CN102138380A - Tea garden fertilizing method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention provides a tea garden fertilizing method. According to the method, leguminous green manure is interplanted in the lines of the tea garden, and a new fertilizing method is provided for increasing the tea yield as well as the nutrient accumulation and for improving the soil fertility of the tea garden. The invention aims to steadily increases the tea yield, improve the tea quality and the soil fertility of the tea garden and promote sustainable development of the tea industry by use of a scientific and reasonable new method for improving the soil fertility of a tea garden.
Description
Technical field:
The present invention relates to a kind of tea place fertilizing method.
Background technology:
Fertilising is to improve one of major measure of tea yield and tea garden soil fertility level.Mainly there is following problem (tealeaves institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2002) in the tea place fertilising of current China: the fertilising polarization of (1) tea place.Part tea place fertilising is seriously excessive, the benefit tea place of the famous-brand and high-quality tea of part producing preferably particularly, and fertilizing amount surpasses several times of tea tree actual requirement; Some tea place deficiency of then applying fertilizer is only executed a small amount of urea, have in addition fertilising.(2) inclined to one side nitrogen fertilizer application, phosphorus potash fertilizer relative deficiency.The average sowing amount of tea place nitrogenous fertilizer (in pure N) is annual 553.4 kg/hm
2, and phosphorus potassium is (with P
2O and K
2The O meter) only is respectively 76.6 kg/hm
2With 73.2 kg/hm
2, the ratio of nitrogen phosphorus potassium is 1:0.14:0.13, recommends nitrogen phosphorus potassium usage ratio 1:0.25 ~ 0.5:0.25 ~ 0.5 in tea place well below China.Thereby cause tea place nutrient imbalance, the obvious surplus of nitrogen, and phosphorus and potassium are obviously not enough.(3) partially to fertilize, Shaoshi fertilizer.In the npk nutrient that drops into the tea place, have 93.5% from chemical fertilizer, have only 6.5% from fertilizer.(4) execute the monomer chemical fertilizer partially, Shaoshi composite fertilizer.In dropping into the chemical fertilizer in tea place, account for 86.9% from urea, carbonic hydroammonium, superphosphate, fused calcium magnesium phosphate and the potassium chloride etc. of monomer chemical fertilizer, and only account for 13.1% from composite fertilizer or compound fertilizer.(5) fertilizing method is improper.At first, the degree of depth of fertilising is not enough, no matter is base manure or topdresses, and fertilizer or chemical fertilizer are mostly executed the topsoil at 0～10 cm, and also has quite a few tea place to execute vernalization when fertile, employing be the mode of spreading fertilizer over the fields, cause nutrient loss serious; Secondly, the time of fertilising is improper, particularly base manure.Often after autumn tea finishes, have in addition be dragged to the basal dressing of just deep ploughing in December or January in next year; The 3rd, single fertilization is excessive, vernalization fertilizer particularly, and indivedual tea places mu is executed urea and is reached more than 150 kg; The 4th, a spraying fertilizer is basal dressing not, or only basal dressing not the situation of spraying fertilizer be found everywhere, the situation of Shi Xiaqiu fertilizer is very not general especially especially only to execute spring fertilizer.
Above-mentioned fertilising un-reasonable phenomenon has brought many negative effects to Tea Production.At first, no matter be that fertilising is not enough, the excessive yield and quality that all influences tealeaves that still applies fertilizer can make the ability of tea tree opposing damage by disease and insect and poor environment reduce simultaneously, the raising of the benefit that is unfavorable for applying fertilizer.Secondly, reduce utilization rate of fertilizer, about 30%, and amount of nitrogen only is 10% when high as present tea place utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer, and the availability of phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer only is respectively about 20% and 60%.The 3rd, too high amount of application of nitrogen fertilizer can cause serious environmental to be polluted.According to Korea S's research, execute nitrogen 900 kg/hm for one
2The tea place because the nitrogen loss that causes of seepage is up to 457 kg/hm
2, this part nitrogen is mainly with NO
3 -Form enters underground water, rivers and pool etc., thereby causes water pollution.Because it is excessive to execute nitrogen, the nitrate nitrogen content of some tea garden soil of China is up to more than 120 mg/kg.The 4th, the soil acidification aggravation, quality descends.According to investigations, Zhejiang, Anhui and Jiangsu San Sheng tea garden soil pH have reached 44% less than 4.0 severe acidification tea place, and only are 14% before 10 years.Meanwhile, tea garden soil nutrient imbalance problem is on the rise, and Zhejiang Province's tea garden soil potassium deficiency magnesium ratio has some old tea districts up to about 60%, as Hangzhou West Lake Dragon Well tea district potassium deficiency soil up to 95%.In addition, the heavy metal in soil element increases as content and validity thereof plumbous, arsenic, and this has not only caused, and lead content is tangible ascendant trend in the tealeaves, and has had a strong impact on the sustainability of Tea Production.Therefore, in today of very emphasizing tea-leaf safety, health, nutritious and production sustainable development, strengthen the tea place administrative skill of fostering and apply fertilizer and seem especially necessary.
Summary of the invention:
For solve the inclined to one side nitrogen fertilizer application of the ubiquitous blindness of present tea grower, Shaoshi fertilizer etc. not the method for applying fertilizers scientifically cause that tea yield and quality are not high, degradation problem under the tea garden soil nutrient imbalance, fertility, the invention provides a kind of tea place fertilizing method, this method can effectively increase tea yield and nutriment cumulant, and promotes the tea garden soil fertility level.
To achieve these goals, the technical scheme taked of the present invention is as follows:
Tea place of the present invention fertilizing method is characterized in that: at tea place row interplant leguminous green manure.
Described interplanting is a sowing leguminous green manure seed during the 4 ~ June of interplanting first year.The leguminous green manure kind is a Chamaecrista Rotundifolia.Seeding quantity is a 1kg/ mu.
Described fertilizing method applies tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer and organic commercial fertilizer in addition, and contained purity nitrogen mass ratio is 1:1, and promptly the pure nitrogen level of described organic commercial fertilizer is identical with tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer.Fertilizing amount is used chemical fertilizer purity nitrogen 15.4 kg for annual every mu.
N:P in the described tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer
2O
5: K
2O=1:0.3 ~ 0.5:0.3 ~ 0.5.
Location, field demonstration test by 4 anniversaries, the invention provides a kind ofly can effectively increase tea yield and nutriment cumulant, and promote the fertilizing method of tea garden soil fertility level, i.e. 1/2 tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer+1/2 organic commercial fertilizer+interplanting leguminous green manure, the tea tree chemical fertilizer N:P that fills a prescription
2O
5: K
2O=1:0.33:0.33, the annual every mu of pure nitrogen level of using chemical fertilizer (comprising organic commercial fertilizer and tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer) purity nitrogen 15.4 kg, the organic commercial fertilizer of using and the tea tree chemical fertilizer of filling a prescription is identical, tea tree fill a prescription chemical fertilizer and organic commercial fertilizer in April, August and the mid or late October in every year by etc. quality divide and carry out using of tea tree spring fertilizer, summer fertilizer and winter top dressing for 3 times; The leguminous green manure kind of tea place tea tree row interplant is a Chamaecrista Rotundifolia, during the 4 ~ June of interplanting first year, sow, broadcast Chamaecrista Rotundifolia seed 1 kg for every mu, the Chamaecrista Rotundifolia plant withers naturally in the winter time and is covered in the tea place and shows on the soil in the ranks, the Chamaecrista Rotundifolia seed descends slowly and lightly in the tea place in the ranks naturally, 1 year spring, the nature sprout growth was once sowed, and utilized for many years.
Using fertilizing method of the present invention increases dark brownish green output 36.4%, nitrogen cumulant 44.4%, phosphorus cumulant 46.8%, potassium cumulant 55.7%, Tea Polyphenols cumulant 41.1%, water extraction cumulant 49.9% than " list to fertilize ", promotes 1.33 times of the tea garden soil contents of organic matter, 1.36 times of total nitrogen contents, 1.38 times of content of tatal phosphorus, quick-acting nitrogen content 75.7%, 1.79 times of available phosphorus contents, 1.51 times of quick-acting potassium contents, pH value raising 0.02.
The present invention is by sub-district, field Different Fertilization method test, studied the relation of several Different Fertilization methods and tea yield, nutriment accumulation and tea garden soil fertility state, provide the fertilising new method for improving tea yield, nutriment accumulation and improvement tea garden soil fertility level, be intended to by the rational tea garden soil fertilizer application method of applied science, steadily improve tea yield, quality and tea garden soil fertility level, promote the sustainable development of tealeaves industry.
Embodiment:
Embodiment 1
1.1 materials and methods
1.1.1 basic condition experimental field
Experimental field be positioned at Fu'an City sky scented tea leaf Co., Ltd tealeaves base, soil types is the mountain region red-yellow soil, the foundation soil fertility state is: pH 5.19, organic 7.4 g/kg, full nitrogen 0.4 g/kg, full phosphorus 0.1 g/kg, full potassium 22.4 g/kg, available nitrogen 58.34 mg/kg, available phosphorus 0.87 mg/kg, effectively potassium 77.20 mg/kg.
Experimental scheme
6 kinds of Different Fertilization methods are established in test, promptly (1) is not applied fertilizer and (is contrasted, CK), (2) tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer (CF), (3) 1/2 tea trees prescription chemical fertilizer+1/2 fertilizer (COF), (4) fertilizer (OF), (5) tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer+leguminous green manure (CFF), (6) 1/2 tea trees prescription chemical fertilizer+1/2 fertilizer+leguminous green manure (COFF).Test is the basis to wait nitrogen amount (amount of nitrogen that refers to every kind of fertilizing method is identical) to use, and takes into account phosphorus potassium nutrition balance; The leguminous green manure kind of tea place tea tree row interplant be Chamaecrista Rotundifolia (
Cassia rotundifolia Pers.34721 strains), during the 4 ~ June of interplanting first year, sow, broadcast Chamaecrista Rotundifolia seed 1 kg for every mu, the Chamaecrista Rotundifolia plant is withered naturally in the winter time and be covered in the tea place and in the ranks show on the soil, and the Chamaecrista Rotundifolia seed descends slowly and lightly in the tea place in the ranks naturally, 1 year spring the nature sprout growth, once sowing utilizes for many years.Chemical fertilizer is used urea, MAP and potassium chloride respectively, and fertilizer adopts " the happy board refined organic fertilizer of farmland " (agricultural general agricultural science and technology development corporation, Ltd. of academy of agricultural sciences, Fujian Province clay fertilizer institute produces), its organic matter 36.89%, full nitrogen 0.90%.Fertilization mode is row replacement.
For the test local tea variety is yellow kwan-yin, field planting in May, 2006.N:P in the tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer
2O
5: K
2O=1:0.33:0.33, use chemical fertilizer purity nitrogen 15.4 kg for annual every mu, the pure nitrogen level of the organic commercial fertilizer of using and tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer identical (organic commercial fertilizer should meet national fertilizer standard), tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer and organic commercial fertilizer in April, August and the mid or late October in every year by etc. quality divide and carry out using of tea tree spring fertilizer, summer fertilizer and winter top dressing for 3 times; At duration of test, the dark brownish green fresh weight of each experimental plot of independent measurement when at every turn picking tea-leaves, the dark brownish green then gross yield of annual accumulative total is tea yield then.Get nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, Tea Polyphenols and water-soluble extractives assay that the dark brownish green sample of spring tea in 2009 carries out tealeaves.On August 26th, 2010, gather top layer, tea place (0 ~ 20 cm) soil respectively at pressing serpentine circuit multiple spot in each experimental plot, fully get 500 g behind the mixing, as the analytical test soil sample of this sub-district.
Analysis determining method
The basic fertility state of soil is measured and is adopted conventional method of analysis: pH value potentiometry; The organic potassium bichromate titrimetric method of using; Full nitrogen semimicro Kelvin method; Full phosphorus is measured with molybdenum blue colorimetric method; Full potassium flame spectrometry; Quick-acting nitrogen alkaline hydrolysis diffusion process; Rapid available phosphorus is used 0.05 molL
-1NaHCO
3Extract, molybdenum blue colorimetric method is measured; The available potassium flame spectrometry.Tea Polyphenols---GB/T8313-2002, water extraction---GB/T8305-2002.Data are handled and are adopted SPSS10.0 statistical software and Microsoft Excel office software.
Result and analysis
1.2.1 the Different Fertilization method is to the influence of tea yield
Result of the test (table 1) shows: compare with the CK fertilizing method, other several Different Fertilization methods all can improve the output of tealeaves (fresh tea green grass or young crops) to a certain extent, and the improvement value scope of 2008 ~ 2010 years 3 years tealeaves gross yields is 1471 ~ 3053 kg/hm
2, increase rate is 51.16% ~ 106.17%.Wherein, the tealeaves gross yield of COFF fertilizing method is the highest relatively, is 5929 kg/hm
2, comparison has improved 106.17% according to fertilizing method; And the tealeaves gross yield of CFF fertilizing method is taken second place, and is 5551 kg/hm
2, comparison has improved 93.01% according to fertilizing method.The result of variance analysis shows that to the raising effect of tea yield, COFF, CFF are relative best with 3 kinds of fertilizing methods such as OF, and the utmost point (P＜0.01) significantly is better than CK; The COF fertilizing method is also better relatively, and (P＜0.05) is better than CK significantly; And the difference between CF fertilizing method and CK not significantly (P〉0.05); Except that CK, the difference between other each fertilizing method does not reach significance yet.
Table 1 Different Fertilization method is to the influence of tea yield
Annotate 1: each data is the mean value (down together) of 4 repetitions in the table.
Annotate 2: numerical value back capitalization is represented 1% significance in the table, and lowercase is represented 5% significance (LSD method of inspection, down together).
The Different Fertilization method is to the influence of tealeaves nutriment cumulant
The Different Fertilization method shows (table 2) to nitrogen, phosphorus and the result of the test of potassium nutrition content in the tealeaves: compare with contrast (not applying fertilizer) method, other several Different Fertilization methods all can improve the cumulant of tealeaves to nitrogen, phosphorus (except the OF) and potassium to a certain extent, and improvement value is respectively 0.354 ~ 2.331 kg/hm
2, 0.022 ~ 0.175 kg/hm
2With 0.386 ~ 2.893 kg/hm
2, increase rate is respectively 13.44% ~ 88.60%, 7.25% ~ 57.41% and 15.28% ~ 98.87%.Wherein, the tealeaves nitrogen of COFF fertilizing method, phosphorus are relative with the potassium cumulant the highest, are respectively 4.962 kg/hm
2, 0. 48 kg/hm
2With 5.966 kg/hm
2, comparison is according to having improved 88.6%, 57.41% and 98.87% respectively; And the dark brownish green nitrogen of CFF fertilizing method, phosphorus and potassium cumulant are taken second place.The result of variance analysis shows, to improving the effect of tealeaves potassium nutrition cumulant, COFF handles and is better than CK significantly, but and the difference between other several Different Fertilization methods not remarkable; Several Different Fertilization methods to the nitrogen of tealeaves and phosphorus nutrient cumulant to influence difference not remarkable.
Table 2 Different Fertilization method is to the influence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrition cumulant in the tealeaves
The Different Fertilization method shows (table 3) to the result of the test of Tea Polyphenols in the tealeaves and water extraction cumulant: compare with contrast (not applying fertilizer) method, other several Different Fertilization methods all can improve the cumulant of tealeaves to Tea Polyphenols and water extraction to a certain extent, and improvement value is respectively 0.59 ~ 9.87 kg/hm
2With 4.73 ~ 55.01 kg/hm
2, increase rate is respectively 4.55% ~ 73.29% and 7.43% ~ 85.56%.Wherein, the tealeaves Tea Polyphenols of COFF fertilizing method is relative with the water extraction cumulant the highest, is respectively 23.39 kg/hm
2With 119.41 kg/hm
2, comparison is according to having improved 73.29% and 85.56% respectively; And the tealeaves Tea Polyphenols of CFF fertilizing method and water extraction cumulant are taken second place.The result of variance analysis shows: to the raising effect of water extraction cumulant in the tealeaves, except COFF is better than the CK significantly, the difference between other several Different Fertilization methods is all not remarkable; Several Different Fertilization methods do not reach significance to the difference that influences of water extraction cumulant in the tealeaves yet.
Table 3 Different Fertilization method is to the influence of Tea Polyphenols in the tealeaves and water extraction cumulant
1.2.3 the Different Fertilization method is to the influence of the basic fertility state of tea garden soil
Result of the test shows (table 4, table 5 and table 6), under the Different Fertilization method, after 4 anniversaries, certain variation has taken place the basic fertility state of tea garden soil: the pH of (1) tea garden soil changes little, compare with CK, pH value excursion under other several Different Fertilization methods is 5.40 ~ 5.68, and amplitude of variation is-4.26% ~ 0.71%, and the difference between each fertilizing method is not remarkable.(2) the tea garden soil content of organic matter is except that CF decreases than CK, other several Different Fertilization methods all have raising to a certain extent, the improvement value scope is 3.437 ~ 20.87 g/kg, increase rate is 37.51% ~ 227.77%, wherein, OF is relative better with the raising effect of 2 kinds of fertilizing methods such as COFF.The result of variance analysis shows that to improving the effect of tea garden soil organic matter, OF is better than COFF significantly, and the utmost point is better than other several Different Fertilization methods significantly; COFF and COF difference are not remarkable, but significantly or the utmost point be better than CFF, CK and CF significantly; And the difference between CFF, CK and CF is not remarkable.(3) several Different Fertilization methods all can improve the total nitrogen content of tea garden soil to a certain extent than CK, improvement value is 0.093 ~ 1.274 g/kg, increase rate is 14.71% ~ 361.01%, and wherein OF is relative best with the raising effect of 2 kinds of Different Fertilization methods such as COFF.The result of variance analysis shows that to improving the effect of the full nitrogen of tea garden soil, OF is better than COFF significantly, and the utmost point is better than other variant fertilizing method significantly; COFF and COF, CFF difference are not remarkable, but are better than CF and CK significantly.(4) several Different Fertilization methods all can improve the content of tatal phosphorus of tea garden soil to a certain extent than CK, improvement value is 0.12 ~ 1.147 g/kg, increase rate is 58.82% ~ 562.42%, and wherein OF is relative better with the raising effect of 2 kinds of Different Fertilization methods such as COFF.The result of variance analysis shows that to improving the effect of the full phosphorus of tea garden soil, the OF utmost point is better than other several Different Fertilization methods significantly; COFF and COF difference are not remarkable, but the utmost point is better than CF, CFF and CK significantly; COF and CF, CFF difference are not remarkable, but are better than CK significantly.(5) the full potassium content of tea garden soil is except that COFF decreases than CK, other several Different Fertilization methods all have raising to a certain extent than CK, and the improvement value scope is 0.09 ~ 3.71 g/kg, and increase rate is 0.5% ~ 20.44%, wherein, the raising effect of CF fertilizing method is better relatively.The result of variance analysis shows that several Different Fertilization methods are not obvious to the influence of the full potassium content of soil.(6) several Different Fertilization methods all can improve the quick-acting nitrogen contents of tea garden soil to a certain extent than CK, improvement value is 42.44 ~ 156.17 mg/kg, increase rate is 47.61% ~ 175.22%, and wherein OF is relative better with the raising effect of 2 kinds of Different Fertilization methods such as COFF.The result of variance analysis shows that to improving the effect of the quick-acting nitrogen contents of tea garden soil, OF and COFF difference are not remarkable, but all are better than COF significantly, and the utmost point is better than other several Different Fertilization methods significantly; Difference between COF and CFF, CF is not remarkable, but is better than CK significantly.(7) several Different Fertilization methods all can improve the available phosphorus contents of tea garden soil to a certain extent than CK, improvement value is 13.43 ~ 55.66 mg/kg, increase rate is 10 ~ 41.5 times, and wherein OF is relative better with the raising effect of 2 kinds of Different Fertilization methods such as COFF.The result of variance analysis shows that to improving the effect of tea garden soil available phosphorus contents, OF and COFF difference are not remarkable, but are better than COF significantly, and the utmost point is better than other several Different Fertilization methods significantly; COFF and COF differences are not remarkable, but the utmost point is better than CF, CFF and CK significantly; Difference between COF and CF, CFF is not remarkable, but is better than CK significantly; And the difference between CF, CFF and CK is not remarkable.(8) several Different Fertilization methods all can improve the quick-acting potassium content of tea garden soil to a certain extent than CK, improvement value is 42.5 ~ 213.67 mg/kg, increase rate is 73.06% ~ 367.25%, and wherein OF is relative better with the raising effect of 2 kinds of Different Fertilization methods such as COFF.The result of variance analysis shows that to improving the effect of tea garden soil quick-acting potassium content, OF and COFF difference are not remarkable, but all the utmost point is better than other several Different Fertilization methods significantly; The COF utmost point is better than CFF, CF and CK significantly; And the difference between CFF, CF and CK is not remarkable.
The basic fertility state 1 of tea garden soil after 4 anniversaries under the table 4 Different Fertilization method
The basic fertility state 2 of tea garden soil after 4 anniversaries under the table 5 Different Fertilization method
The basic fertility state 3 of tea garden soil after 4 anniversaries under the table 6 Different Fertilization method
1.3 conclusion
In sum, in 6 kinds of Different Fertilization methods of present embodiment design, the tea yield of do not apply fertilizer (CK), nutriment cumulant and tea garden soil fertility are starkly lower than other several fertilizing methods; And the fertilizing method of " 1/2 tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer+1/2 fertilizer+leguminous green manure " is relative best with the effect of nutriment cumulant and tea garden soil fertility to increasing tea yield, comparable " single (tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer) to fertilize " increases dark brownish green output 36.4%, nitrogen cumulant 44.4%, phosphorus cumulant 46.8%, potassium cumulant 55.7%, Tea Polyphenols cumulant 41.1%, water extraction cumulant 49.9%, promote 1.33 times of the tea garden soil contents of organic matter, 1.36 times of total nitrogen contents, 1.38 times of content of tatal phosphorus, quick-acting nitrogen contents 75.7%, 1.79 times of available phosphorus contents, 1.51 times of quick-acting potassium contents, the pH value improves 0.02.
Claims (8)
1. a tea place fertilizing method is characterized in that: at tea place row interplant leguminous green manure.
2. tea place according to claim 1 fertilizing method is characterized in that: described interplanting is a sowing leguminous green manure seed during the 4～June of interplanting first year.
3. tea place according to claim 1 and 2 fertilizing method is characterized in that: the leguminous green manure kind is a Chamaecrista Rotundifolia.
4. tea place according to claim 2 fertilizing method is characterized in that: leguminous green manure planting seed amount is a 1kg/ mu.
5. tea place according to claim 1 fertilizing method is characterized in that: described fertilizing method applies tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer and organic commercial fertilizer in addition, and the pure nitrogen level of described organic commercial fertilizer is identical with tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer.
6. tea place according to claim 5 fertilizing method is characterized in that: fertilizing amount is annual every mu of applying fertilizer purity nitrogen 15.4 kg, and this fertilizer comprises organic commercial fertilizer and tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer.
7. tea place according to claim 5 fertilizing method is characterized in that: N:P in the described tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer
2O
5: K
2O=1:0.3-0.5:0.3-0.5.
8. tea place according to claim 5 fertilizing method is characterized in that: the fertilizing method of tea tree prescription chemical fertilizer and organic commercial fertilizer is: in April, August and the mid or late October in every year by etc. quality divide and carry out using of tea tree spring fertilizer, summer fertilizer and winter top dressing 3 times.
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