CN113261465A - Rapid citrus orchard establishment method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for quickly forming a citrus orchard, which belongs to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation and comprises the following steps: 1. selecting strong seedlings; 2. mechanically building a garden; 3. improving soil of rhizosphere; 4. managing fertilizer and water; 5. the shaping is free from shearing; 6. high-efficiency prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests; 7. and (5) covering the tree disk. The invention creates basic conditions for rapid root system expansion by preferentially selecting strong seedlings and locally improving soil in root areas, meets the nutrient supply of citrus at the seedling stage, and reduces the complicated procedure of applying base fertilizer in autumn at the seedling stage; the garden building mode of deep-furrow wide-compartment and single-row ridging is convenient for mechanized light and simple operation, and the later-period management and maintenance cost is greatly reduced; the application of the shaping and cutting-free technology realizes the rapid outward expansion of the crown of the plant, and avoids the nutrient waste caused by the cutting; the prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests in the key period and the formula fertilization technology realize the high-efficiency management in the seedling period, the using amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and the investment of labor force are obviously reduced, the growth vigor and the fruiting period of plants are 2-3 years earlier than those of the prior art, and the early fruiting, high and stable yield of fruit trees and the sustainable production of soil are realized.

Description

Rapid citrus orchard establishment method

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, in particular to a rapid citrus orchard establishment method.

Background

In recent years, along with the vigorous implementation of poverty-depriving and hardness-attacking and rural revivification strategies, citrus industries are vigorously developed in west underdeveloped areas by taking poverty-depriving and hardness-attacking as a trigger, and the rural revivification strategies are implemented, so that citrus also becomes the first large category of fruit with the largest planting area and the highest total yield in China.

In the prior art, a wide-box deep groove is opened in a field or a sloping field, or a trench is dug and planted or a pier is built by using contour lines or a hole is dug and planted directly without ditching, the row spacing of the plants is 3m multiplied by 3-4m, the operation steps are that the position of the fixed planting hole or the drainage groove is confirmed by a line releasing mode, then the fixed planting hole with the width and the depth of 25-40cm is dug manually, a bare-rooted seedling or a container seedling is planted in the hole without applying base fertilizer, the soil is covered and compacted and water is filled thoroughly, urea or compound fertilizer is applied to two sides of a tree disc when a new tip is sent out in spring of the second year, and organic fertilizer is applied in autumn of the second year in successive years.

In addition, the existing technology usually adopts a shaping and light-shearing mode to trim, namely upright branches, spindly branches and over-dense branches of saplings are trimmed or erased from the base part at one time, one branch simultaneously shoots a plurality of new tips (fasciculate branches), and the five-thinning-two and three-thinning-one principle is adopted to trim, so that a large amount of nutrients in the seedling stage are lost; secondly, the prior art lacks a systemic fertilizer and water regulation and control in the seedling stage and a targeted prevention and control year-round technical scheme of plant diseases and insect pests, so that the method is not convenient for farmers to master and manage in a standardized way; meanwhile, under the density of the prior art, the oranges are sealed after 6 to 8 years, so that the later-stage operation and management are inconvenient; the top dressing mode can cause the root system to longitudinally extend and be blocked, and the turning direction of the root system is transverse to growth, so that the root system floats upwards, is not deeply pricked, is easily influenced by the external environment, and has the phenomena of sunscald fruits, fruit cracking, nutrient deficiency in later period, even small and old trees, dead seedlings and the like.

Under the prior art, the citrus usually needs 4-5 years to start production, has the defects of large investment in seedling stage, weak growth vigor of plants, long juvenile period, slow capital recovery, inconvenient mechanical operation and the like, and increases the production risk of the citrus.

Disclosure of Invention

Aiming at the defects of the prior art, the invention aims to provide a rapid citrus orchard establishment method, which can effectively overcome the defects of large seedling investment, weak plant growth vigor, long juvenile period, inconvenient mechanized operation, large citrus production risk and the like in the prior citrus orchard establishment technology.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

the invention provides a rapid citrus orchard establishment method, which specifically comprises the following steps: 1. selecting strong seedlings; 2. mechanically building a garden; 3. improving soil of rhizosphere; 4. managing fertilizer and water; 5. the shaping is free from shearing; 6. high-efficiency prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests; 7. and (5) covering the tree disk.

Further, selecting container seedlings of orange rootstocks or bitter orange rootstocks from the strong seedlings in the step 1; and (3) seedling selection standard: the branches are upright, the grafted ports are well healed, the root system is complete and developed, the leaf color is dark green, the diameter is larger than or equal to 1cm, the height is larger than or equal to 80cm, the number of branches is larger than or equal to 3, and the trunk height is 20-30 cm.

Further, the mechanized garden building in step 2 comprises the following specific processes:

2.1, preparing soil and adjusting shape by adopting a single-row soil gathering and ridging mode, wherein the plant-row spacing is selected to be 2-3 m multiplied by 4.5-6 m;

2.2, mechanically ridging, wherein the standard is 2.2-2.6 m of ridge base, 1.8-2 m of ridge top, 0.6-0.7 m of ridge height, 2.3-2.6 m of tractor-ploughing channel left between lines, mechanically finishing ridge surface after ridging, and keeping the side surface flat;

2.3, adopting the principle of 'rope pulling distance, unified line releasing and standard planting' to determine the positions of the planting holes, ensuring that the planting holes are arranged in rows, vertically arranged and obliquely formed, and then digging the planting holes by utilizing mechanical equipment, wherein the depth and the width of the planting holes are 75-90 cm.

Furthermore, in the step 3, a four-layer soil improvement method is adopted for rhizosphere soil improvement, namely a water filtering layer, a fertilizer water layer, a live soil layer and a matrix layer are sequentially arranged in the planting holes from bottom to top.

Furthermore, the water filtering layer consists of crushed plant straws and surface soil, is positioned at the bottom of the planting hole and has the thickness of 30-45 cm; the fertilizer water layer is formed by mixing organic fertilizer and surface soil, and the thickness is 20-30 cm; the live soil layer is formed by backfilling fine soil on the surface layer and is positioned around the substrate layer; the matrix layer is arranged around the container seedling soil ball and is 15-20cm away from the ground.

Furthermore, the mass ratio of the crushed plant straws to the surface soil in the water filtering layer is 5-10: 1-3.

Further, the mass ratio of the organic fertilizer to the surface soil in the fertilizer water layer is 3-7: 1-3.

Furthermore, the organic fertilizer is formed by mixing 10-15kg of decomposed rape-seed cakes or 20-30kg of decomposed organic fertilizer with 2-3kg of calcium superphosphate.

Further, the specific process of fertilizer and water management in step 4 is as follows:

performing water and fertilizer nutrient solution root irrigation twice in 3 months, 6 months and 9 months respectively for young citrus trees within 4.1 and 5 years, wherein the interval is 15-20 days each time;

4.2, N in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 2 years: p₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 0.3: 0.5, the amount of pure N is 0.09-0.11 kg; in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 3 years, the ratio of N: p₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 0.4: 0.6, the amount of pure N is 0.18-0.23 kg; n in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young orange trees within 4-5 years: p₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 0.5: 0.7, and the amount of pure N is 0.27-0.33 kg.

Furthermore, the root irrigation mode in the step 4.1 is rhizosphere topdressing water soluble fertilizer, and the concentration of the water fertilizer nutrient solution is 2-3%.

Further, in step 4.2, the amount of pure N in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 2 years is 0.1kg, the amount of pure N in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 3 years is 0.2kg, and the amount of pure N in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 4-5 years is 0.3 kg.

Further, the specific process of the shaping without cutting in step 5 is as follows:

the young orange trees within 5 years are mainly cultivated in tree vigor and promoted to expand crowns outwards, and the branches are cut with few branches, and the operation is that after semi-lignification is carried out at 1/3-1/2 parts of upright branches, the branches are pinched outwards or twisted inwards for 360 degrees by 270 degrees from 3-10cm parts of the base part, so that the branches are horizontally opened downwards for 5-30 degrees; culturing 1-2 spindly branches close to the central trunk of each plant as an upward crown-expanding trunk branch group, and pinching when the spindly branches grow to 1.6-2m to promote layering results; after the branches of the rest of the spindly branches and strong and vigorous branch groups are lignified, branch pulling and branch hanging treatment is carried out, so that the crowns are rapidly opened outwards at 5-45 degrees, and the layered fruiting and early fruiting and high yield of the oranges are realized.

Further, the specific process of efficient pest control in step 6 is as follows:

6.1, 11 months-2 months in the next year, performing winter and spring garden cleaning: mineral oil 150 times or 1 Be-2 Be degree lime sulphur mixture is adopted to carry out full-circle spraying for 1 time in winter; in spring, mineral oil 150 times or engine oil emulsion 150 times, 73% propargite 1500 times and 25% azoxystrobin 1250 times are sprayed for 1 time;

preventing and controlling citrus red spiders, aphids, bud maggots and anthracnose for 6.2 and 3-5 months; the concrete measures are as follows: when the population base number of the red spider leaf is within 3, putting predatory mites for prevention and control; when the number of the leaf-average insect population is more than 3 and less than 6, insecticide is sprayed for prevention and control; when the number of the insect population per leaf is more than 6, spraying acaricide for prevention and control, and simultaneously spraying bactericide for preventing anthracnose; spraying 1.5 times of pesticide to kill the adult fruit fly on the ground in the middle ten days of the month 4;

controlling citrus fruit flies, rust ticks, leaf miners, scale insects, resiniferous diseases and anthracnose in 6.3 and 6-7 months; the concrete measures are as follows: an insecticidal lamp is installed in the first 6 th month, a fly trapping ball is hung in the middle 6 th month to trap adult fruit flies, a sex attractant and sugar-vinegar liquid are hung to trap young fruit flies, and a pheromone trap is hung to trap leaf miners;

controlling fruit flies, leaf miners and red spiders in 6.4 and 8-9 months; the concrete measures are as follows: removing late summer tips and early autumn tips 8 months ago by leaf miner; spraying chlorantraniliprole and mineral oil for 1 time when the autumn shoots grow to 2-3cm in 9 months, and preventing and controlling fruit flies and red spiders by adopting a physical trapping and killing mode;

and controlling citrus red spider, anthracnose and resina diseases in 6.5-11 months.

Further, in the step 6, in the efficient pest prevention and control, the pesticide can be selected from abamectin/deltamethrin/thiamethoxam/buprofezin/pyriproxyfen/spirotetramat and the like, the acaricide can be selected from spirodiclofen/etoxazole/fenpyroximate/bifenazate and the like, the leaf miner can be controlled by 99% of mineral oil + 20% of chlorantraniliprole, and the fungicide can be selected from difenoconazole/pyrimethanil/azoxystrobin/thiophanate methyl/captan/prochloraz and the like.

Further, the specific process of tree disk coverage in step 7 is as follows:

controlling grass and keeping moisture of young orange trees within 7.1 and 4 years by covering LS (LS GROUNCOVER) ground fabric or straw between lines;

after 7.2 and 4 years, a no-tillage broadcast sowing mode is adopted, and 2-3 kg/mu of green manure is sowed among rows to promote natural grass growth, inhibit weeds, and fertilize and activate soil.

Further, 7.2 medium green manure is at least one of clover, smooth leaf vetch, common vetch and lathyrus sativus.

The invention has the following advantages:

1. the garden building mode is suitable for mechanical operation and underground water level reduction, is beneficial to preventing fruit cracking and waterlogging root rot before picking, promotes the root system to extend downwards, and achieves the effects of accurate, efficient and labor-saving operation. The method adopts a wide-row and narrow-plant planting mode, and a machine-ploughing channel with the length of 2.4-2.6 m is reserved between rows, so that mechanized pesticide spraying, fertilizer application, fruit picking and transportation management after garden formation are facilitated; the single-row ridging garden building mode is beneficial to water drainage and water filtration in the rainfall concentration period of the orchard and improvement of the rhizosphere soil of the barren mountainous regions. Compared with the conventional garden building mode, the fruit cracking rate of the later fruit is reduced by 60 percent, the soluble solid is improved by 8 to 15 percent, and the mechanical application accounts for 60 to 80 percent of the annual management;

2. the invention improves rhizosphere soil by layers, obviously improves the growth quantity and quality of root systems and realizes the rapid growth of oranges and tangerines into a garden. The invention adopts a four-layer soil improvement method, namely a water filtering layer, a fertilizer water layer, a live soil layer and a matrix layer are divided in a planting hole from bottom to top. The water filtering layer is composed of crushed plant straws and a small amount of surface soil, is positioned at the bottom of the planting hole and is basically level to the intertillage machine plowing path, and mainly plays a role in filtering water and improving deep soil in the middle of rainfall collection in summer; the fertilizer water layer is 20-30cm deep and is formed by mixing organic fertilizer and surface soil, and the fertilizer water layer is a key area with the most concentrated distribution of citrus root systems, can continuously supply the nutrient requirement of citrus seedling stage, and can induce the root systems to rapidly expand downwards and outwards; the live soil layer is formed by backfilling fine soil on the surface layer and is positioned around the matrix layer, and the live soil layer mainly plays a role in exercising a root system and enhancing the adaptability of the root system; the matrix layer is positioned around the container seedling soil ball to protect the root system of the seedling and promote the rapid extraction and the stretching of the root system, the method can rapidly improve the organic matter of the rhizosphere soil to 7 to 15 percent, the growth amount of the root system is 2 to 3 years earlier than that of the conventional planting method in the same period, and the incidence rate of the nutrient deficiency disease is reduced by more than 60 percent;

3. the invention balances the proportion of the nutrient elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by supplying fertilizer in due time and in proper amount according to the needs, maintains the balance of the nutrient elements of the soil on the basis of ensuring the nutrients required by the thriving and growing of the oranges at different stages of seedling stage, has the utilization rate of water and fertilizer as high as 85 percent, promotes the healthy and sustainable growth of the soil and the early fruiting and high yield of the oranges, and has the growth vigor 2 to 3 years earlier than the conventional fertilizer application;

4. the shear-free technology of the invention utilizes the vigorous and nutritional branch groups such as the spindly branches and the upright branches to cultivate the branches into skeleton branch groups and fruiting branch groups by the modes of twisting, pulling, supporting and the like, thereby promoting the crown to rapidly expand to the periphery. Compared with the conventional light pruning technology, pruning is reduced for 3-4 times all the year round, the growth advantage of the nutritional branch group is obvious, the pruning-free technology utilizes the growth characteristics of the branches, the crown can be quickly formed into a garden, the nutrient waste is avoided, and the fruit bearing is improved by 2-3 years compared with the conventional pruning mode;

5. by optimizing the modes of container seedling strengthening and local soil improvement in root areas, the invention creates good basic conditions for rapid root system expansion, satisfies the nutrient supply of citrus in seedling stage, reduces the complicated procedures of applying base fertilizer in autumn in seedling stage, facilitates mechanized light and simple operation in a deep groove wide box and single-row ridging garden building mode, greatly reduces the later-stage management and maintenance cost, realizes rapid outward expansion of plant crowns by the application of the shaping and cutting-free technology, avoids nutrient waste caused by trimming, realizes high-efficiency management in seedling stage by the pest control in key stage and the formula fertilization technology, can significantly reduce the dosage of chemical fertilizer and pesticide and the input of labor force, and simultaneously leads the plant growth and fruiting period to be 2-3 years ahead of the conventional technology, thereby realizing the beneficial effects of early fruiting, high and stable yield of fruit trees, sustainable soil production and the like.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a park building distribution of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the rhizosphere soil improvement of the present invention.

Detailed Description

The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples, but the invention is not limited to the examples.

Example 1

The embodiment provides a spring meeting rapid gardening method, which comprises the following steps as shown in figures 1-2:

(1) strong seedling selection: selecting orange rootstock spring container seedlings with the diameter larger than or equal to 1cm, the height larger than or equal to 80cm, the branch number larger than or equal to 3, the trunk height larger than or equal to 25cm, complete and developed root systems, dark green leaf colors, pure varieties, normal sources, strong growth vigor and no quarantine diseases, and planting in 3 months;

(2) mechanically building a garden: planting density is 2.5m multiplied by 5m, soil preparation and shape adjustment are carried out along the bottom of the slope by adopting a single-row soil gathering and ridging mode, the ridge base width is 2.5m, the ridge top is 1.8m, the ridge height is 0.6m, machine ploughing channels are left between rows for 2.5m, after the ridge surface is prepared, paying-off is carried out to determine the position of a planting hole, and a small excavator is used for digging the planting hole with the depth and the width of 80 cm;

(3) rhizosphere soil improvement: smashing corn straws, mixing with surface soil (the mass ratio of the smashed corn straws to the surface soil is 7:2), backfilling for 40cm, pouring 10kg of well-mixed decomposed rape cakes, 2kg of calcium superphosphate and 8kg of surface soil into each hole, covering a small amount of soil while watering, uniformly stirring until water is filled, backfilling surface soil fine soil to a position of 20cm above a ridge top, righting a container seedling, placing the container seedling at the central position of a planting point, pouring turf around the container seedling as a matrix, covering soil, filling water and treading the planting hole;

(4) and (3) fertilizer and water management: irrigating roots in a water-soluble fertilizer mode at intervals of 15d in sunny days of 3 months, 6 months and 9 months respectively, and applying pure N0.1 kg (N: P) to young plants in 2 years₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 0.3: 0.5); 0.2kg of purified N (N: P) is applied to the young trees of 3 years₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 0.4: 0.6); 0.3kg of pure N (N: P) is applied to 4-5-year-old young trees₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 0.5: 0.7). The concentration of the water and fertilizer nutrient solution is controlled to be 2 percent;

(5) shaping without shearing: the young orange trees within 5 years are mainly cultivated in tree vigor and promoted to expand crowns outwards, and the branches are cut with few branches, and the operation is that after semi-lignification is carried out at 1/3-1/2 parts of upright branches, the branches are pinched outwards or twisted inwards for 360 degrees by 270 degrees from 3-10cm parts of the base part, so that the branches are horizontally opened downwards for 5-30 degrees; culturing 1-2 spindly branches close to the central trunk of each plant as an upward crown-expanding trunk branch group, and pinching when the spindly branches grow to 1.6-2m to promote layering results; after the branches of the rest of the spindly branches and strong and vigorous branch groups are lignified, branch pulling and branch hanging treatment is carried out to promote the crowns to rapidly keep horizontal opening at 5-45 degrees outwards, and layering fruiting and early fruiting and high yield of the oranges are realized;

(6) high-efficient prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests: 1Be degree lime sulphur mixture is used for clearing the garden in winter at the beginning of 11 months, 150 times of mineral oil, 73 percent of propargite 1500 times and 25 percent of azoxystrobin 1250 times are used for clearing the garden in spring in the last ten days of 2 months, and pest and disease damage such as citrus overwintering ova, red spiders and the like are controlled in a key manner;

monitoring diseases and insect pests such as citrus red spiders, aphids, flower bud maggots, anthracnose and the like in fields in 3-5 months, adopting predatory mites to prevent and control when the number of the insect population of leaves of the red spiders is within 3, enabling the number of the insect population of the leaf to be more than 3, using a high-efficiency low-toxicity insecticide to prevent and control, and using an acute acaricide to prevent and control when the number of the insect population of the leaves is more than 6, and simultaneously adding a bactericide to prevent the anthracnose; in 4-month middle ten days, 1.5 times of the pesticide with the conventional concentration is used for killing the adult large (small) fruit flies on the ground;

the method comprises the following steps of monitoring diseases and insect pests such as citrus leaf miner, scale insect, big (small) fruit fly, rust tick, resin disease, anthracnose and the like in a key point in 6-7 months, installing an insect killing lamp in the whole garden in the first 6 months to trap phototaxis pests, hanging a fly trapping ball in the middle ten days to trap big fruit fly, hanging sex attractant and sugar-vinegar liquid to trap small fruit fly, hanging a pheromone trap to trap leaf miner, and using a medicament to selectively treat the serious diseases and insect pests in the same period in the past;

in 8-9 months, citrus leaf miner, large and small fruit flies and red spiders are controlled intensively, the leaf miner adopts a late summer tip and a early autumn tip before 8 months of erasing, the larval feeding period is shortened in a concentrated autumn tip mode in 9 months, so that centralized control is realized, namely when the autumn tip is 2-3cm long, 1 time of prevention is realized by using chlorantraniliprole and mineral oil, the large and small fruit flies are mainly used for physically trapping and intensively treating worms and fruits, and the red spiders are the same as above;

intensively preventing citrus red spiders, anthracnose and resina diseases in 10-11 months, and intensively collecting damaged resident insect fruits; the insecticide can be imidacloprid/abamectin/deltamethrin/thiamethoxam/buprofezin/pyriproxyfen/spirotetramat and the like, the acaricide can be spirodiclofen/etoxazole/fenpyroximate/bifenazate and the like, the leaf miner can be prevented and controlled by 99% mineral oil and 20% chlorantraniliprole, and the fungicide can be difenoconazole/pyrimethanil/azoxystrobin/thiophanate methyl/captan/prochloraz and the like;

(7) and (3) tree disc covering: in 4 years after planting, controlling grass and moisturizing by covering LS ground cloth in rows, uncovering the ground cloth for ventilation when applying base fertilizer in autumn, and continuing to cover until 3 months later, so as to promote the rapid growth of the citrus seedling stage; and 4 years later, adopting a no-tillage broadcast sowing mode, sowing 2-3 kg/mu of green fertilizers such as clover, smooth-leaf vetch, common vetch, and lathyrium sativum among rows to promote natural grass growth, inhibit weeds, and fertilize and activate soil.

The growth vigor of the plants in spring is improved by 3 years, the plants are strong, the leaf color is dark green, the nutrient deficiency rate is reduced by 80 percent, and the planting period of 2 years has the initial fruiting capacity; before the 'spring' whole garden is stable in production (usually 7-8 years), the accumulated yield per mu is increased by 4000kg, the soluble solid is increased by 10%, the titratable acid is reduced by more than 8%, and meanwhile, the reduction and the efficiency of the chemical fertilizer and the pesticide are realized, through detection, the using amounts of the chemical fertilizer and the pesticide in the whole garden are respectively reduced by 21% and 35%, the organic matter of the soil in a root area is increased to 7%, the fruit cracking rate is reduced by 20%, and the fruit quality and the comprehensive economic benefit are obviously improved.

Example 2

A method for quickly forming a garden of 'love quality' oranges comprises the following steps in sequence:

(1) strong seedling selection: selecting a container seedling of orange rootstock of which the height is more than or equal to 1m, the branch number is more than or equal to 3, the trunk height is more than or equal to 30cm, the root system is completely developed, and the variety is pure, and planting the container seedling in 3 months.

(2) Building a garden: the planting density is 3m multiplied by 4.5m, the shape of the ridge is adjusted along the slope direction by adopting a single-row soil gathering and ridging mode, the ridge base width is 2.2m, the ridge top is 1.8m, the ridge height is 0.6m, and a tractor plowing channel is reserved between rows for 2.3 m.

(3) Rhizosphere soil improvement: corn stalks are crushed and backfilled for 40cm, 30kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 2kg of calcium superphosphate are poured into each hole, and the container seedlings are planted according to the method of the embodiment 1.

(4) And (3) fertilizer and water management: irrigating roots in a water-soluble fertilizer mode at intervals of 15d in sunny days of 3 months, 6 months and 9 months respectively, and applying pure N0.09 kg (N: P) to young plants within 2 years₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 0.3: 0.5); 0.2kg of purified N (N: P) is applied to the young trees of 3 years₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 0.4: 0.6); 0.32kg of purified N (N: P) is applied to 4-5-year-old young trees₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 0.5: 0.7). The concentration of the water and fertilizer nutrient solution is controlled to be 2 percent;

(4) shaping without shearing: a 'love quality' is shaped after the second year of field planting, a branch is mainly supported, namely after 2 months, a vertical bamboo pole is erected at the center of a crown, and the drooping branch tips around are pulled to the bamboo pole by a nylon rope or a cloth belt to grow upwards.

The rest is the same as example 1.

Through detection, the quality of love citrus plants is improved by 2 years, the leaf rolling rate of the virus diseases is reduced by 30 percent in a same ratio, the occurrence rate of the old trees is reduced by 90 percent in a same ratio, and the problem of poor quality of love citrus plants is solved; before the quality is good and stable yield is achieved in the whole orchard (usually 7-8 years), the cumulative yield increase of 3000kg per mu is achieved, the soluble solid content is improved by 15%, the titratable acid is reduced by more than 10%, the use amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the whole orchard are respectively reduced by 15% and 25%, the organic matter in the soil in the root area is remarkably improved to 12%, the fruit cracking rate is reduced by 30%, and the fruit quality and the comprehensive economic benefit of the orchard are remarkably improved.

Example 3

A method for rapidly forming a garden of a Ganping orange comprises the following steps in sequence:

(1) strong seedling selection: the same as example 1;

(2) building a garden: soil preparation and shape adjustment are carried out along the slope direction at the bottom in a single-row soil gathering and ridging mode, the ridge base width is 2.6m, the ridge top is 2m, the ridge height is 0.7m, and machine plowing paths are reserved between rows for 2.4 m.

(3) Rhizosphere soil improvement: corn stalks are crushed and backfilled for 45cm, 30kg of decomposed organic fertilizer and 3kg of calcium superphosphate are poured into each hole, and the planting method is the same as that of the embodiment 1;

(4) and (3) tree disc covering: in 3 years after planting, controlling grass and moisturizing by covering LS ground cloth in rows, uncovering the ground cloth for ventilation when applying base fertilizer in autumn, and continuing to cover until 3 last ten days, so as to promote the rapid growth of the citrus in seedling stage; 3 years later, a mode of covering straw with a tree disc is adopted to inhibit weeds and control the soil humidity in summer;

(5) and (3) fertilizer and water management: except for the topdressing of the rhizosphere of the example 1, the citrus ganping is sprayed with 0.3 percent KH on the leaf surfaces of the whole garden for 3 times in 6 to 8 months₂P0₄+ 1000-fold 1500-time amino acid chelated calcium nutrient solution;

(6) the rest of the procedure is the same as in example 1;

through detection, the growth vigor of the Gaoping citrus plants is improved by 2 years, branches and leaves are dark green, the nutrient deficiency rate is reduced by 75 percent, the fruit cracking rate is reduced by 85 percent, the problem that the thin-peel citrus is easy to crack is effectively solved, the accumulated yield per mu is increased by 2500kg until the Gaoping citrus plants are stable in the whole garden, the soluble solid content is increased by 10 percent, the titratable acid is reduced by more than 5 percent, the organic matter in the soil in the root area is remarkably increased to 10 percent, the using amounts of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the whole garden are respectively reduced by 15 percent and 25 percent, and the fruit quality and the comprehensive economic benefit of the orchard are remarkably improved.

Comparative example 1

The difference between the comparative example 1 and the example 1 is that the method selects the bitter orange rootstock spring-seeing bare-rooted seedling with the diameter of 0.7cm, the height of 60cm and the trunk height of 18cm, and the rest steps are the same as the example 1. Investigation and analysis

Comparative example 2

Comparative example 2 is different from example 1 in that planting density is 3m x 3m, a flat land garden building mode is adopted, two rows of one ditch are provided, the width of the ditch is 30cm, the depth of the ditch is 40cm, namely, the garden building standard is different from example 1, and the rest steps are the same as example 1.

Comparative example 3

Comparative example 3 is different from example 1 in that the method is the same as example 1 except that the method is carried out without applying base fertilizer to the rhizosphere to improve soil.

Comparative example 4

Comparative example 4 differs from example 1 in that the saplings were planted twice at the end of 2 months and at the beginning of 10 months in 3 years, and N0.04 kg (N: P) was planted on the soil surface₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 1: 1) simultaneously, respectively irrigating the alginic acid water-soluble fertilizer for 1 time 1000 times in the whole garden at 4 months, 5 months, 7 months, 8 months and 10 months, 3kg each time; the young trees of 4-5 years are planted with N0.12 kg (N: P) on the soil surface in the late 2 months, late 7 months and early 10 months₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 1: 1) simultaneously, the alginic acid water soluble fertilizer is irrigated for 1 time 1000 times and 7kg each time in the whole garden at 4 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months and 9 months respectively, namely the comparative example 4 has different nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization modes, proportions and dosage compared with the example 1, namely the surface soil fertilization is adopted at the same mass ratio (N, P)₂O₅、K₂O), adding the step of irrigating the alginic acid water-soluble fertilizer, and carrying out the same process as in example 1.

Comparative example 5

The difference between the comparative example 5 and the example 1 is that in each period of spring, summer and autumn shoot hair-drawing, the upright branches, the spindly branches, the over dense branches or the branches of the young trees are cut or erased from the base part at one time, and a plurality of new shoots (fasciculate branches) are simultaneously drawn and hair-drawn by one branch, and the five-thinning-two and three-thinning-one principle is adopted for thinning, namely, compared with the example 1, the comparative example 5 adopts the trimming mode of shaping and light-shearing, and the rest process is the same as the example 1.

Comparative example 6

The difference between the comparative example 6 and the example 1 is that according to the occurrence situation of citrus diseases and insect pests in the past year, chemical pesticides are used for preventing the diseases and insect pests in advance before the occurrence of the diseases and insect pests, the centralized control is mainly carried out for 3-5 months and 7-9 months, wherein 7 diseases and insect pests such as citrus red spider, large (small) fruit fly, leaf miner, bud maggot, ticks, anthracnose, resinosis and the like are emphatically controlled, namely, compared with the example 1, the comparative example 6 is combined with the past experience, the chemical control mode of emphasizing the diseases and insect pests and the centralized control is adopted, and the rest processes are the same as the example 1.

Comparative example 7

The difference of the comparative example 7 from the example 1 is that according to the traditional planting management method, the planting density is 3m multiplied by 4m, the bare-rooted seedlings in spring are selected for planting, during planting, small holes are dug for planting the clear-water seedlings, soil is not changed, and the fertilizer and water management mode of the comparative example 4, the pruning mode of the comparative example 5 and the pest control mode of the comparative example 6 are adopted.

The production conditions and the comprehensive benefits of the spring citrus of example 1 and comparative examples 1-7 are tested as follows:

1. growth vigor of plants

The growth vigor of plants is influenced by various factors, the growth and nutritional health conditions of the oranges are directly reflected, in the example 1, the survival rate of seedlings in the example 1 is 100%, the incidence rate of dead seedlings or young trees is less than or equal to 2%, the incidence rate of nutrient deficiency is less than or equal to 1%, the crown reaches 2.1m, the tree is 2.4m, the oranges in spring are preliminarily grown in the fifth year, the effect of each index is optimal, and in the conventional management method (the comparative example 7), the survival rate of the oranges is low, the crown growth vigor is weakest, and the incidence rates of the young trees, the nutrient deficiency trees and the like are highest.

The specific results are shown in the following table:

example types	Survival rate	Rate of runt seedlings/young old trees	Crown width/height of 5-year-old tree	Incidence of nutrient deficiency	Rate of fruit cracking
						Example 1	100％	≤2％	2.1m/2.4m	≤1％	≤1％
Comparative example 1	84％	7％-12％	1.7m/1.8m	≤3％	≤1％
						Comparative example 2	91％	5％-10％	1.5m/1.9m	2％-5％	2％-5％
Comparative example 3	93％	8％-15％	1.6m/1.7m	4％-7％	2％-3％
						Comparative example 4	92％	≤4％	2m/2.2m	≤2％	≤2％
Comparative example 5	100％	≤3％	1.8m/1.9m	≤1.5％	≤1％
						Comparative example 6	100％	≤3％	2.1m/2.3m	≤1％	≤1％
Comparative example 7	70％	15％-23％	1.3m/1.5m	8％-15％	3％-8％

2. Fertility of soil

The deficiency or the imbalance of the soil nutrient elements can cause the growth and the physiological metabolism of the oranges to be obstructed or abnormally changed, and because a scientific fertilization scheme is not made according to the soil fertilizer supply performance, the fertilizer utilization effect and the orange fertilizer requirement rule, the phenomenon of depletion or enrichment of the soil nutrient elements can occur after most of orange gardens are planted all the year round by referring to the traditional cultivation technology and the unreasonable fertilization concept, so the growth and the result of the oranges are seriously influenced. In the embodiment 1, compared with the soil fertility indexes of the comparative examples 2-4 after continuous planting for 5 years, from factors such as a garden building mode, rhizosphere soil improvement, fertilizer water regulation and control and the like, the embodiment 1 has remarkable effects on soil pH improvement, soil organic matter improvement, soil nitrogen phosphorus potassium balance and the like, according to a conventional fertilizer water management method, the soil pH continuously deteriorates, the organic matter is greatly reduced, soil mineral nutrient imbalance is further increased, and the detection results are as follows:

3. production efficiency

According to the economic evaluation method of agricultural scientific and technological work, the production benefits of 'spring-seen' oranges continuously planted for 5 years in aspects of fertilizer saving, pesticide reducing, efficiency increasing and the like are compared according to the methods of the embodiment 1 and the comparative examples 1-6, the net production yield is the production operation cost of deducting fertilizer application, pest control, seedling, land rent, water, electricity and gas and the like, wherein the land rent is 500 yuan/year/mu, the unit price is 7 yuan/kg, the statistical result shows that the comprehensive benefit of the embodiment 1 is the best, the production cost is recovered from the fourth year of orange planting by using the orange fast garden forming comprehensive technology, the net yield accumulated in the fifth year reaches 7400 yuan, the production cost before the orange delivery period and delivery is greatly shortened, the orange production risk is remarkably reduced, and the conventional management (comparative example 7) is adopted until the fifth year, the comprehensive net income accumulated per mu is-7080 yuan, the production cost can be recovered in 7-8 years, and the profit is realized, in addition, in comparative example 2, due to the large planting density, the early-stage production is fast, the production benefit is good, but after 5 years, the plant density is too high, the management is inconvenient, the management and protection cost is increased, the plant diseases and insect pests are easy to breed, and meanwhile, due to the poor light transmission, the fruit quality is also reduced.

The foregoing is merely exemplary and illustrative of the present invention and it is within the purview of one skilled in the art to modify or supplement the embodiments described or to substitute similar ones without the exercise of inventive faculty, and still fall within the scope of the claims.

Claims (10)

1. A rapid citrus orchard establishment method is characterized by comprising the following steps: 1. selecting strong seedlings; 2. mechanically building a garden; 3. improving soil of rhizosphere; 4. managing fertilizer and water; 5. the shaping is free from shearing; 6. high-efficiency prevention and control of plant diseases and insect pests; 7. and (5) covering the tree disk.

2. The rapid citrus orchard establishment method according to claim 1, wherein in the step 1, strong seedlings are selected from orange rootstock or bitter orange rootstock container seedlings; and (3) seedling selection standard: the branches are upright, the grafted ports are well healed, the root system is complete and developed, the leaf color is dark green, the diameter is larger than or equal to 1cm, the height is larger than or equal to 80cm, the number of branches is larger than or equal to 3, and the trunk height is 20-30 cm.

3. The rapid citrus orchard establishment method according to claim 1, wherein the mechanized orchard establishment in the step 2 is carried out by the following specific process:

2.1, preparing soil and adjusting shape by adopting a single-row soil gathering and ridging mode, wherein the plant-row spacing is selected to be 2-3 m multiplied by 4.5-6 m;

2.2, mechanically ridging, wherein the standard is 2.2-2.6 m of ridge base, 1.8-2 m of ridge top, 0.6-0.7 m of ridge height, 2.3-2.6 m of tractor-ploughing channel left between lines, mechanically finishing ridge surface after ridging, and keeping the side surface flat;

2.3, adopting the principle of 'rope pulling distance, unified line releasing and standard planting' to determine the positions of the planting holes, ensuring that the planting holes are arranged in rows, vertically arranged and obliquely formed, and then digging the planting holes by utilizing mechanical equipment, wherein the depth and the width of the planting holes are 75-90 cm.

4. The rapid citrus orchard establishment method according to claim 1, wherein in the step 3, the rhizosphere soil improvement adopts a four-layer soil improvement method, namely, a water filtering layer, a fertilizer water layer, a live soil layer and a matrix layer are sequentially arranged in the planting hole from bottom to top.

5. The rapid citrus orchard establishment method according to claim 4, wherein the water filtration layer is composed of crushed plant straw and surface soil and is located at the bottom of the planting hole and has a thickness of 30-45 cm; the fertilizer water layer is formed by mixing organic fertilizer and surface soil, and the thickness is 20-30 cm; the live soil layer is formed by backfilling fine soil on the surface layer and is positioned around the substrate layer; the matrix layer is arranged around the container seedling soil ball and is 15-20cm away from the ground.

6. The rapid citrus orchard establishment method of claim 1, wherein the specific process of fertilizer and water management in step 4 is as follows:

performing water and fertilizer nutrient solution root irrigation twice in 3 months, 6 months and 9 months respectively for young citrus trees within 4.1 and 5 years, wherein the interval is 15-20 days each time;

4.2, N in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 2 years: p₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 0.3: 0.5, the amount of pure N is 0.09-0.11 kg; in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young citrus trees within 3 years, the ratio of N: p₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 0.4: 0.6, the amount of pure N is 0.18-0.23 kg; n in the water and fertilizer nutrient solution for young orange trees within 4-5 years: p₂O₅：K₂O is 1: 0.5: 0.7, and the amount of pure N is 0.27-0.33 kg.

7. The rapid citrus orchard establishment method of claim 1, wherein the specific process of shaping and cutting-free in step 5 is as follows:

young citrus trees within 5 years: after the semi-lignification of the upright branches 1/3-1/2, the branches are pinched outward or inward from the 3-10cm position of the base by hands for 360 degrees, so that the branches are horizontally opened downward for 5-30 degrees; culturing 1-2 spindly branches close to the central trunk of each plant as an upward crown-expanding trunk branch group, and pinching when the spindly branches grow to 1.6-2m to promote layering results; and after the branches of the rest spindly branches and strong and vigorous branch groups are lignified, branch pulling and branch hanging treatment is carried out, so that the crowns are rapidly opened outwards at 5-45 degrees.

8. The rapid citrus orchard establishment method according to claim 1, wherein the specific process of efficient pest control in step 6 is as follows:

6.1, 11 months-2 months in the next year, performing winter and spring garden cleaning: mineral oil 150 times or 1 Be-2 Be degree lime sulphur mixture is adopted to carry out full-circle spraying for 1 time in winter; in spring, mineral oil 150 times or engine oil emulsion 150 times, 73% propargite 1500 times and 25% azoxystrobin 1250 times are sprayed for 1 time;

preventing and controlling citrus red spiders, aphids, bud maggots and anthracnose for 6.2 and 3-5 months; the concrete measures are as follows: when the population base number of the red spider leaf is within 3, putting predatory mites for prevention and control; when the number of the leaf-average insect population is more than 3 and less than 6, insecticide is sprayed for prevention and control; when the number of the insect population per leaf is more than 6, spraying acaricide for prevention and control, and simultaneously spraying bactericide for preventing anthracnose; spraying 1.5 times of pesticide to kill the adult fruit fly on the ground in the middle ten days of the month 4;

controlling citrus fruit flies, rust ticks, leaf miners, scale insects, resiniferous diseases and anthracnose in 6.3 and 6-7 months; the concrete measures are as follows: an insecticidal lamp is installed in the first 6 th month, a fly trapping ball is hung in the middle 6 th month to trap adult fruit flies, a sex attractant and sugar-vinegar liquid are hung to trap young fruit flies, and a pheromone trap is hung to trap leaf miners;

controlling fruit flies, leaf miners and red spiders in 6.4 and 8-9 months; the concrete measures are as follows: removing late summer tips and early autumn tips 8 months ago by leaf miner; spraying chlorantraniliprole and mineral oil for 1 time when the autumn shoots grow to 2-3cm in 9 months, and preventing and controlling fruit flies and red spiders by adopting a physical trapping and killing mode;

and the citrus red spider, the anthracnose and the resinopathy are prevented and controlled in 6.5 and 10-11 months.

9. The rapid citrus orchard establishment method according to claim 1, wherein the specific process of tree disc covering in step 7 is as follows:

controlling grass and keeping moisture of young orange trees within 7.1 and 4 years by covering LS ground cloth or straw between rows;

after 7.2 and 4 years, a no-tillage broadcast sowing mode is adopted, and 2-3 kg/mu of green manure is sowed among rows to promote natural grass growth, inhibit weeds, and fertilize and activate soil.

10. The citrus fast orchard establishment method of claim 9, wherein the 7.2 medium green manure is at least one of clover, smooth leaf vetch, common vetch and lathyrus sativus.

Images