CN112106601B - Method for interplanting green manure in coastal saline-alkali soil orchard - Google Patents
Method for interplanting green manure in coastal saline-alkali soil orchard Download PDFInfo
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 239000002420 orchard Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 230000015784 hyperosmotic salinity response Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 241000219873 Vicia Species 0.000 claims description 34
- 241000219782 Sesbania Species 0.000 claims description 21
- 241000219098 Parthenocissus Species 0.000 claims description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
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- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
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- 241000238631 Hexapoda Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 240000002895 Vicia hirsuta Species 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 29
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
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- 244000157072 Hylocereus undatus Species 0.000 description 2
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G20/00—Cultivation of turf, lawn or the like; Apparatus or methods therefor
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/05—Fruit crops, e.g. strawberries, tomatoes or cucumbers
Abstract
The invention relates to a fruit tree planting technology in coastal saline-alkali soil, in particular to a method for interplanting green manure in an orchard in the coastal saline-alkali soil. The invention combines the annual green manure with strong salt tolerance and the perennial green manure with poor salt tolerance with fruit trees for interplanting in the saline-alkali soil, reduces labor cost and salt damage, and leads the orchard grass-growing technology to be popularized in the fruit tree planting in the saline-alkali soil. The growth of the green manure suitable for the growth of the annual saline-alkali soil effectively reduces the salt content of the soil, provides good soil conditions for the growth of the perennial green manure, can effectively control the growth of weeds in the saline-alkali soil by combining the annual saline-alkali soil and the green manure, reduces the damage of the precipitation of bare salt on the ground surface to fruit trees, and greatly saves the labor for weeding. The method is particularly suitable for planting the fruit trees in light and medium-degree (the salt content is 1-4%) coastal saline-alkali soil.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a fruit tree planting technology in coastal saline-alkali soil, in particular to a method for interplanting green manure in an orchard in the coastal saline-alkali soil.
Background
The planting of green manure suitable for growth is one of effective measures for improving the coastal saline-alkali soil. The planting of the vetch, the sesbania, the common vetch and the like can effectively reduce the salt content of the saline-alkali soil, change the distribution of soluble salt and salt ions in a soil layer, obviously improve the physical structure of the soil after the green manure is turned and pressed, and improve the content of organic matters and various mineral nutrients in the soil. Nowadays, most of the green manure suitable for growth artificially planted in saline-alkali soil is annual or perennial green manure, and is suitable for crop planting in the idle period. However, when the life cycle of the green manure is finished or the green manure dies in extreme weather during interplanting of fruit trees in saline and alkaline land, weeds in the mild saline and alkaline land grow, bare land salt analysis is easy to form in the medium and severe saline and alkaline land, and meanwhile, part of green manure plants are high in stem length, so that the farming operation is influenced, and the popularization of the orchard grass growing technology in the saline and alkaline land is greatly limited by the factors. If perennial creeping herb green manure varieties such as creeping orchid and the like are selected, the problems of low salt tolerance and low survival rate exist.
The creeper is native to India and is distributed in Taiwan, Guangdong, Yunnan, Fujian provinces and other provinces of China. The green manure has the advantages of high vitality, high fertility, high biomass, stress resistance, strong disease and insect resistance, barren resistance, drought resistance, no climbing and no fruit tree winding, and is one of the green manures which have excellent comprehensive properties and are suitable for orchard interplanting at present. The creeper has strong adaptability, can grow on sandy soil when heavily-adhered soil with the pH value of 5-7, can form a thick straw mat layer of more than ten centimeters in the vigorous growth period, but has poor salt tolerance and is mostly interplanted in a fruit and tea garden on a hillside. Therefore, the method creatively combines and interplanting annual and perennial green manure varieties with strong salt tolerance and poor salt tolerance according to local conditions, can effectively reduce the salt damage of salt analysis and surface analysis to fruit trees, and creates a low-salt environment to promote the growth of perennial green manure, greatly save weeding labor and realize perennial coverage of the green manure to saline-alkali soil.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a method for interplanting green manure in an orchard in coastal saline-alkali soil, so that the labor cost is reduced, the salt damage is reduced, and the orchard grass growing technology is popularized in the planting of fruit trees in saline-alkali soil.
The invention is realized by the following steps:
the method for interplanting the green manure in the coastal saline-alkali soil orchard is characterized in that the annual green manure with strong salt tolerance (the salt content is 0-6 per mill and can normally grow) and the perennial green manure with poor salt tolerance (the salt content is 0-1 per mill and can normally grow) are interplanted together with fruit trees in the saline-alkali soil orchard.
Further, the perennial green manure comprises creeping creeper, and the annual green manure is a combination of one or more than two green manures, including vetch and sesbania.
Furthermore, the coastal saline-alkali soil is mild saline-alkali soil (with the salt content of 1-2 per mill) or moderate saline-alkali soil (with the salt content of 2-4 per mill).
The method comprises the following steps:
(1) planting hair vetch: sowing in the middle ten days of 2 months in the year, and removing weeds in the whole garden before planting, wherein each 600 + 700m25-6kg of seed of the vetch is uniformly sowed;
(2) wide-row planting of fruit trees: planting in 3 months of late ten days, wherein the row spacing is 2-4m, the plant spacing is 0.5-2.5m, no ridge or low ridge is formed for 20-30cm, and a drainage ditch with the depth of 20-50cm and the width of 20-50cm is dug in the middle of each row;
(3) planting the creeper: planting in 4 late-month ten days, selecting strong and disease and pest-free creeping orchid seedlings cultivated in an overwintering greenhouse, and digging holes in a covering area of the vetch between rows 60-80cm away from the fruit tree.
The method specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) planting hair vetch: sowing in the middle ten days of 2 months in the year, and removing weeds in the whole garden before planting, wherein each 600 + 700m2Applying 80-100kg of high-phosphorus organic fertilizer, rotary tillage on 0-30cm of soil, spraying water or waiting for raining, after water is dried, uniformly sowing 5-6kg of hair vetch seeds in the whole garden, raking, soaking the hair vetch seeds in warm water at 50-60 ℃ for 3-4h before sowing, then spreading the seeds on a cloth liner and airing;
(2) wide-row planting of fruit trees: planting in late 3 months with row spacing of 2-4m and plant spacing of 0.5-2.5m, no ridge or low ridge of 20-30cm, and digging drainage ditch 20-50cm deep and 20-50cm wide in the middle of each row;
(3) planting the creeper: planting in the last ten days of 4 months, selecting robust and disease and insect pest-free creeping cymbidium seedlings cultured by overwintering seedling raising cups, digging planting holes with the width and depth of 15-20cm respectively in the covering area of the hairy vetch between rows 60-80cm away from a fruit tree, and planting 3-5 seedlings with the hole distance of 30-40 cm;
(4) planting sesbania: planting in late 5 th month, sowing sesbania seeds in bare land and/or places with more weeds, and determining whether to interplant according to farm work, wherein the sowing quantity is determined according to the areas of the bare land and the weed land.
Further:
the high-phosphorus organic fertilizer is a commercial organic fertilizer with P2O5 not less than 4% and meeting NY525-2012 standards.
The method is characterized in that the vetch is planted, the vetch is sowed for the first month, water is sprayed once a week, the cutting is not carried out in the whole growth period, the seeds are podded in 5 months, the seeds are dead in 6 months in high-temperature weather, the seeds germinate and grow again in the last ten days, and the podding naturally dies in the next 2 months, and the process is repeated.
The fruit trees are planted, the planting distance is less than or equal to 1m, 1 micro-spraying facility is installed, the planting distance is more than 1m, 1 micro-spraying facility is respectively installed on two sides 0.5m away from the fruit trees, and water is regularly sprayed according to the drought degree of the land parcels.
The creeper is planted, the creeper and matrix soil are transplanted to a planting hole during planting, garden soil is used for compacting, root fixing water is thoroughly poured, and rapid seedling return and growth of small seedlings are promoted. The green part is not cut in the first year, the stem and leaf which are over-grown are cut off 2 times by a mower in 2 and 9 months every year, and stem stalks of 15-30cm are left during green part cutting, so that the growth of the vetch can be promoted while covering.
The seed treatment of the planted sesbania is consistent with that of the hair vetch before sowing, and the water is sprayed once every week in the first month of planting. And (3) cutting sesbania for the first time in the initial flowering period of 8 months, leaving stubbles for 30-40cm, cutting sesbania for the second time in 10 months, and naturally dying after overwintering in the later period. In the next year, after the hairy vetch and the creeper grow, the sesbania is not planted any more.
The invention has the following function principle:
firstly, in light and medium saline-alkali soil, an annual green manure with strong salt tolerance is selected, such as vetch and sesbania, the salt expression and weed growth can be reduced through the growth coverage of the annual green manure, the salt content of soil is reduced, the later-period fruit tree growth is facilitated, and vetch seeds can grow repeatedly in spring and autumn after falling. The sesbania is replanted with seeds in a small amount, and the sesbania is cut in the flowering phase without reserving seeds, thereby being beneficial to the operation of orchard farming.
Secondly, the wide-row planting of fruit trees is widely applied to modern orchards. In saline-alkali soil, wide-row planting is not generally adopted because of the problem of salt return. The wide-row planting mode is adopted, and the wide rows are beneficial to orchard farming operation and provide illumination for orchard green manure growth. The salt return is solved by the combined interplanting of green manure.
Finally, the combined interplanting of multiple green fertilizers is beneficial to the growth of the climbing orchid, and the annual green fertilizer with strong salt tolerance provides a low-salt growth environment for the perennial green fertilizer with poor salt tolerance, promotes the growth of the climbing orchid, and is particularly suitable for the saline-alkali land plots with high salt content. The creeper is planted in the covering area of the hair vetch, the creeper can better grow when the high-temperature pod falling death of the spring hair vetch occurs, the sesbania is supplemented in summer, the salt content of soil can be further reduced by the reciprocating growth of the hair vetch in spring and autumn, and the good low-salt environment can be provided for the growth of fruit trees by combining the creeper and the sesbania.
The green manure with strong annual salt tolerance and poor perennial salt tolerance is applied to the saline-alkali soil orchard in a combined manner, so that the labor for weeding is greatly saved, and meanwhile, the damage of the bare salt precipitation on the surface of the saline-alkali soil when the green grass is not sealed to young fruit trees and the influence on the growth of the green manure are reduced.
The invention has the following advantages: the invention combines the green manure with strong annual salt tolerance and poor perennial salt tolerance, is applied to the raw grass cultivation in the coastal saline-alkali land orchard, the green manure with strong salt tolerance can provide a low-salt growth environment for the green manure with poor salt tolerance, the perennial green manure can well supplement weed growth and salt separation after the death of the annual green manure, and the combination of the green manure and the perennial green manure can play the roles of covering for many years, preserving moisture and reducing salt and fertility soil, thereby effectively reducing the salt damage of the salt to the growth of fruit trees, particularly shallow root system fruit trees, better promoting the growth of the green manure and the fruit trees, and greatly saving the weeding cost.
Detailed Description
Example 1
A method for interplanting green manure in a coastal saline-alkali soil orchard comprises the following steps:
1) planting hair vetch: the coastal saline-alkali soil has the salt content of about 1.8 per thousand and the pH value of 6.85, sowing in late 2 months of the year, removing weeds in the whole garden before planting, applying 100kg of commercial organic fertilizer with the P2O content of more than or equal to 4% to every 666.7m2, carrying out rotary tillage on 0-30cm of soil, then uniformly sowing 5kg of furrows in the whole garden, spraying water, harrowing after water falls off, soaking the furrows seeds in warm water at 60 ℃ for 3h before sowing, and then spreading the seeds on a pad cloth for drying. Spraying water once a week in the first month after sowing, and not mowing in the whole growth period. Growing repeatedly in spring and autumn after pod falling;
2) wide-row close planting of fruit trees: the red-core pitaya is planted in a row mode. Ridging 30cm high, digging a shallow trench 20cm deep and 20cm wide, supporting by using an iron pipe column, moving a cutting big seedling 50cm high and strong in growth in the late 3 months, planting 2 plants in each column, wherein the column distance is 0.6m, the row distance is 2.5m, and planting about 850 plants per mu;
3) planting the climbing orchid: transplanting the seedlings cultivated in the greenhouse after 11 months of the previous year in the last ten days of 4 months, digging planting holes with the depth of 15cm and the width of 15cm in the covering area of the vetch between rows with the distance of about 80cm from fruit seedlings, transplanting 5 seedlings of the vetch with the hole distance of 40cm, compacting by using garden soil, and thoroughly watering for fixing roots. The green part is not cut in the first year, the stem and leaves which grow vigorously are cut off 2 times by a mower in the second year in 2 and 9 months, stem stalks of 20cm are left during green part cutting, and the growth of the vetch is promoted while covering.
Example 2
A method for interplanting green manure in a coastal saline-alkali soil orchard comprises the following steps:
1) planting hair vetch: the coastal saline-alkali soil has the salt content of about 2.7 per thousand and the pH value of 7.38, sowing in late 2 months of the year, removing weeds in the whole garden before planting, applying 80kg of commercial organic fertilizer with 6% P2O5 per 666.7m2, carrying out rotary tillage on 0-30cm of soil, then uniformly sowing 6kg of furrows in the whole garden, spraying water, raking after water falls off, soaking the furrows seeds in warm water with the temperature of 50 ℃ for 4 hours before sowing, and then spreading the seeds on a pad cloth for airing. Spraying water once a week in the first month after sowing, and not mowing in the whole growth period. Naturally growing in spring and autumn after pod dropping;
2) wide-row planting of fruit trees: and planting ruby guavas in late 3 months, grafting 3-year-old seedlings, wherein the row spacing is 2.5m, the row spacing is 3.5m, and about 80 seedlings are planted per mu. After transplanting, 1 micro-spraying facility is respectively arranged at two sides of 0.5m away from the fruit tree, and drainage ditches with the depth of 50cm and the width of 30cm are dug in the middle of each row, so that good effects of draining water and salt can be achieved;
3) planting the creeper: transplanting the seedlings cultivated in the greenhouse after 11 months of the previous year in the last ten days of 4 months, digging planting holes with the depth of 15cm and the width of 15cm in the covering area of the vetch between rows with the distance of about 80cm from fruit seedlings, transplanting 5 seedlings of the vetch with the hole distance of 40cm, compacting by using garden soil, and thoroughly watering for fixing roots. The green part is not cut in the first year, stems and leaves which grow over vigorously are cut off 2 times by a mower in the second year in months 2 and 9, stem stalks of 20cm are left during green cutting, and the growth of the broad-leaved vetch is promoted while covering.
4) Planting sesbania: 1kg of sesbania seeds are sown in the places with growing bare land and more weeds in the last ten days of 5 months. And (3) carrying out first cutting in the early flowering period of 8 months, leaving stubbles for 40cm, carrying out second cutting in 10 months, and leading the plants to die naturally after overwintering in the later period. After the hair vetch and the creeper orchid grow in the next year, the hair vetch and the creeper orchid are not planted.
The applicant compares the combined interplanting application technology of various green fertilizers with the planting technology of the fruit trees such as the vetch or the creeper orchid in the first year, the test group adopts the planting method of the embodiment 1-2, the control group adopts the planting technology of the vetch or the creeper orchid, each group treats 1 mu, the input cost and relevant indexes are sampled in the planting process, all data are counted, and the results are shown in the following table 1.
TABLE 1 comparison of multiple green manure co-interplanting and single planting of fruit trees in coastal saline-alkali land
Note: the dragon fruits and the balles are planted in the last 3 months, and sampling and monitoring are carried out in the last 12 months.
As can be seen from the results in table 1, the joint interplanting of a plurality of green manure increases the cost input, but the labor for weeding is obviously reduced, the survival rate of the fruit trees is improved, and the growth of the fruit trees is promoted. With the orchard sealing in the later period, the investment of partial mechanical weeding is eliminated, the expenditure of artificial weeding is basically avoided, and the pH value and the salt content of the soil are greatly reduced. Therefore, the method proves that the multi-green-fertilizer combined interplanting of the fruit trees in the coastal saline-alkali soil can effectively reduce the soil salinity, promote the growth of the fruit trees and greatly save the labor cost in the long run.
Although specific embodiments of the invention have been described above, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the specific embodiments described are illustrative only and are not limiting upon the scope of the invention, and that equivalent modifications and variations can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the invention, which is to be limited only by the appended claims.
Claims (4)
1. A method for interplanting green manure in a coastal saline-alkali soil orchard is characterized by comprising the following steps: the annual green manure with strong salt tolerance and the perennial green manure with poor salt tolerance are interplanted with the fruit trees in the saline-alkali soil in a combined way; the method comprises the following steps:
(1) planting hair vetch: in the year of 2 monthsSowing in middle ten days, removing weeds in the whole garden before planting, and removing weeds every 600-700m25-6kg of seed of the vetch is uniformly sowed; before planting, each 600-700m2Applying 80-100kg of high-phosphorus organic fertilizer, wherein the high-phosphorus organic fertilizer is P2O5The content of the organic fertilizer is more than or equal to 4 percent, and the organic fertilizer meets the NY525-2012 standard; soaking the seeds in warm water at 50-60 ℃ for 3h before sowing, sowing for the first month, spraying water once a week, and not mowing during the whole growth period;
(2) wide-row planting of fruit trees: planting in late 3 months with row spacing of 2-4m and plant spacing of 0.5-2.5m, no ridge or low ridge of 20-30cm, and digging drainage ditch 20-50cm deep and 20-50cm wide in the middle of each row;
(3) planting the creeper: planting in the last ten days of 4 months, selecting strong and disease and insect pest-free creeping vetch seedlings cultivated in an overwintering greenhouse, and digging holes in a covering area of the hairy vetch for planting in rows 60-80cm away from a fruit tree; digging planting holes with the width and the depth of 15-20cm respectively in the covering area of the hair vetch, planting 3-5 seedlings with the hole distance of 30-40 cm; the first year is not to cut green, the stem and leaf with overground growth are cut off 2 times in 2 and 9 months each year, and stem stalks with the length of 15-30cm are remained when cutting green.
2. The method for interplanting green manure in the coastal saline-alkali soil orchard, according to claim 1, is characterized in that: the saline-alkali soil is mild or moderate coastal saline-alkali soil.
3. The method for interplanting green manure in the coastal saline-alkali soil orchard, according to claim 1, is characterized in that: and (3) interplanting sesbania in the last 5 th of the month after planting of the creeper, and broadcasting sesbania seeds at the positions with bare land and/or more weeds, wherein the sowing amount is determined according to the bare land, the growth of the weeds and the farming operation.
4. The method for interplanting green manure in the coastal saline-alkali soil orchard, according to claim 3, is characterized in that: interplanting sesbania, planting for the first month, and spraying water once a week; the sesbania is firstly mown in the initial flowering period of 8 months, stubbles are left for 30-40cm, and the sesbania is mown for the second time in 10 months, and naturally dies after overwintering in the later period; in the next year, the sesbania is not planted after the hair vetch and the creeper grow.
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