CN106258726B - Method for improving acre yield of momordica grosvenori - Google Patents
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/04—Supports for hops, vines, or trees
- A01G17/06—Trellis-work
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
Abstract
A method for improving the acre yield of momordica grosvenori comprises the following steps: (1) preparation and planting before planting: selecting momordica grosvenori seedlings and a planting field, preparing the field, killing insects, alternately building a shed by high and low piles in a whole row, and planting fruit seedlings; (2) seedling stage management: after the plants grow seedlings, bagging, applying a seedling raising fertilizer, keeping soil moist, and tying the seedlings on a shed; (3) and (3) management in a growing period: bud picking and vine trimming, topping and vine trimming; after the plants are put on the shed, keeping the soil moist, and applying flower promoting fertilizer and water fertilizer to prevent and treat virus diseases; (4) and (3) management of the growth period: after the female and male plants bloom, artificial pollination is carried out, the soil is kept moist, and seed strengthening fertilizer is applied; (5) fruit strengthening and harvesting: and (5) applying strong fruit fertilizer after pollination for half a month, maturing the fruits and harvesting. The method reduces the planting and land cost on the premise of higher yield per mu than the existing yield per mu, thereby maximizing the yield of the momordica grosvenori, increasing the income per mu by more than 3025 yuan compared with the existing planting technology, and having simple and clear operation and strong practicability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention particularly relates to a method for improving the acre yield of momordica grosvenori.
Background
Siraitia grosvenorii (scientific name: Siraitia grosvenorii) is a perennial vine of Cucurbitaceae, with leaf-heart shape, heterogynic and androecial plants, flowering in summer and fruiting in autumn. The fruits of the traditional Chinese medicine are used as medicines, contain medicinal components such as mogroside, various amino acids, vitamins and the like, and are mainly used for treating cough caused by lung heat and phlegm fire, sphagitis, tonsillitis, acute gastritis, constipation and the like. Lo Han Guo is also called sweetener, because of its high sweetness and low calorie, it is widely used as sweetener, often used as substitute sugar for obesity and diabetes patients, and is simply the gift granted by Tianen for them. The natural sweetener is well known and accepted in the market at home and abroad, and the fructus momordicae extract is unique in all sweeteners with the advantages of pure nature, good mouthfeel and the like, and the potential in the future is unlimited. However, the Guilin, the largest producing area of the fructus momordicae, and the surrounding areas can not meet the demand of the market for the fresh fructus momordicae, so many companies develop new ways to improve the planting yield of the fructus momordicae. At present, companies such as Hunan Huacheng and Jiangxi Haichu carry out mass planting and popularization in the fields such as Hunan and Jiangxi, and scale planting is formed.
With the maturity and practice of the existing planting technology, the momordica grosvenori is improved from cucurbitaceae perennial to annual vine, which is undoubtedly a major breakthrough in yield, but the traditional planting often limits the maximization of the momordica grosvenori yield due to the factors of low planting density, irregular planting and the like. And the growth habit of the momordica grosvenori is relatively delicate and expensive, and unreasonable operation often leads to unreliability under the condition of large investment of manpower and material resources. The most material and material consumption point is the management of the seedlings in the early stage, and the seedlings die or the harvest of fruits in the later stage is influenced if the seedlings are improperly managed; the most manpower consuming point is the point-flower process, and when the traditional toothpick and the brush pen are used for point-flower, the flower buds can be injured by improper operation.
CN103210835A discloses a technology for obtaining seedless momordica grosvenori by hybridizing a tetraploid female plant and a triploid male plant, which is used for improving the size and content of the momordica grosvenori, thereby improving the yield per mu. However, the cultivated seedless momordica grosvenori has the advantages that the number of fruits hung on one vine is small, the early-stage seedling raising cost is high, the seedling cost is high, and the income value of the momordica grosvenori per mu is reduced.
CN105103845A discloses a method for cultivating luo han guo, which improves the fruit setting rate by a series of methods such as land selection and preparation, base fertilizer application, seedling transplantation, shed building, top pruning, artificial pollination, etc., however, in the artificial pollination, the method of scraping the pollen of male flowers with bamboo sticks and smearing on the stigma of female flowers will hurt the stigma if not paying attention, and is especially not suitable for the farmers who just start to plant.
CN105557413A discloses a high-yield cultivation method of momordica grosvenori, which is to arrange momordica grosvenori orchards into furrows and build fruit sheds into inverted V-shaped plants to improve planting density, thereby achieving the purpose of high yield. However, the construction of the fruit shed in the early stage consumes time and labor, the vine binding operation is complicated in the middle-stage vine shaping, and the artificial pollination and fruit picking in the later stage are inconvenient due to the overhigh height.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to overcome the defects in the prior art and provide a method for improving the acre yield of the momordica grosvenori, which maximizes the land utilization rate, reduces the planting cost, improves the income and has strong practicability.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for solving the technical problems is as follows: a method for improving the acre yield of momordica grosvenori comprises the following steps:
(1) preparation and planting before planting: selecting momordica grosvenori seedlings and a planting field, preparing the field, killing insects, alternately building a shed by high and low piles in a whole row, and planting fruit seedlings;
(2) seedling stage management: after the plants grow seedlings, bagging, applying seedling-raising fertilizer according to the principle of firstly thinning and then thickening, firstly reducing and then increasing, and firstly approaching and then distancing, keeping soil moist, and tying the seedlings on a shed;
(3) and (3) management in a growing period: bud picking and vine trimming, topping and vine trimming; after the plants are put on the shed, keeping the soil moist, and applying flower promoting fertilizer and water fertilizer to prevent and treat virus diseases;
(4) and (3) management of the growth period: after the female and male plants bloom, artificial pollination is carried out, the soil is kept moist, and seed strengthening fertilizer is applied;
(5) fruit strengthening and harvesting: and (5) applying strong fruit fertilizer after pollination for half a month, maturing the fruits and harvesting.
Preferably, in step (1), the preferable scheme of alternately erecting the shed with the whole row of high and low piles is as follows: the short piles with the length of 2.0-2.2 m and the high piles with the length of more than 2.2-2.5 m are used for alternately inlaying the high and short piles in a row with the length of 2.5m multiplied by 3.0m, and the nylon net is paved on the piles, so that the greenhouse is wavy. The greenhouse building time can be selected before the fruit seedlings are planted or before the main vines reach 1m after the fruit seedlings are planted. The high-pile short pile is a wood pile or a cement pile, the number of the high-pile short pile is approximately 80-90 columns/mu, and the pile burying depth is 30-40 cm.
Preferably, in step (1), the land preparation mode is as follows: the width of the cage is 1.8-2.0 m, the width of the ditch is 0.5-0.7 m, the depth of the ditch is 0.3-0.4 m, the diameter of the planted soil pile is 0.8-1.0 m, the height of the soil pile is 0.2-0.5 m, and planting holes are dug on the soil pile; about one month before planting (the seedlings are damaged too late), firstly, the base fertilizer is put on the planting holes, then, the farmyard fertilizer and the soil are fully stirred uniformly in situ and covered with a layer of soil with the thickness of 5-15 cm (the soil is too thick, the seedlings cannot eat nutrition, soil-poor plots only use the fertilizer as the base fertilizer, the seedlings are easy to lack elements, and the seedlings all cause malnutrition), and finally, the planting holes are arranged into a lump shape with the diameter of 1.0-1.5 m and the thickness of 10-15 cm.
Preferably, in the step (1), 140-150 female seedlings are planted per mu according to the row spacing of 2.0-2.5 m and the row spacing of 2.0-2.5 m, and in addition, 2-3 male seedlings are additionally planted per mu and are planted at two ends of the land separately. The planting mode of the male seedlings can improve the land utilization rate and prevent the male seedlings from poor growth or death caused by special reasons.
Preferably, in the step (1), the momordica grosvenori seedlings are selected from green tangerine orange peel seeds and cutting seedlings. The selection basis is as follows: the seedlings have strong vitality, quick rooting, quick growth in the early stage, high yield in the later stage, low cost of the cutting seedlings, high content, higher yield than that of the main culture seedlings and earlier maturity.
Preferably, in the step (1), the selection of the planting field requires four: 1) water delivery and hydrophobicity are excellent; 2) the soil is finely crushed and is not easy to agglomerate; 3) the soil is slightly acidic; 4) not self-carried with severe virus. The longitude and latitude of the planting field are 104-115 degrees E, 25-30 degrees N, the altitude is 300-800 m, and the field has excellent drainage. Soil is turned deeply before planting, underground diseases and insect pests are reduced after the soil is overwintering, the soil is finely crushed, 40-50 kg of lime is scattered to each mu of land for disinfection, three deep grooves of 30-40 cm are formed in each mu of land in a transverse and vertical mode, water is guided in a dry mode, and water is drained in a waterlogging mode. Mountain land planting can be selected in the barren areas of the field.
Preferably, in step (1), the killing of pests means: and (3) killing insects in the whole garden once by using 700-800 times of liquid of pesticides such as trichlorfon or dimethoate and the like in the planting field in one week before planting.
Preferably, in the step (1), the period of planting the fruit seedlings is from 3 middle ten days to 4 early months.
Preferably, in the step (1), the planting mode of the fruit seedlings is as follows: when the temperature stably rises to above 15 ℃ (the temperature is low, seedlings grow slowly), the seedlings are planted without continuous rainwater and strong wind (the rainwater is more likely to macerate roots and dead seedlings, and the wind is strong, the seedlings are likely to wither), a planting nest about 10cm is firstly dug on the hump-shaped soil pile, the height of the planting nest is consistent with that of a fruit seedling nutrition cup, after the nutrition cup is removed, seedlings and cup soil are planted in the nest together, a layer of fine soil is put into the planting nest for light fixation, the seedlings are prevented from being in direct contact with base fertilizer, the seedling planting holes cannot nest, and accumulated water is prevented from macerating the roots.
Preferably, in step (2), the bagging means: when the seedlings grow to 15-20 cm, bagging, and keeping 2-3 small openings for ventilation; if the weather is rainy for a long time, opening the bag opening to reduce the humidity when the weather is good, and lowering the bag; after 15-20 days of field planting, fastening the opening of the bag with toothpicks, pins and the like at the upper part of the bag, slightly leaving gaps, gradually opening the bag opening of the vigorous and strong plant after 15-20 days of field planting, and removing the bag after 35-40 days of field planting. The bag can prevent wind and prevent rainwater from beating the seedlings.
Preferably, in the step (2), the preferable application mode of the seedling raising fertilizer is as follows: after 5-7 days of field planting, applying 400-500 mL of human excrement and urine with the mass concentration of 2-3% and 100-150 g of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer to each plant every 5-7 days, and stopping applying when the vines grow to be 30-40 cm away from the lowest shed roof; after two weeks of field planting, 400-500 mL of biogas water with the mass concentration of 0.8-1.2% and 400-500 mL of human excrement and urine water with the mass concentration of 1.5-2.5% are applied to each seedling for 1 time every 7-10 days at a place except a circle with the radius of 8-10 cm away from the root of the seedling. After 5-7 days of field planting, a rooting agent can be added when the seedling raising fertilizer is applied to the fruit seedlings with poor growth potential. After two weeks of field planting, the 900-1000 times of urea solution can be added when the seedling raising fertilizer is applied to the fruit seedlings with poor growth potential. The distance from the first place to the second place is the distance from the plant, and the maintenance score can be realized; the method of first dilution and then concentration and first reduction and then increase can protect the radicles.
Preferably, in the step (2), the keeping of the soil wet means that the soil is slightly wet after one water drenching for 1-2 days. Because the soil is too dry and easily damages and wilts roots, the soil is too wet and easily causes slow growth of roots and even retting of roots; the water content is properly controlled before budding in a shed, which is beneficial to promoting the differentiation of flower buds and early flowering, and excessive water can cause the plant to grow excessively and the flowering phase to be delayed.
Preferably, in the step (2), the seedling tying refers to: when the fruit seedlings grow to be more than 15cm, a long thin stick is inserted beside the fruit seedlings, the small seedlings are fixed on the thin stick through plastic ropes to guide the small seedlings to climb upwards, a margin is reserved during binding to avoid blocking the growth of vines, and then the plants are ensured to grow upwards along the thin stick by the above method until the plants are smoothly put on a shed.
Preferably, in the step (3), the bud picking and vine pruning refers to: when the plant grows to be more than 30cm preferably, removing redundant lateral buds and only keeping terminal buds; the bud picking is carried out in cloudy or sunny days without dew, the lateral buds are broken off by fingers, and if the bud picking is carried out by scissors, after one strain is pruned, the wound surface is smeared by alcohol or the scissors are disinfected by flame before pruning.
Preferably, in the step (3), the topping and vine-straightening method comprises the following steps: a. when the main vines grow to 5-7 leaves on a greenhouse, topping from 4-6 leaves, reserving 4 lateral buds to induce 4 first-level lateral vines, when the first-level lateral vines grow to 4-5 leaves, topping from 3-4 leaves, reserving 3-4 lateral buds, and each first-level lateral vine induces 3-4 second-level lateral vines as fruiting branches, wherein the fruiting branches are 12-16, the method is suitable for planting seasons suitable for rainwater, and if excessive rainwater is not beneficial to fruit bearing of the second-level lateral vines, seedling running and seed jumping can occur; b. when the main vines grow to 4 leaves after being put on a greenhouse, topping from 3-4 leaves, reserving 2 lateral buds to induce 2 first-level lateral vines, when the first-level lateral vines grow to 5-7 leaves, topping from 4-6 leaves, reserving 4-6 lateral buds, each first-level lateral vine induces 4-6 second-level lateral vines to be fruit bearing branches, the fruit bearing branches are 8-12, the method is suitable for planting seasons with proper or less rainwater, and 'seedling running' and 'seed jumping' can occur if the rainwater is too much; c. when the main vines grow to 3-4 leaves after being put on a shed, topping from 3-4 leaves, reserving 2 lateral buds to induce 2 first-level lateral vines, when the first-level lateral vines grow to 4-5 leaves, topping from 3-4 leaves, reserving 2-3 lateral buds, each first-level lateral vine induces 2-3 second-level lateral vines, topping when the second-level lateral vines grow to 3-4 leaves, reserving 2 lateral buds to induce 2 third-level lateral vines to be bearing branches, and the bearing branches are 8-12 in total, so that the method is suitable for planting seasons with more rainwater, and is favorable for plants to come from seeds and come into buds; d. when the main vines grow on a flat shed surface, the tops are immediately topped, and the vines are trimmed according to the method b or c, and the method is favorable for advancing the seed-coming time of plants. For plants with poor growth and slow growth, the method d is recommended to be used for vine pruning. The secondary lateral tendrils are used for bearing fruits, the rate of medium and large fruits is high, but the phenomena of 'seed jumping', 'seedling running' and the like can occur when rainwater is excessive; the three-stage lateral tendrils are used for bearing fruit, seeds are uniform generally, but the fruit bearing rate of the medium and large fruit is lower than that of the secondary lateral tendrils. The fruit bearing vines preferably keep 8-15 roots according to the vigorous growth degree, and the medium and large fruit rate is higher when 8-12 roots grow; if the fruiting vines grow to be more than 10 leaves and seeds are not seen yet, the fruiting vines are cut back to 4-5 leaves, the next-stage lateral vines are induced to be fruiting vines, and management of the phosphorus-potassium fertilizer is enhanced.
Preferably, in the step (3), the keeping of the soil moisture means that the soil can not be continuously over-dried after the plants are put on the greenhouse, and water is supplemented at a proper time.
Preferably, in the step (3), the flower promoting fertilizer is applied by the following manner: when the plant grows to be 1.5m away from the ground, uniformly mixing a potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, pure potassium sulfate and borax according to the mass ratio of 15-25: 15-20: 1, then forming a circular groove with the depth and width of 8-10 cm at the position 30-40 cm away from the root radius of the plant, applying 310-460 g of the plant into the circular groove, and covering soil; or after the plants are put on a greenhouse, uniformly mixing the compound fertilizer, the potassium fertilizer/potassium-calcium fertilizer and the borax according to the mass ratio of 15-25: 10-20: 1, or uniformly mixing the decomposed farmyard manure, the compound fertilizer, the potassium fertilizer/potassium-calcium fertilizer and the borax according to the mass ratio of 150-250: 5-10: 10-20: 1, opening a circular ditch with the depth and width of 8-10 cm at the position 40-50 cm away from the root of the plants, applying 310-460 g of the mixed fertilizer/potassium-calcium fertilizer and borax to the circular ditch, and covering soil. When the borax is replaced by the boric fertilizer, the dosage of the boric fertilizer is 2.5-5.0 times of that of the borax. When the decomposed farmyard manure is replaced by chicken and duck manure, the dosage is reduced by half. If the furrows are not dug, the flower promoting fertilizer can be uniformly scattered on the planting heap and covered with a layer of thin soil. The flower promoting fertilizer is not suitable for using the fertilizer with over-high nitrogen content as the main fertilizer. The decomposed farmyard manure is local resource used by farmers in the planting field.
Preferably, in the step (3), the water and fertilizer application mode is as follows: applying 2.5-3.0 kg of methane water with mass concentration of 0.8-1.2% or human excrement water with mass concentration of 2-3% for 1 time every 7-10 days; when the fertilizer is used as a water fertilizer, 500-600 times of liquid of the compound fertilizer and 900-1000 times of liquid of the potash fertilizer are mixed at a ratio of 1:1, and the mixture is applied according to 500 mL/plant. Besides applying flower promoting fertilizer and water fertilizer, the foliage of the plant with the potential difference is sprayed with 400-500 times of liquid of amino acid foliar fertilizer and 500-800 times of liquid of monopotassium phosphate.
Preferably, in step (3), the prevention and treatment of viral diseases refers to: after the vines are put on the shed, 1 time of pure potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution with the mass concentration of 0.3% is sprayed to the upper surfaces of the leaves every 4-5 days for 3-4 times, or 1 time of gene activating agent is sprayed to the upper surfaces of the leaves every 4-5 days for 1-2 times.
Preferably, in the step (4), the artificial pollination is preferably performed in a way that: after the female and male plants bloom, the temperature is lower than 30 ℃ before noon, and when sunlight is not available or weak, the male flowers and the female flowers are directly contacted, and the pollen is adhered to the flower columns of the female flowers. The pollination success rate is influenced by high temperature and dry weather. A male flower can pollinate 20-40 female flowers generally.
Preferably, in the step (4), the keeping of the soil moist means timely water supplement to avoid continuous over-drying of the soil.
Preferably, in the step (4), the manner of applying the strong seed fertilizer is as follows: when the bud plant reaches 40-50%, mixing potassium sulfate fertilizer with mass concentration of 0.4-0.6% and human excrement urine water with mass concentration of 3-5% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a groove at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of the plant, applying the mixture at a rate of 310-460 mL/plant, or applying 100-150 g potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per plant for 1-2 times. In an orchard with green and normal leaves, strong seed fertilizer is applied little or not so as to avoid the green seedlings running, but farmyard manure can be applied.
Preferably, in the step (5), the way of the fruit strengthening fertilizer is as follows: mixing a potassium sulfate fertilizer with the mass concentration of 0.4-0.6% and human excrement water with the mass concentration of 3-5% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a ring ditch at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of a plant, applying the mixture at 400-500 mL/plant, simultaneously applying calcium chloride, quicklime or hydrated lime for 2-3 times, 45-55 g/plant each time, and applying 45-55 g of calcium nitrate for 1-2 times; or applying 100-150 g of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer/plant for 1-2 times; or further applying 450-500 g of calcium silicon fertilizer per plant for 1-2 times. The fruit-strengthening fertilizer takes farmyard manure as a main material and chemical fertilizer as an auxiliary material, and physiological fruit cracking can be prevented by calcium supplement.
Preferably, in the step (5), the fruits of the momordica grosvenori can be ripe 70-80 days after pollination, and the momordica grosvenori can be harvested when the stems of the fruits turn yellow brown, the peels of the fruits are light yellow, and the fruits are rich in elasticity.
The method has the following beneficial effects:
(1) according to the method, the whole row of high and low piles are alternatively erected to enable the later siraitia grosvenori vines to be wavy, so that the illumination area of the siraitia grosvenori on the top of the shed is increased, the increase of planting density is made possible, the maximization of the land utilization rate is realized, the yield of the siraitia grosvenori is increased, and meanwhile, the weight and the quality of a single fruit of the siraitia grosvenori can be improved;
(2) the method disclosed by the invention has the advantages that by early-stage seedling promotion, water and fertilizer are taken as main materials, frequent thin application and thin application are carried out, and later-stage flower and fruit promotion are carried out, water and fertilizer spraying application and grain fertilizer spreading application are combined, multiple applications are carried out by repeated application and calcium supplement are carried out, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are reasonably applied, so that plants can bear fruits stably without seedling running, and the fruits can be completely borne without fruit cracking;
(3) according to the method, through artificial pollination, the male flowers are directly contacted with the female flowers preferably at the temperature lower than 30 ℃ before noon when no sunlight or weak sunlight exists, and the pollen is adhered to the flower columns of the female flowers, so that the method is convenient, the success of pollination can be guaranteed, and the fruiting rate is improved;
(4) compared with the prior planting technology, the method for planting the momordica grosvenori has the advantages that the yield per mu can reach 15000-17000 fruits, the economic benefit is directly brought by 0.6-1.2 ten thousand yuan, and the economic benefit is increased by more than 3000 yuan compared with the economic benefit brought by planting in the prior art.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
The momordica grosvenori seedlings used in the embodiment of the invention are Berlin No. 6, green tangerine orange peel seeds and cutting seedlings, and are purchased from Guilin Berlin biotechnology limited company; the decomposed farmyard manure is local material used by farmers in the planting field; other fertilizers, agricultural chemicals and the like used, unless otherwise specified, are commercially available in a conventional manner.
Example 1
(1) Preparation and planting before planting:
a. selecting momordica grosvenori seedlings and planting fields: selecting a field as a planting field, wherein the longitude and the latitude are respectively 112 degrees E and 27 degrees N, deeply ploughing soil before planting, overwintering and finely crushing, spreading 45kg of lime for disinfection in each mu of land, and forming three deep grooves of 30-40 cm in each mu of land in a transverse and vertical manner;
b. land preparation: preparing soil, namely, the width of a compartment is 1.8-2.0 m, the width of a ditch is 0.5-0.7 m, the depth of the ditch is 0.3-0.4 m, the diameter of a planted soil pile is 0.8-1.0 m, the height of the soil pile is 0.2-0.5 m, planting holes are dug on the soil pile, in the previous month before planting, a base fertilizer is firstly put on the planting holes, then, the farmyard fertilizer and soil are fully stirred in situ and covered with a layer of crushed soil with the thickness of 8-12 cm, and finally, the planting holes are arranged into a mound shape with the diameter of 1.2-1.5 m and the thickness of 10-15 cm;
c. killing insects: one week before planting, carrying out one-time whole-garden insect killing on a planting field by using 750 times of liquid of insecticide dimethoate;
d. and (3) alternately erecting the shed by using the whole rows of high and low piles: after fruit seedlings are planted and before main vines grow to 1m, 2.0m short piles and 2.4m high piles are used for alternately inlaying the high and low piles in a row by row according to the specification of 2.5m multiplied by 3.0m, and nylon nets are paved on the piles to enable the greenhouse to be wavy; the high pile short pile is a timber pile, 80-90 columns/mu, and the pile burying depth is 35 cm;
e. planting fruit seedlings: planting 140-150 seedlings per mu in 3 ten-ten days of the middle of the month according to the row spacing of 2.0-2.5 m and the row spacing of 2.0-2.5 m, additionally planting 2-3 additional seedlings per mu, and separately planting at two ends of the land; the specific planting mode is as follows: when the temperature is stably raised to above 15 ℃, and planting is carried out when continuous rainwater and strong wind do not exist, firstly digging a planting pit with the height of about 10cm on a hump-shaped soil pile, wherein the height of the planting pit is consistent with that of a nutrition cup of fruit seedlings, planting the young seedlings and cup soil in the pit after removing the nutrition cup, placing a layer of fine soil to lightly fix the surface of the pit, avoiding the seedlings from directly contacting with a base fertilizer as much as possible in the planting process, and avoiding the roots from being soaked by accumulated water;
(2) seedling stage management:
a. bagging: when the seedlings grow to 15-20 cm, bagging, and keeping 2-3 small openings for ventilation; if the weather is rainy for a long time, opening the bag opening to reduce the humidity when the weather is good, and lowering the bag; after the planting for 18 days, fastening the bag opening at the upper part of the bag by using toothpicks, pins and the like, slightly leaving gaps, gradually opening the bag opening of the vigorous and strong plant after the planting for 18 days, and removing the bag after the planting for 38 days;
b. applying a seedling raising fertilizer: applying the seedling fertilizer according to the principle of first thinning and then thickening, first reducing and then increasing, and first approaching and then distancing; after 6 days of field planting, applying 450mL of human excrement and urine with the mass concentration of 2.5% and 120g of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer to each plant every 5-7 days, and stopping applying when the vines grow to be 30-40 cm away from the lowest shed roof; after two weeks of field planting, applying 450mL of 1% biogas water and 450mL of 2% human excrement and urine water to each seedling for 1 time every 7-10 days at a place except a circle with the radius of 8-10 cm away from the root of the seedling;
c. keeping the soil moist: watering once in 1-2 days to keep the soil slightly wet;
d. tying seedlings and putting the seedlings on a shed: when the fruit seedlings grow to be more than 15cm, inserting a long thin stick beside the fruit seedlings, fixing the small seedlings on the thin stick by using a plastic rope to guide the small seedlings to climb upwards, reserving a margin during binding to avoid blocking the growth of vines, and then ensuring that the plants grow upwards along the thin stick by using the above method until the plants smoothly go to a shed;
(3) and (3) management in a growing period:
a. bud picking and vine pruning: when the plant grows to be more than 30cm, when dew does not exist in cloudy days or sunny days, the redundant lateral buds are broken outwards by fingers, and only the terminal buds are reserved;
b. topping and vine straightening: because the planting season of this embodiment is spring, the rainwater is comparatively suitable, the method of whole tendril of pinching that adopts does: when the main vines grow to 5-7 leaves after being put on a shed, topping from 4-6 leaves, reserving 4 lateral buds to induce 4 first-level lateral vines, when the first-level lateral vines grow to 4-5 leaves, topping from 3-4 leaves, reserving 3-4 lateral buds, inducing 3-4 second-level lateral vines as fruiting branches by each first-level lateral vine, wherein the fruiting branches are 12-16 in total;
c. keeping the soil moist: after the plants are put on the shed, the soil is kept not to be continuously over-dried, and water is supplemented in due time;
d. applying a flower promoting fertilizer: when the plant grows to be 1.5m away from the ground, uniformly mixing the potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, the pure potassium sulfate and the borax according to the mass ratio of 20:18:1, then forming a circular groove with the depth and width of 8-10 cm at the position 30-40 cm away from the root radius of the plant, applying 400 g/plant into the circular groove, and covering soil;
e. applying water and fertilizer: applying 2.8kg of biogas water with the mass concentration of 1% for 1 time per plant every 7-10 days;
f. and (3) preventing and treating virus diseases: spraying 1 time of pure potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution with the mass concentration of 0.3% to the upper surface of the leaves every 4-5 days after the vines are put on a shed, and spraying 4 times in total;
(4) and (3) management of the growth period:
a. artificial pollination: when the temperature is lower than 30 ℃ before noon and no sunlight or weak sunlight exists after the female and male plants bloom, the male flowers are directly contacted with the female flowers, the pollen is adhered to the flower columns of the female flowers, and one male flower pollinates 20-40 female flowers;
b. keeping the soil moist: timely replenishing water to avoid the soil from being dried too much continuously;
c. applying a seed strengthening fertilizer: after pollination for half a month, namely when the number of budded plants reaches 40-50%, mixing potassium sulfate fertilizer with the mass concentration of 0.5% and human excrement urine water with the mass concentration of 4% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a ditch at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of the plants, and applying at 400 mL/plant;
(5) fruit strengthening and harvesting:
a. applying strong fruit fertilizer: mixing a potassium sulfate fertilizer with the mass concentration of 0.5% and human excrement water with the mass concentration of 4% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a circular groove at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of a plant, applying the mixture at 450 mL/plant, simultaneously applying calcium chloride for 2 times, 50 g/plant each time, and applying 50g of calcium nitrate for 2 times;
b. fruit ripening and harvesting: and (4) after pollination, the fruits of the momordica grosvenori are ripe in 70-80 days, and when the fruit stems turn yellow brown, the fruit peels are slightly light yellow, and the fruits are relatively elastic, the momordica grosvenori is collected.
Example 2
This embodiment differs from embodiment 1 only in that:
(1) preparation and planting before planting:
a. selecting momordica grosvenori seedlings and planting fields: selecting a mountain land as a planting field, wherein the longitude and the latitude are respectively 114 degrees E and 27 degrees N;
d. and (3) alternately erecting the shed by using the whole rows of high and low piles: after fruit seedlings are planted and before main vines grow to 1m, 2.0m short piles and 2.5m high piles are used for alternately inlaying the high and low piles in a row by row according to the specification of 2.5m multiplied by 3.0m, and nylon nets are paved on the piles to enable the greenhouse to be wavy; the high-pile short piles are wooden piles, the number of the columns per mu is 80-90, and the pile burying depth is 30 cm;
(3) and (3) management in a growing period:
b. topping and vine straightening: because the planting season of this embodiment is spring, the rainwater is comparatively suitable, the method of whole tendril of pinching that adopts does: when the main vines grow to 4 leaves after being put on a shed, topping the main vines from 3 to 4 leaves, reserving 2 lateral buds to induce 2 first-level lateral vines, when the first-level lateral vines grow to 5 to 7 leaves, topping the main vines from 4 to 6 leaves, reserving 4 to 6 lateral buds, inducing 4 to 6 second-level lateral vines as fruiting branches by each first-level lateral vine, wherein the fruiting branches are 8 to 12;
d. applying a flower promoting fertilizer: after plants are put on a greenhouse, uniformly mixing thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure, compound fertilizer, potassium-calcium fertilizer and borax according to the mass ratio of 200:8:15:1, forming a circular ditch with the depth of 8-10 cm at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of the plants, applying 400 g/plant into the circular ditch, and covering soil;
(4) and (3) management of the growth period:
c. applying a seed strengthening fertilizer: after pollination for half a month, namely when the number of budded plants reaches 40-50%, mixing potassium sulfate fertilizer with the mass concentration of 0.6% and human excrement urine water with the mass concentration of 5% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a groove at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of the plants, applying 460mL per plant, and applying 120g potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per plant for 2 times.
The same as in example 1.
Example 3
This embodiment differs from embodiment 1 only in that:
(1) preparation and planting before planting:
e. planting fruit seedlings: the planting time is 4 months;
(3) and (3) management in a growing period:
b. topping and vine straightening: because the planting season of this embodiment is spring end, and the rainwater is relatively frequent, the method of whole tendrils of topping that adopts does: when the main vines grow to 3-4 leaves after being put on a shed, topping from 3-4 leaves, reserving 2 lateral buds to induce 2 first-level lateral vines, when the first-level lateral vines grow to 4-5 leaves, topping from 3-4 leaves, reserving 2-3 lateral buds, each first-level lateral vine induces 2-3 second-level lateral vines, topping when the second-level lateral vines grow to 3-4 leaves, reserving 2 lateral buds to induce 2 third-level lateral vines to be bearing branches, and the bearing branches are 8-12 in total;
d. applying a flower promoting fertilizer: after plants are put on a greenhouse, uniformly mixing the compound fertilizer, the potash fertilizer and the borax according to the mass ratio of 20:18:1, forming an annular ditch with the depth and width of 8-10 cm respectively at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of the plants, applying the annular ditch with the weight of 440 g/plant, and covering soil;
f. and (3) preventing and treating virus diseases: spraying a gene activator to the upper surface of the leaves for 1 time and 2 times at intervals of 4-5 days after the vines are planted on the greenhouse;
(5) fruit strengthening and harvesting:
a. applying strong fruit fertilizer: mixing potassium sulfate fertilizer with the mass concentration of 0.6% and human excrement water with the mass concentration of 5% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a circular groove at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of a plant, applying 500mL per plant, simultaneously applying 3 times of calcium chloride, 55g per plant, then applying 2 times of calcium nitrate per plant, then applying 2 times of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per plant, and further applying 2 times of silicon-calcium fertilizer per plant.
The same as in example 1.
TABLE 1 comparison of economic benefits of the methods of the invention examples 1-3 with existing planting techniques
Calculated by 0.7 yuan of income of the momordica grosvenori, the planting method can increase the economic income per mu by more than 3025 yuan compared with the existing planting technology.
Claims (12)
1. A method for improving the acre yield of momordica grosvenori is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) preparation and planting before planting: selecting momordica grosvenori seedlings and a planting field, preparing the field, killing insects, alternately building a shed by high and low piles in a whole row, and planting fruit seedlings; the whole row of alternately erecting the shed by the high and low piles means that: using short piles with the length of 2.0-2.2 m and high piles with the length of more than 2.2m to perform the whole-row alternate embedding of the high and low piles with the specification of 2.5m multiplied by 3.0m, and paving a nylon net on the piles to enable the greenhouse to be wavy;
(2) seedling stage management: after the plants grow seedlings, bagging, applying seedling-raising fertilizer according to the principle of firstly thinning and then thickening, firstly reducing and then increasing, and firstly approaching and then distancing, keeping soil moist, and tying the seedlings on a shed; the application mode of the seedling raising fertilizer is as follows: after 5-7 days of field planting, applying 400-500 mL of human excrement and urine with the mass concentration of 2-3% and 100-150 g of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer to each plant every 5-7 days, and stopping applying when the vines grow to be 30-40 cm away from the lowest shed roof; after two weeks of field planting, 400-500 mL of biogas water with the mass concentration of 0.8-1.2% and 400-500 mL of human excrement water with the mass concentration of 1.5-2.5% are applied to each seedling for 1 time every 7-10 days at a place except a circle with the radius of 8cm away from the root of the seedling;
(3) and (3) management in a growing period: bud picking and vine trimming, topping and vine trimming; after the plants are put on the shed, keeping the soil moist, and applying flower promoting fertilizer and water fertilizer to prevent and treat virus diseases; the topping and vine-straightening method comprises the following steps: a. when the main vines grow to 5-7 leaves after being put on a shed, topping from 4-6 leaves, reserving 4 lateral buds to induce 4 first-level lateral vines, when the first-level lateral vines grow to 4-5 leaves, topping from 3-4 leaves, reserving 3-4 lateral buds, inducing 3-4 second-level lateral vines as fruiting branches by each first-level lateral vine, wherein the fruiting branches are 12-16 in total; b. when the main vines grow to 4 leaves after being put on a shed, topping the main vines from 3 to 4 leaves, reserving 2 lateral buds to induce 2 first-level lateral vines, when the first-level lateral vines grow to 5 to 7 leaves, topping the main vines from 4 to 6 leaves, reserving 4 to 6 lateral buds, inducing 4 to 6 second-level lateral vines as fruiting branches by each first-level lateral vine, wherein the fruiting branches are 8 to 12; c. when the main vines grow to 3-4 leaves after being put on a shed, topping from 3-4 leaves, reserving 2 lateral buds to induce 2 first-level lateral vines, when the first-level lateral vines grow to 4-5 leaves, topping from 3-4 leaves, reserving 2-3 lateral buds, each first-level lateral vine induces 2-3 second-level lateral vines, topping when the second-level lateral vines grow to 3-4 leaves, reserving 2 lateral buds to induce 2 third-level lateral vines to be bearing branches, and the bearing branches are 8-12 in total; d. when the main vines grow on a flat shed surface, immediately topping the main vines, and trimming the vines according to the vine trimming method b or the vine trimming method c;
the method for applying the flower promoting fertilizer comprises the following steps: when the plant grows to be 1.5m away from the ground, uniformly mixing a potassium sulfate compound fertilizer, pure potassium sulfate and borax according to the mass ratio of 15-25: 15-20: 1, then forming a circular groove with the depth and width of 8-10 cm at the position 30-40 cm away from the root radius of the plant, applying 310-460 g of the plant into the circular groove, and covering soil; or after the plants are put on a greenhouse, uniformly mixing the compound fertilizer, the potassium fertilizer/potassium-calcium fertilizer and the borax according to the mass ratio of 15-25: 10-20: 1, or uniformly mixing the decomposed farmyard manure, the compound fertilizer, the potassium fertilizer/potassium-calcium fertilizer and the borax according to the mass ratio of 150-250: 5-10: 10-20: 1, opening a circular ditch with the depth and width of 8-10 cm at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of the plants, applying 310-460 g/plant into the circular ditch, and covering soil;
(4) and (3) management of the growth period: after the female and male plants bloom, artificial pollination is carried out, the soil is kept moist, and seed strengthening fertilizer is applied;
(5) fruit strengthening and harvesting: and (5) applying strong fruit fertilizer after pollination for half a month, maturing the fruits and harvesting.
2. The method for improving the acre yield of the momordica grosvenori as claimed in claim 1, wherein: in the step (1), the land preparation mode is as follows: the width of the cage is 1.8-2.0 m, the width of the ditch is 0.5-0.7 m, the depth of the ditch is 0.3-0.4 m, the diameter of the planted soil pile is 0.8-1.0 m, the height of the soil pile is 0.2-0.5 m, and planting holes are dug on the soil pile; the method comprises the following steps of firstly, putting a base fertilizer on a planting hole about one month before planting, then, fully stirring the farmyard fertilizer and soil in situ, covering a layer of soil with the thickness of 5-15 cm, and finally, finishing the planting hole into a mound shape with the diameter of 1.0-1.5 m and the thickness of 10-15 cm; during planting, 140-150 female seedlings are planted per mu according to the row spacing of 2.0-2.5 m and the row spacing of 2.0-2.5 m, in addition, 2-3 male seedlings are additionally planted per mu, and the male seedlings are planted at two ends of the land separately.
3. The method for improving the acre yield of the momordica grosvenori fruits according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: in the step (3), the prevention and treatment of the virus diseases comprises the following steps: after the vines are put on the shed, 1 time of pure potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution with the mass concentration of 0.3% is sprayed to the upper surfaces of the leaves every 4-5 days for 3-4 times, or 1 time of gene activating agent is sprayed to the upper surfaces of the leaves every 4-5 days for 1-2 times.
4. The method for improving the acre yield of the momordica grosvenori fruits according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: in the step (4), the artificial pollination refers to: after the female and male plants bloom, the temperature is lower than 30 ℃ before noon, and when sunlight is not available or weak, the male flowers and the female flowers are directly contacted, and the pollen is adhered to the flower columns of the female flowers.
5. The method for improving the acre yield of the momordica grosvenori as claimed in claim 3, wherein: in the step (4), the artificial pollination refers to: after the female and male plants bloom, the temperature is lower than 30 ℃ before noon, and when sunlight is not available or weak, the male flowers and the female flowers are directly contacted, and the pollen is adhered to the flower columns of the female flowers.
6. The method for improving the acre yield of the momordica grosvenori fruits according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: in the step (4), the method for applying the strong seed fertilizer comprises the following steps: when the bud plant reaches 40-50%, mixing potassium sulfate fertilizer with mass concentration of 0.4-0.6% and human excrement urine water with mass concentration of 3-5% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a groove at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of the plant, applying the mixture at a rate of 310-460 mL/plant, or applying 100-150 g potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per plant for 1-2 times.
7. The method for improving the acre yield of the momordica grosvenori as claimed in claim 3, wherein: in the step (4), the method for applying the strong seed fertilizer comprises the following steps: when the bud plant reaches 40-50%, mixing potassium sulfate fertilizer with mass concentration of 0.4-0.6% and human excrement urine water with mass concentration of 3-5% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a groove at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of the plant, applying the mixture at a rate of 310-460 mL/plant, or applying 100-150 g potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per plant for 1-2 times.
8. The method for improving the acre yield of the momordica grosvenori as claimed in claim 4, wherein: in the step (4), the method for applying the strong seed fertilizer comprises the following steps: when the bud plant reaches 40-50%, mixing potassium sulfate fertilizer with mass concentration of 0.4-0.6% and human excrement urine water with mass concentration of 3-5% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a groove at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of the plant, applying the mixture at a rate of 310-460 mL/plant, or applying 100-150 g potassium sulfate compound fertilizer per plant for 1-2 times.
9. The method for improving the acre yield of the momordica grosvenori fruits according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: in the step (5), the method for applying the strong fruit fertilizer comprises the following steps: mixing a potassium sulfate fertilizer with the mass concentration of 0.4-0.6% and human excrement water with the mass concentration of 3-5% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a ring ditch at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of a plant, applying the mixture at 400-500 mL/plant, simultaneously applying calcium chloride, quicklime or hydrated lime for 2-3 times, 45-55 g/plant each time, and applying 45-55 g of calcium nitrate for 1-2 times; or applying 100-150 g of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer/plant for 1-2 times; or further applying 450-500 g of calcium silicon fertilizer per plant for 1-2 times.
10. The method for improving the acre yield of the momordica grosvenori as claimed in claim 3, wherein: in the step (5), the method for applying the strong fruit fertilizer comprises the following steps: mixing a potassium sulfate fertilizer with the mass concentration of 0.4-0.6% and human excrement water with the mass concentration of 3-5% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a ring ditch at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of a plant, applying the mixture at 400-500 mL/plant, simultaneously applying calcium chloride, quicklime or hydrated lime for 2-3 times, 45-55 g/plant each time, and applying 45-55 g of calcium nitrate for 1-2 times; or applying 100-150 g of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer/plant for 1-2 times; or further applying 450-500 g of calcium silicon fertilizer per plant for 1-2 times.
11. The method for improving the acre yield of the momordica grosvenori as claimed in claim 4, wherein: in the step (5), the method for applying the strong fruit fertilizer comprises the following steps: mixing a potassium sulfate fertilizer with the mass concentration of 0.4-0.6% and human excrement water with the mass concentration of 3-5% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a ring ditch at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of a plant, applying the mixture at 400-500 mL/plant, simultaneously applying calcium chloride, quicklime or hydrated lime for 2-3 times, 45-55 g/plant each time, and applying 45-55 g of calcium nitrate for 1-2 times; or applying 100-150 g of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer/plant for 1-2 times; or further applying 450-500 g of calcium silicon fertilizer per plant for 1-2 times.
12. The method for improving the acre yield of the momordica grosvenori as claimed in claim 6, wherein: in the step (5), the method for applying the strong fruit fertilizer comprises the following steps: mixing a potassium sulfate fertilizer with the mass concentration of 0.4-0.6% and human excrement water with the mass concentration of 3-5% according to the mass ratio of 1:1, opening a ring ditch at the position 40-50 cm away from the root radius of a plant, applying the mixture at 400-500 mL/plant, simultaneously applying calcium chloride, quicklime or hydrated lime for 2-3 times, 45-55 g/plant each time, and applying 45-55 g of calcium nitrate for 1-2 times; or applying 100-150 g of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer/plant for 1-2 times; or further applying 450-500 g of calcium silicon fertilizer per plant for 1-2 times.
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| CN107432175A (en) * | 2017-08-03 | 2017-12-05 | 新邵县向上中药材种植专业合作社 | A kind of implantation methods of Momordica grosvenori |
| CN108476884A (en) * | 2018-04-03 | 2018-09-04 | 湖南绿甜农业科技有限公司 | A kind of implantation methods of organic Siraitia grosvenorii |
| CN109006124A (en) * | 2018-07-30 | 2018-12-18 | 辰溪县华成生态农业科技开发有限公司 | A method of preventing the quick-fried fruit of Siraitia grosvenorii |
| CN113228909A (en) * | 2021-04-23 | 2021-08-10 | 广西壮族自治区中国科学院广西植物研究所 | Fertilizing method for momordica grosvenori facility cultivation |
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