CN104242420A - 无线功率装置的封装和细节 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本申请涉及无线功率装置的封装和细节。一种无线功率系统包含电源、功率接收器及其组件。所述系统还可包含可改进各种模式中到所述电源的耦合的寄生天线。所述天线可具有可变电容器和可变电感器两者,且其两者均可改变以便改变匹配的特性。
Description
本案是一件分案申请。本案的母案是国际申请号为PCT/US2009/036090、申请日为2009年3月5日、PCT申请进入中国国家阶段后申请号为200980107629.3、发明名称为“无线功率装置的封装和细节”的发明专利申请案。
本申请案主张2008年3月5日申请的第61/034,116号临时申请案的优先权,所述临时申请案的整个内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
技术领域
本申请关于描述无线功率的使用和应用。
背景技术
日常生活中使用的电池加电电子装置和小配件的数目正稳定增长。重要的此类装置包含:
●通信手持机:移动电话、无绳电话
●信息娱乐:音乐(MP3)播放器(diskman、ipod等)、移动TV、便携式音频广播接收器
●照片/视频:数码/视频相机
●无线外围设备:蓝牙手持机、无绳麦克风等
●时间和导航:手表/计算机、GPS装置
●IT:PAD、膝上型计算机、无绳键盘和鼠标等
●家用:电子钟、温度计、气象站、袖珍计算器等
●医疗:助听器、心脏起搏器等
●体育:停表、雪崩信标机、码表、车灯、袖珍灯、脉搏监视器等
无线通信已带来从通信电线的某种程度的解放。然而,对那些装置再充电仍需要电线。许多其它电子装置使用非可再充电电池,其需要频繁替换从而造成环境负担。使情况更糟糕的是,不存在真正的标准充电接口。许多不同的可再充电装置需要其自身的壁式充电器。
电池技术已得到改进,但平均来说个人电子装置(PED)由于附加特征和增加的使用率而正变得对功率更加渴求(例如,具有集成的数码相机、彩屏、游戏和MP3播放器的移动电话),因此有效地导致缩短而不是延长的自主时间。
将功率送至便携式装置一直是试图解决传统充电挫折的一系列新近产品的关注点。这包含手摇式充电器(wind-up charger)、锌-空气电源组(zinc-air power pack)、USB充电器和多接头通用充电器。这些形成利基市场(niche market)区段,但没有一个获得普遍成功。
我们先前的申请案和临时申请案,包含(但不限于)2008年1月22日申请的标题为“无线设备和方法(Wireless Apparatus and Methods)”的第12/018,069号美国专利申请案(所述专利申请案的揭示内容以引用的方式并入本文中),描述无线功率传送。
发射和接收天线优选为谐振天线,其实质上在例如10%谐振、15%谐振或20%谐振内谐振。所述天线优选为较小尺寸以允许其配合到其中天线的可用空间可能有限的移动手持式装置中。一实施例描述一种针对正发射和接收的功率的针对特定特性和环境的高效率天线。
一个实施例通过将能量存储在发射天线的近场中而不是将能量以行进的电磁波的形式发送到自由空间中而使用两个天线之间的有效功率传送。此实施例增加天线的质量因数(Q)。这可减小辐射电阻(Rr)和损耗电阻(Rl)。
在一个实施例中,两个高Q天线经放置以使得其类似于松散耦合的变压器而起作用,其中一个天线将功率感应到另一天线中。所述天线优选地具有大于1000的Q。
发明内容
本申请案描述无线功率的使用和应用。
各方面包含无线天线的调谐和那些天线的封装。
附图说明
图1展示用于无线控制的能量发射器的框图;
图2展示用于无线功率的能量接收器的框图;
图3展示一般能量中继器、寄生天线和重发器;
图4展示计算机的无线桌面;
图5展示桌面装置之间的共面磁场耦合;
图6展示无线充电站中的无线装置;
图7展示无线充电站的第一实施例;
图8说明第一实施例的原理。
图9展示根据第二实施例的无线充电站和便携式装置;
图10展示无线充电站的第三实施例;
图11和12展示无线功率桥;
图14展示无线功率装置中使用的天线;
图13和15展示无线功率装置的发射和接收子系统;
图16-18、19A、19B、20、21A、21B展示改变天线的调谐的不同方式;图22展示电子电阻;
图22A-22B展示天线环路中到封盖或键盘部分中的集成;
图22C和22D展示分别集成到翻盖式和紧凑型装置中的铁氧体磁芯;以及
图23展示多接收器情境。
具体实施方式
人们通常只希望使用电子装置而不希望担心对其充电。对于大多数人来说,对电池充电和替换电池已成为其日常事务中的另一零碎工作。
人们需要记得更换其电池且还记得手边要有正确的充电器。其需要释放壁式插座以供插入。放电的电池导致电话、鼠标和键盘的不可靠性。为了对多个装置充电,用户携带不同的充电器和电缆。
发明者认识到需要可作为标准普遍使用的可维持的基础结构。对便携式装置加电的通用标准可对消费者以及对OEM均具有巨大益处,其中OEM可通过当其销售其产品时省略充电器而降低价格。
建立通用功率标准过去一直受到装置连接器或充电触点的机械学的部分约束。这些机械学可在装置间不同。不同的装置还可能具有不同的功率要求。
如本申请案界定的无线功率可回避这些问题中的许多问题。一实施例描述基于时变(AC)磁场的电感性耦合。无线功率避免了加电站与装置之间的电线、连接器或触点。另一优点在于,此系统提供密封(防水)的电子装置。此解决方案可同时对所有具有不同功率要求的多个装置充电。
无线功率技术可形成新的基础结构以使得人们拥有在共享位置中对其电子装置再充电的机会。一区内的任何人均可再充电,而无需多个充电器。无线充电区可以在朋友的住宅、咖啡馆、餐厅、宾馆或机场休息室中。不论人们去哪里,其均将知道其可对其所有装置再加电。
一般无线能量源由以下子系统零件和功能组成,如图1展示。电源100例如从壁式插座接收功率源。这用于调制以指定RF频率产生功率的RF电源110上的功率。匹配电路120匹配对谐振天线130的RF输出,以使阻抗失配最小化。天线可本身具有可控制发射的特性的调谐140和定向控制150。
控制系统160控制操作。无线接口170可耦合无线功率。
这些子系统中的每一者在本文中详细描述。
电源100可通常为高效率开关模式电源以产生DC电压来驱动RF功率级110。可实现非常高的转换效率(>95%)。依据应用,可使用AC/DC转换器或DC/DC转换器(例如,对于汽车应用)。对于发射器的自身控制功能,还可使用恒定电压但低瓦特数,例如5v或12V电源。
在特殊解决方案/应用中,电源可省略或可仅为整流器。
自适应系统可使用控制系统160自适应地控制此电压电平。
RF电源110可以是使用由方波振荡器驱动的功率开关(晶体管、FET等)的非线性高效率功率级。对于以较高磁场强度操作的附近耦合系统,例如从晶体振荡器产生的频率参考的使用可相对于频率调整问题为优选的。可基于针对此类应用的国际基准将共同频率界定在例如
●HF带中的13.56MHz(ISM带)
●LF带中的大约135kHz(ISM带)
然而,频率产生可考虑作为控制系统的一部分。
对于在VLF/LF范围内操作的发射器,通常使用功率有效的半桥‘反相器’电路。此级可通过具有矩形波形的低阻抗源(电压源)来建模,但此波形或者可为任何其它种类的波形。
如矩形电压波形产生的天线电流将由谐振天线电路平滑为正弦曲线。谐振电路可本质上抑制谐波放射。
然而,在某些情况下(例如,具有紧密接近度耦合的接收器),所负载的Q因数可变得如此低而使得不存在显著的波形整形效应。此增加装置的带宽。然而,在此类情况下,将预期较低的谐波辐射,因为发射器和接收器上的天线电流将降低到低电平(还部分地自身补偿)。在某种程度上说,谐波辐射电位和波形整形效应是相关的,使得谐波辐射可始终保持低于任何不希望的放射限制。
可经由改变DC供电电源和/或信号(例如,方波)的工作循环从而驱动‘反相器’来实现功率和效率控制。
在一个实施例中,使用天线匹配系统。
在另一实施例中,发射器中可不需要特定天线匹配电路。假定环路/线圈天线,使用电容器作为反电抗器来补偿环路/线圈的感抗可足以进行补偿。低阻抗RF电源的输出可直接连接到谐振振荡电路(tank circuit)(串联谐振电路)。为了保持高效率,这需要RF功率级的源阻抗(电阻)显著低于振荡电路的谐振电阻,使得仅小百分比的所产生功率在源电阻中耗散。源-谐振电阻比率可在某种程度上经由天线设计参数(L/C比率)控制。
所述系统还使用谐振天线130。在磁(电感性)耦合系统中,所述天线通常为多匝环路(线圈)。在较高频率下,可使用单匝环路。天线线圈可经设计以承受当发射器子系统未负载时(例如,当没有接收器在范围内时)产生的高电压和电流。其必须提供尽可能高的Q因数,因为此Q因数将限制服务覆盖和范围的边缘处的传送效率。
预期在实际系统实施方案中,高达300的Q因数在LF处可实现,且高达600的Q因数在HF频率范围(13.6MHz)内可实现。在非集成实验室样本中,可能可实现两倍高的Q因数。
铜管或镀银铜管可能是建置HF环路的适当材料。在LF处,可使用薄的良好绝缘电线或较厚的绞合线(利兹线),这取决于目标L/C比率和额定功率。在LF处,天线线圈可提供用于匹配或调谐目的的分接头。在HF处,特殊耦合环路/线圈(充当升压变压器)的使用可用于与天线的阻抗匹配并防止来自电路的负载效应。
假定固定和经界定的操作频率,例如晶体控制的频率,谐振频率天线的调谐可补偿由以下原因引起的去谐效应:
●外来物体(LF处的金属物体,以及HF处的金属和电介质物体)
●紧密接近的去谐功率接收器,和/或
●源阻抗的变化。
调谐还可补偿组件容限、老化等。
在一个实施例中,根据所界定程序由发射器的控制系统自动执行调谐。约+/-10%的分数调谐范围在大多数情境中可能是合乎需要的且也是足够的。
调谐可为电容性或电感性的或两者。电容性调谐可通过使用例如由微型马达/致动器驱动的机械可调谐电容器来实现。其可使用电可调谐电容器,所述电可调谐电容器使用电介质电容率调谐或使用电压相依电容(例如,变容二极管)来调谐。其可为电容器组和电子或机械开关(例如,RF中继器)。
变容二极管调谐可限于高电压下,且可使天线Q因数恶化并导致谐波。
LF处的电感性调谐可经由分接天线线圈并使用机械或电子开关作为分接头选择器来实现。使用由微型马达/致动器驱动的可移动铁氧体磁芯的可调谐电感器或使用DC电流偏置的电容率调谐可用于精细调谐。
精细调谐的另一实施例可引入第二环路/线圈,且使用所谓的变感器原理通过形状或定向改变与主环路/线圈的耦合因数。
另一实施例可以电子方式或某一其它方式改变铁氧体磁芯与电感器之间的耦合,而不物理地相对于铁氧体磁芯移动电感器。虽然物理移动可能是改变耦合的一种方式,但可使用磁场或某一其它调节耦合的方式。
还可使用电子仿真电抗调谐。此仿真正和负电抗,因此减小和增加振荡电路的谐振频率。
在某些应用中,可能需要控制发射环路的定向以使到任意定位或定向的接收器的能量传送最大化。定向控制170可改变发射的物理或模拟定向。或者,可产生具有正交极化的两个或三个磁场分量。场向量和旋转,从而防止任何接收器定向和位置处的接收最小值。
控制系统160处置以下操作中的全部:
●天线调谐控制
●功率和效率控制
●频率产生
●其它内务处理功能(例如,系统校准等)
●辐射暴露控制
在许多应用中,接收器的位置和定向(耦合因数)可改变。系统可因而适于不同情境以便满足每一接收器的功率要求并使总体系统效率最大化。在单一接收器系统中,发射器和接收器两者可独立适应,从而收敛最大传送效率。一个实施例可在没有来自接收器的反馈信令的情况下操作以最佳地调节发射器参数。发射器控制系统可使用LC电路的本地模型来模拟,且还可模拟或估计接收器电路的值。发射器控制系统可使用特定测量值(例如,天线电流和电压、输入功率)和校准例程来确定模型参数。所述模型可用于优化传送效率且/或满足接收器的某一最小功率要求。举例来说,通过感测发射天线中的电流流动,所述模型可确定关于接收系统的信息。
多接收器情境强制实行较复杂的系统。一个解决方案可包含来自接收器的反馈信令。
所述系统还可控制辐射暴露。举例来说,所述系统可控制当人正接近发射天线时减少所发射功率。
可提供无线接口170,例如用于:
●装置检测、识别、验证,或
●功率发射器与功率接收器(装置)之间的通信/信令
能量接收装置的检测、识别和验证可用作例如RFID系统等远程感测系统的类似物。通信可为双向或单向的。
能量源与吸能装置之间的数据通信/信令可使用功率载体作为通信载体。较高的Q因数信道将仅具有可用的有限带宽,其又将限制调制指数和/或发射速度。
另一信令替代方法可使用例如蓝牙、Zigbee等在其它频带中操作的无线通信。许多便携式装置已支持此类无线接口用于其自身的通信。在另一实施例中,除由便携式装置用于通信外,这些接口还由能量传送系统使用以用于反馈。
接收器一般在图2中展示且包含与图1的发射器的那些零件类似的零件(以基本上相反的次序)。明确地说,接收器包含谐振天线210、调谐220、匹配240、整流器250、负载260、控制系统270和无线接口230。这些子系统中的每一者在本文中详细描述。
在磁/电感耦合系统中,天线210通常为电线的多匝环路。在LF处,磁性天线可包含铁磁或亚铁磁磁芯,例如铁氧体磁棒天线。在较高频率(HF)下可使用多匝环路。天线线圈应承受当接收器子系统在最高负载Q下操作或在发射器的紧密接近处时产生的高电压和电流。Q因数设定传送效率,且较高的Q因数改进了可接收功率的距离。接收天线的周围的涡电流和电介质损耗将使其Q因数恶化。在天线集成到装置中的情况下尤其如此。
高达150的Q因数在LF处可为典型的,且高达200的Q因数在HF频率范围(13.6MHz)内可为典型的。在非集成实验室样本中,可能可实现两倍高的Q因数。
可如上文描述使用类似材料。
在LF处,天线线圈可提供用于匹配或调谐目的的分接头。在HF处,特殊耦合环路/线圈的使用可用于与天线的阻抗匹配。
假定由能量发射器界定的固定操作频率,天线的谐振频率的调谐可补偿由以下原因引起的去谐效应:
●外来物体(LF处的金属物体,以及HF处的金属和电介质物体)
●紧密接近的去谐功率接收器
●负载阻抗的变化
调谐还可补偿组件容限、老化等。
可根据所界定程序由接收器的控制系统自动执行调谐。
约+/-10%的分数调谐范围在大多数情境中可能是合乎需要的且也是足够的。
谐振天线可通过改变反电抗(电容)或天线系统的电感性部分的电抗而改变。
电容性调谐可通过以下操作实现
●机械可调谐电容器(由微型马达/致动器驱动)
●电可调谐电容器(电介质电容率调谐),或通过
●电容器组(库)和电子或机械开关(RF中继器)
电感性调谐也可如上文例如通过分接天线线圈并使用机械或电子开关(分接头选择器)而使用。使用由微型马达/致动器驱动的可移动铁氧体磁芯的可调谐电感器或使用DC电流偏置的电容率调谐可用于精细调谐。
也可如上文使用电子仿真电抗调谐。
也可如上文使用匹配。
在高耦合因数条件下,整流器/负载可以与发射器类似的方式插入到串联振荡电路中。然而,在低耦合因数条件下,使到达负载中的功率最大化的最佳负载电阻接近接收器的振荡电路的谐振电阻。此值可能低至几欧姆,这取决于振荡电路的L/C比率。使用特殊耦合环路和/或分接天线线圈和/或电容性分压器的特殊匹配可用于变换整流器/负载强加的阻抗。
整流器250将感应到接收器天线中的AC功率转换为DC功率。整流器使用具有低阈值电压的例如二极管等电流整流电子组件,或同时切换到所接收AC的例如晶体管等电子电路。
整流器应耗散尽可能少量的功率。因此,可使用适当的天线匹配配置和负载阻抗适应,尤其在使用简单的二极管整流器的情况下。
同步整流可能较复杂,但提供低功率耗散的可能性,尤其在低整流器输入电压、低阻抗情况下。
负载包含
●消耗所传送能量的目标负载(例如,装置的电池、装置电路)
●由能量接收器自身供给强加的负载(控制功能)
●负载阻抗适应和负载功率控制,例如使用DC/DC转换器,理想地具有最小功率损耗。依据负载特性,此可充当下降或上升转换器。
接收器的控制系统260实行:
●天线调谐控制
●功率和效率控制
●频率产生,例如,如果负载需要不同于60Hz功率频率的频率,以及
●其它内务处理功能,例如系统校准。
在许多应用中,接收器的位置和定向(耦合因数)可改变。使接收器自动适于不同条件以便将到达负载中的功率控制和维持在所需水平并使接收器效率最大化可存在优点。
在单一接收器系统中,接收器可例如使用如上文描述的模型独立于发射器而适应,所述模型使用特定测量值(例如,天线电流和电压、输入功率等)和校准例程来确定模型参数。基于此本地模型,接收器的参数可经优化以使传送效率最大化并满足接收器的功率要求。如果存在多个接收器,那么可使用以上模型技术,或能量接收器和/或发射器可向彼此反馈数据。
此外,所述系统可例如通过当人正接近寄生天线时减少其功率而实行辐射暴露控制。与在发射器情况中一样,无线接口270可省略,或可用于装置检测、识别、验证,或功率发射器与功率接收器之间的通信/信令。
能量接收装置的检测、识别和验证可使用当前RFID标准中的任一者类似于当前RFID系统而使用。可使用针对发射器描述的技术中的任一者,包含使用功率载体作为通信载体,或使用例如蓝牙、Zigbee等在其它ISM带中操作的无线标准。
图3说明使用寄生天线在一区域中重发无线功率的能量中继系统。
一般无线能量中继器使用以正重发的频率谐振的谐振寄生天线310。调谐电路320可由电容器和电感器形成。所述系统使用匹配330、整流器340和(任选地)负载。控制系统350控制操作。此能量中继器可用于扩展无线能量传送系统的覆盖/范围。其从能量发射器接收能量并将所述能量中继到能量接收器。所述能量中继器还可视为局部放大场强的寄生天线。
在磁/电感耦合系统中,天线310通常为与电容器串联的多匝环路(线圈)。在较高频率(HF)处,可使用单匝环路。天线线圈必须能够承受当能量中继子系统未负载(无接收器在范围内)时和/或当中继器接近能量发射器时产生的高电压和电流。其必须提供尽可能高的Q因数,因为此Q因数将限制扩展的服务覆盖和范围的边缘处的传送效率。
在LF处可实现高达300的Q因数,且在HF频率范围(13.6MHz)内可实现高达600的Q因数。在非集成实验室样本中,Q因数可加倍。建置寄生天线所需的材料和组件可与能量发射器中使用的那些材料和组件相同或类似。寄生天线310可以与上文论述的方式类似的方式进行调谐。
以类似方式,匹配330可使用上文描述的技术。整流器340用于提取例如由控制系统和其它电路本地消耗的DC功率。这可使用与上文描述的结构类似的结构。控制系统350可用于天线调谐控制和/或用于功率和效率控制。在一些应用中,中继器的位置和定向(耦合因数)可改变。这可指示中继器应自动适于不同条件。
在一实施例中,中继器可使用上文描述的技术中的任一者独立于能量发射器而适应。
还可使用无线接口(如上文描述)来检测、识别和验证能量中继器,以激活和减活能量中继器和/或发射关于能量中继器的操作状态的信息
无线功率系统可用于提供如图4所示的整个无线桌面IT环境。手持式通信终端和IT外围装置经由无线能量传送从中央电源加电或再充电。用于无线能量传送的优选技术是基于使用磁场天线的耦合磁共振,例如在LF或HF频率范围内操作的环路或线圈。
图4展示使用具有屏幕400的个人计算机的无线桌面实施例。屏幕400具有底座402,其中内嵌有天线404。所述底座可为盘状,且可内嵌圆形线环天线以产生大体垂直的极化磁场。
具有无线功率功能的装置可放置在桌面上且可从功率发射器单元接收功率。功率发射器单元以及显示器400利用AC功率(例如,110VAC)操作。这可用于对桌面装置加电,例如键盘410及其内部天线412、具有天线422的鼠标420,以及例如移动电话、音乐播放器、PDA等其它个人电子装置。桌面上的这些项目的放置产生其内部天线(例如,412、422)与发射环路天线404的优选共面定向。
对于通常放置在再充电站上的例如无绳电话、数码相机等其它装置,无线功率接收器及其天线可以是再充电站的一体部分(例如,430)。
提供足够空间以集成更多有效天线的功率接收装置也可充当放置在那些装置附近的其它低功率装置的功率中继器,如图5所示。
其它实施例可用于低功率便携式电子装置的无线加电或充电站的变型。具有便携式电子装置(例如,无绳电话)的无线加电或充电站的实例展示于图6和图7中。此实施例可将寄生天线内嵌到充电底座中,所述充电底座将无线功率中继到便携式装置710中的内部天线705。在此实施例中,内部天线705为铁氧体磁棒天线。由于装置710及其内部天线705维持在相对于寄生天线700的指定位置,所以功率的中继可调谐到准确位置,且功率传送可因此非常有效。
一实施例使用磁耦合谐振将功率从源传送到接收器。与普通电感性耦合相比,松散耦合的谐振环路/线圈天线(优选具有高质量因数)用于能量传送。操作频率优选在LF或HF频率范围内。
在变型1中(图7中描绘),无线充电站699和便携式装置720两者集成有谐振磁性天线。充电站699优选容纳环路/线圈天线700,其有效利用站的插座中的空间,而便携式装置使用集成的铁氧体磁棒天线或具有适宜的形状因数的另一环路/线圈结构。无线充电站天线700为次级天线,其从功率基站初级天线(例如,800)接收电能。此电能接着中继到便携式装置710的天线705,所述天线705为三级天线705。此原理在图8中说明。
便携式装置710还可直接从功率基站800接收能量。集成在便携式装置710中的天线705可能不如集成在充电站中的天线700有效。随着初级天线800与次级天线700之间的距离增加,可直接接收较少功率。次级天线本质上局部放大充电站附近的磁场,从而增加便携式装置中的接收天线的总体效率。因此,此实施例可用于增加无线加电和充电的距离;然而,当单元放置成足够接近初级天线时,便携式装置也可直接从功率基站接收电能,因此不需要特殊的充电站。此外,充电站与便携式装置之间的磁耦合可具有特殊优点-如上文所论述,其可避免污染和氧化且可用于便携式装置的多种不同设计。
另一实施例在图9中展示。在此实施例中,由无线充电站接收的电能使用经由触点900、902的导电耦合转发到便携式装置。
图10中所示的另一实施例经由有线连接例如在电线1010上直接从110/230V AC源接收功率。然而,功率基于发射天线1020与接收天线1030之间的磁耦合谐振而转发到便携式装置。
无线功率的另一应用为无线功率桥,其认识到在某些情形中,可便利地经由墙壁或窗户发射功率。
第一实施例可使用此装置对膝上型PC或者在露台或阳台(那里没有AC插座)上具有有限自主性的其它电池操作的装置加电。安装AC插座可能不是便利的,且唯一的替代方法是延长绳路。在此实例中,可使用无线解决方案,其可促进经由墙壁或窗户传送功率。此无线功率传送系统的室内组件可保持永久安装,且室外组件为可容易在运输袋中携带的重量轻的附件或膝上型PC。
另一实施例使用此系统以对安装到住宅的外壁的传感器(例如,防盗报警器系统)加电,在住宅的外壁处原本可能难以对那些装置加电。
无线功率桥可提供标准AC插座或DC电源出口(例如,12VDC)。无线功率桥的这两个变型分别在图11和12中勾勒。发射子系统还可产生不可见的本地功率热点,其使得能够容易使用兼容的接收装置从壁的另一侧接入电功率。
无线功率桥是基于谐振发射天线与谐振接收天线之间的磁场电感性耦合。此使用例如50Hz的非调制载波频率,其对于经由墙壁或窗户的无线发射是适当的。优选的频率在从20kHz到135kHz(VLF、LF)的范围内。另一实施例直接使用AC功率频率(通常60Hz)进行无线能量传送。一个实施例有效地经由几mm到40厘米的范围内的厚度(还依据天线的尺寸)的非金属壁传送功率。这是通过使用具有高Q因数(通常>200)的施加耦合谐振的两个谐振天线来实现。
依据系统的尺寸设计和发射天线与接收天线的分离(发射距离),系统可能够传送高达100W或类似的功率。这可用于向具有类似功率消耗的例如膝上型计算机或其它装置供电。
所述系统通常由以下组件组成:
●电源线,其用以连接到标准AC插座(例如,110VAC/60Hz或220VAC/50Hz)。
●发射功率转换器单元,其将电源AC电压和频率(例如,110VAC/60Hz或220VAC/50Hz)转换为可更适于经由墙壁或窗户无线发射的另一电压并转换为另一频率(通常>50Hz)。在一个实施例中,发射功率转换器单元使用标准60Hz频率作为功率发射。
●发射天线单元(平板),其在操作频率上谐振。
●接收天线单元(平板),其集成多匝环路(线圈)和电容器以实现所需操作频率下的谐振。
●接收功率转换器单元,其集成AC/DC或AC/AC频率转换器,所述频率转换器将用于无线发射的频率重新转换为所需DC电压或标准AC电源电压和频率。
图11展示用以经由墙壁和经由窗户发射功率的布置。发射天线与接收天线之间的距离可改变,因此改变耦合因数。在一个实施例中,所述系统自动适应实际条件以便满足接收侧的功率要求并使传送效率最大化。
此外,所述系统可提供自动天线调谐以补偿由环境或组件容限引起的去谐效应。
发射和接收天线可同轴对准以获得最大传送效率。可使用建置到接收功率转换器单元中的指示器(例如,较低功率LED),其中LED在耦合改进时较亮。此技术可用于找到接收天线的最佳位置,从而产生最大传送效率。
图13展示可与本申请案中描述的无线功率实施例中的任一者一起使用的发射子系统的框图。所述子系统包含发射功率转换器单元1300,以及发射天线单元1310。
发射功率转换器单元1300具有若干子单元。整流器和滤波器组合件1320产生由随后级使用的原始DC电压。此可由DC/DC转换器1330使用,所述DC/DC转换器1330提供最终馈送到发射天线单元1310的功率。辅助DC/DC转换器1340可用于向频率产生和控制子单元供应功率。还可对调谐网络1350加电,以便维持精确的谐振,从而使天线电流最大化。天线电流感测1360可类似地基于来自转换器的功率依据量值和相位测量天线电流。
频率产生和控制子单元1370实行许多不同的功能,包含:
-产生用于无线功率发射的频率,驱动功率级,例如半桥反相器1380,
-自动控制发射子系统的功能(如本文所描述)以控制无线功率桥的功率和效率。
-控制用于发射子系统的手动控制的人接口,此可包含例如激活/减活、功率控制等。
无线功率桥可经配置以传送达100W的功率,且可使用具有与用于为例如膝上型计算机或其它类似功率装置供电的外部电源的形状因数和外观类似的形状因数和外观的发射功率转换器单元。
整流器和滤波器子单元1320可包含由频率产生和控制子单元经由控制接口A控制的功能。通常,DC/DC转换器1330是下降转换器,其提供低于其输入电压的输出DC电压。一般来说,由DC/DC转换器1330产生的输出电压是可变的,且由频率产生和控制子单元经由用于功率控制的控制接口B控制并实现最大能量传送效率。
在一个实施例中,此DC/DC转换器可省略,在所述情况下功率级(半桥反相器)直接由整流器和滤波器子单元供电。在一个实施例中,可使用开关电源。
辅助DC/DC转换器子单元1340提供固定DC输出电压以对频率产生和控制子单元1370以及其它经加电单元供电。
产生用于无线功率发射的功率载波的功率级优选为使用呈‘推挽’配置的两个电子功率开关(例如,FET或晶体管)的半桥反相器1380。功率级由频率产生和控制子单元经由控制接口B驱动和控制。通过修改功率级的DC电源电压以及由频率产生和控制子单元产生的开关波形的工作循环/脉冲宽度来实现功率和传送效率控制。
在其中DC/DC转换器提供固定DC输出电压的一个实施例中,功率和传送效率仅由开关波形的工作循环控制。
在其中标准AC电源频率直接用于无线功率发射的另一实施例中,功率级由通过频率产生和控制子单元控制的相位受控调制器形成。
调谐网络1350可用于调节参数以维持天线在谐振下操作。在一个实施例中,可使用固定且晶体稳定的发射频率。这可辅助频率调整问题以减小对其它系统的有害电磁干扰的风险。
对于需要最大发射范围和效率因此以高‘负载Q因数’操作的所有应用尤其如此。
调谐网络还可补偿由发射天线附近的接收子系统和/或外来物体以及由功率级的源阻抗中的电抗性分量引起的可能的去谐效应。
调谐网络还可补偿发射天线单元及其馈电电缆的组件的容限(老化)。
调谐网络还可由频率产生和控制子单元经由控制接口C控制。
某些实施例可仅需要有限发射范围(例如,发射天线与接收天线之间的高耦合因数)。在所述情况下,可不需要调谐网络。
天线电流感测由频率产生和控制子单元使用以依据量值和相位测量天线电流(感测接口D)。电流感测应以不会使天线系统的Q因数恶化的方式完成。在一个实施例中,使用接收装置上的电压传感器,其将接收信息馈送到发射器。自适应功率发射器逐步斜升功率并感测所激励的功率电平。
频率产生和控制子单元产生用以驱动形成功率级的半桥反相器的频率和开关波形。所述子单元还使用天线电流感测来测量发射天线电流,并调节发射功率转换器的操作参数以满足接收器的功率要求(在指定限度内)。以此方式,功率转换器可实现最大能量传送效率。在一个实施例中,可根据我们在2009年2月26日申请的第12/394,033号共同待决申请案中描述的技术实行最大操作,所述申请案的整个揭示内容以引用的方式并入本文中。
在一个实施例中,频率产生和控制子单元不与接收子系统的其它实体通信。两个子系统独立地起作用以确定如何满足连接到接收子系统的外部负载的功率要求,以用在最大能量传送效率处收敛的方式优化发射和接收两侧上的操作参数。
频率和控制子单元1370还可包含用于激活/减活发射功率转换器单元并手动修改参数的用户接口。
发射天线单元1310为纯无源装置,其由发射功率转换器单元经由天线馈电电缆1309馈电。电缆1309可为通常1m的长度,且可具有一质量并具有与标准双线AC电缆的额定电压类似的额定电压。
发射天线单元包含多匝环路(线圈)和高电压电容器,从而形成串联振荡电路的主要部分。多匝环路由良好绝缘的铜线制成,所述铜线经设定以承受可能在最差情况下发生的天线电压。在典型的设计中,r.m.s.电压可高于1000V,这取决于系统实际额定功率和指定的最大发射距离。
假定20kHz与135kHz之间的范围内的操作频率,优选地可使用例如利兹线等适当绞合线来减小来自集肤效应和邻近效应的涡电流损耗并使未负载Q因数最大化。
在典型的设计中,电容器应经定尺寸以承受>1000V的r.m.s.电压,这取决于系统的实际额定功率、电路的实际Q因数,和指定的最大发射距离。
平板发射天线单元的典型布局展示于图14中。天线1400由线圈部分1405和高电压电容器1410形成。高电压电容器1410安装在环路的内部以节省空间并提供针对给定外部轮廓形状因数的最大环路尺寸。由于HV电容器集成到天线单元中,所以由于以高Q因数(高负载Q)谐振产生的高电压保持在其内部,且不出现在馈电电缆上也不出现在发射功率转换器单元中。这因此简化设计并放松某些要求。
发射天线单元100可提供特殊夹具,其简化平板天线到墙壁或窗户的永久安装或临时悬置。图14展示吸盘1420和悬置把手1422。
接收子系统展示于图15中。与发射子系统中一样,接收子系统由接收天线单元和接收功率转换器单元1510形成。这些单元中的许多单元非常类似于那些上文论述的单元。
接收天线单元1500可与发射天线单元1310相同。在另一实施例中,接收天线的尺寸设计可在形状因数、组成和电特性方面不同,以便适合此装置。
接收天线单元经由天线馈电电缆1501(类似于电缆1309)对接收功率转换器单元馈电。
接收功率转换器单元1510可包含以下各项中的任一者或全部:天线电流感测1520;调谐和匹配网络1530,其用以通过使天线电流最大化而维持接收天线的精确谐振,并将整流器与接收天线匹配;整流器1540,其产生随后的级所需的原始DC电压。
DC/DC或DC/AC转换器1550可用于分别产生DC或标准AC电源输出,其中电压和电流满足连接到接收子系统的外部负载1599的要求。其还可包含辅助DC/DC转换器1555以对频率产生和控制子单元以及其它功率消耗单元供电。
电压感测1560和电流感测1565可用于测量进入外部负载1599中的输出电压和输出电流。
与发射单元中一样,存在频率产生和控制子单元1570,其自动控制发射子系统的所有相关功能和参数以控制无线功率桥的功率和效率。这还可包含(例如)用户接口,其经由人接口控制设置的手动控制和修改。这可包含激活/减活、额定功率、额定电压和电流等。
单元1570还可产生标准AC电源频率,如针对外部负载所指定。
假定无线功率桥经尺寸设计以传送达100W的功率,接收功率转换器单元可能通常具有与用于为例如膝上型计算机或其它具有类似额定功率的器具供电的外部电源的形状因数和外观类似的形状因数和外观。
天线电流感测由频率产生和控制子单元使用以经由感测接口D测量接收天线电流。电流感测优选地不应使天线系统的Q因数恶化。
调谐和匹配网络通常用于确保接收天线在谐振下操作且整流器的输入阻抗与接收天线最佳匹配。对于需要最大发射范围和效率的所有应用尤其如此。
调谐和匹配网络如上所述补偿由发射子系统和/或接收天线附近的外来物体以及由整流器的负载阻抗引起的可能的去谐效应。其补偿接收天线单元及其馈电电缆的组件的容限(老化)。
调谐和匹配网络由频率产生和控制子单元经由控制接口C控制且还可由其重新配置。
无线功率桥的一个实施例仅需要有限的发射范围,例如针对发射天线与接收天线之间的高耦合因数原本将发生的情况。在此情况下,可省略调谐和匹配网络。
整流器对引入到接收天线中的AC电压进行整流和滤波,从而向随后的级提供原始DC馈送。整流器和滤波器子单元可包含由频率产生和控制子单元经由控制接口A(如上所述)控制的功能。
DC/DC或DC/AC转换器可依据应用而为下降或上升转换器,从而提供满足连接到接收子系统的外部负载的要求的输出电压和电流。一般来说,由DC/DC或DC/AC转换器产生的输出电压或电流是可变的,且由频率产生和控制子单元经由控制接口B控制。在一个实施例中,此转换器可省略,且外部负载接着直接由整流器馈送。
在其中标准AC干线频率直接用于无线功率发射的一实施例中,DC/DC或DC/AC转换器可例如由控制进入外部负载中的输出电压和电流的相位受控调制器替代。
辅助DC/DC转换器子单元提供固定DC输出电压以为频率产生和控制子单元供电。
频率产生和控制子单元自动控制接收子系统的所有相关功能和参数以满足外部负载的电压和电流要求并使能量传送效率最大化。如果需要,其产生外部负载所需的标准AC频率并将此频率经由控制接口A馈送到DC/AC转换器子单元。
另外,此借助天线电流感测来测量天线电流,并分别借助电压和电流感测来测量DC或AC输出电压和电流。这些测量可用于计算和/或调节接收功率转换器单元的相关操作参数和配置以便满足接收器的功率要求(在指定限度内)并使能量传送效率最大化。
接收子系统独立于发射子系统起作用以满足外部负载的要求,同时优化接收操作参数以使传送效率最大化。
频率和控制子单元还可提供人接口,其用于激活/减活接收功率转换器单元并手动修改参数或配置。
当使用在能量发射器和能量接收器两者中均具有最高可能质量因数的谐振天线电路时,基于磁耦合谐振的有效无线能量传送可能更有效。
高Q因数结合大约几瓦特的能量传送意味着LC振荡电路中的高无功功率,因为Q因数可表达为:
等式5-1
高无功功率意味着天线电感器及其反电抗器/电容器之上/穿过其中的高AC电压/电流。
天线可依据应用具有不同设计。在LF处,典型的解决方案可以是多匝线环路或线圈。高Q线圈可以不同方式中的一者获得。一种方式是为线圈使用薄铜线和大量匝。另一方法可以是使用具有较少数目的匝的较厚的适当绞合线(利兹线)。利兹线由具有针对操作频率最佳的直径的个别绝缘绳股形成。另一方式是使用适当铁氧体磁芯和具有较少数目的匝的利兹线。
薄/较大数目的匝技术可提供高阻抗线圈。这意味着高电抗和相对高损耗串联电阻。此比线圈的电抗的量值低Q倍,其中Q表示通常可认为是振荡电路的总体Q因数的线圈的Q因数。
利兹线方法2可导致较低阻抗线圈的解决方案。这意味着较低电抗和相对低损耗串联电阻,例如比线圈的电抗的量值低Q倍。
铁氧体方法可产生高磁场强度(饱和)并由于磁芯材料中的滞后损耗而导致低线圈Q因数。
假定相等的Q,薄线/大量匝方法可提供谐振下的较高电压。这又提供尤其相对于所使用的较薄线的起弧/放电的较高风险。利兹线可提供较高功率传送能力的解决方案。另一方面,如果目标是获得过低的阻抗,那么找到具有足够低的等效串联电阻且可支持高电流(尤其在空间约束下)的电容器可能变得更困难。
天线还必须与功率级匹配。通过使用由具有半桥反相器和串联振荡电路的电压源形成的低阻抗输出功率级来获得相对简单且稳定的发射器解决方案。高效率将要求此振荡电路具有比功率级的源电阻高的串联谐振电阻。
对于HF(例如,在13.6MHz下),可作出类似考虑从而产生类似结论。然而,所需的匝数通常将在HF下较低,且实际上,将需要厚得多的电线和更大的线间距以减轻集肤效应和邻近效应。针对1MHz以上的频率优化的利兹线并未市售且可能由于其它设计约束而不太有用。
经常忽略的使Q因数降级的另一效应是天线的周围的有损耗材料中的能量吸收。由天线产生的磁场和电场可导致不完全导电材料中的涡电流损耗、磁性材料中的磁极化滞后损耗以及电介质材料中的电极化损耗
在LF处,电介质损耗通常可忽略。Q因数降级主要是因为分别在导电和磁性材料中的涡电流损耗和滞后损耗。
在HF处,涡电流损耗和电介质损耗是造成Q因数降级的主要原因。
在无线功率的许多应用中,磁性天线的周围区域被电介质材料支配。在此环境中,产生较高电流(磁场)但较低电压(电场)的低阻抗天线通常性能较好。
如果天线必须集成到装置中(例如,集成到PC屏幕的基底中),那么Q降级的此方面尤其重要。
概括来说,当设计高Q发射天线时可考虑以下方面:
为了获得最低电阻下的最大电感(最高Q因数),绕组应尽可能密集,意味着绕组的横截面面积必须尽可能低。然而,这与集肤效应和邻近效应以及必须保持所得高电压的线绝缘和功率耗散(例如,铜损耗)所需的体积对立。
以上考虑展示,实际设计需要考虑影响发射天线的效率的所有设计约束(体积、形状因数、成本、额定功率、无源和有源电子组件的特性和可用性,以及集成方面)的详尽分析、复杂的折衷和优化。
在大多数无线功率应用中,能量接收器的尺寸限于小装置。此外,在电子装置中启用无线功率所需的额外成本理想地不应显著增加总体制造成本。小装置的接收器中待处置的功率将通常不超过1-2瓦特。
在LF处,可使用由非常薄的良好绝缘线或适当利兹线制成的环形线圈。然而,有效环路面积显著影响能量接收器的性能。因此,应获得尽可能大的有效环路面积。多匝环路理想地应完全包围装置的周长。
然而,可能预期归因于装置的所有导电部分中的涡电流损耗的严重Q降级,因为整个电子装置在环路内部(其中磁场最高)。避免此系统的金属外壳有许多原因。高磁场强度还可能需要特殊措施来避免进入电子装置中的干扰。
在一些实施例中,可折叠的环形天线将是优选的。然而,装置的增加的机械复杂性和制造成本可能限制其应用。
铁氧体天线和其它磁可穿透材料可尤其引起关注,因为其人工地增加线圈的有效面积且额外将磁场线集中到铁氧体磁芯中。可在135kHz下且针对1W的功率以适当的铁氧体材料实现达100的Q因数。然而,为了实现与包围装置最大周长的线结构相当的有效面积,铁氧体磁棒天线必须相对长,因此变得体积庞大且还较重。
还可使用以上方法的组合。举例来说,天线可使用铁氧体背衬上的扁平盘状多匝环路。此铁氧体衬底可能为几mm厚。然而,铁氧体背衬可能损害天线的有效面积。
基于磁耦合谐振的有效无线能量传送使用在能量发射器和能量接收器两者中均具有高质量因数的谐振天线电路。
高Q因数意味着低带宽,因此意味着对由于制造容限、老化、环境效应(温度、与围绕LC电路的磁场或电场交互的外来物体、非线性和记忆效应,例如结合可穿透磁性材料的使用)引起的L和C值的变化的极少容限。
因此,在实际高Q设计中,重新调节谐振频率的调谐可有助于保持高Q。可自动调谐的谐振天线系统可使用可调谐电容器和/或可调谐电感,例如电可调谐电抗器。两者均必须能够承受高电压或高电流,且由不削弱天线的Q因数的材料制成。
电容性调谐可使用一组电容器(例如,电容器组),其与可断开或闭合以调节有效电容的RF开关串联或并联布置。此方法在LF处(其中机械可变电容器变得体积较庞大)尤其有用。
图16展示串联谐振发射器电路的一实施例,所述串联谐振发射器电路具有并联布置但与主要电容器1610串联的调谐电容器组1600。例如FET等中继器或双极半导体可用作开关元件1602以添加或移除个别电容器1604。
较高Q电路可要求电容器组中增加数目的调谐电容器和调谐开关以提供精细调谐能力,同时维持所需的调谐范围。此外,随着LC振荡电路的Q增加,电容器组所支持的电压增加。调谐电容器和调谐开关优选地针对较高电压为额定的。此外,因为电容器组与天线电路串联,所以调谐电容器和调谐开关必须依据调谐范围而支持高电流和相对高的电压。
电容器组调谐可与连续可调谐电抗1620组合以用于精细调谐。
在HF处,可以具有较小值的调谐电容器与主要电容器并联来实现调谐,如图17所示。一实施例可使用由微型致动器1704驱动的机械可变电容器1702。
HF和LF处的电容调谐的替代方法是使用如图18所示的可变电感器。这可通过以下部件实现
●形成分接头选择器的分接天线线圈和机电或电子开关,
●由微型致动器驱动的机械可调节铁氧体磁芯,
●使用DC偏置电流的铁氧体磁芯的可穿透性调谐
使用DC偏置电压的电容器的电容率调谐(其可视为可穿透性调谐的物理二重性)也可为HF和LF两者的选项。
精细调谐的另一方法是引入第二环路/线圈,并通过使用变感器原理改变其形状或定向而改变到主环路/线圈的耦合因数。
图19A和19B说明可考虑用于精细调谐(例如,结合用于粗略调谐的电容器组)的又一方法。此纯电子方法避免任何可调谐电抗分量。替代地,其通过增加功率级(例如,半桥反相器)的输出电压而补偿非谐振条件下的天线电流下降。
功率级可视为以可调谐源电抗仿真恒定电压源的输出处产生的电压。
可需要相对高的输出电压以便提供有用的调谐范围,因此对功率级的电子开关元件设定更严格的要求(如果要保持效率的话)。
精细调谐控制环路感测天线电流并控制输出电压以使得产生所需天线电流。
相对于发射天线描述的一般原理、方法、考虑和结论也适用于接收天线的调谐问题。然而,在接收器应用中,空间和成本约束通常比发射器中严格得多,尤其关于在小便携式装置中的集成。另一方面,可预期相对于天线电压和电流的放松的要求,因为小接收天线通常将针对较低功率额定,且提供比发射天线低的Q因数。
如LF处通常使用的电容器组调谐可能相对于空间约束不太有利。
在HF处,可以如图17中与主要电容器并联的具有小电容的可调谐电容器来实现调谐。其实现方式可以是由微型致动器驱动的机械可变电容器。
使用DC偏置电压的电容率可调谐电容器可用于LF和HF。
一实施例可使用图20中展示的类型的可变电感器。这可使用分接天线线圈2000和电容器2010。机电或电子开关形成用于粗略调谐的分接头选择器2030。机械可调节铁氧体磁芯2040由微型致动器2050驱动。
另一实施例可使用利用用于精细调谐的DC偏置电流的铁氧体磁芯的可穿透性调谐。
图21A和21B所示的另一实施例可使用由微型致动器2105驱动的滑动到不同位置的机械可移动线圈2100改变天线的电感。铁氧体上的线圈的位置设定其电感。
铁氧体磁棒天线的机械调谐具有不需要振荡电路中的任何额外组件因此维持Q因数的优点。
图22说明可例如结合用于粗略调谐的电容器组用于对接收天线进行精细调谐的另一方法。此纯电子方法避免了任何可调谐电抗分量。展示为2200的开关模式功率转换产生可在电阻性(实数)部分及其电抗性(虚数)部分两者方面改变的天线负载阻抗。电抗性部分向串联振荡电路中添加电抗,因此改变其谐振频率。
在所述实施例中,可形成指示需要调谐的信号,例如指示失配或功率降级或电感等的信号。此信号可用于调节可变电容器或可变电感器或两者。
将接收天线集成到小电子装置中是特别的设计挑战,因为可用于额外组件的空间有限。并且,小形状因数限制了天线面积,且因此限制了天线性能。在含有有损耗电介质和金属结构的PCB以及其它组件中还存在电介质和涡电流损耗,从而降低天线Q因数。还存在对某些装置功能的电磁干扰的可能性。
理想地,高Q谐振环路/线圈天线应与装置主体分离(例如,在出于无线充电的目的可折叠的部分中)。可折叠且集成无线功率天线的装置/键盘盖(如图22A所示)可用于翻盖式电话中。
另一实施例将天线集成到一部分中,从而导致较低损耗并提供磁场的较好穿透,因为其含有较少金属和/或电介质结构(例如,在移动电话的键盘部分中)(参见图22B)。这可视为“紧凑型”配置。
在LF处,感应到金属结构中的涡电流可能是主要的损耗原因。在HF处,涡电流和电介质损耗两者均可使Q因数降级。
在LF处,铁氧体磁棒天线相对于其在小紧凑型装置中的集成尤其引起关注。铁氧体磁芯往往将磁场集中到磁芯中,从而减小周围的磁场强度,因此降低装置中的涡电流损耗。
图22C和22D展示分别集成到翻盖式和紧凑型装置中的铁氧体磁芯。铁氧体磁棒天线使用垂直于空气蛇管(air coil)的磁场的磁场,目的是获得最大电感。因此,应使用具有集成的空气环路接收天线的装置相对于系统而改变发射天线或装置的定向。
基于磁耦合谐振的无线能量传送一般涉及发射和接收子系统两者中的若干功率转换级。这可例如从如图13和15所示的无线功率桥的框图中看出。为了实现高端对端传送效率,每一级应经优化以防止损耗聚积于链上。在发射侧,可将特定重点放在驱动发射天线的功率级上。通常,使用结合串联天线振荡电路的半桥反相器用于LF处的无线功率发射。这尤其有利,因为此电路导致谐振下的最大输出电流和非谐振条件下的电流下降以及通常低的谐波水平。
当反相器的源阻抗的实数部分显著小于天线振荡电路的等效串联损耗电阻时,将获得高效率。当发射器的源电阻中存在极少或不存在功率耗散时,也改进效率。所有产生的能量传送到接收器或部分耗散于发射天线的损耗电阻中。
发射器的功率和效率控制可由半桥反相器的DC电源电压或由驱动波形的工作循环或两者执行。
在接收侧,整流器和负载适应可能是重要的。整流器可以非常低的电压下降和欧姆损耗来建置。整流器可直接插入到天线电路中,例如插入到串联振荡电路中(类似于发射器)。当整流器中的电阻性损耗最小化时,再次改进效率。经典的整流器(例如,肖特基二极管)可能具有过高的损耗,且因此所谓的基于同步开关的晶体管的同步整流器可能是优选的。
负载适应和电流控制(在无线电池充电的情况下)可以有效的下降或上升转换器执行。
在多接收器情境中,广范围上的自适应性可能是有用的,使得这些接收器可能够在任何耦合因数下以及在最差情况下在没有发射器的帮助的情况下维持进入负载中的功率。
在其中发射天线与接收天线之间的距离可在广范围内改变的单一接收器情境中。因此,可控制在接收端处到负载中的功率传送。在许多无线加电和充电应用中情况将是如此。
总体系统效率是与所接收功率完全分离的问题。执行功率和效率控制两者的系统将具有收敛到总体发射效率为最大值的状态的目标。在此状态中,接收天线将以与仅执行接收功率控制的系统中的方式不同的方式来加载。
可通过适应天线的负载阻抗来控制接收功率。负载适应可使用高度自适应的电路,意味着接收器必须能够在广范围内改变天线负载。还可理论上展示,在基于耦合谐振的系统中,不要求在天线之间的耦合因数正改变时重新调节天线频率调谐,条件是每一天线正确调谐到操作频率(与其负载无关)。因此,使系统适应不同耦合因数的问题归纳为负载适应。
多接收器情境较复杂,因为一般来说不同耦合条件下存在不同接收器,其还具有不同功率要求。可导致例如先前实施例中描述的无线桌面IT应用的多接收器情境的一实例展示于图5-9中。
在多接收器情境中,功率和接收天线负载控制较为重要。
一个实施例当仅存在一个接收器时使用模型补偿技术,且当存在一个以上接收器时使用反馈感测技术。
接近发射器的接收器理想地不应例如因为吸收大量功率或与发射器失配而不利地影响向其它较远接收器的功率发射。
图5-9展示功率和传送效率控制可如何用于补偿可变耦合因数且以平衡方式并根据接收器的需求在接收器之间共享可用功率。在一个实施例中,所述装置可布置为共面布置。
如果两个接收器正彼此接近并开始互相耦合,那么可导致类似问题。接收器中的负载控制可用于例如通过调节调谐以避免去谐效应来管理这些不同情境。
多接收器情境比单一接收器情境复杂得多。在单一接收器的情况下,效率控制较直接。多接收器情境传送效率控制复杂得多,且还可使用发射器与接收器之间的数据交换(通信)以最佳地调节系统参数。效率控制也将不太有效,因为系统可能需要考虑具有最低耦合因数的链接,因此不能改进较有利的链接中的效率。换句话说:单一远距离接收器可使多接收器情境中的总传送效率降级。
还可考虑许可问题。在高于某一非临界电平的功率的情况下针对无线发射的频率的使用通常要求所述频率对于此目的/服务的许可和特定指派。
所谓的ISM带中的频率免除此规则。频率范围中存在可主要用于无线功率应用的若干ISM带。
对于经设计以在比如达1m的距离上操作的邻近耦合系统,VLF、LF或HF频谱中的频率尤其引起关注。然而,当前存在允许在增加的磁场强度级下的免除许可操作的几个ISM带。
这些带中的一些在135kHz以下(VLF、LF)分配。另一窄带在13.56MHz下(+/-3kHz)存在于HF频谱中
这些频带中适用的调整性规范界定例如在距辐射源指定距离处测量到的磁场强度方面的放射限制。欧洲ECC指定的距离不同于美国FCC指定的距离,因此不能容易地比较场强限制。初一看似乎LF允许较高放射级,因此优于HF。然而,LF处产生的磁场强度高于HF处产生的磁场强度(假定等效系统在相同距离上以相等效率传送相等功率)。理论上,135kHz(LF)下产生的场强比13.56MHz(HF)下产生的场强高20dB。当前规则部分考虑了此事实。LF处的限制可相比之下比针对HF界定的限制更具限定性。
此外,考虑针对距离校正提议的因素将ECC与FCC发射限制进行比较似乎得出,FCC通常比ECC更具限定性,尽管欧洲使用的许多产品也在美国交易和操作(例如,高功率RFID读取器)。
在一个实施例中可使用在LF处(例如,+/-100Hz)建立允许世界范围内的增加水平下的免除许可操作的非常窄的频带。然而,此分配将要求来自无线功率和RFID公司的各个股东群体的游说活动,且可能需要无线功率系统不会引起对相关无线电服务的有害干扰的证据。类似的发展已在13.56MHz处发生,其中放射限制基于RFID游说的压力而增加几乎20dB。此改变请求被管理机关接受,因为RFID读取器发射需要非常窄的带宽的强的连续波分量。
频率调整的主要目的是保护无线电服务免受相互干扰。然而,存在对电磁辐射具有有限免疫性的若干非无线电系统,例如
●有线界限的通信系统(主要是使用例如输电线、ADSL、VDSL等非适当屏蔽线的通信系统)
●安全关键系统,例如心脏起搏器
●保密关键系统,例如信用卡等。
这些系统不受频率调整性规范特定保护。然而,无线功率系统的实施例产生基本上非调制辐射场,从而形成关于这些EMC方面的主要优点。来自经调制或脉冲控制放射(例如,由高功率RFID、感应烹饪等产生)的干扰可能性已知一般来说要高得多。
除了调整无线电系统的共存的频率调整性规范外,已额外设立辐射暴露限制以保护生物免受不良生物效应的影响。基于阈值设定生物限制,在所述阈值以上可能发生不良健康影响。其通常还包含安全裕度。在用于无线功率应用的所关注的频率范围中,辐射称为非电离辐射(NIR)。关于非电离辐射保护的一个相关协会是1992年设立的INIRC。其职能是调查与不同形式的NIR相关联的危险以制定关于NIR暴露限制的国际方针并处置NIR保护的所有方面。ICNIRP是由14个成员的主委会、4个科研常务委员会和若干顾问专家组成的独立科研专家的团体。其还与WHO密切协作来制定人体暴露限制。
ICNIRP已产生用于限制电磁场暴露以便提供抵抗已知不良健康影响的保护的方针[ICN 98]。世界范围内已执行各种科学研究。这些研究的结果用于确定各种不良健康影响可发生的阈值。接着从这些阈值中确定基本限制,包含变化的安全因素。INIRC已针对以下两者提供基本限制和参考水平:
●一般公众暴露:年龄和健康状况可能与工人的年龄和健康状况不同的一般群体的暴露。并且,公众一般来说不意识到其向场的暴露且不能采取任何预防行动(较具限定性水平),以及
●职业暴露:向已知场的暴露,视需要允许采取预防措施(较低限定性水平)
时变场与生命物质交互所借助的耦合机制可划分为三类:
●到低频率电场的耦合导致组织中存在的电偶极子的重定向
●到低频率磁场的耦合导致感应的电场和循环的电流
●来自电磁场的能量的吸收导致温度增加,其可划分为四个子类:
ο100Hz-20MHz:能量吸收在颈部和腿部最显著
ο20MHz-300MHz:整个身体中的高吸收率
ο300MHz-10GHz:显著的本地非均匀吸收
ο>10GHz:能量吸收主要在身体表面发生
以下是INIRC用于确定对于不同频率范围的基本限制的科研基础的描述:
●1Hz-100kHz:限制是基于电流密度以防止对神经系统功能的影响
●100kHz-10MHz:限制是基于比吸能率(SAR)以防止整个身体热应力和过分局部组织加热,以及基于电流密度以防止对神经系统功能的影响
●10MHz-10GHz:限制是仅基于SAR以防止整个身体热应力和过分局部组织加热
基本限制是基于中枢神经系统中的急性瞬时影响,且因此所述限制适用于短期和长期暴露两者。
下文展示每一频率范围的生物效应的概述:
100kHz以下的频率:
●向低频率场的暴露与隔膜刺激相关联,且对中枢神经系统的相关影响导致神经和肌肉刺激。
●磁场具有促进肿瘤生长的效应存在极少证据,且数据不足以断定这些场是否促进当前存在的癌细胞的生长。
●实验室研究已展示当感应的电流密度处于或低于10mA/m2时不存在建立的不良健康影响。
100kHz以上的频率:
●在100kHz与10MHz之间,发生从隔膜效应到加热效应的过渡区
●在10MHz以上,加热效应较显著
●大于1-2℃的温度升高可具有不良健康影响,例如中暑衰竭或中暑
●1℃身体温度增加可由于向电磁场暴露近似30分钟而引起,从而产生4W/kg的整个身体SAR。
●脉冲控制(经调制)辐射往往与CW辐射相比产生较高不良生物响应。此情况的一实例为“微波听觉”现象,其中具有正常听觉的人可感知到频率在200MHz-6.5GHz之间的脉冲调制场
对于健康/生物限制,全世界的所有组织和管理机关就4W/kg的整个身体SAR是可发生不良健康影响的阈值的科研发现达成一致意见。其还同意对于基本限制,应使用安全因数10,使得对整个身体SAR的基本限制不应比0.4W/kg职业暴露和0.08W/kg一般公众暴露再高。
不同标准的争执是关于人体暴露的H场参考水平。IEEE提供基于多种科学研究的最无限定性限制。IEEE限制一般在北美洲(因为其也由ANSI批准)以及北约被接受。最高限定性水平由ICNIRP提供,因为针对这些限制考虑较大安全因数。日本提议的限制处于IEEE与ICNIRP限制之间的某处。没有证据显示IEEE C95.1标准提议的限制仍将提供危险的暴露水平。
在所有情况下,均可超过人体暴露H场参考水平,只要不超过0.08W/kg的整个身体SAR即可。
在针对邻近耦合的无线功率应用的实施例中,磁场强度通常在IEEE/NATO限制以下。然而,其在足够接近发射或接收天线的位置处可超过ICNIRP限制。因为天线的近场中的磁场随距离的3次幂增加,所以始终存在可超过ICNIRP限制的半径,其也取决于天线尺寸、性能和功率/电流。
与频率调整限制形成对比,辐射暴露限制不指定距场强必须依从的距辐射源的距离。其必须解释为适用于可定位有生物物质的所有位置,这使得依从的定义模糊。
然而,此问题对于无线功率不是独特的,且也是例如RFID系统、感应烹饪、感应焊接等其它系统的问题。此类系统要求合格机关的判断和认证。
作为总结,辐射暴露是要求严格调查的问题,相当重要的原因是大多数人(尤其在欧洲)之中对电磁辐射的恐惧症不断增加。其被认为是主要在大众市场应用中的邻近耦合无线功率的巨大挑战和潜在风险。
除此之外是用户感知:一些人不愿意连续暴露于AC磁场(例如,当在其办公桌旁工作时),而不论其相对于所设立的限制的实际强度如何。
一个实施例揭示发射活动控制。装置仅在使用人体在场检测器(例如,微波移动或红外传感器或两者,或者其它方法)检测到无人在场时间的期间(例如,在夜间期间)充电。在人在发射天线的附近或邻近处现场的时间期间,功率断开或减小到较低电平。
所述装置可提供接收功率电平指示器以确保其保持在一位置/定向而使得从发射器接收足够的功率。此指示器功能也可在非活动时间或在减小功率模式的时间期间保留。
这可通过以下替代方法实现:
●使用软功率斜升或斜降的发射器的周期性非常低工作循环激活,以便避免EMI问题(例如,在具有音频接口的例如电话、扬声器系统等装置中‘点击’)
●减小功率电平下的连续发射,但所述电平足够高以能够被装置检测到从而控制电平指示器
办公设备(个人计算机、监视器、传真机、扫描仪、复印机、打印机等)是第三部门中较大比例的电力消耗的原因。在国际约定的情境中,尤其在气候变化的区域(特别地,京都议定书),且给定其在此类区域中的目标是可持续发展,能量效率主动性呈现特殊的重要性。此协调的标签计划(称为能源之星(ENERGY STAR))使消费者能够识别能量有效器具,且因此应产生将不仅有助于保护环境而且还确保能量供应的安全性的电力节省。所述计划还可有助于鼓励能量有效产品的制造和销售。
能源之星方针已实施且还可在某种程度上影响无线功率产品的将来市场引入。
在过去几年中,也得到学术界支持的几家公司已开始主要关于消费者市场区段中的应用的无线功率的领域中的研究和开发活动。这些主动性中的大部分着重于使用感应耦合作为技术基础的解决方案。典型的解决方案是经设计用于单一或多个装置的无接触充电的感应充电垫。在所有这些解决方案中,功率在非常短的距离(例如,数毫米或数厘米)上传送。使用RFID领域的术语,这些系统/解决方案属于接近耦合系统的类别中。
类似于RFID应用,无线加电和充电的接近耦合解决方案并非始终可行,且不能提供用户所预期的灵活性/机动性和自由度。这是在若干分米或甚至若干米的范围内的较大距离上的功率发射的基本原理。再次使用RFID术语,此类系统可关联到邻近耦合系统的类别。
更大的范围和灵活性/机动性的代价通常为
●较高的辐射水平
●在复杂性和成本方面较高的装置集成度影响(BOM)
●较低的可传送功率
●较低的传送效率
在下表6-1中,相对于认为相关的选定方面比较接近耦合与邻近耦合。
表1
表2
表3
尽管上文仅已详细揭示几个实施例,但其它实施例是可能的且发明者希望这些实施例涵盖在本说明书内。说明书描述特定实例以实现可以另一方式实现的较一般目标。本发明希望为示范性的,且权利要求书希望涵盖所属领域的一般技术人员可能可预测的任何修改或替代形式。举例来说,可使用其它尺寸、材料和连接。其它结构可用于接收磁场。一般来说,可使用电场代替磁场,作为主要耦合机制。可使用其它种类的天线。并且,发明者希望仅那些使用词汇“用于…的装置”的权利要求既定依据35 USC 112第六章来解释。此外,除非在权利要求中明确地包含来自说明书的限制,否则不希望将那些限制曲解至任何权利要求中。
在本文中提及特定数值之处,除非明确地提及某一不同范围,否则应认为所述值可增加或减小20%,同时仍保持在本申请案的教示内。在使用指定逻辑意义之处,也希望涵盖相反的逻辑意义。
Claims (20)
1.一种经配置以经由磁场发送功率的设备,所述设备包括:
天线电路,其经配置以经由所述磁场在足以对接收器装置充电或供电的磁场强度级处电感性地发送功率;
检测电路,其经配置以检测其中在所述磁场强度级处电感性地发送功率的所述磁场的区域内的生物的存在;以及
控制器,其经配置以响应于检测所述磁场的所述区域内的所述生物的所述存在而调整所述磁场强度级。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其进一步包括驱动器电路,其经配置以在大致等于所述天线电路的谐振频率的频率处驱动所述天线电路。
3.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述检测电路经配置以基于微波检测而检测所述生物的所述存在。
4.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述检测电路包含经配置以检测所述生物的所述存在的红外传感器。
5.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述控制器经配置以将所述磁场强度级减少到较低磁场强度级或大致等于零中的至少一者。
6.根据权利要求5所述的设备,其中所述较低磁场强度级对应于经配置以避免对所述生物的生物伤害的级别。
7.根据权利要求5所述的设备,其中所述较低磁场强度级基于比吸能率SAR。
8.根据权利要求1所述的设备,其中所述区域对应于所述天线电路的近场。
9.一种经由磁场发送功率的方法,所述方法包括:
经由所述磁场在足以对接收器装置充电或供电的磁场强度级处电感性地发送功率;
检测电感性地发送功率的所述磁场的区域内的生物的存在;以及
响应于检测所述磁场的所述区域内的所述生物的所述存在而调整所述磁场强度级。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中调整所述磁场强度级包括将所述磁场强度级减少到较低磁场强度级或大致等于零中的至少一者。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述较低磁场强度级对应于经配置以避免对所述生物的生物伤害的级别。
12.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中所述较低磁场强度级基于比吸能率SAR。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中检测所述生物的所述存在包括基于微波检测而检测所述生物的所述存在。
14.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其中检测所述生物的所述存在包括经由经配置以检测所述生物的所述存在的红外传感器而检测所述生物的所述存在。
15.一种经配置以经由磁场发送功率的设备,所述设备包括:
用于经由所述磁场在足以对接收器装置充电或供电的磁场强度级处电感性地发送功率的装置;
用于检测电感性地发送功率的所述磁场的区域内的生物的存在的装置;以及
用于响应于检测所述磁场的所述区域内的所述生物的所述存在而调整所述磁场强度级的装置。
16.根据权利要求15所述的设备,其中所述用于调整所述磁场强度级的装置包括用于将所述磁场强度级减少到较低磁场强度级或大致等于零中的至少一者的装置。
17.根据权利要求16所述的设备,其中所述较低磁场强度级对应于经配置以避免对所述生物的生物伤害的级别。
18.根据权利要求16所述的设备,其中所述较低磁场强度级基于比吸能率SAR。
19.根据权利要求15所述的设备,其中所述用于检测所述生物的所述存在的装置包括用于基于微波检测而检测所述生物的所述存在的装置。
20.根据权利要求15所述的设备,其中所述用于检测所述生物的所述存在的装置包括经配置以检测所述生物的所述存在的红外传感器。
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CN108432114A (zh) * | 2015-10-27 | 2018-08-21 | 集成装置技术公司 | 使用具有旁路模式的电力转换器进行无线电力传输的系统和方法 |
CN109417221A (zh) * | 2016-10-21 | 2019-03-01 | 株式会社友华 | 车载天线装置及天线系统 |
CN107968673A (zh) * | 2017-12-19 | 2018-04-27 | 候本株式会社 | 基于柔性电路板的通信装置 |
CN107968673B (zh) * | 2017-12-19 | 2021-06-18 | 候本株式会社 | 基于柔性电路板的通信装置 |
CN109714082A (zh) * | 2018-12-25 | 2019-05-03 | 中南大学 | 一种基于射频能量感知的双模传感器 |
CN109714082B (zh) * | 2018-12-25 | 2021-04-20 | 中南大学 | 一种基于射频能量感知的双模传感器 |
TWI701888B (zh) * | 2019-10-21 | 2020-08-11 | 王欽戊 | 微波轉電並儲能的無線充電器 |
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JP2011514781A (ja) | 2011-05-06 |
KR20130096322A (ko) | 2013-08-29 |
KR101301389B1 (ko) | 2013-08-28 |
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EP3611821B1 (en) | 2023-08-02 |
US9461714B2 (en) | 2016-10-04 |
KR20160132129A (ko) | 2016-11-16 |
WO2009111597A3 (en) | 2009-12-03 |
CN101978746B (zh) | 2014-10-15 |
KR20120083517A (ko) | 2012-07-25 |
KR20130020721A (ko) | 2013-02-27 |
CN101978746A (zh) | 2011-02-16 |
US20090243397A1 (en) | 2009-10-01 |
KR101357500B1 (ko) | 2014-02-03 |
JP6297638B2 (ja) | 2018-03-20 |
CN104242420B (zh) | 2018-01-16 |
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US20170126281A1 (en) | 2017-05-04 |
US20130342025A1 (en) | 2013-12-26 |
WO2009111597A2 (en) | 2009-09-11 |
KR101904686B1 (ko) | 2018-10-04 |
JP2017022989A (ja) | 2017-01-26 |
EP2269408A2 (en) | 2011-01-05 |
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