CN105660305B - The method that a kind of light letter of newly-built vineyard soil of hilly upland efficiently manages - Google Patents
The method that a kind of light letter of newly-built vineyard soil of hilly upland efficiently manages Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/02—Cultivation of hops or vines
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Environmental Sciences (AREA)
- Cultivation Of Plants (AREA)
Abstract
The invention belongs to fruit tree cultivation technical fields, particularly relate to the method that a kind of light letter of newly-built vineyard soil of hilly upland efficiently manages.The method that a kind of light letter of newly-built vineyard soil of hilly upland efficiently manages, includes the following steps：The selection in field, the planning in field, field planting fruit tree, ridging and water and fertilizer management.The method of the present invention in the ranks plants green manure activation table soil by hillside fields, it earths up by several times, cooperation trunk base portion hinders promoting root growth processing quarter, the quality and quantity of root system is significantly improved, while significantly reducing the labor intensity of soil application management, reduces the input of labour and production management, improve product quality, the yield of fruit tree, and realize good year production year after year, it is suitable for the production of hillside grape, also has reference function to the production of level land vineyard.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to fruit tree cultivation technical fields, and it is light to particularly relate to a kind of newly-built vineyard soil of hilly upland
The method that letter efficiently manages.
Background technology
In existing hilly upland vinegrowing production, typically using mechanically or manually along slope surface contour digging plantation moat
The step of ditch or fish-scale pit, operation is that the surface layer middle level loam of plantation groove face and pitted surface is placed on the upside of slope surface, ditch or hole
The bottom raw-soil is placed in the downside of slope surface, digs the depth and width to requirement, after length, uses the change of Soil building as needed
Fertilizer, organic matter, lime, disposable or gradation, which is sprinkling upon, needs to be backfilling into the inner soil surface of ditch (or hole), is returned when stirring evenly
It fills out, insufficient part side draw topsoil on groove face (or pitted surface) backfills, and disposably makes preparation for ploughing and sowing groove face (or pitted surface) soil in place,
Last mound 15~20cm above ground level, usual ditch depth are 60~80cm, and wide 80~100cm, ditch length is depending on terrain, often
100 meters than 0.3~0.5m of drop.By normal cultivation building well, 3000~5000Kg of farm manure is needed per acre；Plantation it is annual after going into operation or every
Year according to target output, applies 1000~2000Kg of farm manure, composite fertilizer 100-200Kg per acre, centered on trunk, is dripped in tree crown
Waterline periphery digs zanjon (usual 30~50cm) and applies fertilizer.Labor intensive is big, and is awkward.BC soil (about 15~30cm
Region) without weathering, activation directly in building well in mixture table earthen backfill ditch (hole), thus root region soil fertility unevenness
(Chen Jiezhong《Pomology is respectively discussed》(south is originally) course teaching materials third edition page 452 geared to the 21st century).
The prior art has the disadvantages that：(1) soil management labour puts into during building well labor intensity and growth management
Greatly；(2) soil fertility is uneven；(3) the root system number of plies is few, and the amount of taking root is few, and (resistance to) non-irrigated power is resisted to decline；(4) building well initial stage input has
Machine fertilizer amount is big, and utilization rate is low.
Rural Areas at Present labour largely flows into cities and towns and is engaged in the tertiary industry, and traditional agriculture soil cultivation fertilizing management is uncomfortable
Answer the needs of production development.Therefore, the light efficient management measure of letter of research vineyard soil is sought, production cost is reduced, improves fruit
The benefit of tree planting is the main problem of agricultural sustainable development.
Being disclosed in the information of the background technology part, it is only intended to increase understanding of the overall background of the invention, without answering
It has been the prior art well known to persons skilled in the art when being considered as recognizing or imply that the information is constituted in any form.
Invention content
In view of the deficiencies of the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of hilly uplands to create the light letter height of vineyard soil
The method for imitating management.
Technical solution provided by the invention is：
The method that a kind of light letter of newly-built vineyard soil of hilly upland efficiently manages, includes the following steps：
(1) selection in field：Select 10~25 ° of the gradient, slope surface be south orientation, southwest to or the southeast to direction, suitable for waiting planting
The region of vine kind plantation is as field；
(2) planning in vineyard：First contour that hillside fields produces cell is measured by the line-spacing of variety requirement, is adjusted
After whole planning, than 0.3~0.5m of drop, first kind planting ditch, plantation ditch depth 80cm × wide 100cm, row are excavated by per 100m ditches length
Away from 3~5m；The topsoil for being colonized ditch 0~20cm of surface layer or so is first first removed into upward slope surface position, then middle part, bottom field planting ditch
The raw-soil of 20~80cm of portion digs out the Caused by Sloping Surfaces for being placed on kind of planting ditch；First the topsoil for originally removing upward slope surface position when backfill
It is backfilling into ditch, the soil layer of 0~30cm or so in the ranks is dug pine later, only the table earthen backfill of 0-20cm or so in the ranks to ditch
In, remainder is loosened the soil to increase fertilizer in point year and be backfilled；It is when backfill, the soil block of surface layer agglomerate, turf, plant, dry branches and fallen leaves, rhizome etc. is residual
Body, smaller stone are positioned over the bottom of kind of planting ditch, and before backfilling table soil, soil acidity or alkalinity is transferred to 6.0~6.5；When backfill, table
At the height of soil to the 1/2~2/3 of ditch center depth, and it is high in outside groove face, and groove face low inclined-plane in inside is colonized first 30~45 days
Completion, which is made preparation for ploughing and sowing, to wait planting；From bottom of slope, a planting ditch is planted in excavation and filling fertilizing one by one upwards successively；
(3) it is colonized vine：Field planting point is located at the center of kind of planting ditch, and planting pit digs 20~30cm square, and spacing in the rows 1~
4m；1 part of decomposed manure of combined use mixes 6 parts of soil and buries root field planting.Own-rooted tree fruit tree can directly be planted as required.Grafting fruit tree
Need to first plant stock variety grow into beyond grafted or selected again after ground (groove face) 10~20cm nursery carry out stock
The fruit nursery stock that high level cadre grafts (i.e. stock grafting mouth 50cm or so) is directly colonized；By normal fruit tree drench after field planting determining root
The management such as water, fixation；
(4) kind planting ditch point backfills activation topsoil and green manure weeds in the ranks for 2~3 years：1st year spring and summer can in the ranks and
The short season leguminous green manure such as fertilizer mung bean is broadcasted sowing on terraced wall, the florescence cradles green manure and combines the backfill surface layers 5~10cm weathering mellow soil in the ranks
It is covered in kind of planting ditch；Start to broadcast sowing rape or sweet potato Winter-Spring green manure in late fall simultaneously, in spring green manure biomass maximum, cut
Green manuring is cut, soil acid-base conditioning fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer the backfill surface layers 5~10cm weathering mellow soil in the ranks is used in combination；It returns every time
It when filling out, first carves and hinders trunk base portion, take root thimerosal, then blinding are smeared carving traumatic part position；Such samsara repeatedly, by more than 2~3 years
Secondary more batches of green manure and curing table earthen backfill；After being backfilling into groove face sizing, begin to rehearse water water storage ring ditch on the inside of ditch, in the ranks and terraced
Butch clover is replanted on wall or the perennial green manure plant of Vicia sativa, florescence cradle, and is covered in groove face tree disk；Hinder stem using sharp sword quarter
Base portion surrounding is 3~5 longitudinal, 1~2cm every long, as deep as bast surface layer；
(5) other liquid manure conventionally carry out.
Preferably, described in step (4) take root thimerosal be 500~1000mg/L+ of NAA hymexazos 100~
200mg/L。
Compared with prior art, the present invention has the advantages that：
1. the method for the present invention in the ranks plants green manure activation table soil by hillside fields, earth up by several times, the quarter wound of cooperation trunk base portion
Promoting root growth processing, significantly improves the quality and quantity of root system, while significantly reducing the labor intensity of soil application management, subtracts
The input for having lacked labour and production management improves product quality, the yield of fruit tree, and realizes good year production year after year,
It is the main innovation of the present invention.
2. the present invention is applicable not only to the production of hillside grape, and also has to use for reference to the production in level land vineyard and make
With.
Description of the drawings
Attached drawing is that the method that the light letter of the newly-built vineyard soil of hilly upland of the present invention efficiently manages plants schematic diagram；
Explanation in relation to reference numeral：
1 backfilled groove face and table soil of in the ranks living for the 1st year building well；2 backfill weathering active soil stratum green manure in the ranks for 2-3 fraction of the year year
+ organic fertilizer+chemical fertilizer；3 wait for weathering subsoil and retaining wall shelves soil to bank up lower layer in kind of planting ditch；4 is anti-erosion for native soil gully detention；
5 be vine trunk (graft union)；6 plant perennial green manure kind to be replanted after backfill sizing；7 be irrigation water band；8 be root system；9
It is back the inside draining water storage ditch after soil sizing for water-permeable and air permeable layer, 10.
Specific implementation mode
The specific implementation mode of the present invention is described in detail with reference to embodiment, it is to be understood that the guarantor of the present invention
Shield range is not restricted by specific implementation.
Unless otherwise explicitly stated, otherwise in entire disclosure and claims, term " comprising " or its change
It changes such as "comprising" or " including " etc. and will be understood to comprise stated element or component, and do not exclude other members
Part or other component parts.
Embodiment 1：
A kind of hilly upland creates kyoto grape Orchard Soil gently simple efficient management, and this method includes mainly following step
Suddenly：
1. the selection in vineyard field
(1) the suitable illumination of selection kyoto grape plantation, temperature condition region, 15 DEG C of year-round average temperature or more are absolutely low
Temperature is not less than -10 DEG C；
(2) select suitable edaphic condition and moisture condition, 10~25 ° of the gradient, slope surface be south orientation or southwest to or the southeast
To；Detect acid-base value, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg index of soil plough horizon；
2. carrying out the planning in vineyard：Grape variety, vineyard traffic including plantation, road network, irrigating facility, protection
The reasonable arrangement planning of woods, storehouse；
3. the light letter management of hilly and mountainous land vineyard building well soil
(1) according to composite factors such as kind, the gradient, slope aspects, determine that production plot area is 20~30 mu, inclined slope aspect bottom
Length is trapezoidal；
(2) first contour that hillside fields produces cell is measured by line-spacing 3m, after being adjusted planning, by long per 100m ditches
Than dropping 0.3m, first kind planting ditch, usual ditch depth 80cm, furrow width 100cm are excavated；
(3) the 0-20cm tables soil of field planting ditch is first removed upward slope surface position, then the middle part field planting ditch, bottom 20-80cm
The raw-soil dig out place ditch Caused by Sloping Surfaces stack curing；
(4) again the table soil for removing upward slope surface and in the ranks 0-20cm or so topsoils are backfilling into ditch；Surface layer is big when backfill
The residuums such as soil block, turf, plant, smaller dry branches and fallen leaves, the rhizome of group, smaller stone place the bottom of kind of planting ditch as logical
Wind air-permeable layer, before backfilling table soil, by soil acidity or alkalinity conditioning to 6.0, the substance for needing to adjust soil acidity or alkalinity, (acid soil is applied
Mountain flour or lime, alkaline soil apply calcium superphosphate or gypsum etc.) and organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer etc. uniformly spread fertilizer over the fields on backfill table soil, side is dug
It is backfilled when mixing thoroughly；
(5) height of backfill table soil to ditch center it is deep 1/2 at, and in outside groove face height, low oblique of inside groove face
Face, it is desirable that field planting first 30 days or more makes preparation for ploughing and sowing and completes to wait to plant；Successively from bottom of slope excavation and filling kind planting ditch one by one upwards；
(6) kyoto grape is colonized in 3~April.By distance between rows and hills 3m × 1.5m of planning, field planting point is preferably in ditch centre bit
It sets, planting pit digs 20cm square.Kyoto grape generally uses own-rooted tree, can directly plant, need before plantation to nursery stock root as required
It soaks after system's trimming and dips in ABT root-inducing powders and sterilize.So that seedling root is unfolded when plantation, then the soil on periphery is used in combination
Decomposed manure.It backfills in planting pit, and gently carries nursery stock, jail is planted in having peace of mind, is sprinkled profoundly water after plant.After field planting by normal grape into
Row management；
(7) season of growth plantation groove face can epiphragma take precautions against drought heat promotion growth；In the ranks with can annual green manuring on terraced wall
Vegetable soil inhibits weed growth；Kind planting ditch point backfills activation topsoil and green manure weeds in the ranks for 2~3 years；First Year spring and summer
Season can in the ranks with broadcast sowing short season leguminous green manure such as fertilizer mung bean etc. on terraced wall, the florescence cradle green manure combine backfill in the ranks 5~
Weathering mellow soil in the surface layers 10cm, which is covered in kind of planting ditch, does green manuring culture fertility；Start to broadcast sowing the winters such as rape or sweet potato in late fall simultaneously
Spring green manure cradles green manuring in spring green manure biomass maximum, and soil acid-base conditioning fertilizer is used in combination and biological organic fertilizer returns
The surface layers 5~10cm weathering mellow soil in the ranks is filled out, base portion is promoted to generate new root zone；Such samsara is repeatedly, multiple by 2~3 years
More batches short season green manure and curing table earthen backfill, good soil environment is built for fruit tree root system；After being backfilling into groove face sizing, in ditch
Inside begin to rehearse water water storage ring ditch, in the ranks with the perennial green manure plant such as butch clover or Vicia sativa, florescence are replanted on terraced wall
It cradles, is covered in groove face tree disk, increase organic matter, promote water and soil conservation；
4. rationally imposing fertilizer and supply moisture, meet fruit tree good year production growth needs
(1) the treelet phase applies fertilizer：First 1 year after plant, increases the number of fertilising, reduce each dose；
(2) base manure：According to fruit tree root growth peak period and nutrient uptake feature, in conjunction with green manure, table earthen backfill ditch is in the ranks cured
Interior work uses 400~500Kg of 1000~2000Kg of high-quality farmers''s pile fermentation bacterial manure or organic commercial fertilizer every time per acre,
20~30Kg of NPK composite fertilizers, 2~4Kg of trace element fertilizer in calcium and magnesium boron zinc-iron are uniformly mixed and are sprinkled into backfill table soil, carry out without wound
Root ditch soil dressing is applied fertilizer, and the generation and growth of root system are promoted；
(3) root top dressing：It is fertile that vernalization is gently applied according to the nutrient uptake feature of huge peak different growth stage, before rudiment mid-March, one
Based on nitrogenous fertilizer, cooperation phosphorus, potash fertilizer；After spending mid-May the swollen fruit fertilizer of fruiting period heavy dressing, with NPK composite fertilizers；Stone phase mid-June is suitable
Coloring fertilizer is applied, based on potash fertilizer；August part after fruit picking adds fertilizer after adopting, based on nitrogenous fertilizer depending on crown texture.In conjunction with the confession of soil
Fertile ability, fertilization mode and productive target comprehensive consideration can divide 20 supply fertilizer.
(4) foliage-spray：In conjunction with the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control every year with 0.4% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 0.2% borax with
And it growth regulator dedicated sprays 4~5 times；；
(5) water management：
1. water storage of shutting off：The pool or cistern are dug in hilly upland source, and the deficiency of iirigation water source is made up when arid；
2. the period irrigated and effect：To ensure sufficient moisture supply before being coloured from kyoto grape rudiment to berry, adopt
It should not pour water within first 2-3 weeks.According to weather condition, two periods are grasped, when the rapid expanding stage of fruit, such as continuous fine hot weather,
It to pour water in time；But it is be easy to cause early leaf fall, should suitably be poured water such as arid after fruit picking；Another watering combines more to be chased after
Fertilizer carries out；；
3. draining：When continuous rainy season leads to easy flood, timely ditch cleaning draining；
4. preserving soil moisture：Arid season cradles green manure weeds covering groove face or groove face epiphragma, the conditional drop band of installation as possible
Or spray irrigation band, carry out water-fertilizer integral management.
Detection soil acidity or alkalinity, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg index in (2) of the step 1, are for improving
Soil acid-base and fertilizing calculation basis.
In (6) of the step 3 after transplanted plantlet root system pruning after be put into the mixed solution of water and ABT root-inducing powders,
25~50PPm of mixed liquid concentration impregnates diel.Add 1% with 50% 500 times of liquid of carbendazim or other fungoid fungicide
Copper sulfate solution adds 80% DDVP, 700 times of liquid immersion nursery stocks to carry out disinfection to nursery stock for 5 minutes.
Base manure in (2) of the step 4, treelet phase and test manufacture phase take the middle low value of recommended fertilizer, during operation period takes
High level.
Point 20 supply fertilizer in (3) of the step 4, for using spray drop band water-fertilizer integral；The huge peak of high yield of going into operation
Garden whole year is equivalent per 667m2Purity nitrogen 40Kg is applied, pure phosphorus 15Kg, pure potassium 15Kg are advisable.
Foliage-spray refers to according on the basis of soil nutrient, plant nutrition detection in (4) of the step 4, and supplement sprays
Nutrient.
Embodiment 2：
Gently simple efficient management, this method include mainly following step to a kind of black vineyard soil of hilly upland newly-built summer
Suddenly：
1. the selection in vineyard field
(1) select the illumination suitable for summer black race's plant, temperature condition appropriate area, 15 DEG C of year-round average temperature or more absolutely low
Temperature is not less than -10 DEG C；
(2) select suitable edaphic condition and moisture condition, 10~20 ° of the gradient, slope surface be south orientation or southwest to or the southeast
To；Detect acid-base value, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg index of soil plough horizon；
2. carrying out the planning in vineyard：Grape variety, vineyard traffic including plantation, road network, irrigating facility, protection
The reasonable arrangement planning of woods, storehouse；
3. hilly and mountainous land creates the specific steps of the light letter management of summer black vineyard soil：
(1) according to composite factors such as grape variety, the gradient, slope aspects, determine that production plot area is 20~30 mu, inclined slope aspect
Bottom length is trapezoidal；
(2) first contour that hillside fields produces cell is measured by line-spacing 2.5m, after being adjusted planning, by per 100m ditches
Long ratio drop 0.5m, excavates first kind planting ditch, usual ditch depth 80cm, furrow width 100cm；
(3) 0~20cm tables soil of field planting ditch is first removed upward slope surface position, then middle part field planting ditch, bottom 20~
The raw-soil of 80cm digs out the Caused by Sloping Surfaces stacking curing for placing ditch；
(4) again the table soil for removing upward slope surface and in the ranks 0~20cm or so topsoils are backfilling into ditch.Surface layer is big when backfill
The residuums such as soil block, turf, plant, smaller dry branches and fallen leaves, the rhizome of group, smaller stone place bottom of trench as ventilated
Layer, before backfilling table soil, according to sampling Detection soil acidity or alkalinity, the substance for needing to adjust soil acidity or alkalinity, (acid soil applies mountain flour
Or lime, alkaline soil apply calcium superphosphate or gypsum etc.) and organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer etc. uniformly spread fertilizer over the fields on backfill table soil, mixed when digging
Even side backfill；
(5) height of backfill table soil to ditch center it is deep 1/2 at, and in outside groove face height, low oblique of inside groove face
Face, it is desirable that field planting first 45 days or more makes preparation for ploughing and sowing and completes to wait to plant；Successively from bottom of slope excavation and filling kind planting ditch one by one upwards.
(6) summer black grape starts to be colonized in 3~April when temperature is stablized at 10 DEG C.By planning distance between rows and hills 2.5m ×
1m is colonized, and field planting point is preferably in ditch center, and planting pit digs 20~30cm square, and own-rooted tree can be selected in summer black kind, also optional
Use grafting.Grafting can first plant SO4, shellfish up to etc. stock varieties grow into beyond being transferred again after ground (groove face) 20cm
It connects, the nursery stock that also may be selected to carry out stock high level cadre grafting (i.e. stock grafting mouth 50cm or so) in nursery is directly colonized；Own-rooted tree
And it needs to soak after trimming seedling root before the plantation of nursery grafting and dips in ABT root-inducing powders and sterilize.To make nursery stock root when plantation
System unfolds, and decomposed manure then is used in combination in the soil on periphery.It backfills in planting pit, and gently carries nursery stock, jail is planted in having peace of mind, plants
It is sprinkled profoundly water after plant.It is managed by normal fruit tree after field planting；The evil bud of stock is removed in time；
(7) season of growth plantation groove face can epiphragma take precautions against drought heat promotion growth；In the ranks with can annual green manuring on terraced wall
Vegetable soil inhibits weed growth；Kind planting ditch point backfills activation topsoil and green manure weeds in the ranks for 3 years；First Year spring and summer
Can in the ranks with broadcast sowing short season leguminous green manure of fertilizer mung bean etc. on terraced wall, the florescence cradles green manure and combines backfill 5~10cm tables in the ranks
Layer weathering mellow soil, which is covered in kind of planting ditch, does green manuring culture fertility；Start to broadcast sowing rape or sweet potato Winter-Spring green manure in late fall simultaneously,
In spring green manure biomass maximum, green manuring is cradled, soil acid-base conditioning fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer backfill in the ranks 5 is used in combination
~10cm surface layer weathering mellow soil；Such samsara repeatedly, passes through 3 years multiple more batches short season green manure and curing table earthen backfill；It is backfilling into
Groove face sizing after, begin to rehearse water water storage ring ditch on the inside of ditch, in the ranks with replant butch clover or Vicia sativa etc. for many years on terraced wall
Raw green manure plant, florescence cradle, and are covered in groove face tree disk, increase organic matter, promote water and soil conservation；
4. rationally imposing fertilizer and supply moisture, meet fruit tree good year production growth needs
(1) the treelet phase applies fertilizer：First 2 years after plant, increases the number of fertilising, reduce each dose；
(2) base manure：According to summer black vine root growth peak period and nutrient uptake feature, in conjunction with green manure, in the ranks curing table is native
Work in back-filling trench, use every time per acre 800~1600Kg of high-quality farmers''s pile fermentation bacterial manure or organic commercial fertilizer 300~
10~30Kg of 500Kg, NPK composite fertilizer, 3~4Kg of trace element fertilizer in calcium and magnesium boron zinc-iron are uniformly mixed and are sprinkled into backfill table soil, into
Row promotes the generation and growth of root system without fertilising of earthing up in root ditch is hindered；
(3) root top dressing：According to the feeder capability of summer black different growth stage nutrient uptake feature combination soil, fertilization mode and
Productive target comprehensive consideration can divide 4 supply fertilizer：1. rudiment is fertile：At the beginning of -3 months by the end of February, mu applies 5~10Kg of urea, peroxophosphoric acid
Calcium 25Kg.This time fertilising is chiefly to facilitate young sprout growth, new root development and blooms well, and eugonic orchard can not apply.
2. swollen fruit fertilizer：Post flowering imposes decomposed cake fertilizer 200Kg, ternary compound fertilizer 30Kg, potassium sulfate 10Kg per acre to young fruit expanding stage,
1 week point of interval, 2 applications.3. coloring fertilizer：Fruit annesl initial stage imposes potassium sulfate 20Kg per acre, promotes fruit colouring and sugared part
Accumulation.4. fruit picking is fertile：After fruit harvesting, in order to restore tree vigo(u)r, ternary compound fertilizer 25Kg, urea 10Kg are imposed in time per acre, set
Gesture is good to be applied.；
(4) foliage-spray：The characteristics of Fertilizer nutrient can directly be absorbed and utilized using fruit tree young sprout, blade, fruit, in conjunction with spray
Pesticide grown repeatedly imposes 0.2%~0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and special foliar fertilizer；5 periods are divided to spray；
(5) water management：
1. water storage of shutting off：The pool or cistern are dug in hilly upland source, and the deficiency of iirigation water source is made up when arid；
2. the period irrigated and effect：It generally after Hua Qianhua in 1 week, should not water, after fruit is occupied stably, can pour big
Water；Fertilizer and water management is mid or late April pipe vernalization water after seedling planting the 2nd year；Or so the first tenday period of a month in May fill Hua Qianshui；Mid-June
Fill fruit promoting water；Or so late July, which fills, colours swollen fruit water；Preceding water is adopted in mid or late August filling.In addition it is usually that should also be filled immediately after applying fertilizer
Water；
3. draining：When continuous rainy season leads to easy flood, timely ditch cleaning draining；
4. preserving soil moisture：Arid season cradles green manure weeds covering groove face or groove face epiphragma, the conditional drop band of installation as possible
Or spray irrigation band, carry out water-fertilizer integral management.
Detection soil acidity or alkalinity, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg index in (2) of the step 1, are for improving
Soil acid-base and fertilizing calculation basis.
Soil acidity or alkalinity conditioning is suitable to 6.5 in (4) of the step 3.
Nursery stock is put into after cutting in the mixed solution of water and ABT root-inducing powders in (6) of the step 3, mixed liquid concentration 25
~50PPm impregnates diel.1% copper sulfate solution is added to add with 50% 500 times of liquid of carbendazim or other fungoid fungicide
80% 700 times of DDVP liquid impregnates nursery stock and carries out disinfection to nursery stock for 5 minutes.
Base manure in (2) of the step 4, treelet phase and test manufacture phase take the middle low value of recommended fertilizer, during operation period takes
High level.
Point 4 supply fertilizer in (3) of the step 4, to use soil buriing；It goes into operation black vineyard whole year in high yield summer
Equivalent every 667m2Purity nitrogen 25Kg is applied, pure phosphorus 12Kg, pure potassium 30Kg are advisable.
Foliage-spray refers to according on the basis of soil nutrient, plant nutrition detection in (4) of the step 4, and supplement sprays
Nutrient.
Embodiment 3：
A kind of hilly upland creates sunlight rose vineyard soil gently simple efficient management, includes the following steps：
1. the selection in vineyard field
(1) it selects suitable for the illumination of sunlight rose wine-growing, temperature condition appropriate area, 15 DEG C of year-round average temperature or more,
Absolute low temperature is not less than -10 DEG C；
(2) select edaphic condition appropriate and moisture condition, 10~25 ° of the gradient, slope surface be south orientation or southwest to or the southeast
To；Detect the acid-base value of soil plough horizon, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg index；
2. carrying out the planning in sunlight rose vineyard：Grape variety, vineyard traffic including plantation, road network, irrigation are set
It applies, the reasonable arrangement planning of shelter-forest, storehouse；
3. hilly and mountainous land creates the specific steps of the light letter management of sunlight rose vineyard soil
(1) according to composite factors such as sunlight rose variety, the gradient, slope aspects, determine that production plot area is 15~20 mu, it is suitable
Slope aspect bottom length is trapezoidal preferably；
(2) first contour that hillside fields produces cell is measured by line-spacing 4m, after being adjusted planning, by long per 100m ditches
Than dropping 0.4m, first kind planting ditch, usual ditch depth 80cm, furrow width 100cm are excavated；
(3) the 0-20cm tables soil of field planting ditch is first removed upward slope surface position, then the middle part field planting ditch, bottom 20-80cm
The raw-soil dig out place ditch Caused by Sloping Surfaces stack curing, also serve as and fill terraced wall weathering；
(4) again the table soil for removing upward slope surface and in the ranks 0-20cm or so topsoils are backfilling into ditch；Surface layer is big when backfill
The residuums such as soil block, turf, plant, smaller dry branches and fallen leaves, the rhizome of group, smaller stone place bottom of trench as ventilated
Layer, backfill table soil before, soil acidity or alkalinity is adjusted to 6.5, need adjust soil acidity or alkalinity substance (acid soil applies mountain flour or stone
Ash, alkaline soil apply calcium superphosphate or gypsum etc.) and organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer etc. uniformly spread fertilizer over the fields on backfill table soil, mix side thoroughly when digging
Backfill；
(5) at the height of backfill table soil to the 2/3 of ditch center depth, and it is high in outside groove face, and groove face low inclined-plane in inside is wanted
It asks field planting first 30 days or more to make preparation for ploughing and sowing to complete to wait to plant；Successively from bottom of slope excavation and filling kind planting ditch one by one upwards；
(6) start to be colonized when temperature is stablized at 10 DEG C in 3~April.By distance between rows and hills 4m × 2m of planning, field planting point is suitable
In ditch center, planting pit digs 30cm square.Sunlight rose variety generally selects grafting, can first plant Ju Feng, summer it is black,
SO4, shellfish up to etc. stock varieties grow into beyond being grafted again after ground (groove face) 20cm, also may be selected nursery carry out stock
The nursery stock that high level cadre grafts (i.e. stock grafting mouth 50cm or so) is directly colonized；It is needed to seedling root before the grafting transplantation of seedlings plantation of nursery
It soaks after trimming and dips in ABT root-inducing powders and sterilize.So that seedling root is unfolded when plantation, then the soil on periphery be used in combination rotten
Ripe organic fertilizer.It backfills in planting pit, and gently carries nursery stock, jail is planted in having peace of mind, is sprinkled profoundly water after plant.It is carried out by normal fruit tree after field planting
Management；The evil bud of stock is removed in time；
(7) season of growth plantation groove face can epiphragma take precautions against drought heat promotion growth；In the ranks with can annual green manuring on terraced wall
Vegetable soil inhibits weed growth；Kind planting ditch point backfills activation topsoil and green manure weeds in the ranks for 2 years；First Year spring and summer
Can in the ranks with broadcast sowing the short season leguminous green manure of fertilizer mung bean on terraced wall, the florescence cradles green manure and combines the backfill surface layers 8cm weathering in the ranks
Mellow soil, which is covered in kind of planting ditch, does green manuring culture fertility；Start to broadcast sowing rape or sweet potato Winter-Spring green manure in late fall simultaneously, in spring
When green manure biomass maximum, green manuring is cradled, soil acid-base conditioning fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer the backfill surface layers 8cm in the ranks are used in combination
Weathering mellow soil；It every time when backfill, first carves and hinders trunk base portion, smear and carve traumatic part position hestening rooting and disinfection liquid medicine, then blinding；
Such samsara repeatedly, by 2 years multiple more batches short season green manure and curing table earthen backfill, good soil ring is built for fruit tree root system
Border；Be backfilling into groove face sizing after, begin to rehearse water water storage ring ditch on the inside of ditch, in the ranks with butch clover or hair sweet potato are replanted on terraced wall
The perennial green manure plant such as son, florescence cradle, and are covered in groove face tree disk, increase organic matter, promote water and soil conservation；
4. rationally imposing fertilizer and supply moisture, meet fruit tree good year production growth needs
(1) the treelet phase applies fertilizer：First 2 years after plant, increases the number of fertilising, reduce each dose；
(2) base manure：According to sunlight rose root growth peak period and nutrient uptake feature, in conjunction with green manure, in the ranks curing table soil returns
Fill out the work in ditch, use every time per acre 1200~1800Kg of high-quality farmers''s pile fermentation bacterial manure or organic commercial fertilizer 400~
30~40Kg of 500Kg, NPK composite fertilizer, 3~5Kg of trace element fertilizer in calcium and magnesium boron zinc-iron are uniformly mixed and are sprinkled into backfill table soil, into
Row promotes the generation and growth of root system without fertilising of earthing up in root ditch is hindered；
(3) root top dressing：By the nutrient uptake feature of sunlight rose different growth stage fruit tree, nitrogenous fertilizer is applied before rudiment, is promoted
It is neat and healthy and strong into rudiment；Before and after florescence, imposes phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer promotes young sprout growth, improve fruit-setting rate；In fruit expanding period,
It imposes based on potash fertilizer such as potassium sulfate, promotes fruit development.It is examined in conjunction with feeder capability, fertilization mode and the productive target synthesis of soil
Amount, point 15 supply fertilizer；
(4) foliage-spray：The characteristics of Fertilizer nutrient can directly be absorbed and utilized using fruit tree young sprout, blade, fruit, generally from
Before late April to fruit picking, 1 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate, magnesium sulfate and other nutrition regulating agents, Hua Qian are sprayed within every 10~15 days
Spray 1 0.2% borax and other nutrition regulating agents；
(5) water management：
1. water storage of shutting off：The pool or cistern are dug in hilly upland source, and the deficiency of iirigation water source is made up when arid；
2. the period irrigated and effect：It combines fertilising to pour water 1 time when rudiment, promotes rudiment neat；1 water is poured before blooming,
Promote Pollination Fertilization；Fruit expanding period is filled with enough water in conjunction with fertilising；November, grape undercarriage filled overwintering water before burying soil, was got over conducive to cold-resistant
Winter；Berry is coloured to maturity period Controlled irrigation, keeps appropriate arid, to control nutrient growth, is promoted shoot maturation, is improved berry
Quality；Other time should in due course pour water according to soil moisture content；
3. draining：When continuous rainy season leads to easy flood, timely ditch cleaning draining；
4. preserving soil moisture：Arid season cradles green manure weeds covering groove face or groove face epiphragma, the conditional drop band of installation as possible
Or spray irrigation band, carry out water-fertilizer integral management.
Detection soil acidity or alkalinity, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg index in (2) of the step 1 are for improving soil
Earth soda acid and fertilizing calculation basis.
In (6) of the step 3 after transplanted plantlet root system pruning after be put into the mixed solution of water and ABT root-inducing powders,
Mixed liquid concentration 25-50PPm impregnates diel.Add 1% with 50% 500 times of liquid of carbendazim or other fungoid fungicide
Copper sulfate solution adds 80% DDVP, 700 times of liquid immersion nursery stocks to carry out disinfection to nursery stock for 5 minutes.
It is 4, every 1.5cm longitudinal using basal part of stem surrounding is hindered sharp sword quarter in (7) of the step 3, as deep as bast table
Layer applies growth-promoting root liquid NAA800mg/L+ hymexazos 150mg/L.
Base manure in (2) of the step 4, treelet phase and test manufacture phase take the middle low value of recommended fertilizer, during operation period takes
High level.
Point 15 supply fertilizer in (3) of the step 4, for using spray drop band water-fertilizer integral；High yield of going into operation sunlight
Rose vineyard garden whole year is equivalent per 667m2Purity nitrogen 18.0Kg is applied, pure phosphorus 9.0Kg, pure potassium 21.6Kg are advisable.
Foliage-spray refers to according on the basis of soil nutrient, plant nutrition detection in (4) of the step 4, and supplement sprays
Nutrient.
Embodiment 4：
A kind of hilly upland creates downy grape Orchard Soil, and gently simple efficient management, this method mainly include the following steps that：
1. the selection in orchard field
(1) selection suitable planting downy grape kind illumination, temperature condition region；
(2) select edaphic condition appropriate and moisture condition, 10~25 ° of the gradient, slope surface be south orientation or southwest to or the southeast
To；Detect the indexs such as the acid-base value of soil plough horizon, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg.
2. carrying out the planning in orchard：Orchard kind, orchard traffic including plantation, road network, irrigating facility, shelter-forest, library
The reasonable arrangement in room is planned.
3. the specific steps of the light letter management of hilly and mountainous land downy grape orchard soil：
(1) it according to composite factors such as kind, the gradient, slope aspects, determines production plot area, is generally advisable with 20~30 mu,
Inclined slope aspect bottom length is trapezoidal preferably.
(2) first contour that hillside fields produces cell is measured by the line-spacing of downy grape demand, after being adjusted planning, pressed
Per 100m ditches length than 30~40cm of drop, first kind planting ditch, usual ditch depth 80cm, furrow width 100cm, 4.5~5m of line-spacing are excavated.
(3) 0~20cm tables soil of field planting ditch is first removed upward slope surface position, then middle part field planting ditch, bottom 20~
The raw-soil of 80cm digs out the Caused by Sloping Surfaces stacking curing for placing ditch, also serves as and fills terraced wall weathering.
(4) again the table soil of groove face and in the ranks 0~20cm or so topsoils are backfilling into ditch.The soil of surface layer agglomerate when backfill
The residuums such as block, turf, plant, smaller dry branches and fallen leaves, rhizome, smaller stone etc. place bottom of trench as ventilated as possible
Layer, before backfilling table soil, according to sampling Detection soil acidity or alkalinity, the substance for needing to adjust soil acidity or alkalinity, (acid soil applies mountain flour
Or lime, alkaline soil apply calcium superphosphate or gypsum etc.) and organic fertilizer, chemical fertilizer etc. uniformly spread fertilizer over the fields on backfill table soil, mixed when digging
Even side backfill.
(5) height of backfill table soil to ditch center it is deep 1/2 at, and in outside groove face height, low oblique of inside groove face
Face, it is desirable that field planting first 45 days or more makes preparation for ploughing and sowing and completes to wait to plant.
Successively from bottom of slope excavation and filling kind planting ditch one by one upwards.
(6) suitable season field planting fruit tree is pressed.By the distance between rows and hills of planning, preferably in ditch center, planting pit is dug field planting point
Decomposed manure, general 5.5~6m of spacing in the rows is used in combination in 20~30cm square.Own-rooted tree can be planted directly as required.After field planting
It is managed by normal fruit tree.
(7) season of growth plantation groove face can epiphragma take precautions against drought heat promotion growth.In the ranks with can annual green manuring on terraced wall
Vegetable soil inhibits weed growth.Kind planting ditch point backfills activation topsoil and green manure weeds in the ranks for 3 years.First Year spring and summer
Can in the ranks with broadcast sowing short season leguminous green manure such as fertilizer mung bean etc. on terraced wall, the florescence cradles green manure and combines backfill 5~10cm in the ranks
Surface layer weathering mellow soil, which is covered in kind of planting ditch, does green manuring culture fertility；Start to broadcast sowing the Winter-Springs such as rape or sweet potato in late fall simultaneously green
Fertilizer cradles green manuring in spring green manure biomass maximum, and soil acid-base conditioning fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer backfill row is used in combination
Between the surface layers 5~10cm weathering mellow soil, promote base portion generate new root zone.Every time when backfill, first carves and hinder trunk base portion, smear and carve
Traumatic part position hestening rooting and disinfection liquid medicine, then blinding, promote the generation and growth of new root system.Such samsara repeatedly, is led to
More batches of green manure of spending 3 years repeatedly and curing table earthen backfill, good soil environment is built for fruit tree root system.After being backfilling into groove face, row
Between and terraced wall on replant the perennial green manure plant such as butch clover or Vicia sativa, the florescence cradles, and is covered in groove face tree disk, and increase has
Machine matter promotes water and soil conservation.
4. rationally imposing fertilizer and supply moisture, meet fruit tree good year production growth needs.
(1) the treelet phase applies fertilizer：First 2 years after plant, increases the number of fertilising, reduce each dose.
(2) base manure：According to fruit tree root growth peak period and nutrient uptake feature, in conjunction with green manure, table earthen backfill ditch is in the ranks cured
Interior work uses 800~1600Kg of high-quality farmers''s pile fermentation fertilizer or organic commercial fertilizer 300~500Kg, NPK every time per acre
10~30Kg of composite fertilizer, 3~4Kg of trace element fertilizer in calcium and magnesium boron zinc-iron are uniformly mixed and are sprinkled into backfill table soil, carry out without hindering root ditch
Middle ridging fertilising, promotes the generation and growth of root system.
(3) root top dressing：By feeder capability, fertilization mode and the life of the nutrient uptake feature and soil of different growth stage fruit tree
Target comprehensive consideration is produced, point 3 supply fertilizer.
(4) foliage-spray：The characteristics of Fertilizer nutrient can directly be absorbed and utilized using fruit tree young sprout, blade, fruit, divides 5
Period sprays fertilizer.
(5) water management：
1. water storage of shutting off：The pool or cistern are dug in hilly upland source, and the deficiency of iirigation water source is made up when arid；
2. the period irrigated and effect：Water management is carried out according to the fruit variety water-requiring property of plantation；
3. draining：When continuous rainy season leads to easy flood, timely ditch cleaning draining；
4. preserving soil moisture：Arid season cradles green manure weeds covering groove face or groove face epiphragma, the conditional drop band of installation as possible
Or spray irrigation band, it carries out water-fertilizer integral saving of labor and efficiently manages.
Selected in (1) of the step 1 adapted varieties for can self-pollination hermaphrodite flower downy grape kind
Soil acidity or alkalinity conditioning is suitable to 6.0~6.5 in (4) of the step 3.
It is carved using sharp sword in (7) of the step 3 and hinders basal part of stem surrounding longitudinal direction 4,2cm every long, as deep as bast table
Layer applies growth-promoting root liquid NAA1000mg/L+ disinfection liquid hymexazos 200mg/L.
Point 3~15 supply fertilizer in (3) of the step 4 are then applied 2~3 times according to soil buriing；According to
It is sprayed band water-fertilizer integral, then is applied 10~15 times.Operation downy grape garden whole year is equivalent per 667m2Purity nitrogen 20Kg, pure phosphorus 10Kg are applied,
Pure potassium 25Kg is advisable.
Foliage-spray in (4) of the step 4 refers to according on the basis of soil nutrient, plant nutrition detection, and supplement sprays
Nutrient.
To kyoto grape, summer black grape, sunlight rose grape and the downy grape using the method management described in embodiment 1-4
Test effect investigated, counted, while be arranged control be conventional method management vineyard, the results are shown in Table 1.
The kyoto grape of 1 method management using the present invention of table, the reality of summer black grape, sunlight rose grape and downy grape garden
Apply effect
Note：Data above is multiple vineyard average values.The description of the aforementioned specific exemplary embodiment to the present invention
It is in order to illustrate and illustration purpose.These descriptions are not wishing to limit the invention to disclosed precise forms, and very aobvious
So, according to the above instruction, it can carry out many change and variations.The purpose of selecting and describing the exemplary embodiment is that
The certain principles and practical application for explaining the present invention, so that those skilled in the art can realize and utilize the present invention
A variety of different exemplary implementation schemes and various chooses and changes.The scope of the present invention is intended to by claim
Book and its equivalent form are limited.
Claims (2)
1. a kind of hilly upland creates the method that soil light letter in vineyard efficiently manages, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
(1) selection in field：Select 10~25 ° of the gradient, slope surface be south orientation, southwest to or the southeast to direction, suitable for waiting for kind of a grape
The region of kind plantation is as field；
(2) planning in vineyard：First contour that hillside fields produces cell is measured by the line-spacing of variety requirement, is adjusted rule
After drawing, press per 100m ditch length ratio 0.3~0.5m of drop, first kind planting ditch of excavation, plantation ditch depth 80cm × wide 100cm, line-spacing 3~
5m；The soil for being colonized ditch 0~20cm of surface layer is first first removed into upward slope surface position, then the raw-soil the middle part of field planting ditch and bottom
The raw-soil of 20~80cm digs out the Caused by Sloping Surfaces for being placed on kind of planting ditch；Again the soil of field planting ditch 0~20cm of surface layer and 0~20cm in the ranks
Topsoil is backfilling into ditch；When backfill, by the soil block of surface layer agglomerate, turf, plant, dry branches and fallen leaves, rhizome residuum, smaller stone
Block is positioned over the bottom of kind of planting ditch, and before backfill, soil acidity or alkalinity is transferred to 6.0~6.5；When backfill, the height of table soil to ditch
At the 1/2~2/3 of center depth, and, inside groove face low inclined-plane high in outside groove face, it is colonized and completes to make preparation for ploughing and sowing within first 30~45 days to wait for
Kind；Successively from bottom of slope excavation and filling kind planting ditch one by one upwards；
(3) it is colonized vine：Field planting point is located at the center of kind of planting ditch, and planting pit digs 20-30cm square, 1~5m of spacing in the rows；Knot
Conjunction mixes 6 parts of soil using 1 part of decomposed manure and buries root field planting；Own-rooted tree fruit tree is directly planted as required；Grafting fruit tree need to first be planted
Plant stock variety grow into beyond grafted or selected again after 10~20cm of ground nursery carry out stock high level cadre's grafting Portugal
Grape sapling wood is directly colonized；After field planting the management such as leaching root water, fixation are carried out by normal grape；
(4) kind planting ditch point backfills activation topsoil and green manure weeds in the ranks for 2~3 years：1st year spring and summer in the ranks on terraced wall
Short season leguminous green manure mung bean is broadcasted sowing, the florescence cradles green manure combination backfill, and in the ranks the surface layers 5~10cm weathering mellow soil is covered in kind of a planting ditch
In；Start to broadcast sowing green manure rape or sweet potato in late fall simultaneously, in spring green manure biomass maximum, cradle green manuring, is used in combination
Soil acid-base improves fertilizer and biological organic fertilizer the backfill surface layers 5~10cm weathering mellow soil in the ranks；Every time when backfill, first carves and hinder trunk
Base portion smears take root thimerosal, then blinding carving traumatic part position；Such samsara repeatedly, by 2~4 years multiple more batches of green manure and ripe
Change table earthen backfill；Be backfilling into groove face sizing after, begin to rehearse water water storage ring ditch on the inside of ditch, in the ranks with replanted on terraced wall it is perennial
Green manure plant butch clover or Vicia sativa, florescence cradle, and are covered in groove face tree disk；Hinder basal part of stem surrounding longitudinal 3 using sharp sword quarter
~5, every 1~2cm, as deep as bast surface layer；
(5) other liquid manure are carried out according to conventional.
2. hilly upland according to claim 1 creates the method that soil light letter in vineyard efficiently manages, which is characterized in that
Thimerosal of taking root described in step (4) is 100~200mg/L of NAA 500~1000mg/L+ hymexazos.
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