CH619141A5 - - Google Patents
Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CH619141A5 CH619141A5 CH201479A CH201479A CH619141A5 CH 619141 A5 CH619141 A5 CH 619141A5 CH 201479 A CH201479 A CH 201479A CH 201479 A CH201479 A CH 201479A CH 619141 A5 CH619141 A5 CH 619141A5
- Authority
- CH
- Switzerland
- Prior art keywords
- cis
- concentration
- platinum
- solution
- diammine
- Prior art date
Links
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- DQLATGHUWYMOKM-UHFFFAOYSA-L cisplatin Chemical compound N[Pt](N)(Cl)Cl DQLATGHUWYMOKM-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N D-Mannitol Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO FBPFZTCFMRRESA-KVTDHHQDSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229930195725 Mannitol Natural products 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000594 mannitol Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 235000010355 mannitol Nutrition 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001990 intravenous administration Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004811 liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 claims 1
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000003708 ampul Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 10
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 206010028980 Neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 9
- CLSUSRZJUQMOHH-UHFFFAOYSA-L platinum dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Pt]Cl CLSUSRZJUQMOHH-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 9
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 9
- 201000011510 cancer Diseases 0.000 description 8
- 238000004128 high performance liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000002512 chemotherapy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000008215 water for injection Substances 0.000 description 4
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002246 antineoplastic agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940045985 antineoplastic platinum compound Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000011275 oncology therapy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003058 platinum compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 206010065553 Bone marrow failure Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 208000026310 Breast neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000004809 Teflon Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920006362 Teflon® Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007857 degradation product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002552 dosage form Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003755 preservative agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008227 sterile water for injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- KPZGRMZPZLOPBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dichloro-2,2-bis(chloromethyl)propane Chemical compound ClCC(CCl)(CCl)CCl KPZGRMZPZLOPBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ARSRBNBHOADGJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7,12-dimethyltetraphene Chemical compound C1=CC2=CC=CC=C2C2=C1C(C)=C(C=CC=C1)C1=C2C ARSRBNBHOADGJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical group N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010003694 Atrophy Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010006187 Breast cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 201000000274 Carcinosarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108020004635 Complementary DNA Proteins 0.000 description 1
- VFZRZRDOXPRTSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N DMBA Natural products COC1=CC(OC)=CC(C=O)=C1 VFZRZRDOXPRTSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006820 DNA synthesis Effects 0.000 description 1
- 241000588724 Escherichia coli Species 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010025323 Lymphomas Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 206010033109 Ototoxicity Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000001647 Renal Insufficiency Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010038540 Renal tubular necrosis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010039491 Sarcoma Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000006268 Sarcoma 180 Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 231100000230 acceptable toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000000259 anti-tumor effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940034982 antineoplastic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000037444 atrophy Effects 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N beta-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000003115 biocidal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000001185 bone marrow Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 210000000481 breast Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000010804 cDNA synthesis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011088 calibration curve Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003183 carcinogenic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 description 1
- HGAZMNJKRQFZKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N chloroethene;ethenyl acetate Chemical compound ClC=C.CC(=O)OC=C HGAZMNJKRQFZKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940121657 clinical drug Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002299 complementary DNA Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940127089 cytotoxic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940000406 drug candidate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000009509 drug development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009513 drug distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000010227 enterocolitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000010536 head and neck cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000014829 head and neck neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001802 infusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005764 inhibitory process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010253 intravenous injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 201000006370 kidney failure Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000005355 lead glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008176 lyophilized powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002547 new drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 231100000262 ototoxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003389 potentiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011045 prefiltration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001698 pyrogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011002 quantification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010076 replication Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000005336 safety glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012488 sample solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008223 sterile water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940124597 therapeutic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000002560 therapeutic procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 231100000167 toxic agent Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003440 toxic substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000041 toxicology testing Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
- A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
- A61K33/243—Platinum; Compounds thereof
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US91032578A | 1978-05-30 | 1978-05-30 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CH619141A5 true CH619141A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1980-09-15 |
Family
ID=25428626
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CH201479A CH619141A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1978-05-30 | 1979-03-01 |
Country Status (32)
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4302446A (en) * | 1979-10-02 | 1981-11-24 | Bristol-Myers Company | Pharmaceutical compositions |
CA1162479A (en) * | 1980-03-31 | 1984-02-21 | Murray A. Kaplan | Pharmaceutical formulations containing cisplatin |
JPS5851959B2 (ja) * | 1980-06-11 | 1983-11-19 | 呉羽化学工業株式会社 | プラチナ化合物とその医薬組成物 |
DE3046927A1 (de) | 1980-12-11 | 1982-07-15 | Josef Dipl.-Chem.Dr.rer.nat. 1000 Berlin Klosa | 8-dialkylaminoalkylaether-coffein-platin-komplexe , verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und sie enthaltende arzneimittel |
IT1153974B (it) * | 1982-09-23 | 1987-01-21 | Erba Farmitalia | Composizioni farmacologiche a base di cisplatino e metodo per il loro ottenimento |
DE3305248C2 (de) * | 1983-02-16 | 1987-04-09 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur Reinigung von cis-Platin-(II)-diammin-dichlorid |
NL8303657A (nl) * | 1983-10-24 | 1985-05-17 | Pharmachemie Bv | Voor injectie geschikte, stabiele, waterige, zoutzuur bevattende oplossing van cisplatine, alsmede werkwijze ter bereiding daarvan. |
GB8501354D0 (en) * | 1985-01-18 | 1985-02-20 | Ici Plc | Effecting gas-liquid contact |
IL85790A0 (en) * | 1988-03-20 | 1988-09-30 | Abic Ltd | Solution of carboplatin |
FI895340A7 (fi) * | 1988-11-14 | 1990-05-15 | Bristol Myers Squibb Co | Hypertoninen cisplatin-liuos |
EP0407623A1 (en) * | 1989-02-01 | 1991-01-16 | Institut Fizicheskoi Khimii Imeni L.V.Pisarzhevskogo Akademii Nauk Ukrainskoi Ssr | Derivatives of platinum (p) with methyl silicone, method of obtaining them and antitumoral means based thereon |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4053587A (en) * | 1973-04-13 | 1977-10-11 | Research Corporation | Method of treating viral infections |
-
1979
- 1979-01-29 SE SE7900774A patent/SE445172B/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-01-29 CA CA000320412A patent/CA1119954A/en not_active Expired
- 1979-01-30 IL IL56540A patent/IL56540A/xx unknown
- 1979-01-30 ZA ZA79395A patent/ZA79395B/xx unknown
- 1979-01-30 DK DK39079A patent/DK149192C/da active
- 1979-01-31 NO NO790313A patent/NO149914C/no unknown
- 1979-01-31 GB GB7903379A patent/GB2021946A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1979-01-31 CY CY1159A patent/CY1159A/en unknown
- 1979-02-01 AU AU43833/79A patent/AU519873B2/en not_active Expired
- 1979-02-01 IE IE194/79A patent/IE48177B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-02-02 PH PH22160A patent/PH18056A/en unknown
- 1979-02-02 NZ NZ189556A patent/NZ189556A/en unknown
- 1979-02-07 FI FI790404A patent/FI66121C/fi not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-02-09 PT PT7969207A patent/PT69207A/pt unknown
- 1979-02-09 JP JP1345479A patent/JPS54157817A/ja active Granted
- 1979-02-09 CS CS79901A patent/CS226002B2/cs unknown
- 1979-02-12 HU HU79BI583A patent/HU177557B/hu unknown
- 1979-02-19 NL NL7901283A patent/NL191108C/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-02-21 DE DE2906700A patent/DE2906700C2/de not_active Expired
- 1979-03-01 CH CH201479A patent/CH619141A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-03-01 FR FR7905349A patent/FR2427097A1/fr active Granted
- 1979-03-02 ES ES478272A patent/ES478272A1/es not_active Expired
- 1979-03-02 BE BE0/193822A patent/BE874596A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-03-05 AT AT164879A patent/AT362052B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-03-09 DD DD79211496A patent/DD142293A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1979-03-16 LU LU81056A patent/LU81056A1/xx unknown
- 1979-04-05 SU SU792747852A patent/SU1192596A3/ru active
- 1979-05-16 AR AR276542A patent/AR218134A1/es active
- 1979-05-29 IT IT49215/79A patent/IT1116893B/it active
-
1982
- 1982-08-14 KE KE3230A patent/KE3230A/xx unknown
- 1982-08-26 HK HK379/82A patent/HK37982A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1983
- 1983-12-30 MY MY152/83A patent/MY8300152A/xx unknown
Also Published As
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
DE69519300T2 (de) | Stabiles arzneimittel enthaltend oxaliplatin | |
DE69900162T2 (de) | Arzneimittel enthaltend Oxaliplatin | |
DE69003575T2 (de) | Formulierung, ein Imidazo[4,5-c]Quinolin-Derivat enthaltend. | |
US4310515A (en) | Pharmaceutical compositions of cisplatin | |
CH655852A5 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung einer gefriergetrockneten pharmakologischen cis-platin-zusammensetzung. | |
DE19541128C2 (de) | Stabilisierte schilddrüsenhormonhaltige Arzneimittel | |
DE3133443A1 (de) | Mikrokristallines cisplatin | |
CH649525A5 (de) | Platin-diaminkomplexe und sie enthaltende arzneimittel zur krebsbehandlung. | |
CH619141A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | ||
DE3621844C2 (de) | Injizierbare, Doxorubicin-enthaltende Lösung und Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben | |
DE29622959U1 (de) | Analoge des Lachs-Calcitonin | |
DE3112272C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | ||
DE69016087T2 (de) | Stabile Lösungen von Rebeccamycinderivaten sowie deren Herstellung. | |
CH647677A5 (de) | 4'-(acridinylamino)-methansulfon-anisidid enthaltende pharmazeutische zusammensetzung. | |
DE3619426A1 (de) | Mittel zur erhoehung der widerstandskraft gegen erkaeltungskrankheiten bei patienten mit eingeschraenkter lungenfunktion | |
EP2047855A1 (de) | Antitumorale, antibakterielle und antivirale pharmazeutische zusammensetzung (varianten) | |
DE2923334A1 (de) | Verwendung von cyclopentadienylmetall-acido-komplexen bei der krebsbekaempfung und diese komplexe enthaltende arzneimittel | |
DE68902755T2 (de) | Antineoplastische formulierungen. | |
DE60219770T2 (de) | Krebsmittel | |
DE10113185A1 (de) | Zusammensetzung, enthaltend einen Gallium(III)-Komplex und einen therapeutisch wirksamen Platin-Komplex | |
DE2461570C3 (de) | Arzneimittel für die Behandlung bakterieller Infektionen der Augen und/oder der Ohren und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung | |
DE3782831T2 (de) | (gem-heterocyclodimethanamin-n,n')platin komplexe. | |
DE69003126T2 (de) | Chemische Zusammensetzungen. | |
DE3645281C2 (de) | Injizierbare, 4-Desmethoxy-daunorubicin- oder Daunorubicin enthaltende Lösung und Verfahren zur Herstellung derselben | |
FI72302C (fi) | Foerfarande foer framstaellning av stabilt mikrokristallint cisplatin. |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PL | Patent ceased |