CN103450077B - IRE-1α抑制剂 - Google Patents

IRE-1α抑制剂 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN103450077B
CN103450077B CN201310303822.2A CN201310303822A CN103450077B CN 103450077 B CN103450077 B CN 103450077B CN 201310303822 A CN201310303822 A CN 201310303822A CN 103450077 B CN103450077 B CN 103450077B
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compound
ire
chm
hydrogen
group
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CN103450077A (zh
Inventor
J·B·帕特森
D·G·洛纳甘
G·A·弗林
Q·曾
P·V·帕莱
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Fuxing Hong Chuang (suzhou) Pharmaceutical Technology Co Ltd
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Mannkind Corp
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Abstract

直接抑制体外IRE-1α活性的化合物,其前药和药学上可接受的盐。这种化合物和前药可用于治疗解折叠蛋白质效应相关的疾病,可用作单一药剂或用于组合治疗中。

Description

IRE-1α抑制剂
本发明专利申请是国家申请号为PCT/US2008/066310,国际申请日为2008年6月9日,进入中国国家阶段的申请号为200880019035.2,名称为“IRE-1α抑制剂”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
本申请要求2007年6月8日提交的序列号60/942,743的优先权,并将其通过引用纳入本文。
技术领域
本发明涉及IRE-1α抑制剂及其治疗应用。
背景技术
细胞内质网中的蛋白质折叠应激(proteinfoldingstress)可引发称为解折叠蛋白质效应或UPR的信号转导级联反应。需肌醇酶1(IRE-1α)是一种关键酶,其通过增强分子伴侣活性来减轻蛋白质折叠应激,因而保护细胞免遭应激诱导的凋亡。IRE-1α的抑制剂至少可用于治疗B细胞自身免疫疾病、某些癌症和一些病毒感染。
发明内容
本发明提供IRE-1α抑制剂化合物及其前药和药学上可接受的盐。本发明还提供药物组合物和治疗性利用IRE-1α抑制剂化合物、其前药和药学上可接受的盐治疗解折叠蛋白质效应相关疾病的方法。可治疗的患者包括具有B细胞自身免疫疾病、某些癌症和一些病毒感染的那些患者。
本发明包括因结构和功能而相关的许多化学化合物以及它们的使用方法。可限定包括这些化合物中一种到任意数量的它们的各种分组和应用,这些分组和应用构成本发明的各种实施方式。一些实施方式特意包括某些化合物,而其它实施方式特意排除某些化合物。包括或排除的标准包括特定结构或结构特征,活性水平或范围(例如,IC50或EC50)、通过特定给药途径给药的适合性、所治疗的疾病,等等。
IRE-1α抑制剂化合物
本发明的IRE-1α抑制剂化合物是直接抑制该酶的芳族和杂芳族羟醛类。据信,这些化合物通过抑制酶的RNA酶活性而起作用。在本发明的具体实施方式中,该活性检测为IRE-1α对人小-XBP-1mRNA茎-环底物5′-CAGUCCGCAGGACUG-3′(SEQIDNO:1)的体外切割为至少10、15、20、25、30、40、50、60或75%。其它底物也可用于检测切割。参见US20070105123。
在一些实施方式中,化合物在体外试验中抑制IRE-1α的平均IC50为约20μM(20,000nM)或更低(例如,20000、15000、10000、7500、7250、7000、6750、6500、6250、6000、5750、5500、5250、5000、4750、4500、4250、4000、3750、3500、3250、3000、2750、2500、2250、2000、1750、1500、1250、1000、950、900、850、800、750、700、650、600、550、500、450、400、350、300、250、200、150、100、90、80、70、60、50、40、30、20、15、10、5、2或1nM或更低)。在一些实施方式中,化合物在体外XBP-1剪接试验(例如,骨髓瘤细胞)中抑制IRE-1α的平均EC50为80μM(80,000nM)或更低(例如,80000、75000、70000、65000、60000、55000、50000、45000、40000、35000、30000、25000、20000、15000、10000、7500、7250、7000、6750、6500、6250、6000、5750、5500、5250、5000、4750、4500、4250、4000、3750、3500、3250、3000、2750、2500、2250、2000、1750、1500、1250、1000、950、900、850、800、750、700、650、600、550、500、450、400、350、300、250、200、150、100、90、80、70、60、50、40、30、20、15、10、5、2或1nM或更低)。IRE-1α抑制剂化合物可符合这些标准中的任一种或全部。
本领域熟知,这些化合物中的醛基可表示为下示三种等价形式中的任一种:
结构式(I)包括本发明所用的化合物:
式中:
OH取代基位于醛取代基的邻位;
Q是芳族碳环(isocyclic)或杂环系统,选自:苯、萘、吡啶、吡啶N-氧化物、噻吩、苯并[b]噻吩、苯并[c]噻吩、呋喃、吡咯、哒嗪、嘧啶(pyrmidine)、吡嗪、三嗪、异唑啉、唑啉、噻唑啉、吡唑啉、咪唑啉、芴、联苯基、喹啉、异喹啉、噌啉、2,3-二氮杂萘、喹唑啉、喹喔啉、苯并呋喃、吲哚、异吲哚、异苯并呋喃基、苯并咪唑、1,2-苯并异唑和咔唑;
Rx、Ry和Rz可以存在或不存在,独立选自:氢、芳基、杂芳基、-A″Ra、-OH、-OA″Ra、-NO2、-NH2、-NHA″Ra、-N(A″Ra)(A′″Rb)、-NHCOA″Ra、-NHCOOA″Ra、-NHCONH2、-NHCONHA″Ra、-NHCON(A″Ra)(A′″Rb)、卤素、-COOH、-COOA″Ra、-CONH2、-CONHA″Ra、-CON(A″Ra)(A′″Rb)和
Ra和Rb独立为:氢、-COOH、-COOA、-CONH2、-CONHA、-CONAA′、-NH2、-NHA、-NAA′、-NCOA、-NCOOA、-OH或-OA;
Y是C1-C10亚烷基或C2-C8亚烯基,其中(a)1、2或3个CH2基团可以为O、S、SO、SO2、NH或NRc所替代,和/或(b)1–7个H原子可以独立为F或Cl所替代;
A和A′是:
(a)独立为C1-C10烷基或C2-C8烯基,其中(i)1、2或3个CH2基团可以为O、S、SO、SO2、NH或NRc所替代,和/或(ii)1–7个H原子可以独立为F或Cl、芳基或杂芳基所替代;或
(b)或者,A和A′一起形成C2-C7亚烷基,其中1、2或3个CH2基团可以为O、S、SO、SO2、NH、NRc、NCORc或NCOORc所替代,从而形成,例如亚烷基二氧基(alkylenedioxy);
A″、A′″独立为(a)不存在,(b)C1-C10亚烷基、C2-C8亚烯基或C3-C7环烷基,其中1、2或3个CH2基团可为O、S、SO、SO2、NH或NRc所替代,和/或1–7个H原子可为F和/或Cl所替代;或(c)二者可一起形成C2-C7烷基,其中1、2或3个CH2基团可以为O、S、SO、SO2、NH、NRc、NCORc或NCOORc所替代,
Rc是C1-C10烷基、C3-C7环烷基、C4-C8亚烷基环烷基或C2-C8烯基;其中1、2或3个CH2基团可以为O、S、SO、SO2、NH、NMe、NEt和/或—CH═CH—基团所替代,1–7个H原子可以为F和/或Cl所替代,和/或1个H原子可以为Ra所替代;
芳基是苯基、苄基、萘基、芴基或联苯基,其中各自可以是未取代的或为以下基团所单取代、双取代或三取代:卤素、-CF3、-Rf、-ORd、-N(Rd)2、-NO2、-CN、-COORd、CON(Rd)2、-NRdCORe、-NRdCON(Re)2、-NRdSO2A、-CORd、-SO2N(Rd)2、-S(O)mRf、AA′一起或-O(芳基),
Rd和Re独立为H或C1-C6烷基;
Rf是C1-C6烷基;
杂芳基是具有1-2个N、O和/或S原子的单环或双环饱和、不饱和或芳族杂环,其可以是未取代的或为以下基团所单取代或双取代:羰基氧、卤素、Rf、-ORd、-N(Rd)2、-NO2、-CN、-COORd、-CON(Rd)2、-NRdCORe、-NRdCON(Re)2、-NRfSO2Re、-CORd、-SO2NRd和/或-S(O)mRf;和
m是0、1或2。
式(I)所示IRE-1α抑制剂化合物组包括以下化合物,其中Rx、Ry和Rz如以上定义:
C1-C10烷基(即,具有1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10碳原子的烷基)和C1-C6烷基(即,具有1、2、3、4、5或6碳原子的烷基)可以是支链或无支链的,可以是取代或未取代的。任选的取代基包括卤素(例如,F、Cl、I、Br)。实例包括甲基、乙基、三氟甲基、五氟乙基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、异丁基、仲丁基、叔丁基、正-戊基、新戊基、异戊基、正-己基和正-癸基。在一些实施方式中,C1-C10是甲基、乙基、三氟甲基、丙基、异丙基、丁基、正-戊基、正-己基或正-癸基。
C3-C7环烷基包括环丙基、环丁基、环戊基、环己基和环庚基。在一些实施方式中,C3-C7环戊基是环戊基。
在一些实施方式中,C2-C8烯基是乙烯基、烯丙基、2-丁烯基、3-丁烯基、异丁烯基、仲丁烯基、4-戊烯基、异戊烯基或5-己烯基。在一些实施方式中,C2-C8烯基是4-戊烯基、异戊烯基或5-己烯基。
C1-C10亚烷基优选是无支链的,在一些实施方式中,其是亚甲基或亚乙基、亚丙基或亚丁基。
在一些实施方式中,C2-C8亚烯基是亚乙烯基或亚丙烯基。
C2-C7亚烷基优选是无支链的。在一些实施方式中,C2-C7亚烷基是亚乙基、亚丙基或亚丁基。
在一些实施方式中,C4-C8亚烷基环烷基是环己基甲基或环戊基乙基。
在一些实施方式中,Rx、Ry和Rz独立为-OH、-OA、-NO2或-NAA′。
在一些实施方式中,Q是苯、萘、噻吩、苯并[b]噻吩或苯并[c]噻吩,Rx和Ry是氢,和Rz是氢或-ORd、-NO2、吡啶基或吡啶基N-氧化物。
在一些实施方式中,Rx是氢、ORd、NO2、-NH2或-NHCOOA″Ra
在一些实施方式中,Ra是氢、-COOH、-NHA或-NAA′。
在一些实施方式中,Rc是C1-C10烷基或C1-C6烷基。
在一些实施方式中,Y是亚甲基、亚乙基、亚丙基或亚丁基。
在一些实施方式中,A和A′独立为C1-C10烷基;C1-C10烷基,其中1–7个氢原子为F和/或Cl所替代;芳基;或杂芳基。
在一些实施方式中,A″和A′″独立为不存在或是C1-C10亚烷基,其中1个CH2基团可以为NH或NRc所替代。
在一些实施方式中,A″和A′″一起形成C2-C7亚烷基链,其中1个CH2基团可以为NH或NRc所替代。
在一些实施方式中,芳基是用以下基团单取代、双取代或三取代的:甲基、乙基、丙基、丁基、氟、氯、羟基、甲氧基、乙氧基、丙氧基、丁氧基、戊氧基、己氧基、硝基、氰基甲酰基、乙酰基、丙酰基、三氟甲基、氨基、甲基氨基、乙基氨基、二甲基氨基、二乙基氨基、亚磺酰氨基、甲基亚磺酰氨基、乙基亚磺酰氨基、丙基亚磺酰氨基、丁基亚磺酰氨基、二甲基亚磺酰氨基、羧基、甲氧基羰基、乙氧基羰基或氨基羰基。
在一些实施方式中,杂芳基选自:2-呋喃基、3-呋喃基、2-噻吩基、3-噻吩基、1-吡咯基、2-吡咯基、3-吡咯基、1-咪唑基、2-咪唑基、4-咪唑基、5-咪唑基、1-吡咯基、3-吡唑基、4-吡唑基、5-吡唑基、2-唑基、4-唑基、5-唑基、3-异唑基、4-异唑基、5-异唑基、2-噻唑基、4-噻唑基、5-噻唑基、3-异噻唑基、4-异噻唑基、5-异噻唑基、2-吡啶基、3-吡啶基、4-吡啶基、2-嘧啶基、4-嘧啶基、5-嘧啶基(pyrmidinyl)、6-嘧啶基(pyrimidinyl)、1,2,3-三唑-1-基、1,2,3-三唑-4-基、或1,2,3-三唑-5-基、1,2,4-三唑-1-基、1,2,4-三唑-3-基、1,2,4-三唑-5-基、1-四唑基、5-四唑基、1,2,3-二唑-4-基、1,2,3-二唑-5-基、1,2,4-二唑-3-基、1,2,4-二唑-5-基、1,3,4-噻二唑-2-基或1,3,4-噻二唑-5-基、1,2,4-噻二唑-3-基、或1,2,4-噻二唑-3-5-基、1,2,3-噻二唑-4-基、1,2,3-噻二唑-5-基、3-哒嗪基、4-哒嗪基、吡嗪基、1-吲哚基、2-吲哚基、3-吲哚基、4-吲哚基、5-吲哚基、6-吲哚基、7-吲哚基、4-异吲哚基、5-异吲哚基、1-苯并咪唑基、2-苯并咪唑基、4-苯并咪唑基、5-苯并咪唑基、1-苯并吡唑基、3-苯并吡唑基、4-苯并吡唑基、5-苯并吡唑基、6-苯并吡唑基、7-苯并吡唑基、2-苯并唑基、4-苯并唑基、5-苯并唑基、6-苯并唑基、7-苯并唑基、3-苯并异唑基、4-苯并异唑基、5-苯并异唑基、6-苯并异唑基、7-苯并异唑基、2-苯并噻唑基、4-苯并噻唑基、5-苯并噻唑基、6-苯并噻唑基、7-苯并噻唑基、2-苯并异噻唑基、4-苯并异噻唑基、5-苯并异噻唑基、6-苯并异噻唑基、7-苯并异噻唑基、4-苯并-2,1,3-二唑基、5-苯并-2,1,3-二唑基、6-苯并-2,1,3-二唑基、7-苯并-2,1,3-二唑基、2-喹啉基、3-喹啉基、4-喹啉基、5-喹啉基、6-喹啉基、7-喹啉基、8-喹啉基、1-异喹啉基、3-异喹啉基、4-异喹啉基、5-异喹啉基、6-异喹啉基、7-异喹啉基、8-异喹啉基、3-噌啉基、4-噌啉基、5-噌啉基、6-噌啉基、7-噌啉基、8-噌啉基、2-喹唑啉基、4-喹唑啉基、5-喹唑啉基、6-喹唑啉基、7-喹唑啉基、8-喹唑啉基、5-喹喔啉基、6-喹喔啉基、2-2H-苯并-1,4-嗪基、3-2H-苯并-1,4-嗪基、5-2H-苯并-1,4-嗪基、6-2H-苯并-1,4-嗪基、7-2H-苯并-1,4-嗪基、8-2H-苯并-1,4-嗪基、1,3-苯并间二氧杂环戊烯-5-基、1,4-苯并二烷-6-基、2,1,3-苯并噻二唑-4-基、2,1,3-苯并噻二唑-5-基和2,1,3-苯并二唑-5-基。
杂环基团还可以是部分或完全氢化的。例如,在一些实施方式中,杂芳基是2,3-二氢-2-呋喃基、2,3-二氢-3-呋喃基、2,3-二氢-4-呋喃基、2,3-二氢-5-呋喃基、2,5-二氢-2-呋喃基、2,5-二氢-3-呋喃基、2,5-二氢-4-呋喃基、2,5-二氢-5-呋喃基、四氢-2-呋喃基、四氢-3-呋喃基、1,3-二氧戊环-4-基、四氢-2-噻吩基、四氢-3-噻吩基、2,3-二氢-1-吡咯基、2,3-二氢-2-吡咯基、2,3-二氢-3-吡咯基、2,3-二氢-4-吡咯基、2,3-二氢-5-吡咯基、2,5-二氢-1-吡咯基、2,5-二氢-2-吡咯基、2,5-二氢-3-吡咯基、2,5-二氢-4-吡咯基、2,5-二氢-5-吡咯基、1-吡咯烷基、2-吡咯烷基、3-吡咯烷基、四氢-1-咪唑基、四氢-2-咪唑基、四氢-4-咪唑基、2,3-二氢-1-吡唑基、2,3-二氢-2-吡唑基、2,3-二氢-3-吡唑基、2,3-二氢-4-吡唑基、2,3-二氢-5-吡唑基、四氢-1-吡唑基、四氢-3-吡唑基、四氢-4-吡唑基、1,4-二氢-1-吡啶基、1,4-二氢-2-吡啶基、1,4-二氢-3-吡啶基、1,4-二氢-4-吡啶基、1,2,3,4-四氢-1-、1,2,3,4-四氢-2-、1,2,3,4-四氢-3-吡啶基、1,2,3,4-四氢-4-吡啶基、1,2,3,4-四氢-5-吡啶基、1,2,3,4-四氢-6-吡啶基、1-哌啶基、2-哌啶基、3-哌啶基、4-哌啶基、2-吗啉基、3-吗啉基、4-吗啉基、四氢-2-吡喃基、四氢-3-吡喃基、四氢-4-吡喃基、1,4-二烷基、1,3-二烷-2-基、1,3-二烷-4-基、1,3-二烷-5-基、六氢-1-哒嗪基、六氢-3-哒嗪基、六氢-4-哒嗪基、六氢-1-嘧啶基、六氢-2-嘧啶基、六氢-4-嘧啶基、六氢-5-嘧啶基、1-哌嗪基、2-哌嗪基、3-哌嗪基、1,2,3,4-四氢-1-、1,2,3,4-四氢-2-喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-3-喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-4-喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-5-喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-6-喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-7-喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-8-喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-1-异喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-2-异喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-3-异喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-4-异喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-5-异喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-6-异喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-7-异喹啉基、1,2,3,4-四氢-8-异喹啉基、2-3,4-二氢-2H-苯并-1,4-嗪基、3-3,4-二氢-2H-苯并-1,4-嗪基、5-3,4-二氢-2H-苯并-1,4-嗪基、6-3,4-二氢-2H-苯并-1,4-嗪基、7-3,4-二氢-2H-苯并-1,4-嗪基、8-3,4-二氢-2H-苯并-1,4-嗪基、2,3-亚甲二氧基苯基、3,4-亚甲二氧基苯基、2,3-亚乙二氧基苯基、3,4-亚乙二氧基苯基、3,4-(二氟亚甲二氧基)苯基、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃-5-基、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃-6-基、2,3-(2-氧代亚甲二氧基)苯基、3,4-二氢-2H-1,5-苯并二氧杂环庚烯(benzodioxepin)-6-基、3,4-二氢-2H-1,5-苯并二氧杂环庚烯-7-基、2,3-二氢苯并呋喃基或2,3-二氢-2-氧代呋喃基(oxofuranyl)。
在一些实施方式中,杂芳基是未取代的吡啶基、吡啶基N-氧化物、噻吩基、呋喃基、吡咯基、哒嗪基、嘧啶基、吡嗪基、三嗪基、异唑啉基、唑啉基、噻唑啉基、吡唑啉基、咪唑啉基、萘基、喹啉基、异喹啉基、噌啉基、2,3-二氮杂萘基、喹唑啉基或喹喔啉基。在其它实施方式中,杂芳基是吡啶基。
在一些实施方式中,杂芳基是具有1-2个N和/或O原子的单环饱和或不饱和杂环,其可以为羰基氧、OH或OA单取代或双取代,例如2-氧代哌啶-1-基、2-氧代吡咯烷-1-基、2-氧代-1H-吡啶-1-基、3-氧代吗啉-4-基、4-氧代-1H-吡啶-1-基、2,6-二氧代哌啶-1-基、2-氧代哌嗪-1-基、2,6-二氧代哌嗪-1-基、2,5-二氧代吡咯烷-1-基、2-氧代-1,3-唑烷-3-基、3-氧代-2H-哒嗪-2-基、2-己内酰胺-1-基(=2-氧代氮杂环庚烷(oxoazepan)-1-基)、2-羟基-6-氧代哌嗪-1-基、2-甲氧基-6-氧代哌嗪-1-基、2-氮杂双环[2.2.2]-辛-3-酮-2-基或2-氧代哌啶-1-基。在一些实施方式中,杂芳基是2-氧代哌啶-1-基。
在其它实施方式中,杂芳基是具有1-2个N原子的单环饱和杂环基团,其可以为C1-C6烷基单取代或双取代。
式(I)所示IRE-1α抑制剂化合物组还包括结构式(II)所示那些化合物
式中:
R1是氢、卤素、-NO2、-OCH3或-OCH2CH3;和
各自可以是未取代的或被独立选自以下的1、2或3个取代基取代:卤素、-OH、-COOH、-CH2OCH3、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3烷氧基、-CH2OH、苯氧基和苯基-C1-C3烷氧基。烷氧基可以是直链或有支链的。
在一些实施方式中,R1是-OCH3
式(II)所示的代表性IRE-1α抑制剂化合物包括表1和2所列那些。
表1.
式(I)所示IRE-1α抑制剂化合物组还包括结构式(III)所示那些:
式中R2、R3和R4独立选自:氢、卤素、-OH、-COOH、-CH2OCH3、C1-C3烷基、C1-C3烷氧基、-CH2OH、苯氧基和苯基-C1-C3烷氧基。
式(III)所示的代表性IRE-1α抑制剂化合物包括表2所列那些。
表2
式(I)所示IRE-1α抑制剂化合物组还包括结构式(IV)所示那些:
式中:
R1选自氢、-OH、-OCH3、-OCH2CH3、-C=O或-NO2;和
R5和R6独立为氢、卤素、C1-C3烷基或-NO2
在一些实施方式中,IRE-1α抑制剂化合物如结构式(IV)所示,但不包括下述化合物,其中:
R1、R5和R6各自为氢;
R1是–OCH3,R5和R6均为氢;
R1和R5均为氢,R6是氟;
R1和R6均为-NO2,R5是氢;
R1和R5均为氢,R6是-CH3
R1是-CH3,R5和R6均为氢;
R1是-OCH3,R5R6是氢;
R1和R6均为Cl、I或F;
R1是Br,R6是Cl;
R1是-NO2,R6是Br;
R1是羰基,R6是Cl或甲基;
R1是甲氧基,R6是-NO2、Br、甲氧基或Cl;和
R1是甲氧基,R5是Br。
其它IRE-1α抑制剂化合物如以下结构式所示:
式中R3如上所定义。式(V)所示代表性IRE-1α抑制剂化合物包括:
其它IRE-1α抑制剂化合物如结构式(VI)所示:
式中R2如上所定义。例如,R2是苯基的IRE-1α抑制剂化合物如以下结构式所示:
式中,R4和R5独立选自上述R2和R3的取代基。
式(VI)所示代表性IRE-1α抑制剂化合物包括:
其它有用的IRE-1α抑制剂化合物见下表3。
在一些实施方式中,IRE-1α抑制剂化合物如结构式(A)所示,其落在式(I)的范围内:
式中:
R1是氢、卤素或含有1或2个杂原子的5-或6-元杂芳基,所述杂原子独立选自氮、氧或硫;
R2是氢、苯基或含有1或2个杂原子的5-或6-元杂芳基,所述杂原子独立选自氮、氧或硫,其中所述杂芳基任选是苯并稠合的并任选被独立选自下组的1、2或3个取代基取代: C1-C3直链或支链烷基、 C1-C3苯基烷基、C1-C3烷氧基苯基烷基、
R3是氢、卤素、-NO2、C1-C3直链或支链烷氧基、C1-C3直链或支链羟基烷基、
Q是5-或6-元杂环。
在结构式(A)所示的一些化合物中,R1选自下组:氢、 和Br。
在结构式(A)所示的一些化合物中,R2选自下组:氢、
在结构式(A)所示的一些化合物中,R4选自下组:氢、
在结构式(A)所示的一些化合物中,R5选自下组:氢、
在结构式(A)所示的一些化合物中,R6选自下组:氢、
在结构式(A)所示的一些化合物中,R7选自下组:氢、
在结构式(A)所示的一些化合物中,R8选自下组:氢、 或者R8与R9以及与它们相连的氮原子一起形成
在结构式(A)所示的一些化合物中,R9是氢,或者与R8以及与它们相连的氮原子一起形成
在结构式(A)所示的一些化合物中,R3选自下组:氢、-F、-CF3、-NO2、-O、-OCH3、-CH2OH,和-OR10,式中R10是氢、C1-C6直链或支链烷基或式中R8和R9如以上结构式(A)所定义。
在一些实施方式中,化合物如结构式(A1)所示,其落在式(A)的范围内:
式中:
R1是氢或含有1或2个杂原子的6-元杂芳基,所述杂原子独立选自氮、氧或硫;
Q是任选苯并稠合的5-或6-元杂环;
R3是氢、卤素、-NO2、C1-C3直链或支链烷氧基、C1-C3直链或支链羟基烷基、
R4、R5和R6独立为氢、=O、-CH3
在结构式(A1)所示的一些化合物中,R1选自下组:氢、
在结构式(1)所示的一些化合物中,Q选自下组:
R4、R5和R6独立选自: C1-C3直链或支链烷基、 C1-C3苯基烷基、C1-C3烷氧基苯基烷基、
在结构式(A1)所示的一些化合物中,R3选自下组:氢、-F、-CF3、-NO2和-OCH3
在一些实施方式中,化合物如结构式(A2)所示,其落在式(A)的范围内:
式中:
R1是氢、卤素或含有1或2个杂原子的5-或6-元杂芳基,所述杂原子独立选自氮、氧或硫;
R3是氢、卤素、-NO2、C1-C3直链或支链烷基、C1-C3直链或支链烷氧基、C1-C3直链或支链羟基烷基、
R4、R5和R6独立选自: C1-C3直链或支链烷基、 C1-C3苯基烷基、C1-C3烷氧基苯基烷基、
在一些实施方式中,化合物如结构式(A3)所示,其落在式(A)的范围内:
式中:
Q是含有1或2个杂原子的5-或6-元杂芳基,所述杂原子独立选自氮、氧或硫;
R1是氢;和
R3是氢或C1-C3烷氧基。
在结构式(A3)所示的一些化合物中,Q选自下组:
在结构式(A3)所示的一些化合物中,R3
在一些实施方式中,化合物如结构式(A4)所示,其落在式(A)的范围内:
式中:
R1是氢;
R3是氢、-F、-NO2
R8 或者与R9以及与它们相连的氮原子一起形成
R9是氢,或者与R8以及与它们相连的氮原子一起形成
在一些实施方式中,化合物具有以下结构式之一:
在一些实施方式中,化合物如结构式(B)所示,其落在式(I)的范围内:
式中:
R1和R2独立为氢、苯基或任选苯并稠合的5-或6-元杂环,其中所述苯基或任选苯并稠合的5-或6-元杂环任选被以下取代基取代:-CH2OH、-CHO、-OCH3、卤素、-OH、-CH3
R3是氢、卤素、-NO2、C1-C3直链或支链烷基、C1-C3直链或支链烷氧基、C1-C3直链或支链羟基烷基、
R4是氢、
在一些实施方式中,化合物具有以下结构式之一:
在一些实施方式中,化合物如结构式(C)所示,其落在式(I)的范围内:
式中:
R1是氢、-CH3或-OH;
R2和R3独立为氢、苯基或任选苯并稠合的5-或6-元杂环,其中所述苯基或任选苯并稠合的5-或6-元杂环任选被以下取代基取代:-CH2OH、-CHO、-OCH3、卤素、-OH、-CH3
环A中的羟基取代基位于醛取代基的邻位。
在一些实施方式中,结构式(C)所示化合物具有以下结构之一:
在一些实施方式中,化合物如结构式(D)所示,其落在式(I)的范围内:
式中R1是氢、卤素、-NO2、C1-C3直链或支链烷基、C1-C3直链或支链烷氧基、C1-C3直链或支链羟基烷基、在结构式(D)所示的一种化合物中,R1是甲基。
本发明其它有用的化合物见表11。
药学上可接受的盐;立体异构体;互变异构体
IRE-1α抑制剂化合物包括游离形式的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐和立体异构体。本文描述的一些特定的IRE-1α抑制剂化合物是胺化合物的质子化盐。术语“游离形式”指非盐形式的胺化合物。所包括的药学上可接受的盐不仅包括本文公开的特定化合物的所述盐,还包括式I-VII和A-D所示IRE-1α抑制剂化合物的游离形式以及式E和F所示前药(下文)的所有典型的药学上可接受的盐。
可以采用本领域已知的技术分离所述特定盐化合物的游离形式。例如,可用合适的稀碱溶液,例如NaOH、碳酸钾、碳酸氢铵和碳酸氢钠的稀水溶液处理该盐从而产生游离形式。游离形式可能在某些物理特性,例如极性溶剂中的溶解度方面与其各自的盐形式不同,但就本发明目的而言,酸和碱盐与其各自的游离形式在药学上等效。
可通过常规化学方法从含有碱或酸部分的本发明化合物合成所公开IRE-1α抑制剂化合物的药学上可接受的盐。一般通过离子交换层析或在合适溶剂或溶剂的各种组合中将游离碱与化学计量或过量的所需成盐无机或有机酸反应来制备碱性化合物的盐。类似地,可通过与合适的无机或有机碱反应来制备酸性化合物的盐。
IRE-1α抑制剂化合物的药学上可接受的盐包括通过将碱性化合物与无机或有机酸反应形成的该化合物的常规无毒盐。例如,常规无毒盐包括衍生自无机酸,例如盐酸、氢溴酸、硫酸、氨基磺酸、磷酸、硝酸等的那些盐,以及从有机酸,例如乙酸、丙酸、琥珀酸、乙醇酸、硬脂酸、乳酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、双羟萘酸(pamoic)、马来酸、羟基马来酸、苯乙酸、谷氨酸、苯甲酸、水杨酸、对氨基苯磺酸、2-乙酰氧基-苯甲酸、延胡索酸、甲苯磺酸、苯磺酸、甲磺酸、乙二磺酸(ethanedisulfonic)、草酸、羟乙磺酸(isethionic)、三氟乙酸等制备的盐。
如果IRE-1α抑制剂化合物是酸性,合适的药学上可接受的盐包括由药学上可接受的无毒碱,包括无机碱和有机碱制备的盐。衍生自无机碱的盐包括铝、铵、钙、铜、铁、亚铁、锂、镁、锰盐、亚锰、钾、钠、锌等。衍生自药学上可接受的有机无毒碱的盐包括伯胺、仲胺和叔胺、取代的胺,包括天然产生的取代胺、环状胺和碱性离子交换树脂的盐,例如精氨酸、甜菜碱咖啡因、胆碱、N,N1-二苄基乙二胺、二乙胺、2-二乙基氨基乙醇、2-二甲基氨基乙醇、乙醇胺、乙二胺、N-乙基吗啉、N-乙基哌啶、葡萄糖胺(glucamine)、葡糖胺(glucosamine)、组氨酸、海巴明(hydrabamine)、异丙胺、赖氨酸、甲基葡糖胺、吗啉、哌嗪、哌啶、多胺树脂、普鲁卡因、嘌呤、可可碱、三乙胺、三甲胺、三丙胺、氨丁三醇(tromethamine)等。Berg等(“药物盐”(PharmaceuticalSalts),J.Pharm.Sci.,1977:66:1–19)更全面地描述了上述药学上可接受的盐和其它典型药学上可接受的盐的制备。
一些IRE-1α化合物或前药可能是内盐或两性离子,因为在生理条件下,化合物的去质子化酸性部分,例如羧基可以是阴离子性,然后该电荷可以与质子化或烷化的碱性部分,例如季氮原子的阳离子电荷发生内部平衡。
IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药可具有不对称中心、手性轴和手性平面(参见:E.L.Eliel和S.H.Wilen,《碳化合物的立体化学》“StereochemistryofCarbonCompounds”,约翰威利父子公司(JohnWiley&Sons),纽约,1994,第1119–1190页),可以存在外消旋物、外消旋混合物和单个非对映体,其中包括光学异构体在内的所有可能的异构体及其混合物均属于本发明。
因此,IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药可以具有如下性质;其组成原子能以两种或更多种方式空间排布,虽然具有相同的键。因此,该化合物存在立体异构体的形式。顺式/反式异构现象只是一类立体异构现象。如果这些立体异构体是不能重叠的影像和镜像,它们是具有手性或手型性的对映体,因为在构成它们的结构中存在一个或多个不对称碳原子。对映体是光学活性的,因此可以区分,因为它们旋转偏振光平面的程度相同但方向相反。
如果IRE-1α化合物中存在两个或更多个不对称碳原子,这些碳原子各自存在两种可能的构型。例如,如果存在两个不对称碳原子,则可能存在4种立体异构体。此外,可将这4种可能的立体异构体分成彼此不同的6对可能的立体异构体。为使得具有多个不对称碳的一对分子成为对映体,它们必须在各不对称碳处具有不同构型。不表现为对映体的那些分子对具有不同的立体化学关系,称为非对映关系。不是对映体的立体异构体称为非对映异构体,或者更常称为非对映体。
本发明化合物的所有这些熟知的立体化学方面应认为是本发明的一部分。因此,本发明涵盖IRE-1α抑制剂化合物的立体异构体,如果它们是对映体,则涵盖各对映体、这些对映体的外消旋混合物以及包含各种比例的这些对映体的人工(即,合成)混合物,所述比例与外消旋混合物中观察到的这些对映体的比例不同。如果IRE-1α抑制剂化合物的立体异构体是非对映体,该化合物包括各非对映体以及这些非对映体中任两种或更多种的任意所需比例的混合物。
下文用于说明:如果IRE-1α抑制剂化合物中存在形成(-)(R)和(+)(S)对映体的一个不对称碳原子,则该IRE-1α抑制剂化合物包括其具有治疗活性且可用于治疗或预防本文进一步描述的疾病和病症的所有药学上可接受的盐形式、前药和代谢物。如果IRE-1α抑制剂化合物存在(-)(R)和(+)(S)对映体形式,则该化合物还包括单独的(+)(S)对映体或单独的(-)(R)对映体,如果所有、基本上所有或主要的治疗活性只属于这些对映体中的一种或不良副作用只属于这些对映体中的一种。如果两种对映体的生物学特性之间没有实质性差异,本发明的这种化合物还同时包括(+)(S)对映体和(-)(R)对映体的外消旋混合物或相应部分取任选所需比例的非外消旋混合物。
IRE-1α抑制剂化合物的一对或一组对映体(如果存在)具有特定生物学效应和/或物理和化学特性,则明显可以特定比例使用这些对映体,例如形成最终的治疗产品。以下只是为了描述:如果存在一对对映体,则可按照例如以下比例使用这些对映体:90%(R)-10%(S)、80%(R)-20%(S)、70%(R)-30%(S)、60%(R)-40%(S)、50%(R)-50%(S)、40%(R)-60%(S)、30%(R)-70%(S)、20%(R)-80%(S)和10%(R)-90%(S)。评估IRE-1α抑制剂化合物的各种对映体(如果存在)的特性后,可通过简单方式确定构成最终治疗产品的具有特定所需特性的这些对映体中一种或多种的相应量。
对于可能存在互变体的本发明披露的IRE-1α抑制剂化合物,两种互变形式包括在本发明中,即使只描述了一种互变结构。例如,以下所绘的酮式互变体化合物包括烯醇互变体(反之亦然)以及它们的混合物。
本发明还包括所公开化合物的药学上有用的立体异构体、E/Z异构体、对映体、外消旋物、非对映体、水合物和溶剂化物。“溶剂化物”是惰性溶剂分子与化合物因相互引力而形成的加成产物。溶剂化物是,例如单水合物、二水合物或醇化物。
前药
本发明还提供在给药后可代谢成活性IRE-1α抑制剂化合物的前药。例如,可以修饰本文公开的IRE-1α抑制剂化合物,例如用烷基或酰基、糖或寡肽修饰,在体内快速切割后释放活性IRE-1α抑制剂化合物。
相应芳族醇的衍生物可用作芳族醛的前药,因为根据以下通用方案,醇和醛可代谢互换:
Scheline,1972,Xenobiotica,2,227-36
醛、酮、醇和其它官能团的前药的例子见Wermuth等,1996,“设计前药和生物前体 I:载体前药”(DesigningProdrugsandBioprecursorsI:CarrierProdrugs).刊于《医 药化学实践》(ThePracticeofMedicinalChemistry),第672-696页;和Wermuth,1996,“通过共价连接于增溶部分来制备水溶性化合物”(PreparationofWater-SolubleCompoundsbyCovalentAttachmentofSolubilizingMoieties),刊于Wermuth编,《 药化学实践》(ThePracticeofMedicinalChemistry),第756-776页。其它可行使前药功能的通用醛衍生物和醇衍生物以及它们的制备方法描述于Cheronis等,1965,SemimicroQualitativeOrganicAnalysis,纽约:Interscience,第465-518页。
本发明的前药包括具有以下结构式AA、BB或CC的化合物,其中Q′在所有方面与上文定义的Q相同,除了Q的醛取代基存在于如下所示的前药形式中,而Ra和Rc如上文定义:
在一些实施方式中,IRE-1α抑制剂化合物的前药如结构式(E)所示:
式中:
R1是氢或-OCH3;和
在一些实施方式中,结构式(E)所示前药具有以下结构式之一:
在一些实施方式中,IRE-1α抑制剂前药如结构式(F)所示:
式中:
R1是氢或Br;
R2是氢、Br或
R3是氢、-OCH3、-COOH或-OCH2CH3
在一些实施方式中,结构式(F)所示IRE-1α前药具有以下结构式之一:
IRE-1α抑制剂前药的其它例子包括:
化合物权利要求的限制性条件
在一定程度上以下任一化合物不是新的,申请人保留提交化合物和/或组合物权利要求的权利,其前提是将这些化合物和/或它们的药学上可接受的盐从这些权利要求的范围中排除:
式中W2是卤素;具有1-4个碳原子的烷基;具有1-4个碳原子的烷氧基;具有2-4个碳原子的酰氧基;具有2-4个碳原子的酰基;羧酸基团;酯基--COOW5,其中W5是具有1-4个碳原子的直链或支链烷基;腈基团;OH基团;--CHO基团;–NO2基团;乙酰胺基;W1是氢或W2所限定的取代基之一;可以相同或不同的W3和W4各自为氢原子或W2所限定的取代基之一;
式中T1、T2、T3、T4和T5独立选自羟基、含1-6个碳原子的烷氧基、含1-6个碳原子的烷基、苯基、NO2、COOH、COH、磺酸基团、含1-6个碳原子的酮、F、Cl、Br、I、氢、或以上任一酸或醇的盐,其中至少两个以上T基团是氢;或其酚类混合物;
式中U1、U2、U3和U4各自独立表示氢或卤素原子或烷基、环烷基、芳烷基、芳基、烷芳基、烷氧基、芳氧基、酰基或羟基;
式中V1、V2、V3和V4表示氢或卤素;或者其中V2和V4是氢,V1和V3是氢或卤素;
式中Z、Z1、Z2和Z3可以相同或不同,并表示氢原子、烷基、芳基、或环烷基、烷氧基、羟基或酰基氨基、或卤素;
2-羟基苯甲醛(水杨醛);2-羟基-3-甲基苯甲醛;2-羟基-3-叔丁基苯甲醛;2-羟基-3-叔丁基-5-甲基苯甲醛;2-羟基-3,5-二叔丁基苯甲醛;2-羟基-3-异丙基-6-甲基-苯甲醛;2-羟基-3-环己基苯甲醛;2-羟基-4-叔丁基-苯甲醛;2-羟基-4-氯苯甲醛和2-羟基-6-氯苯甲醛;2-羟基-3-苯基苯甲醛;2-羟基-5-甲氧基苯甲醛;2-羟基-3-壬基苯甲醛;2,5-二羟基苯甲醛;和2-羟基-4-乙酰基氨基苯甲醛;
式中B1、B2、B3和B4各自是氢原子、烷基、环烷基、烷氧基或羟基或卤素原子;
式中n是0或1,m+n最多是4或3,D是烷基、烷氧基、羟基烷基、环烷基、芳基、烷氧基烷基、羟基、硝基或卤素;
水杨醛、对羟基苯甲醛、2,3-二羟基苯甲醛、2,6-二羟基苯甲醛、2-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛(邻-香草醛)、2,4-二甲酰基苯酚、2,6-二甲酰基苯酚、1,2-二羟基-3,5-二甲酰基苯、1,2-二羟基-4,6-二甲酰基苯、1-羟基-2-甲氧基-4,6-二甲酰基苯(4,6-二甲酰基愈疮木酚)、1-羟基-2-乙氧基-4,6-二甲酰基苯、2,6-二羟基-苯甲醛和邻-羟基-对-香草醛;
式中E1表示羟基、卤素原子、烷基、环烷基、芳基、杂环基团、烷氧基、芳氧基、酰基氨基、磺酰基氨基、取代的氨基、单烷基氨基、二烷基氨基、芳基氨基或烷基芳基氨基;或者E1可结合在一起以表示5-或6-元环;E位于甲酰基的邻位或对位,表示被至少一个选自下组的取代基取代的亚甲基:羟基、卤素原子、烷氧基、芳氧基、烷硫基(alkylthio)、芳硫基(arylthio)、酰氧基、氯羰氧基、烷氧基羰氧基和氨基羰氧基;r是0-3的整数;当r是2或更大时,E1相同或不同;
式中E3表示羟基、烷基、环烷基、芳基、烷氧基、芳氧基、酰基氨基、磺酰基氨基、未取代的氨基、单烷基氨基、二烷基氨基、芳基氨基或烷基芳基氨基;或者E3可以结合在一起表示5-或6-元环;-CH2-位于甲酰基的邻位或对位;E2表示烷硫基、芳硫基、氯羰氧基、烷氧基羰氧基或氨基羰氧基;s是0-3,当s是2或更大时,E3相同或不同;
2-羟基苯甲醛、3-甲基-2-羟基苯甲醛、3-乙基-2-羟基苯甲醛、3-正丙基-2-羟基苯甲醛、3-异丙基-2-羟基苯甲醛、3-正丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、3-仲丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、3-叔丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、3-戊基-2-羟基苯甲醛、4-甲基-2-羟基苯甲醛、4-乙基-2-羟基苯甲醛、4-正丙基-2-羟基苯甲醛、4-异丙基-2-羟基苯甲醛、4-正丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、4-仲丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、4-叔丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、4-戊基-2-羟基苯甲醛、5-甲基-2-羟基苯甲醛、5-乙基-2-羟基苯甲醛、5-正丙基-2-羟基苯甲醛、5-异丙基-2-羟基苯甲醛、5-正丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、5-仲丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、5-叔丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、5-戊基-2-羟基苯甲醛、6-甲基-2-羟基苯甲醛、6-乙基-2-羟基苯甲醛、6-正丙基-2-羟基苯甲醛、6-异丙基-2-羟基苯甲醛、6-正丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、6-仲丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、6-叔丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、6-戊基-2-羟基苯甲醛、3,5-二硝基-2-羟基苯甲醛、3,5-二氟-2-羟基苯甲醛、3,4-二异丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、3,4-二-叔丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、3,6-二-叔丁基-2-羟基苯甲醛、2-羟基-3,5-二氯苯甲醛、2,6-二羟基苯甲醛、2,4-二羟基-6-甲基苯甲醛、2,4,6-三羟基苯甲醛、5-氯-2-羟基苯甲醛、2-羟基-5-溴苯甲醛、2-羟基-3,5-二碘苯甲醛、2,4-二羟基-3-甲基苯甲醛、2-羟基-3-甲氧基-6-溴苯甲醛、2,4-二羟基-5-丙基苯甲醛、2,4-二羟基-5-己基苯甲醛、2-甲酰基-3,6-二羟基-4,5-二甲基苯甲醛、2,3,6-三羟基苯甲醛、2,4-二羟基-5-乙酰基苯甲醛、2-甲酰基-3,6-二羟基-4,5-二丙基苯甲醛、2-甲酰基-3-甲氧基-4,5-二甲基-6-羟基苯甲醛、2,3,5-三羟基苯甲醛、2-羟基-6-(氧基-4-甲基戊酸)苯甲醛、3-甲酰基-4,5-二羟基苯甲醛、2-乙基-6-羟基苯甲醛、3-氯-5-(3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯基(octadienyl))-4,6-二羟基-2-甲基苯甲醛、2-羟基-6-(8-十五烯基(pentadecenyl))苯甲醛、2,4-二羟基-3-乙基-6-(1-甲基戊基)苯甲醛、2-戊酸-3-甲酰基-4,5-二羟基苯甲醛、2-丙酸-3-甲酰基-4,5-二羟基苯甲醛、2,3,4-三羟基-5-甲基-6-羟基甲基苯甲醛、2-羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲醛、2-羟基-5-羧基苯甲醛、3-羧基-4-羟基苯甲醛、2,3-二羟基-4-甲氧基苯甲醛、2-羟基-6-甲氧基苯甲醛、2,5-二羟基苯甲醛、2,3,4-三羟基-6-羟基甲基苯甲醛、2,3-二羟基苯甲醛、2-羟基-5-乙酰基苯甲醛、2-羟基-5-羧基乙基苯甲醛、2-羟基-5-羧基丙基苯甲醛、2-羟基-5-羧基丁基苯甲醛、2-羟基-3-碘-5-羧基甲基苯甲醛和2-甲酰基-3,4,5-三羟基苯甲醛;
式中X是卤素;
式中G1、G2、G3和G4独立为氢、直链或支链C1-C10烷基、C3-C8环烷基、直链或支链C1-C10烷氧基、苯基或卤素,其中烷基或环烷基可以只在羟基的对位,如果它们不携带H-原子的话;
式中J1是NO2,J2是氢;J1和J2均为氯;或者J1是氢,J2是氟;
式中K1和K4独立选自基本上由以下基团构成的组:氢;羟基;卤素;硝基;氰基;三氟甲基;(C1-C6)烷基;(C1-C6)烷氧基;(C3-C6)环烷基;(C2-C6)烯基;--C(=O)OK7;--OC(=O)K7;--S(=O)2;--S(=O)2N(K7)(K9);--S(=O)2K7;--S(=O)2OK7;--C(=O)NK7K9;--C(=O)K9;和--N(K7)(K9),其中K7是氢或(C1-C4)烷基,K9是(C1-C4)烷基;其中,限定K1和K4的所述烷基、环烷基和烯基可以任选被选自基本上由以下基团构成的组的1或2个取代基独立取代:卤素;羟基;(C1-C2)烷基;(C1-C2)烷氧基;(C1-C2)烷氧基-(C1-C2)烷基;(C1-C2)烷氧基羰基;羧基;(C1-C2)烷基羰氧基;硝基;氰基;(C1-C2)烷基双取代的氨基;磺酰基;和(C1-C2)烷基双取代的亚磺酰氨基;DD和BB分别独立为N、CHK2或CHK3,其中K2和K3独立选自基本上由以下基团组成的组:氢;羟基;卤素;硝基;氰基;三氟甲基;(C1-C6)烷基;(C1-C6)烷氧基;(C3-C6)环烷基;(C2-C6)烯基;--C(=O)OK11;--OC(=O)K11;--S(=O)2;--S(=O)2N(K11)(K13);和--N(K11)(K13),其中K11是氢或(C1-C4)烷基,K13是(C1-C4)烷基;其中,限定K2和K3的所述烷基、环烷基和烯基可以任选被选自基本上由以下基团构成的组的1或2个取代基独立取代:卤素;羟基;(C1-C2)烷基;(C1-C2)烷氧基;(C1-C2)烷氧基-(C1-C2)烷基;(C1-C2)烷氧基羰基;羧基;(C1-C2)烷基羰基-氧基;硝基;氰基;(C1-C2)烷基双取代的氨基;磺酰基;(C1-C2)烷基双取代的亚磺酰氨基;式中K1和K4独立为氢;羟基;三氟甲基;(C1-C4)烷基;(C1-C4)烷氧基-;--C(=O)OK7;或--N(K7)(K9),其中K7是氢或(C1-C2)烷基,K9是(C1-C2);K1和K4更优选独立为氢;羟基;(C1-C2)烷基;(C1-C2)烷氧基;羧基或甲基氨基,在这种情况下K7是氢,K9是甲基;式中K1和K4限定为烷基并由选自下组的一个取代基取代:羟基;(C1-C2)烷氧基;羧基;(C1-C2)烷基双取代的氨基;和(C1-C2)烷基双取代的的亚磺酰氨基;式中K1和K4限定为烷基并由选自下组的一个取代基取代:羟基、甲氧基、和二甲基氨基;式中DD或BB之一是N,另一个是CHK2或CHK3;式中DD是CHK2,BB是CHK3,其中K2和K3独立为氢;羟基;卤素;三氟甲基;(C1-C4)烷基;(C1-C4)烷氧基;--C(=O)OK11;--S(=O)2N(K11)(K13);或--N(K11)(K13),其中K11是氢或(C1-C2)烷基,K13是(C1-C2)烷基;其中K2和K3独立为氢;羟基;(C1-C2)烷基;(C1-C2)烷氧基;羰基;或甲基氨基,K11是氢,K13是甲基;和其中K2和K3限定为烷基并被取代,有一个取代基选自下组:羟基;(C1-C2)烷氧基;羧基;(C1-C2)烷基二取代的氨基;和(C1-C2)烷基二取代的亚磺酰氨基。
邻-香草醛;水杨醛;2,3-二羟基苯甲醛;2,6-二羟基苯甲醛;2-羟基-3-乙氧基苯甲醛;和吡哆醛;
式中L1和L2表示卤素原子,特别是氯、溴或碘原子,L3表示氢或卤素原子,特别是氯,L表示羟基、被至少一个以下取代基取代的芳基或芳烷基残基:卤素原子、CF3、NO2、CN、烷基、烷氧基、SCN或叔氨基;
其中L1和L2均是Cl、均是Br或均是I;
式中XX是卤素,n是2或3,YY和ZZ是相同或不同的低级烷基,它们还可以与氮原子形成杂环并可含有另一杂原子,即N、N或S,及其季盐或金属螯合物;和
式中M1、M4、Y′和X′如下所定义:
M1 M4 X′ Y′ M2 M3
H H CHM2 CHM3 H H
H OH CHM2 CHM3 H H
OH H CHM2 CHM3 H H
CF3 H CHM2 CHM3 H H
CH3 H CHM2 CHM3 H H
CH2CH3 H CHM2 CHM3 H H
OCH3 H CHM2 CHM3 H H
C(=O)OH H CHM2 CHM3 H H
C(=O)OCH3 H CHM2 CHM3 H H
NHCH3 H CHM2 CHM3 H H
N(CH3)2 H CHM2 CHM3 H H
H OH CHM2 CHM3 H H
H CH3 CHM2 CHM3 H H
H CF3 CHM2 CHM3 H H
H CH2CH3 CHM2 CHM3 H H
H OCH3 CHM2 CHM3 H H
H C(=O)OH CHM2 CHM3 H H
H C(=O)OCH3 CHM2 CHM3 H H
H NHCH3 CHM2 CHM3 H H
H N(CH3)2 CHM2 CHM3 H H45 -->
OH OH CHM2 CHM3 H H
CF3 CF3 CHM2 CHM3 H H
CH3 CH3 CHM2 CHM3 H H
CH2CH3 CH2CH3 CHM2 CHM3 H H
OCH3 OCH3 CHM2 CHM3 H H
C(=O)OH C(=O)OH CHM2 CHM3 H H
C(=O)OCH3 C(=O)OCH3 CHM2 CHM3 H H
NHCH3 NHCH3 CHM2 CHM3 H H
N(CH3)2 N(CH3)2 CHM2 CHM3 H H
H H CHM2 CHM3 OH H
H H CHM2 CHM3 H OH
H H CHM2 CHM3 OH OH
H H CHM2 CHM3 CH3 H
H H CHM2 CHM3 H CH3
H H CHM2 CHM3 CH3 CH3
H H CHM2 CHM3 OCH3 H
H H CHM2 CHM3 H OCH3
H H CHM2 CHM3 OCH3 OCH3
H H CHM2 CHM3 NHCH3 H
H H CHM2 CHM3 H NHCH3
H H CHM2 CHM3 NHCH3 NHCH3
H H CHM2 CHM3 N(CH3)2 H
H H CHM2 CHM3 H N(CH3)2
H H CHM2 CHM3 N(CH3)2 N(CH3)2
CH3 H CHM2 CHM3 CH3 H
H CH3 CHM2 CHM3 H CH3
OCH3 H CHM2 CHM3 OCH3 H
OCH3 H CHM2 CHM3 H CH3
H H CHM2 CHM3 H OH
H OH CHM2 CHM3 CH3 CH3
OCH3 H CHM2 CHM3 OCH3 H
OH H CHM2 CHM3 OCH3 OCH3
OCH3 H CHM2 CHM3 H NHCH3
H NHCH3 CHM2 CHM3 NHCH3 H
H OH CHM2 CHM3 H NHCH3
H OH CHM2 CHM3 OH H
H OH CHM2 CHM3 H OH
N(CH3)2 H CHM2 CHM3 OCH3 H
CH3 H CHM2 CHM3 H OCH346 -->
H CH3 CHM2 CHM3 N(CH3)2 H
H N(CH3)2 CHM2 CHM3 CH3 H
OCH3 H CHM2 CHM3 H OCH3
OCH3 H CHM2 CHM3 CH3 CH3
OCH3 H N CHM3 - H
CH3 H N CHM3 - CH3
H N(CH3)2 N CHM3 - H
H CH3 N CHM3 - CH3
OCH3 OCH3 N CHM3 - H
CH3 H N CHM3 - NHCH3
CH3 OCH3 N CHM3 - H
CH3 CH2OH N CHM3 - H
CH3 CH2OH N CHM3 - CH3
OCH3 CH2OH N CHM3 - H
制备本发明的IRE-α抑制剂化合物和前药的方法
可商业购得用于所公开方法中的一些IRE-1α抑制剂化合物,例如购自FC公司(FluorochemLtd.)、极光精细化学品公司(AuroraFineChemicals)、TCI美国有机化学品公司(TCIAmericaOrganicChemicals)、AC&S公司(AKosConsultingandSolutions)或五月桥公司(Maybridge)。可通过参考文献例如标准著作,如Houben-Weyl(《有机化学方法》(MethodenderorganischenChemie),Georg-Thieme-Verlag,斯图加特)所述本领域已知方法的改进形式制备其它化合物和它们的起始材料。还可通过计算机检索串报贝氏数据库(CrossFireBeilsteindatabase)来找方法,其中反应区详细描述了物质的制备方法,还可参见以下具体实施例。
药物制备
可采用本领域熟知的方法将本文披露的任何IRE-1α抑制剂化合物配制成药物。本发明的药物制剂通常包含至少一种IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药,其混合了运载体、用稀释剂稀释和/或用胶囊、囊剂、扁囊剂、纸或其它容器形式的可摄取运载体或通过一次性容器如安瓿包封或包裹。
运载体或稀释剂可以是固体、半固体或液体材料。可用于本发明药物组合物中的稀释剂或运载体的一些例子是乳糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、山梨醇、甘露醇、丙二醇、液体石蜡、白软石蜡、高岭土、微晶纤维素、硅酸钙、二氧化硅、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、十六十八醇、淀粉、阿拉伯胶、磷酸钙、可可脂、可可油、花生油、藻酸盐、黄蓍胶、明胶、甲基纤维素、聚氧乙烯去水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯、乳酸乙酯、羟基苯甲酸丙酯、失水山梨糖醇三油酸酯、失水山梨糖醇倍半油酸酯和油醇。
可通过本领域熟知的方法制备本发明的药物组合物,包括常规混合、溶解、造粒、制锭、研磨、乳化、包裹、包埋或冻干方法。
对于注射,可将本发明的制剂配制成水性溶液,优选用生理相容的缓冲液,例如Hanks液、林格液或生理盐水缓冲液配制。对于经粘膜给药,制剂中可使用对于待穿透屏障合适的穿透剂。本领域通常知道这种穿透剂。如果需要,可用药学上可接受的无热原载体提供本文披露的任何IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药。
对于口服给药,IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药可与药学上可接受的运载体或载体混合,从而能将IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药配制成片剂、丸剂、锭剂、胶囊、液体、凝胶、糖浆、糊剂、混悬液等。可利用填充剂,例如明胶、糖(如,乳糖、蔗糖、甘露醇或山梨醇);纤维素制品(如,玉米淀粉、小麦淀粉、大米淀粉、马铃薯淀粉、黄蓍胶、甲基纤维素、羟丙基甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素钠);和/或聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)。如果需要,可加入崩解剂,例如交联的聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、琼脂或藻酸或其盐,例如藻酸钠。
可对锭剂核芯作适当包衣。为此目的,可利用浓缩的糖溶液,其可任选包含阿拉伯胶、滑石粉、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、卡波凝胶(carbopolgel)、聚乙二醇和/或二氧化钛、漆溶液和合适的有机溶剂或溶剂混合物。可向片剂或锭剂包衣中加入染料或色素以便区分。
可口服使用的药物制品包括明胶制成的推入式胶囊(push-fitcapsule)、以及明胶和增塑剂,例如甘油或山梨醇制成的软密封胶囊。推入式胶囊可含有活性成分并混合有填充剂如乳糖,粘合剂如淀粉,和/或润滑剂如滑石粉或硬脂酸镁以及任选的稳定剂。在软胶囊中,可将IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药溶解于或悬浮在合适液体,例如脂肪油、液体石蜡或液体聚乙二醇中。此外,可加入稳定剂。口服给予的所有制剂优选具有适合这种给药的剂量。
对于含服给药,组合物可采取常规方式配制的片剂或糖锭的形式。
对于吸入给药,可采用气溶胶喷雾剂的形式,利用合适的推进剂,例如二氯二氟甲烷、三氯氟甲烷、二氯四氟乙烷、二氧化碳或其它合适的气体从加压包或喷雾器中递送本发明的药物制品。如果需要,可用阀门递送计量用量。例如,可将明胶制成的用于吸入器或吹入器中的胶囊和药盒配制成含有IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药与合适粉基,例如乳糖或淀粉的粉末混合物。
可将IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药配制成能通过注射,例如静脉推注或连续输注而胃肠外给予。用于注射的制剂可以单位剂型存在,例如安瓿或多剂量容器,并加有防腐剂。组合物可采取例如油性或水性载体配制的混悬液、溶液或乳液等形式,可含有配制试剂,例如助悬剂、稳定剂和/或分散剂。
用于胃肠外给予的药物制剂包括IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药的水性溶液。此外,可将IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药的混悬液制备成合适的油性注射混悬液。合适的亲脂性溶剂或载体包括脂肪油,例如芝麻油,或合成的脂肪酸酯,例如油酸乙酯或甘油三酯,或脂质体。水性注射混悬液可含有增加该混悬液粘度的物质,例如羧甲基纤维素钠、山梨醇或葡聚糖。混悬液还可任选含有增加IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药的溶解度的合适稳定剂或试剂,从而能制备高度浓缩的溶液。
或者,IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药可以是粉末形式,可在使用前用合适的载体,例如无菌无热原水构建。
还可将IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药配制成直肠组合物,例如栓剂或贮留灌肠剂,例如含有常规栓剂基质,如可可豆脂或其它甘油酯。
除了以上所述的制剂,还可将IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药配制成长效制品。这种长效制剂可通过植入(例如,皮下或肌肉内)或肌内注射给予。因此,例如可用合适的聚合或疏水性材料(例如,可接受的油配制的乳液)或离子交换树脂配制IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药,或配制成微溶的衍生物,例如微溶的盐。
药物组合物还可包含合适的固体或凝胶相运载体或赋形剂。这种运载体或赋形剂的例子包括但不限于:碳酸钙、磷酸钙、各种糖、淀粉、纤维素衍生物、明胶和聚合物,例如聚乙二醇。
除了上述常规剂型,可通过控释器件和/或递送装置,例如可购自阿扎公司(AlzaCorporation)的渗透泵给予IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药。合适的递送装置描述于美国专利号3,845,770;3,916,899;3,536,809;3,598,123;3,944,064和4,008,719。
治疗方法
可采用上述药物制品将IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药给予患者,优选人患者,所述制品优选用药学上可接受的无热原载体配制,剂量能有效治疗或缓解解折叠蛋白质效应相关疾病的症状。
UPR相关疾病
细胞生存和死亡之间微妙的平衡取决于细胞如何控制蛋白质折叠应激(蛋白质稳态(proteostasis))。蛋白质稳态失衡导致许多代谢、肿瘤学、神经变性、炎性、心血管疾病和感染性疾病(Balch等,Science319,916,2008)。UPR与内质网的蛋白质稳态特异性相关,所有分泌型和膜蛋白在内质网翻译、折叠和加工从而递送至它们各自的作用部位。因此,UPR活化可增强ER中的蛋白质折叠,从而使细胞存活。如果ER中蛋白质折叠应激不受控,则细胞开始凋亡。
蛋白质折叠应激可以是例如胰岛素分泌型β-胰岛细胞或抗体分泌型浆细胞等细胞类型的天然标志。在两种情况中,细胞通过活化UPR来精细调节机构以应对应激。诱导或抑制UPR可能在治疗上有益,这取决于疾病类型。例如,在II型糖尿病或阿尔茨海默病中,活化UPR使得β-胰岛细胞能经历过度产生胰岛素的应激而存活或神经元能经历β-淀粉样蛋白解折叠凝聚物所致的凋亡作用而存活,因而可能在治疗上有益。可通过抑制UPR而治疗调节例如癌症、炎症和病毒感染等疾病。在这些类型的疾病中,可能影响因UPR破坏而导致的细胞存活。例如,缺氧、葡萄糖饥饿、氨基酸耗尽、酸中毒和突变体错叠以及致癌蛋白质等肿瘤微环境条件负面影响ER中的蛋白质折叠。此外,化疗、生物治疗和放疗可导致蛋白质折叠应激。在这些情况中,通过抑制UPR的抗凋亡作用可能诱导凋亡。衍生自瘤抗体分泌型浆细胞的骨髓瘤是可应用该方法的疾病的一个例子。
最后,有被膜的病毒必须利用并破坏该体系以确保产生受感染细胞的后代。病毒常产生大量在ER中折叠和修饰的病毒膜糖蛋白。因此,完全可以想到病毒为此目的而活化UPR而作为存活机理。因此,在病毒感染期间抑制UPR能有益地影响疾病结果是合理的。
只有特殊分化的分泌型细胞和患病细胞为其自身益处而活化UPR。大多数细胞不经历这种蛋白质折叠应激,因此不会受UPR抑制剂的影响。因此,本文所用的“UPR相关疾病”表示抑制UPR可有利地影响其发病机理的疾病。在本发明的各种实施方式中,通过抑制IRE-1α实现对UPR的这种抑制。
在一些实施方式中,IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药可用于治疗或缓解B细胞自身免疫疾病、某些癌症和被膜病毒感染的症状,所述病毒利用内质网作为病毒工厂来表达病毒表面和突起蛋白以用于出芽和感染。IRE-1α抑制剂及其前药可用作单一制剂或用于组合治疗中,如下所述。
可治疗的B-细胞自身免疫疾病包括但不限于:阿狄森病、抗磷脂综合征、再生障碍性贫血、自体免疫溶血性贫血、自身免疫性肝炎、自身免疫性垂体炎、自身免疫性淋巴细胞增生性疾病、自身免疫性心肌炎、丘-施二氏综合征、后天性大疱性表皮松解、巨细胞性动脉炎、古德帕斯彻综合征、格雷夫斯病、格-巴二氏综合征、桥本甲状腺炎、特发性血小板减少性紫癜、IgA肾病、重症肌无力、叶状天疱疮(pemphigusfoliaceous)、寻常天疱疮、结节性多动脉炎、多肌炎/皮肌炎、类风湿性关节炎、硬皮病、斯耶格仑综合征、全身性红斑狼疮、高安动脉炎和韦格纳肉芽肿病。
可治疗的癌症包括但不限于:实体瘤,例如乳腺肿瘤、骨肿瘤、前列腺肿瘤、肺肿瘤、肾上腺肿瘤(如肾上腺皮质瘤)、胆管肿瘤、膀胱肿瘤、支气管肿瘤、神经组织肿瘤(包括神经元和神经胶质瘤)、胆囊肿瘤、胃肿瘤、唾液腺肿瘤、食道肿瘤、小肠肿瘤、子宫颈肿瘤、结肠肿瘤、直肠肿瘤、肝肿瘤、卵巢肿瘤、胰腺肿瘤、垂体腺瘤和分泌腺瘤。本发明方法尤其可用于治疗药物-或放疗耐受性实体瘤。
还可治疗血液肿瘤(例如,淋巴瘤和白血病),包括但不限于:多发性骨髓瘤、霍奇金淋巴瘤、非霍奇金淋巴瘤(例如,皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤,如塞扎里综合征和蕈样霉菌病、弥漫性大细胞淋巴瘤、HTLV-1相关T细胞淋巴瘤、结节外周性T细胞淋巴瘤、结节外外周性T细胞淋巴瘤(extranodalperipheralTcelllymphoma)、中枢神经系统淋巴瘤和AIDS-相关淋巴瘤)。白血病包括:急性和慢性的淋巴细胞性和髓细胞性白血病(例如,急性淋巴细胞性或淋巴母细胞性白血病、急性骨髓性白血病、急性髓细胞样白血病、慢性髓细胞性白血病、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病、T细胞前淋巴细胞性白血病、成人型T细胞性白血病和毛细胞性白血病)。还可治疗意义未定的单克隆丙种球蛋白病(MGUS),一种骨髓瘤的前体。
可以治疗的病毒感染包括在复制和形成感染性后代时利用解折叠蛋白质效应途径的被膜病毒感染(例如,麻疹病毒、痘病毒、埃博拉病毒等)。感染还包括EB病毒(EBV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV)、黄病毒属(例如,日本脑炎病毒和西尼罗病毒)和丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)所致那些感染。
组合治疗
各种生理应激诱导解折叠蛋白质效应,包括但不限于缺氧、养分饥饿、酸中毒和遗传损伤,导致突变型或过表达的错叠蛋白质(致癌应激)。癌细胞中显示了一种或多种这些情况,部分可能由肿瘤微环境介导。可能是解折叠蛋白质效应(UPR)的细胞保护作用在肿瘤存活中起抗凋亡作用。此外,生物治疗和化疗药物以及放疗可能进一步影响ER中的蛋白质折叠和降解周期,从而诱导UPR作为保护性耐受机制。死于癌症的患者是因为肿瘤耐受常规治疗或对治疗有初始反应后回归成耐受形式,因此需要新的疗法和组合疗法。
血管生成抑制剂通过抑制新血管形成来阻断肿瘤生长,该过程会增强肿瘤微环境的应激效应。一种进一步降低肿瘤负荷的有前景方法是通过组合给予抗血管生成剂与IRE-1α/XBP-1抑制剂以获得与GRP78的RNAi敲除所显示相似的作用,GRP78是ER的主要陪伴分子和XBP-1的靶标(Dong等,CancerRes.2007年7月15日;67(14):6700-7)。此外,IRE-1α本身通过影响VEGF表达来调节血管生成。
据信,蛋白酶体抑制剂和Hsp90抑制剂部分通过分别阻断蛋白质降解和折叠及诱导凋亡而起作用(Davenport等,Blood2007年10月1日;110(7):2641-9)。虽然清楚Hsp90抑制剂诱导XBP-1剪接和活化UPR,但蛋白酶体抑制剂活化IRE-1α尚不清楚。目前的科学文献提示IRE-1α不被蛋白酶体抑制剂如波特佐米或MG-132活化或仅最低程度地活化(Davenport等,Blood2007年10月1日;110(7):2641-9)。然而,图6所示数据证明波特佐米耐受性RPMI8226细胞中该途径的活化。
干扰UPR可能使得癌细胞对提高细胞应激的各种化疗剂敏感,因此,IRE/XBP-1抑制剂可能变成与目前和将来的标准癌症护理联用的重要治疗剂。
虽然目前不知道实体瘤中活化IRE-1α的水平,但GRP78的诱导清楚证明药物耐受性肿瘤的患者活检中UPR被诱导(Moenner等,CancerRes.2007年11月15日;67(22):10631-4;Lee,CancerRes.2007年4月15日;67(8):3496-9)。
抑制XBP-1剪接的作用可能高于预期,因为未剪接形式的XBP-1对XBP-1和ATF-6转录活性主要起负作用。阻断IRE-1α的RNA酶活性但不阻断其激酶活性的其它抑制剂可能具有经JNK途径的信号传导附加益处,其信号具有促凋亡的后果。
在一些实施方式中,组合给予IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药与诱导或上调IRE-1α表达的治疗剂(例如,Ηsp90和ΗDAC抑制剂,二者均诱导IRE-1α活化和XBP-1剪接)或在IRE-1α表达时效力降低的治疗剂(例如,17-AAG(和异羟肟酸辛二酰苯胺(suberoylanilidehydroxamicacid)(SAHA))。
在一些实施方式中,组合给予IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药与癌症治疗剂,例如放疗或癌症治疗剂(例如,化疗剂或生物治疗剂),如下所述。可分别或与IRE-1α抑制剂化合物一起给予所述癌症治疗剂。所述癌症治疗剂可与IRE-1α抑制剂化合物几乎同时给予,或者可以在IRE-1α抑制剂化合物之前或之后给予。
本发明可用的癌症治疗剂包括但不限于以下种类的试剂(可能有重叠):
a.蛋白酶体抑制剂,例如波特佐米([(1R)-3-甲基-1-[[(2S)-1-氧代-3-苯基-2-[(吡嗪基羰基)氨基]丙基]氨基]丁基]硼酸;MG-341;),MG-132(N-[(苯基甲氧基)羰基]-L-亮氨酰-N-[(1S)-1-甲酰基-3-甲基丁基]-L-亮氨酰胺);
b.抗代谢物,例如:
i.嘧啶类似物(例如,5-氟尿嘧啶、氟尿苷、卡培他滨、吉西他滨和阿糖胞苷);
ii.嘌呤类似物;
iii.叶酸拮抗剂和相关抑制剂(例如,巯基嘌呤、巯鸟嘌呤、喷司他丁和2-氯脱氧腺苷[克拉屈滨]);
iv.叶酸类似物(例如,甲氨喋呤);
c.抗有丝分裂剂,包括:
i.天然产物,例如长春花生物碱(如,长春碱、长春新碱和长春瑞滨);
ii.烷化剂,例如氮芥(如,双氯乙基甲胺、环磷酰胺及类似物、美法仑、瘤可宁)、乙撑亚胺和甲基密胺(methylmelamines)(如,六甲基密胺和塞替派)、硫酸烷基酯-白消安、亚硝基脲(如,卡莫司汀(BCNU)及类似物、链唑霉素)、三氮烯(trazenes)-氮烯咪胺(DTIC);
d.微管干扰剂,例如紫杉烷(紫杉醇、多西他赛)、长春新碱、长春碱、诺考达唑、埃博霉素(epothilones)和诺维本、及鬼臼乙叉甙(epidipodophyllotoxins)(例如,替尼泊苷);
e.DNA破坏剂,例如,放线菌素、安吖啶、蒽环类抗生素、博来霉素、白消安、喜树碱、卡铂、瘤可宁、顺铂、环磷酰胺、环磷酰胺(Cytoxan)、更生霉素、柔红霉素、多西他赛、阿霉素、表柔比星、六甲基密胺奥沙利铂、异环磷酰胺、美法仑、甲氯乙胺(merchlorethamine)、丝裂霉素、米托蒽醌、亚硝基脲、紫杉醇、普卡霉素、丙卡巴肼、替尼泊苷、三亚乙基硫化磷酰胺和依托泊苷(VP16);
f.抗生素,例如更生霉素(放线菌素D)、柔红霉素、阿霉素(亚德里亚霉素)、伊达比星、蒽环类抗生素、米托蒽醌、博来霉素、光神霉素(普卡霉素)和丝裂霉素;
g.酶,例如L-天冬酰胺酶;
h.抗血小板试剂;
i.铂配位复合物(例如,顺铂、卡铂)、丙卡巴肼、羟基脲、米托坦、氨鲁米特;
j.激素、激素类似物(例如,雌激素、他莫昔芬、戈舍瑞林、比卡鲁胺、尼鲁米特);
k.芳香酶抑制剂(例如,来曲唑、阿那曲唑);
l.抗凝剂(例如,肝素、合成肝素盐和凝血酶的其它抑制剂);
m.纤维蛋白溶解剂(例如,组织纤维蛋白溶酶原激活剂、链激酶和尿激酶)、阿司匹林、COX-2抑制剂、双嘧达莫、噻氯匹定、氯吡格雷、阿昔单抗;
n.抗迁移剂(antimigratoryagent);
o.抗分泌剂(例如,贝莱维定(breveldin));免疫抑制剂(例如,环孢菌素、他克莫司(FK-506)、西罗莫司(雷帕霉素)、硫唑嘌呤、霉酚酸酯);
p.抗血管生成化合物(例如,TNP-470、染料木黄酮)和生长因子抑制剂(例如,血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)抑制剂、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)抑制剂、表皮生长因子(EGF)抑制剂);
q.血管紧张素受体阻断剂;
r.氧化氮供体;
s.反义寡核苷酸;
t.抗体(例如,曲妥珠单抗()、);
u.细胞周期抑制剂和分化诱导剂(例如,维甲酸);
v.mTOR(雷帕霉素的哺乳动物靶标)抑制剂(例如,依维莫司、西罗莫司);
w.拓扑异构酶抑制剂(例如,阿霉素(亚德里亚霉素)、安吖啶、喜树碱、柔红霉素、更生霉素、去羟栀子甙(eniposide)、表柔比星、依托泊苷、伊达比星、伊立替康(CPT-11)和米托蒽醌、托泊替康、伊立替康);
x.皮质类固醇(例如,可的松、地塞米松、氢化可的松、甲基氢化泼尼松(methylpednisolone)、氢化泼尼松和泼尼松龙(prenisolone));
y.生长因子信号转导激酶抑制剂;
z.线粒体失调诱导剂;
aa.胱冬酶活化剂;
bb.染色质干扰剂。
在一些实施方式中,所述癌症治疗剂选自下组:阿仑单抗、氨鲁米特、安吖啶、阿那曲唑、天冬酰胺酶、贝格(beg)、贝伐单抗、比卡鲁胺、博来霉素、波特佐米、布舍瑞林、白消安、喜树碱、卡培他滨、卡铂、卡莫司汀、CeaVac、西妥昔单抗、瘤可宁、顺铂、克拉屈滨、氯膦酸盐、秋水仙碱、环磷酰胺、环丙孕酮、阿糖胞苷、达卡巴嗪、达(克)珠单抗、更生霉素、柔红霉素、己二烯雌酚、己烯雌酚、多西他赛、多柔比星、依决洛单抗、表柔比星、依帕珠单抗、埃罗替尼(erlotinib)、雌二醇、雌莫司汀、依托泊苷、依西美坦、非格司亭、氟达拉滨、氟氢可的松、氟尿嘧啶、氟甲睾酮、氟他胺、吉西他滨、吉姆单抗、染料木黄酮、戈舍瑞林、huJ591、羟基脲、替伊莫单抗(ibritumomab)、伊达比星、异环磷酰胺、IGN-101、伊马替尼(imatinib)、干扰素、依立替康、依弄替康(ironotecan)、来曲唑、亚叶酸、醋酸亮丙瑞林、左旋咪唑、林妥珠单抗、洛莫司汀、MDX-210、氮芥、甲羟孕酮、甲地孕酮、美法仑、巯基嘌呤、美司钠、甲氨蝶呤、丝裂霉素、米托坦、米托蒽醌、米妥莫单抗、尼鲁米特、诺考达唑、奥曲肽、奥沙利铂、紫杉醇、氨羟二磷酸二钠、喷司他丁、帕妥珠单抗(pertuzumab)、光神霉素、卟菲尔钠、丙卡巴肼、雷替曲塞、利妥昔单抗、链佐星、舒尼替尼(sunitinib)、苏拉灭、他莫昔芬、替莫唑胺、替尼泊苷、睾酮、沙利度胺、硫鸟嘌呤、塞替派、二氯环戊二烯钛、托泊替康、托西莫单抗、曲妥单抗、维甲酸、瓦他拉尼(vatalanib)、长春碱、长春新碱、长春地辛和长春瑞滨。
给药途径
本发明的药物制品可以局部或全身性给予。合适的给药途径包括口服、肺部、直肠、经粘膜、小肠、胃肠外(包括肌肉内、皮下、髓内途径)、结节内、鞘内、直接心室内、静脉内、腹膜内、鼻内、眼内、透皮、局部和阴道途径。如上文详述的,剂型包括但不限于片剂、锭剂、分散剂、混悬液、栓剂、溶液剂、胶囊、乳膏、贴剂、微泵等。还可利用靶向递送系统(例如,包被有靶标特异性抗体的脂质体)。
剂量
本发明的药物组合物包含治疗有效剂量的至少一种活性成分(IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药)。“治疗有效剂量”指在治疗期间给予患者时能导致所治疗疾病的特征发生可检测改善(例如,实验室数值改善、症状发展延迟、症状严重性降低或适当生物学标记水平改善)的IRE-1α抑制剂化合物或其前药的用量。
本领域技术人员能很好地测定治疗有效剂量。首先可从体外酶试验、细胞培养试验和/或动物模型估计治疗有效剂量。例如,动物模型中设计的剂量可达到的循环浓度范围至少为体外酶试验或细胞培养中测定的IC50(即,达到IRE-1α活性的半最大抑制的测试化合物浓度)。可利用这种信息更精确地测定有用的人用剂量。参见FDA指导文件“在成人健康志愿者的治疗剂临床试验中评估安全起始剂量的工业和审查指南”(GuidanceforIndustryandReviewersEstimatingtheSafeStartingDoseinClinicalTrialsforTherapeuticsinAdultHealthyVolunteers)(HFA-305),其提供了根据动物体内研究计算人等效剂量(HED)的有用公式。
本领域已知相关疾病的合适动物模型。参见,例如Lupus.1996年10月;5(5):451-5(抗磷脂综合征);Blood.1974年7月;44(1):49-56(再生障碍性贫血);Autoimmunity.2001;33(4):265-74(自身免疫性垂体炎);Methods.2007年1月;41(1):118-22(自身免疫性心肌炎);ClinExpRheumatol.2003年11月-12月;21(6增刊32):S55-63(丘-施二氏综合征、韦格纳(氏)肉芽肿病);JClinInvest.2005年4月;115(4):870-8(后天性大疱性表皮松解);Circulation.2005年6月14;111(23):3135-40.Epub2005年6月6(巨细胞动脉炎;高安动脉炎(Takayusu’sarteritis));IntJImmunopatholPharmacol.2005年10月-12月;18(4):701-8(IgA肾病);VetRec.1984年5月12;114(19):479(叶状天疱疮);J.Neuroimmunol.98,130-35,1999(多发性肌炎);Am.J.Pathol.120,323-25,1985(皮肌炎);Cell.Mol.Immunol.2,461-65,2005(重症肌无力);ArthritisRheum.50,3250-59,2004(红斑狼疮);Clin.Exp.Immunol.99,294-302,1995(格雷夫症);J.Clin.Invest.116,961-973,2006(类风湿性关节炎);ExpMolPathol.77,161-67,2004(桥本甲状腺炎);Rheumatol.32,1071-75,2005(斯耶格仑综合征);BrainPathol.12,420-29,2002(格-巴二氏综合征);Vet.Pathol.32,337-45,1995(结节性多动脉炎);Immunol.Invest.3,47-61,2006(寻常天疱疮);Arch.Dermatol.Res.297,333-44,2006(硬皮病);J.Exp.Med.191,899-906,2000(古德帕斯彻综合征);Clin.Exp.Immunol.99,294-302,1995(格雷夫症);J.Clin.Invest.91,1507-15,1993(膜性肾病);J.Immunol.169,4889-96,2002(自身免疫性肝炎);Surgery128,999-1006,2000(阿狄森病);Eur.J.Immunol.32,1147-56,2002(自身免疫性溶血性贫血);和Haematologica88,679-87,2003(自身免疫性血小板减少性紫癜)。
可通过标准药学方法在细胞培养和/或实验动物中测定LD50(50%群体致死的剂量)和ED50(在50%群体中治疗有效的剂量)。可利用从细胞培养试验或动物研究获得的数据测定初始人用剂量。如本领域所知的,剂量可因剂型和所用的给药途径而有所不同。
全身性给予人患者的有用剂量范围是1μg/kg-100mg/kg(例如,1-10μg/kg、20-80μg/kg、5-50μg/kg、75-150μg/kg、100-500μg/kg、250-750μg/kg、500-1000μg/kg、1-10mg/kg、5-50mg/kg、25-75mg/kg、50-100mg/kg、5mg/kg、20mg/kg或50mg/kg)。在一些实施方式中,治疗方案可能要求IRE-1α抑制剂化合物的血浆浓度维持一定时期(例如,数天或一周),然后在停药一定时期(例如,1、2、3或4周)后衰减。组合物的给予量当然取决于所治疗的对象、对象的体重、疾病的严重程度、给药方式和开处方医师的判断。
本文中引述的所有专利、专利申请和参考文献特意通过引用纳入本文。以上总体描述了本发明。参考以下具体实施例可更完全地理解,提供这些实施例只是为了说明的目的而非限制本发明的范围。
附图说明
图1.利用6-溴代邻-香草醛的细胞基IRE-1αXBP-1-特异性核糖核酸内切酶抑制的结果。12μLDMSO是1.2%。
图2.在人骨髓瘤细胞中的细胞基IRE-1αXBP-1-特异性核糖核酸内切酶抑制的结果。
图3.显示IRE-1α抑制剂细胞试验的PCR产物的琼脂糖凝胶扫描图片,显示了各种IRE-1α抑制剂的剂量依赖性抑制细胞XBP-1剪接。XBP-1u、未剪接的XBP-1;XBP-1s,剪接的SBP-1;EC50,IRE-1α抑制剂抑制50%的DTT-诱导细胞XBP-1剪接时的浓度(μM)。泳道上的数值标出各化合物的浓度(以μM计)。用活性或无活性化合物处理MM.1s骨髓瘤细胞2小时,然后用DTT处理1小时。利用侧接内含子区域的人XBP-1特异性引物进行RT-PCR。DTT诱导UPR应激(S)导致26个核苷酸的片段被除去,从而与未经应激细胞(U)(较高条带)相比,产生较低条带。EC50测定为抑制50%DTT诱导剪接XBP-1的浓度。化合物17-1的EC50约为2-3μM。
图4.显示IRE-1α抑制剂可逆抑制细胞中活化形式的IRE-1α。在HEK293细胞中利用10μM化合物2检测XBP-1剪接的细胞抑制作用。图4A采用标准RT-PCR来显示加入2mMDTT并维持在培养液中(▲)或在诱导后30分钟(◆)或1小时(■)将DTT洗出后的剪接XBP-1的相对量。用DTT对细胞施加应激时,XBP-1信使RNA快速转化成剪接形式。相反,去除应激时,细胞快速降解剪接的XBP-1并替换以未剪接形式。图4B显示在DTT诱导前2小时(■)或在诱导后1小时(▲)将化合物2加入DTT应激细胞时,与除去DTT应激类似,未剪接形式快速累积,提示该化合物抑制该酶的活化形式。当将该化合物洗出而维持DTT应激,剪接的XBP-1在完成抑制后的数小时内增加,提示抑制作用是可逆的(■,X,*)。通过扫描未剪接和剪接的XBP-1条带的凝胶测定剪接百分比(如图3所述)。酶活性以剪接的XBP-1的百分比在Y轴上表示(计算成剪接含量除以剪接和未剪接XBP-1的总量)。
图5.显示了IRE-1α抑制剂11-28(实施例11)对多发性骨髓瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用。将RPMI-8226多发性骨髓瘤细胞以20,000细胞/孔接种在含有1%FBS和所需抗生素的RPMI培养基中。该平板在37℃、95%空气、5%CO2下温育过夜。第二天,将化合物11-28或培养基单独加入各孔,达到终体积为100微升/孔。化合物浓度为100μM-0μM,其中各化合物作4倍稀释。加入化合物后,该平板在37℃、95%空气、5%CO2下温育24小时。按照生产商的说明书,利用普罗麦格公司的CTG测定(CellTiter-Gloassay,Promega)检测细胞增殖。
图6.蛋白质印迹(图6A)和琼脂糖凝胶(图6B)显示用波特佐米(bortezomib)(MG-341;)处理RPMI8226细胞24小时增加磷酸化IRE-1α和XBP1-剪接的水平。数值表明波特佐米的浓度(nM)。
图7.显示通过相对胱冬酶活性(胱冬酶3和胱冬酶7的总活性)反映出利用蛋白酶体抑制剂MG-132(N-[(苯基甲氧基)羰基]-L-亮氨酰-N-[(1S)-1-甲酰基-3-甲基丁基]-L-亮氨酰胺)和IRE-1α/XBP-1特异性抑制剂增强骨髓瘤细胞的凋亡。图7A,100nMMG-132;图7B,200nMMG-132。
图8.小鼠组织中IRE-1α抑制剂体内试验的结果。图8A,衣霉素和IRE-1α抑制剂处理的方案。图8B,显示IRE-1α特异性XBP-1剪接在NOD-SCID小鼠的肾、肝和脾中大部分失活的RT-PCR产物的琼脂糖凝胶。图8C,用衣霉素处理6小时导致显著水平的剪接XBP-1(Wu等,2007)。图8C,显示用衣霉素腹膜内处理后4小时用IRE-1α抑制剂处理的小鼠中剪接XBP-1水平降低的RT-PCR产物的琼脂糖凝胶。图8D,图示了图8B和8C中每组两只小鼠的剪接XBP-1相对于总XBP-1的平均相对百分比。图8B和图8C中括号上方的数字是小鼠编号(小鼠3、小鼠4,等等)。图8D,图示了图8B和8C中每组两只小鼠的剪接XBP-1相对于总XBP-1的平均相对百分比。
图9.用选择的IRE-1α抑制剂抑制LPS刺激原代鼠B细胞后IgM的分泌。当在刺激开始时和刺激后24小时加入时,化合物17-1在最低100nM的所有测试剂量下均阻断IgM分泌。然而,在刺激后40小时加入时,化合物作用不大;在最高剂量也仅有略微抑制。如以前Iwakoshi等(Nature4,321-29,2003)所述实施B细胞刺激、浆细胞分化和IgM分泌的方法。利用小鼠CD43微珠(Miltenyi目录号130-049-801)从BALB/c脾脏分离原代B细胞,每次处理1x106个细胞。在24-孔平板中,在终密度为1x106/毫升/孔的B细胞培养液中用20μg/mlLPS(Sigma目录号L4391)刺激纯化的B细胞。在指定的时间点(t=0、t=24小时、t=40小时,等等)加入各种浓度(50μM、10μM、2μM、0.4μM和0.08μM)的IRE-1α抑制剂化合物17-1。37℃,温育细胞48小时。温育结束时,将细胞在平板中以1500rpm离心3分钟。收集上清液,利用小鼠IgMELISA试剂盒(BethylLabs目录号E90-101)定量测定IgM分泌。B细胞培养基包括补加了NEAA、HEPES、NaPyr、PSQ和β-巯基乙醇的RPMI+10%FBS。
具体实施方式
实施例1
IRE-1α试验
从500ml杆状病毒感染的昆虫细胞培养物中获得包含谷胱甘肽S转移酶(GST)和人IRE-1α的融合蛋白(GST-IRE-1α),用于体外检测IRE-1α活性。
将包含1X反应缓冲液(5X反应缓冲液是100mMHepespH7.5,250mMKOAc,2.5mMMgCl2)、3mMDTT和0.4%聚乙二醇水的5μl反应混合物加入384孔板的各孔。将25纳升的1mM测试化合物溶液加入测试孔。将3μl的128ng/mlIRE-1α制品加入各测试孔和阳性对照孔(终浓度是5.82纳克/孔)。阴性对照孔只含有反应混合物和测试化合物。
平板以1200rpm离心30秒后,将3μlIRE-1α人迷你(mini)-XBP-1mRNA茎-环底物5′-CAGUCCGCAGCACUG-3′(SEQIDNO:1)加入对照平板的各孔,所述底物在5'端用荧光染料Cy5作标记,在3’端用BlackHoleQuencher2(BH2)作标记。平板再次以1200rpm离心30秒。用于试验的终浓度为:63nMIRE-1α底物、5.82ngIRE-1α蛋白质和2.5μM测试化合物。
用盖子覆盖各平板,30℃温育1小时。然后将平板转移至ACQUESTTM微板读数器(microplatereader)。利用数据分析软件分析数据,计算IRE-1α的活性百分比。
实施例2
鉴定IRE-1α抑制剂化合物
采用实施例1所述试验筛选费希尔公司五月桥实验室(Maybridgelibrary,Fisher)的化合物。选择约60种化合物作为确认选中物并再纯化。这些化合物是2-羟基苯甲醛类似物的芳基亚胺或希夫碱加成物。相对于R基团,没有可观察的SAR。然而,通过HPLC再纯化后,注意到这些化合物分解成其结构组分:2-羟基苯甲醛衍生物和连接于R基团的伯胺,这提示醛衍生物可能是化合物的活性组分。
然后在IRE-1α试验中测试3和5位具有卤素(Cl、Br或I)的三种纯化的2-羟基苯甲醛。所有3种均有活性。最强效的是3,5碘代2-羟基苯甲醛(IC500.35μM),其后是3,5溴代2-羟基苯甲醛(IC500.46μM),最后是3,5氯代2-羟基苯甲醛(1.05μM)。
然后购买约20种苯甲醛衍生物并在IRE-1α试验中进行测试。该测试的结果表明化合物需要在醛基的邻位有羟基,而且还要求在苯环的3、5或6位有疏水性吸电子基团。3位和5位可以是卤素或甲氧基或乙氧基。3位或5位是硝基时有活性,但不能都是硝基。最强效的化合物是在5或6位含溴取代基的邻-香草醛。不想局限于以下解释,但邻位羟基的氢可能参与了稳定构型的氢与醛氧的结合。
实施例3
具有SAR的邻-香草醛的例子和在体外酶试验中对IRE-1α的选择性
用几种邻-香草醛衍生物在体外进行IRE-1α、T1RNA酶和RNA酶A试验以证实这些衍生物对IRE-1α的选择性。IRE-1α试验如实施例1所述进行。
如下所述进行T1RNA酶试验。包含1X反应缓冲液(5X反应缓冲液是100mMHepespH7.5,250mMKOAc,2.5mMMgCl2)、3mMDTT和0.4%聚乙二醇水的5μl反应混合物加入384孔板的各孔。将25纳升的1mM测试化合物溶液加入测试孔。将约200,000U/mlRNA酶T1(沃辛顿(Worthington))制品的3μl1/48,000稀释液加入各测试孔和阳性对照孔(终浓度49.5皮克/孔)。阴性对照孔只含有反应混合物和测试化合物。
将平板以1200rpm离心30秒后,将实施例1所述的3μl迷你-XBP-1mRNA茎-环底物加入对照平板的各孔。以1200rpm再次离心平板30秒。用于该试验的终浓度为:63nM底物,49.5pgRNA酶T1和2.5μM测试化合物。
用盖子覆盖各平板,30℃温育1小时。然后将平板转移至ACQUESTTM微板读数器。利用数据分析软件分析数据。计算RNA酶T1的活性百分比。
如RNA酶T1所述进行RNA酶A试验。用于试验的终浓度为:63nM底物、0.4pgRNA酶A(快而精公司(Qiagen);100mg/ml或7000U/ml)和2.5μM测试化合物。
测试化合物对IRE-1有选择性,IC50为3μM(邻-香草醛)、1μM(3-乙氧基邻-香草醛)和30nm(6-溴邻-香草醛)。
实施例4
6-溴代邻-香草醛的细胞基IRE-1αXBP-1-特异性核糖核酸内切酶抑制作用
初步的细胞基XBP-1mRNA剪接试验证实几种强效的5-溴和6-溴代邻香草醛抑制IRE-1α。先将HEK293细胞与化合物温育过夜或2小时,再用UPR诱导剂毒胡萝卜素(thapsigargin)活化IRE-1α。利用侧接由IRE-1α切割的26bp内含子的XBP-1特异性引物,通过RT-PCR检测IRE-1α介导的XBP-1剪接。结果见图1。可以观察到浓度较高时,与剪接形式(较低的条带:产物)相比,未剪接XBP-1(较高的条带:底物)较多。
不想局限于该解释,但该醛明显与该酶活性位点的赖氨酸的伯胺形成可逆希夫碱。邻-羟基可以加速并稳定希夫碱。此外,不成对的电子对可以用作与IRE-1α的其它氨基酸的氢键接受体。苯环和各种R基团可维持在通过醛部分的希夫碱相连的该酶的疏水性袋中。3位和5位取代基的吸电子和疏水特性大大促进了这种能力。由于邻-香草醛的疏水特性,除了形成希夫碱外,这些化合物也可能合适于疏水性袋。
实施例5
测定抑制IRE-1α的IC50
如实施例1所述检测表3鉴定的IRE-1α抑制性化合物的IC50
表3.
实施例6
激酶选择性试验
检验10μM浓度的以下化合物抑制86种不同激酶的能力,该浓度远高于各化合物的IC50(分别为3.71和0.027μM)。试验的结果证明这些化合物对IRE-1α有选择性。
实施例7
合成2'-氯-4-羟基-5-甲氧基联苯基-3-甲醛(carbaldehyde)
在5ml微波小瓶中加入2-氯苯基硼酸(54.73mg,0.35mmol,1.16当量)、四(三苯基膦)钯(0)(7mg,0.006mmol,2mol%)作为催化剂和5-溴-2-羟基-3-甲氧基-苯甲醛(69.3mg,0.3mmol,1当量)的1mlMeCN溶液。向得到的溶液中加入1MK2CO3溶液(0.6ml,0.6mmol,2当量),然后密封。利用PCSC微波炉(PersonalChemistrySmithCreatorMicrowave)将该反应混合物在150℃加热360秒。完成后,将有机层转移至96孔板的一个孔中。蒸发溶剂,将残留物溶解于0.6ml0.5%TFA的DMSO溶液中并纯化。
实施例8
合成2'-氯-3-羟基-4-甲氧基联苯基-2-甲醛
在5ml微波小瓶中加入2-氯苯基硼酸(54.73mg,0.35mmol,1.16当量)、四(三苯基膦)钯(0)(7mg,0.006mmol,2mol%)作为催化剂和6-溴-2-羟基-3-甲氧基-苯甲醛(69.3mg,0.3mmol,1当量)的1mlMeCN溶液。向得到的溶液中加入1MK2CO3溶液(0.6ml,0.6mmol,2当量),然后密封。利用PCSC微波炉将该反应混合物在150℃加热360秒。完成后,将有机层转移至96孔板的一个孔中。蒸发溶剂,将残留物溶解于0.6ml0.5%TFA的DMSO溶液中并纯化。
实施例8
合成4-溴-2-{[(E)-4-氟-苯基亚氨基]-甲基}-苯酚
在20ml闪烁瓶中加入5-溴水杨醛(100mg,0.50mmol)、甲苯(5ml)和活化分子筛(200mg)。向得到的溶液中加入4-氟苯胺(56mg,0.50mmol,2当量)。将反应混合物在100℃加热16小时,随后将分子筛从溶液中滤出并用二氯甲烷洗涤。过滤收集沉淀的产物并用己烷洗涤。干燥后,通过NMR和TLC进行鉴定。
实施例10
细胞试验
先将人黑色素瘤MM.1s细胞与所示用量的化合物温育1.25小时,再用2mM二硫苏糖醇(DTT)施加应激。与化合物和DTT再温育45分钟后(总共2小时),用(苯酚和异硫氰酸胍的单相溶液)收集细胞,按照生产商(英杰公司(Invitrogen))的说明制备总RNA。通过RT-PCR,利用以下引物扩增人XBP-1,所述引物侧接由IRE-1α切割的26碱基非常规内含子:
CCTGGTTGCTGAAGAGGAGG(SEQIDNO:2)(正向)和
CCATGGGGAGATGTTCTGGAG(SEQIDNO:3)(反向)。
结果示于图2。在未施加应激的细胞中,IRE-1α无活性,因此26碱基内含子留在XBP-1mRNA中。然后,未施加应激(U)细胞的RT-PCR产生了较高的条带。当用内质网(ER)应激剂DTT对细胞施加应激时(S),IRE-1α因解折叠蛋白的累积而活化,得到的RT-PCR产物短26个碱基对(较低条带)。从较低条带向较高条带的转变证明化合物用量增加阻断了IRE-1α介导的XBP-1剪接。在体外酶试验中,化合物效力反映了SAR。
测定IRE-1α抑制剂的细胞ED50
在骨髓瘤细胞中,采用内源性XBP-1剪接检验通过特异性试验的化合物的细胞EC50。IRE-1α的高度特异性核糖核酸内切酶活性从XBP-1mRNA上切割26核苷酸内含子来调节XBP-1。该剪接事件诱导XBP-1C-末端的ORF中发生移码,从而导致翻译较大的54kD活性转录因子,而不是无活性的33kD形式。该剪接事件用于检测细胞和组织中IRE-1α对XBP-1mRNA的活性。
简言之,在有或没有ER应激剂(例如,DTT)存在下温育化合物,通过RT-PCR定量测定XBP-1u(未剪接)与XBP-1s(剪接)之比。ED50测定为相对于总XPB-1水平的50%XBP-1(图3)。EC50等于或低于10μM的化合物用于标准凋亡试验,包括膜联蛋白V染色和图5和图7)。
利用骨髓瘤细胞系(U266,RPMI8226和MM.1s)的增殖试验测定ED50。化合物用作单一制剂以及与其它化疗剂联用。如图5所示,IRE-1α抑制剂11-28化合物抑制RPMI8226骨髓瘤细胞的增殖,这些细胞具有内源性活化途径并通过加入波特佐米而进一步诱导(图6)。当IRE-1α抑制剂化合物2与MG-132联用时,观察到U266骨髓瘤细胞凋亡增加(图7)。
实施例11
合成3'-甲酰基-4'-羟基-5'-甲氧基联苯基-3-羧酸
将5-溴-2-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛(3.00g,13.0mmol)、3-羧基-苯基硼酸(2.37g,14.3mmol)、碳酸钠(8.27g,78.0mmol)和四(三苯基膦)钯(0.728g,0.65mmol)溶解于200mLDMF和200mL水的混合物中。105℃,将反应体系在氩气气氛下搅拌5小时。加入200mL1N氢氧化钠,用二氯甲烷(3x100mL)萃取溶液。用6N盐酸酸化水层,滤出沉淀的物质,依次用水和乙醚洗涤得到11-1(1.70g,6.25mmol,48%)。1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δppm13.07(br.s,1H),10.34(s,1H),10.44(br.s,1H),8.18(t,J=1.6Hz,1H),7.90-7.97(m,2H),7.59(t,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.55(s,2H),3.97(s,3H).
利用相应的芳基溴和芳基硼酸,通过上述方法制备以下化合物,利用装有UV检测器(220nM)和MS检测器(ESI)的WatersUPLC/MS,通过LC/MS进行表征。HPLC柱:AcquityBEHC181.7μm(Waters)2.1mmx50mm。HPLC梯度:0.6毫升/分钟,1.5分钟内从95:5的20mM甲酸铵缓冲液(用氢氧化铵调节至pH7.4):乙腈到20:80的甲酸铵缓冲液:乙腈,维持1.3分钟。
表4.
利用相应的芳基溴和芳基硼酸,通过上述方法制备以下化合物,并通过NMR进行表征。
表5
实施例12
合成N-环己基-3'-甲酰基-4'-羟基-5'-甲氧基联苯基-3-羧酰胺
室温下,将N-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-N'-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(42mg,0.22mmol)、1-羟基苯并三唑(30mg,0.22mmol)、三乙胺(140μL,1mmol)和环己基胺(50μL,0.44mmol)加入11-1(54mg,0.2mmol)的2mLTHF溶液中。2小时后,用2mL2N盐酸稀释该反应体系,搅拌2小时,然后蒸发至干。将残留物溶解于2mL氯仿中,用水(1x1.5mL)、1N盐酸(1x1.5mL)、水(1x1.5mL)、饱和碳酸氢钠(1x1.5mL)和水(1x1.5mL)萃取。蒸发有机相,利用制备型HPLC纯化粗产物,然后用乙醚重结晶得到12-1(16mg,0.05mmol,25%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm11.07(s,1H),10.00(s,1H),8.00(t,J=1.8Hz,1H),7.64-7.69(m,2H),7.50(t,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.42(d,J=2.3Hz,1H),7.35(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),6.01(d,J=7.8Hz,1H),3.97-4.06(m,4H),2.03-2.11(m,2H),1.73-1.82(m,2H),1.63-1.71(m,1H),1.40-1.51(m,2H),1.23-1.32(m,3H)。
利用相应的芳基酸和胺通过上述方法制备以下化合物,并通过NMR进行表征。
表6
实施例13
合成6-溴-2-羟基-3-(吗啉-4-羰基)苯甲醛
将4-溴-3-甲酰基-2-羟基苯甲酸(122mg,0.5mmol)溶解于5mL干燥THF中。0℃,加入五氯化磷(115mg,0.55mmol),混合物搅拌20分钟。-10℃,将该混合物滴加到吗啉(433μL,5mmol)的20mL干燥THF溶液中。将该反应体系暖至室温,搅拌30分钟。蒸发挥发物,用15mL1N盐酸溶解残留物,用乙酸乙酯萃取。蒸发有机层,柱层析纯化所得粗产物后获得13-1(25mg,0.08mmol,16%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm12.33(s,1H),10.34(s,1H),7.41(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),7.25(d,J=8.0Hz,1H),3.78(br.s,4H),3.66(br.s,2H),3.32(br.s,2H)。
通过上述方法制备以下化合物,并通过LC/MS进行表征。
表7
实施例14
合成5-(1,3-二甲基-2,4-二氧代-1,2,3,4-四氢嘧啶-5-基)-2-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛
将5-溴-2-羟基-3-甲氧基苯甲醛(3.00g;13.0mmol)、双-特己酮合-二硼(bis-pinacolato-diboron)(3.63g;14.3mmol)、乙酸钾(3.80;39.0mmol)和Pd(dppf)Cl2(1.10g;1.50mmol)溶解于二烷,氩气气氛下加入回流4小时。冷却该反应混合物,过滤,减压蒸发滤液至干。通过二氧化硅柱层析,利用二氯甲烷作为洗脱剂纯化固体残留物。用二异丙醚研磨收集的淡黄色固体得到14a(1.45g,5.22mmol,40%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm11.36(s,1H),9.93(s,1H),7.69(d,J=1.3Hz,1H),7.49(s,1H),3.96(s,3H),1.36(s,12H)。
将5-溴-1,3-二甲基尿嘧啶(88mg,0.4mmol)、14a(117mg,0.4mmol)和无水碳酸钠(254mg,2.4mmol)溶解于6mLDMF和6mL水的混合物中。加入四(三苯基膦)钯(22mg,0.02mmol),在氩气气氛下将反应体系加热至110℃,持续1小时。加入40mL饱和的氯化钠溶液,用氯仿(2x40mL)萃取该混合物。干燥并蒸发有机层,柱层析纯化残留物得到14-1(37mg,0.13mmol,32%).1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm11.00(s,1H),9.95(s,1H),7.35(d,J=1.8Hz,1H),7.33(dd,J=9.3,2.0Hz,2H),3.96(s,3H),3.51(s,3H),3.44(s,3H)。
利用相应的芳基溴,通过上述方法制备以下化合物,并通过LC/MS进行表征。
表8
利用相应的芳基溴,通过上述方法制备以下化合物,并通过LC/MS进行表征。
表9
实施例15
合成2-羟基-3-甲氧基-5-(吡啶-3-基乙炔基)苯甲醛
将2-羟基-5-碘-3-甲氧基苯甲醛(2.08g;7.5mmol)、乙炔基-三甲基硅烷(2.65mL,1.8mmol)、Pd(PPh3)2Cl2(158mg;0.23mmol)和碘化亚铜(I)(43mg;0.23mmol)溶解于40mL三乙胺,60℃加热4小时。将混合物冷却至室温,过滤,蒸发滤液。通过二氧化硅柱层析,利用甲苯作为洗脱剂纯化固体残留物得到15a(0.7g,3.9mmol,49%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm11.20(s,1H),9.87(s,1H),7.35(d,J=1.8Hz,1H),7.16(d,J=1.8Hz,1H),3.92(s,3H),0.26(s,9H)。
将化合物15a(2.00g;8.06mmol)溶解于150mL甲醇中。加入碳酸钠(2.3g,21.7mmol),室温下将混合物搅拌过夜。蒸发该反应体系,残留物在水和二氯甲烷之间分配。干燥并蒸发有机层,通过二氧化硅层析,利用甲苯作为洗脱剂纯化固体残留物得到白色粉末状15b(0.70g,4mmol,50%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm11.22(s,1H),9.88(s,1H),7.37(d,J=1.8Hz,1H),7.18(d,J=1.8Hz,1H),3.92(s,3H),3.04(s,1H)。
将化合物15b(70mg,0.4mmol)、3-碘代吡啶(90mg,0.44mmol)、Pd(dppf)Cl2(15mg,0.02mmol)和碘化亚铜(I)(5mg,0.02mmol)溶解于5mL三乙胺和5mLDMF中,加热至80℃。4小时后,加入20mL1N盐酸,用二氯甲烷萃取混合物。蒸发有机层,柱层析纯化残留物得到15-1(9mg,0.04mmol,9%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm11.24(s,1H),9.93(s,1H),8.77(s,1H),8.57(d,J=3.5Hz,1H),7.81(ddd,J=7.9,1.9,1.8Hz,1H),7.44(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),7.30(dd,J=7.9,4.9Hz,1H),7.24(d,J=1.8Hz,1H),3.97(s,3H)。
利用相应的芳基溴,通过上述方法制备以下化合物,并通过LC/MS进行表征。
表10
利用相应的芳基溴,通过上述方法制备以下化合物,并通过NMR进行表征。
表11
实施例16
合成6-溴-2-羟基-1-萘醛
0℃,搅拌四氯化钛(231μL,2.1mmol)和二氯甲基甲基醚(97μL,1.1mmol)的1mL二氯甲烷溶液15分钟。滴加6-溴-2-羟基-萘(223mg,1mmol)的3mL二氯甲烷溶液,将溶液暖至室温,搅拌12小时。加入10mL1N盐酸,用二氯甲烷萃取该混合物。用水洗涤有机层,干燥并蒸发得到16-1(206mg,0.82mmol,82%)。1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δppm11.90(s,1H),10.76(s,1H),8.92(d,J=9.3Hz,1H),8.16(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),8.10(d,J=9.3Hz,1H),7.72(dd,J=9.0,2.3Hz,1H),7.30(d,J=9.0Hz,1H)。
通过上述方法制备以下化合物,通过NMR进行表征。
表12
实施例17
合成4-(5-甲酰基-6-羟基萘-2-基)-N,N-二甲基苯甲酰胺
将化合物16-1(251mg,1mmol)、4-(N,N-二甲基氨基羰基)苯基硼酸(222mg,1.2mmol)和无水碳酸钠(424mg,4mmol)溶解于20mLDMF和12mL水的混合物中。加入四(三苯基膦)钯(56mg,0.05mmol),氩气气氛下,在105℃加热反应体系25分钟。加入50mL饱和氯化钠溶液和900μL乙酸,用氯仿萃取该混合物。蒸发有机层,柱层析纯化粗产物获得17-1(186mg,0.58mmol,58%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm13.15(s,1H),10.85(s,1H),8.44(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),8.05(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),8.01(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),7.88(dd,J=8.8,2.0Hz,1H),7.71-7.75(m,2H),7.56(d,J=8.5Hz,2H),7.19(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),3.15(br.s,3H),3.07(br.s,3H)。
利用相应的芳基硼酸,通过以上方法制备以下化合物并通过NMR进行表征。
表13
实施例18
合成6-(5-甲酰基-6-羟基萘-2-基)吡啶甲酸
氩气气氛下,将化合物16-1(5.00g;19.9mmmol)、双-特己酮合二硼(bis-pinacolatodiboron)(5.57g;21.9mmol)、乙酸钾(5.86g;59.8mmol)和Pd(dppf)Cl2(1.75g;2.39mmol)在二烷中加热回流4小时。将该反应混合物冷却至室温,过滤,减压蒸发滤液至干。通过二氧化硅柱层析,利用二氯甲烷作为洗脱剂纯化固体残留物。用二异丙基醚研磨收集的淡黄色固体得到18a(3.56g;11.9mmol,60%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm13.23(s,1H),10.82(s,1H),8.33(d,J=8.8Hz,1H),8.29(s,1H),8.02(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),7.98(dd,J=8.5,1.3Hz,1H),7.13(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),1.39(s,12H)。
将6-溴代吡啶甲酸(81mg,0.4mmol)、18a(119mg,0.4mmol)和无水碳酸钠(339mg,3.2mmol)溶解于8mLDMF和8mL水的混合物中。加入四(三苯基膦)钯(22mg,0.02mmol),110℃,氩气气氛下搅拌反应体系3小时。加入40mL1N氢氧化钠溶液,用氯仿(2x40mL)萃取水层。用6N盐酸将水层酸化至pH5,过滤白色沉淀物,用水洗涤,真空干燥,乙醚重结晶得到100mg18-1(0.34mmol,84%)。1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δppm13.15(br.s,1H),12.08(br.s,1H),10.84(s,1H),9.07(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),8.73(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),8.44(dd,J=9.0,2.0Hz,1H),8.33(dd,J=7.9,0.9Hz,1H),8.28(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),8.11(t,J=7.8Hz,1H),8.02(dd,J=7.8,0.8Hz,1H),7.34(d,J=9.0Hz,1H)。
利用相应的芳基硼酸,通过上述方法制备以下化合物并通过LC/MS进行表征。
表14
利用相应的芳基硼酸,通过上述方法制备以下化合物并通过NMR进行表征。
表15
实施例19
合成6-(5-甲酰基-6-羟基萘-2-基)-N-(2-吗啉基乙基)吡啶酰胺
室温下,将N-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-N'-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(42mg,0.22mmol)、1-羟基苯并三唑(30mg,0.22mmol)、三乙胺(140μL,1mmol)和1-(2-氨基乙基)吗啉(57μL,0.44mmol)加入18-1(59mg,0.2mmol)的2mLTHF溶液中。2小时后,加入2mL2N盐酸,搅拌反应体系2小时。蒸发混合物,将残留物溶解于2mL氯仿,用饱和碳酸氢钠(1x1.5mL)和水(1x1.5mL)洗涤。蒸发有机相,柱层析纯化粗产物得到7mg的19-1(0.02mmol,9%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm13.20(br.s,1H),10.89(s,1H),8.71(br.s,1H),8.49(d,J=8.8Hz,1H),8.46(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),8.38(dd,J=8.8,2.0Hz,1H),8.19(dd,J=7.2,1.6Hz,1H),8.10(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),8.01(dd,J=8.0,1.5Hz,1H),7.97(t,J=7.8Hz,1H),7.23(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),3.78-3.86(m,4H),3.66(q,J=6.0Hz,2H),2.69(t,J=6.1Hz,2H),2.56-2.65(m,4H)。
利用相应的芳基酸和胺,通过上述方法制备以下化合物并通过NMR进行表征。
表16
实施例20
合成2-羟基-6-(5-(吗啉-4-羰基)噻吩-2-基)-1-萘醛
将化合物18-3(804mg;2.57mmol)溶解于25mL二烷和25mL1N氢氧化钠的混合物中。室温下搅拌该混合物30分钟。加入75mL1N氢氧化钠,用氯仿(2x25mL)洗涤该溶液。用6N盐酸酸化水层,过滤黄色沉淀物,依次用水和乙醚洗涤得到666mg20-1(2.3mmol,91%)。1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δppm13.09(br.s,1H),12.08(s,1H),10.78(s,1H),9.04(d,J=8.8Hz,1H),8.28(d,J=2.0Hz,1H),8.20(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),7.98(dd,J=8.8,2.0Hz,1H),7.76(d,J=3.8Hz,1H),7.67(d,J=3.8Hz,1H),7.41(d,J=9.0Hz,1H)。
室温下,将N-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-N'-乙基碳二亚胺盐酸盐(42mg,0.22mmol)、1-羟基苯并三唑(30mg,0.22mmol)、三乙胺(140μL,1mmol)和吗啉(38μL,0.44mmol)加入20-1(54mg,0.2mmol)的2mLTHF溶液中。2小时后,加入2mL2N盐酸,搅拌该反应体系2小时。蒸发混合物至干,将残留物溶解于2mL氯仿中,用水(1x1.5mL)、1N盐酸(1x1.5mL)、水(1x1.5mL)、饱和碳酸氢钠(1x1.5mL)和水(1x1.5mL)萃取。蒸发有机相,通过柱层析纯化粗产物得到20-2(20mg,0.05mmol,27%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm13.13(s,1H),10.82(s,1H),8.38(d,J=9.0Hz,1H),7.96-8.06(m,2H),7.86(dd,J=8.8,2.0Hz,1H),7.34(d,J=3.8Hz,1H),7.32(d,J=3.8Hz,1H),7.19(d,J=9.3Hz,1H),3.80-3.85(m,4H),3.74-3.79(m,4H)。
利用相应的芳基酯和胺(如果存在的话),通过上述方法合成以下化合物并通过NMR进行表征。
表17
实施例21
合成3-羟基喹啉-4-甲醛
室温下,将3-羟基喹啉(145mg,1mmol)加入充分搅拌的5mL氯仿、水(72μL,4mmol)、氢氧化钠(100mg,2.5mmol)和四丁基氢氧化铵(50μL,20%水配制)的混合物中。将得到的混悬液加热至60℃,搅拌3小时。每小时加入100mg的氢氧化钠。用5mL氯仿稀释反应混合物,用10mL1N盐酸酸化至pH6,用氯仿(3x10mL)萃取。干燥并蒸发合并的有机相。柱层析纯化粗制物得到21-1(24mg,0.14mmol,14%)。1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δppm10.70(s,1H),9.06(s,1H),8.75(d,J=6.3Hz,1H),8.43(d,J=6.0Hz,1H),8.16(d,J=8.8Hz,1H),7.23(d,J=9.3Hz,1H)。
通过以上方法制备以下化合物,通过NMR表征。
表18
实施例22
合成3-羟基-2-甲基喹啉-4-甲醛
将2-甲基-3-羟基喹啉-4-羧酸(1.016g,5mmol)溶解于10mL甲醇中。-10℃,加入亚硫酰氯(730μL,10mmol),将该混合物加热回流20小时,每4小时加入365μL亚硫酰氯(5mmol)。蒸发该反应混合物,用饱和碳酸氢钠溶液溶解,用乙酸乙酯萃取该混合物。蒸发有机层,己烷重结晶粗产物得到22a(258mg,1.1mmol,24%),ESIMSm/e218([M+H]+)。
-10℃,将化合物22a(0.163mg,0.75mmol)溶解于3mL干燥THF,加入1MDIBAL的THF(3.3mL,3.3mmol)溶液。2小时后,加入5mL的1M磷酸二氢钾溶液,用氯仿萃取该混合物得到22b(59mg,0.3mmol,42%)%),ESIMSm/e191([M+H]+)。
将3-羟基-4-羟甲基喹啉,22b,(63mg,0.33mmol)加入二氧化锰(86mg,1mmol)的12mL丙酮悬液中。室温下搅拌该混合物48小时,以12小时为间隔加入其它部分(86mg,1mmol)的二氧化锰。过滤该悬液,蒸发,柱层析纯化粗产物得到22-1(15mg,0.08mmol,24%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm12.57(s,1H),10.91(s,1H),8.28-8.34(m,1H),8.00-8.08(m,1H),7.58-7.64(m,2H),2.73(s,3H)。
实施例23
合成2-(2-羟基-3-甲氧基-5-(噻吩-2-基)苯基)噻唑烷-4-羧酸乙酯
将化合物11-28(120mg,0.5mmol)、L-半胱氨酸乙酯盐酸盐(90mg,0.5mmol)和二异丙基乙基胺(85μL,0.5mmol)溶解于3mL乙醇,室温下搅拌1小时。过滤该混合物得到黄色固体状的23-1(147mg,0.4mmol,80%)。1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6,立体异构体)δppm9.43(s,0.4H),9.26(s,0.6H),7.44(dd,J=5.0,1.0Hz,0.4H),7.42(dd,J=5.0,1.0Hz,0.6H),7.39(dd,J=3.5,1.3Hz,0.4H),7.37(dd,J=3.5,1.3Hz,0.6H),7.30(d,J=2.0Hz,0.4H),7.24(d,J=2.0Hz,0.6H),7.15(d,J=2.0Hz,0.4H),7.11(d,J=2.0Hz,0.6H),7.07-7.10(m,1H),5.87(d,J=11.5Hz,0.6),5.72(d,J=11.5Hz,0.4),4.32-4.39(m,0.6H),4.19(qd,J=2.0,7.0Hz,0.4H),4.17(q,J=7.0Hz,0.6H),3.92-4.01(m,0.6+0.4H),3.87(s,1.2H),3.87(s,1.8H),3.76(t,J=11.3),3.33(m,0.4H,重叠),3.26(dd,J=7.0,10.3Hz,0.6H),3.08(dd,J=4.8,10.3Hz,0.6H),3.04(dd,J=8.8,10.0Hz,0.4H),1.24(t,J=7.0Hz,1.2H),1.23(t,J=7.0Hz,1.8H)。
通过上述方法制备以下化合物,通过NMR进行表征。
表19
实施例24
合成2-甲氧基-6-((4-甲氧基苄基亚氨基)甲基)-4-(噻吩-2-基)苯酚
将化合物11-28(117mg;0.50mmol)和4-甲氧基苄胺(65μl;0.50mmol)溶解于4mL乙醇中并在室温下搅拌4小时。过滤该混合物得到24-1(113mg,0.32mmol,64%)。1HNMR(400MHz,DMSO-d6)δppm13.82(br.s,1H),8.70(s,1H),7.43(ddd,J=14.3,4.3,1.3Hz,2H),7.25-7.32(m,4H),7.10(dd,J=5.1,3.6Hz,1H),6.92-6.97(m,2H),4.75(s,2H),3.84(s,3H),3.75(s,3H)。
通过上述方法制备以下化合物,通过NMR进行表征。
表20
实施例25
合成3-羟基-4-(吗啉基甲基)-2-萘醛
将3-羟基-2-萘醛(20mg,0.12mmol)、吗啉(63μL,0.72mmol)和甲醛(37μL,37%水配制)溶解于2mL乙酸中。蒸发后,固体残留物在氯仿和饱和碳酸氢钠溶液之间分配。用水洗涤有机层,硫酸钠干燥。除去溶剂,二异丙基醚重结晶固体残留物得到25-1(18mg,0.07mmol,55%)。1HNMR(400MHz,CDCl3)δppm11.79(br.s,1H),10.41(s,1H),8.22(s,1H),7.96(d,J=8.8Hz,1H),7.87(d,J=8.3Hz,1H),7.57(ddd,J=8.5,7.0,1.4Hz,1H),7.36(td,J=7.5,1.0Hz,1H),4.11(s,2H),3.76(t,J=4.5Hz,4H),2.66(t,J=4.5Hz,4H)。
通过上述方法制备以下化合物,通过NMR进行表征。
表21
实施例26
化合物的活性
IC50和EC50试验的结果示于表26-42。
表26
表27
表28
表29
表30
表31
表32
表33
表35
表36
表37
表38
表39
表40
表41
表42
实施例27
优化试验方案
采用一系列体外ADME试验(吸收-分布-代谢-排泄试验,测试诸如血浆稳定性、肝微粒体稳定性、溶解性、CaCo2渗透性等特性)来优化IRE-1α抑制剂化合物的药理学性质。根据化合物类似物的活性,该方案以分阶段试验的连续模式进行。在早期优化中,采用体外效力、细胞靶向(cellularon-target)XBP-1mRNA剪接、凋亡胱冬酶3和7以及蛋白酶体抑制剂增强试验连同一系列化合物性质试验:溶解度、血清稳定性和logP。联用活性试验与药理学性质试验,例如血清蛋白结合、膜渗透性、细胞渗透性和微粒体稳定性。最后,采用体外毒性和药代动力学试验,例如P450、AMES、hERG和受体分布试验。
实施例28
动物模型/临床前验证研究
临床前验证方案利用代表处于化学应激的正常组织和多发性骨髓瘤异种移植的一组动物模型。利用正常动物模型作为替代模型,在对标准UPR诱导剂如衣霉素敏感的组织中证实化合物的剂量相关靶向活性(Wu等,DevCell.2007年9月;13(3):351-64)。如图8所示,正常小鼠组织未经ER应激,因此,XBP-1mRNA维持无活性的未剪接形式。用衣霉素诱导后,组织诱导活性XBP-1mRNA剪接,IRE-1α抑制剂抑制该活性。该靶向ER应激动物模型是有用的筛选和早期药代动力学工具。
在第二替代模型中评价抗体产生。然而,在细胞模型中,IRE-1α抑制剂显示强效抑制抗体产生。
在骨髓瘤异种移植模型中进行最终效力研究,如下所述。
实施例29
RPMI8226异种移植效力模型
评估SCID小鼠支持所需肿瘤细胞植入的能力以支持模型开发和表征。小鼠进行静脉内注射或作皮下(SC)或腹膜内(IP)植入。如本领域熟知的,为产生模拟人疾病的相关动物模型,优选评估所有三种方法是否能改善植入率和相关疾病进展。SC注射是检测肿瘤生长和效力的简便方法,IV和IP注射代表生理上更相关的人肿瘤扩散模型。SC注射主要给予肋部,而IV注射给予尾静脉。用手约束小鼠进行SC和IP注射,用布鲁姆小鼠限制器(Broomemouserestrainer)进行IV注射。
实施例30
在异种移植效力模型中评估IRE-1α抑制剂化合物
根据异种移植模型开发研究的结果(上文),通过IP、IV或SC途径给SCID小鼠植入肿瘤细胞(人RMPI8226骨髓瘤细胞)。小鼠用化合物处理或模拟处理(运载体)最长达4-5周。可以通过IV、IP、PO或SC途径给予化合物。在一些情况中,经IP注射给予衣霉素以在动物中刺激应激。该应激模拟了肿瘤生长期间动物可能经受的应激。衣霉素注射模拟应激期间的肿瘤生长,通过RT-PCR、免疫组化方法或蛋白质印迹评估表示化合物(例如,XBP-1剪接)效力的生物标记。
监测小鼠的肿瘤生长、消退和一般健康状况。收集肿瘤,通过免疫组化和/或FACS分析表征。用卡尺、超声波或腹部灌洗检测肿瘤生长。可评估血液或肿瘤中的生物标记(主要是XBP-1剪接)。
在一些实验中,在给药期间的各个时间点(即,第1天或第4周)收集血液样品以评估药代动力学分布。血液收集的时间点根据所测试药物的药代动力学特性而有所不同。每个时间点的血液样品体积为100微升,给药后24小时内经眶后窦采血两次。如果利用同一小鼠,24小时期间各只眼睛采血一次。
培养肿瘤细胞,利用21号针头IP、IV(尾静脉)或SC(肋部)将约100微升的体积注射入小鼠。通过IV、IP、SC或PO途径用化合物或单用载体处理小鼠,每周5天,最长达4-5周。在2个时间点(不同的眼睛)经眶后采血(100微升)收集血液。研究的终点取决于小鼠的总体健康状况。虽然在大多数研究中,4-5周结束时对小鼠施以安乐死,但在少数研究中,如果一般健康状况允许,小鼠可维持至第40天。将研究持续40天的原因是为了测定所测试化合物是否具有抑制肿瘤生长的长期效应。是否对观察到肿瘤消退的小鼠施以安乐死取决于实验设计。在筛选模式中,实验会在对照/未处理组中的肿瘤达到1.5cm时,溃烂或在该组中观察到运动性丧失时结束。在随后的实验中,观察到肿瘤消退的小鼠可维持更长时间,直至它们显示肿瘤生长或患病的迹象。
每周两次将0.75mg/kg治疗剂量的波特佐米静脉内给予具有人骨髓瘤RPMI8226肿瘤异种移植物的SCID小鼠可抑制肿瘤生长。然而,波特佐米治疗停止后,肿瘤常复发,生长成大的团块。因此,每天两次经口服、IP或IV给予10-60mg/kgIRE-1α/XBP-1抑制剂如化合物17-1联合波特佐米(所示的)来治疗小鼠。鉴定了降低肿瘤复发率的化合物。
实施例31
组合治疗
XBP-1的剪接形式,例如同源二聚体和异源二聚体连同ATF-6在转录上调节参与适应ER应激的基因(Wu等,DevCell.2007年9月;13(3):351-64)。许多这些下游靶标是ER的主要陪伴分子、辅助陪伴分子和ERAD组分。例如GRP78和GRP94等陪伴分子稳定且半衰期长达数天(Wu等,DevCell.2007年9月;13(3):351-64)。因此,用IRE-1α/XBP-1抑制剂治疗癌症的每个周期可能最多需要治疗5-6天。
在一些实施方式中,在周期中给予的组合治疗(例如联用蛋白酶体抑制剂)包括给予患者2天的IRE-1α/XBP-1抑制剂预治疗,然后同时给予化疗剂直至实现药效学作用(通常是波特佐米输注后24小时)。波特佐米通常按照3周的周期给予,每1、4、8和11天(21天中)。通过IV给予1.3mg/m2。可依据PK/PD关系,在波特佐米输注前2天和输注后24小时,通过IV或口服途径每日一次、两次或三次给予10-100mg/kg的IRE-1α/XBP-1抑制剂。
类似方案可利用Hsp90或HDAC抑制剂。或者,根据抑制剂的PK/PD关系,在每个周期中同时给予两种药剂。可组合给予IRE-1α/XBP-1抑制剂与他莫昔芬(Gomez等,FASEBJ.2007年12月;21(14):4013-27)或针对各种其它癌症,包括肾癌和肝细胞癌组合给予索拉芬尼(Sorafinib)(Rahmani等,MolCellBiol.2007年8月;27(15):5499-513)。
总之,因为许多激酶抑制剂对其靶向激酶常不具选择性,并且常影响许多其它激酶;它们可导致活化UPR的非特异性细胞应激。因此,利用IRE-1α/XBP-1抑制剂作为敏化剂的组合方法可能是有用的。

Claims (11)

1.一种如结构式(B)所示的化合物,或药学上可接受的盐:
式中:
R1为氢;
R2选自:
R3是氢;和
R4是氢。
2.一种化合物,选自:
3.一种如结构式(A-3)所示的化合物,或药学上可接受的盐:
式中:
Q选自
R1是氢;和
R3是氢或C1-C3烷氧基。
4.如权利要求3所述的化合物,其特征在于,所述R3
5.一种如结构式(A4)所示的化合物,或药学上可接受的盐:
式中:
R1是氢;
R3是氢、-F、-NO2
R8 或者与R9以及与它们相连的氮原子一起形成
R9是氢,或者与R8以及与它们相连的氮原子一起形成
6.一种化合物,选自如下:
7.一种药物组合物,其包含权利要求1和3-6中任一项所述的化合物和药学上可接受的运载体。
8.权利要求1-5中任一项所述的化合物或其药学上可接受的盐在制备治疗解折叠蛋白质效应相关疾病的药物中的用途。
9.如权利要求8所述的用途,其特征在于,所述药物配制成与诱导或上调IRE-1α表达的治疗剂一同给药。
10.如权利要求8所述的用途,其特征在于,所述药物配制成与在IRE-1α表达时效力降低的治疗剂一同给药。
11.如权利要求8所述的用途,所述药物配制成与蛋白酶体抑制剂一同给药。
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