;
2, the gerbil: in the middle and late 5 months of the full egg laying period, a 25% carbaryl wettable benefit agent 400-time liquid is used.
10. A pest control method for citrus orchard according to claim 8 or 9, further comprising biological measures;
biological measures are as follows: growing grass or planting a protection forest in or around a citrus orchard, releasing imagoes of dastarcus helophoroides or scleroderma guani, and releasing mantis or spiders; releasing parasitic wasp, Paecilomyces cicadae and Beauveria cicadae.
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