WO2018221692A1 - 機能性構造体及び機能性構造体の製造方法 - Google Patents

機能性構造体及び機能性構造体の製造方法 Download PDF

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WO2018221692A1
WO2018221692A1 PCT/JP2018/021080 JP2018021080W WO2018221692A1 WO 2018221692 A1 WO2018221692 A1 WO 2018221692A1 JP 2018021080 W JP2018021080 W JP 2018021080W WO 2018221692 A1 WO2018221692 A1 WO 2018221692A1
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Prior art keywords
functional structure
metal oxide
oxide fine
fine particles
skeleton
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PCT/JP2018/021080
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
隆夫 増田
佑太 中坂
吉川 琢也
禎宏 加藤
將行 福嶋
稲森 康次郎
尋子 高橋
祐一郎 馬場
可織 関根
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国立大学法人北海道大学
古河電気工業株式会社
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Application filed by 国立大学法人北海道大学, 古河電気工業株式会社 filed Critical 国立大学法人北海道大学
Priority to CN201880035017.7A priority Critical patent/CN110691645A/zh
Priority to EP18810207.3A priority patent/EP3632548A4/en
Priority to JP2019521320A priority patent/JP7352909B2/ja
Priority to AU2018276618A priority patent/AU2018276618B2/en
Publication of WO2018221692A1 publication Critical patent/WO2018221692A1/ja
Priority to US16/698,650 priority patent/US11648543B2/en

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    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02ATECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/20Air quality improvement or preservation, e.g. vehicle emission control or emission reduction by using catalytic converters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a functional structure comprising a skeleton having a porous structure composed of a zeolite-type compound and metal oxide fine particles containing a perovskite oxide, and a method for producing the functional structure.
  • an environmental catalyst for removing exhaust gas such as nitrogen oxide (NO x ) and volatile organic substances (VOC) discharged from power plants and automobiles for example, perovskite oxides (for example, Non-patent document 1).
  • Patent Document 1 discloses that at least one composition of metal complex oxides which are active components of a nitrogen oxide decomposition catalyst has a general formula AB 1-x M x O. 3 + -z (where A is one metal selected from alkaline earth elements, B is one metal selected from titanium group elements, and M is selected from iron group, platinum group or copper group elements) 1 type of metal, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, z is represented by the number of oxygen defects or the excess number of oxygen of the metal oxide at room temperature and atmospheric pressure), and at least one of the metal composite oxides that are catalytically active components is Describes a decomposition catalyst having a SrTiO 3 perovskite crystal structure, and Patent Document 2 discloses that a metal composite oxide having such a perovskite crystal structure is used as a support for a basic metal oxide (such as MgO). Nitrogen oxide supported A cracking catalyst is described.
  • perovskite type oxides tend to agglomerate due to the heat during firing (about 600-1000 ° C), so the pores are blocked by this aggregation, reducing the specific surface area of the catalyst, and adsorption and decomposition performance Tends to decrease.
  • a catalyst containing a perovskite oxide has a high temperature for activating the catalyst, and exhibits a relatively high catalytic performance at a temperature of 800 ° C. or higher, but hardly shows a catalytic performance at a temperature of 650 ° C. or lower.
  • the catalyst performance refers to, for example, nitrogen oxide adsorption performance.
  • Patent Document 3 discloses a conventional technique that has made it possible to suppress aggregation of perovskite-type oxides that tend to occur due to the influence of heat generated during firing or high-temperature use.
  • the catalyst is composed of a perovskite complex oxide, a complex oxide spacer, and a noble metal, and by containing the complex oxide spacer, the perovskite complex oxide is aggregated or aggregated.
  • the specific surface area calculated by the BET method can be increased, and the catalyst is produced in the form of powder. When such a powdered catalyst (catalyst fine particles) is used, the specific surface area of the catalyst is increased. It can be made to.
  • the catalyst described in Patent Document 3 does not disclose any use mode in which catalyst fine particles are held (supported) on a skeleton (support), and has a structure in which catalyst fine particles having the above configuration are held in a skeleton.
  • it is difficult to contain the catalyst fine particles inside the skeleton body, and it can only be configured to hold (adhere) the catalyst particles on the outer surface of the skeleton body.
  • aggregation (sintering) is likely to occur due to the influence (action) of the force (pressure) and heat received from exhaust gas (fluid) such as nitrogen oxides.
  • An object of the present invention is to employ a configuration in which metal oxide fine particles having a function (for example, a catalyst function) are appropriately present by being contained inside a porous structure having a zeolite-type compound. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a functional structure capable of suppressing aggregation of metal oxide fine particles and preventing a decrease in function of metal oxide fine particles and exhibiting a stable function over a long period of time.
  • a function for example, a catalyst function
  • the present inventors have a porous structure skeleton body composed of a zeolite-type compound and at least one metal oxide fine particle inherent in the skeleton body.
  • the skeleton has passages communicating with each other, and the metal oxide fine particles are present in at least the passages of the skeleton, thereby suppressing a decrease in the function of the metal oxide fine particles (for example, a catalyst function). It has been found that a functional structure capable of realizing a long life can be obtained, and the present invention has been completed based on such knowledge.
  • the gist configuration of the present invention is as follows.
  • the passage includes any one of a one-dimensional hole, a two-dimensional hole, and a three-dimensional hole defined by a skeleton structure of the zeolite-type compound, and the one-dimensional hole, the two-dimensional hole, and the three-dimensional hole.
  • the functional structure according to [1] above which has a diameter-expanded portion different from any of the above, and wherein the metal oxide fine particles are present at least in the diameter-expanded portion.
  • [3] The above-mentioned [2], wherein the enlarged diameter part communicates a plurality of holes constituting any one of the one-dimensional hole, the two-dimensional hole, and the three-dimensional hole.
  • the functional structure described in 1. [4] The above-mentioned [2] or [3], wherein the average particle diameter of the metal oxide fine particles is larger than the average inner diameter of the passage and not more than the inner diameter of the expanded portion. Functional structure.
  • the metal elements (M) of the metal oxide fine particles are contained in an amount of 0.5 to 2.5% by mass with respect to the functional structure.
  • the functional structure according to any one of [1] to [6] above, wherein the average particle diameter of the metal oxide fine particles is 0.1 to 50 nm.
  • the metal oxide fine particles have an average particle size of 0.5 nm to 14.0 nm.
  • the precursor material (A) for obtaining a porous structure skeleton composed of a zeolite-type compound is selected from at least one element selected from rare earth elements and alkaline earth metals, and transition metals
  • the manufacturing method of the functional structure characterized by having.
  • the precursor material (A) is impregnated with the metal-containing solution by adding the metal-containing solution to the precursor material (A) in a plurality of times.
  • the amount of the metal-containing solution added to the precursor material (A) is set to the amount of the precursor material.
  • agglomeration between metal oxide fine particles can be suppressed, a decrease in the function of the metal oxide fine particles (for example, a catalyst function, etc.) can be suppressed, and a long life can be realized. Therefore, it is possible to provide a functional structure that can save resources.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows the internal structure of a functional structure according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 1A is a perspective view (a part thereof is shown in cross section).
  • FIG. 1B is a partially enlarged sectional view.
  • 2 is a partially enlarged cross-sectional view for explaining an example of the function of the functional structure of FIG. 1
  • FIG. 2 (a) is a diagram illustrating a sieve function
  • FIG. 2 (b) is a diagram illustrating a catalyst function.
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing an example of a method for manufacturing the functional structure of FIG.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a modification of the functional structure of FIG.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a configuration of a functional structure according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which (a) is a perspective view (a part is shown in cross section), and (b) is a partially enlarged cross section.
  • FIG. The functional structure in FIG. 1 shows an example, and the shape, size, etc. of each component according to the present invention are not limited to those in FIG.
  • the functional structure 1 includes a porous skeleton 10 composed of a zeolite-type compound and at least one perovskite oxide contained in the skeleton 10. Two metal oxide fine particles 20.
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 are substances having one or a plurality of functions by themselves or in cooperation with the skeleton body 10. Specific examples of the function include a catalyst function, a light emission (or fluorescence) function, a light absorption function, and an identification function.
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 are preferably a catalyst material having a catalytic function, for example.
  • the skeleton 10 is a carrier that supports at least one catalyst material.
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 are preferably metal oxide fine particles containing one or more perovskite oxides. Details of the perovskite oxide will be described later.
  • the skeleton body 10 has a porous structure and, as shown in FIG. 1B, preferably has a plurality of holes 11a, 11a,.
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 are present in at least the passage 11 of the skeleton body 10, and are preferably held in at least the passage 11 of the skeleton body 10.
  • the movement of the metal oxide fine particles 20 in the skeleton 10 is restricted, and aggregation of the metal oxide fine particles 20 and 20 is effectively prevented.
  • a reduction in the effective surface area of the metal oxide fine particles 20 can be effectively suppressed, and the function of the metal oxide fine particles 20 lasts for a long time. That is, according to the functional structure 1, it is possible to suppress a decrease in function due to the aggregation of the metal oxide fine particles 20, and to extend the life of the functional structure 1. Further, by extending the lifetime of the functional structure 1, the frequency of replacement of the functional structure 1 can be reduced, the amount of used functional structure 1 discarded can be greatly reduced, and resource saving can be achieved. be able to.
  • a functional structure when a functional structure is used in a fluid (for example, nitrogen oxide (NOx) or volatile organic substance (VOC)), there is a possibility of receiving an external force from the fluid.
  • a fluid for example, nitrogen oxide (NOx) or volatile organic substance (VOC)
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 are only held in the attached state on the outer surface of the skeleton body 10, there is a problem that the metal oxide fine particles 20 are easily detached from the outer surface of the skeleton body 10 due to the external force from the fluid.
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 are present in at least the passage 11 of the skeleton body 10 and are preferably retained.
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 are difficult to be separated from That is, when the functional structure 1 is in the fluid, the fluid flows into the passage 11 from the hole 11a of the skeleton body 10, and therefore the speed of the fluid flowing in the passage 11 is determined by the flow resistance (friction force). This is considered to be slower than the speed of the fluid flowing on the outer surface of the skeleton body 10. Due to the influence of the flow path resistance, the pressure that the metal oxide fine particles 20 existing in the passage 11 receive from the fluid is lower than the pressure that the metal oxide fine particles receive from the fluid outside the skeleton 10. Therefore, it is possible to effectively suppress the separation of the metal oxide fine particles 20 existing in the skeleton body 11, and the function of the metal oxide fine particles 20 can be stably maintained for a long period of time.
  • the flow path resistance as described above is such that the passage 11 of the skeleton body 10 has a plurality of curved portions and branch portions, and the inside of the skeleton body 10 has a more complicated and three-dimensional structure. It is thought to grow.
  • the passage 11 includes any one of a one-dimensional hole, a two-dimensional hole, and a three-dimensional hole defined by a skeleton structure of the zeolite type compound, and the one-dimensional hole, the two-dimensional hole, and the three-dimensional hole.
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 are present at least in the diameter-enlarged portion 12 and include at least the diameter-enlarged portion 12. More preferably.
  • a one-dimensional hole means a tunnel-type or cage-type hole forming a one-dimensional channel, or a plurality of tunnel-type or cage-type holes forming a plurality of one-dimensional channels (a plurality of one-dimensional holes). Channel).
  • a two-dimensional hole refers to a two-dimensional channel in which a plurality of one-dimensional channels are two-dimensionally connected.
  • a three-dimensional hole refers to a three-dimensional channel in which a plurality of one-dimensional channels are three-dimensionally connected. Point to.
  • inclusion refers to a state in which the metal oxide fine particles 20 are included in the skeleton 10. At this time, the metal oxide fine particles 20 and the skeleton 10 do not necessarily need to be in direct contact with each other, and another substance (for example, a surfactant) is interposed between the metal oxide fine particles 20 and the skeleton 10. Etc.), the metal oxide fine particles 20 may be indirectly held by the skeleton 10.
  • FIG. 1B shows a case where the metal oxide fine particles 20 are enclosed by the enlarged diameter portion 12, but the present invention is not limited to this configuration, and the metal oxide fine particles 20 are partially expanded. You may hold
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 may be partially embedded in a portion of the passage 11 other than the enlarged diameter portion 12 (for example, an inner wall portion of the passage 11), or may be held by fixing or the like.
  • the enlarged-diameter portion 12 communicates a plurality of holes 11a, 11a constituting any one of the one-dimensional hole, the two-dimensional hole, and the three-dimensional hole.
  • the function of the metal oxide fine particles 20 can be exhibited more.
  • the passage 11 is three-dimensionally formed inside the skeleton body 10 including a branching part or a joining part, and the enlarged diameter part 12 is provided in the branching part or the joining part of the passage 11. preferable.
  • the average inner diameter DF of the passage 11 formed in the skeleton 10 is calculated from the average value of the short diameter and the long diameter of the hole 11a constituting any one of the one-dimensional hole, the two-dimensional hole, and the three-dimensional hole,
  • the thickness is 0.1 to 1.5 nm, preferably 0.5 to 0.8 nm.
  • the inner diameter DE of the enlarged diameter portion 12 is, for example, 0.5 to 50 nm, preferably 1.1 to 40 nm, and more preferably 1.1 to 3.3 nm.
  • the inner diameter D E of the enlarged diameter section 12 depends on for example the pore size of which will be described later precursor material (A), and the average particle diameter D C of the metal oxide particles 20 to be inclusion.
  • the inner diameter DE of the enlarged diameter portion 12 is a size that can enclose the metal oxide fine particles 20.
  • the skeleton 10 is composed of a zeolite type compound.
  • Zeolite type compounds include, for example, zeolites (aluminosilicates), cation exchange zeolites, silicate compounds such as silicalite, zeolite related compounds such as aluminoborate, aluminoarsenate, germanate, molybdenum phosphate, etc. And phosphate-based zeolite-like substances.
  • the zeolite type compound is preferably a silicate compound.
  • the framework structure of zeolite type compounds is FAU type (Y type or X type), MTW type, MFI type (ZSM-5), FER type (ferrierite), LTA type (A type), MWW type (MCM-22) , MOR type (mordenite), LTL type (L type), BEA type (beta type), etc., preferably MFI type, more preferably ZSM-5.
  • a plurality of pores having a pore size corresponding to each skeleton structure are formed.
  • the maximum pore size of the MFI type is 0.636 nm (6.36 mm), and the average pore size is 0.560 nm (5.60 mm). is there.
  • the average particle diameter D C of the metal oxide fine particles 20 are preferably passage 11 Is larger than the average inner diameter D F and not more than the inner diameter D E of the enlarged diameter portion 12 (D F ⁇ D C ⁇ D E ).
  • Such metal oxide fine particles 20 are preferably enclosed in the enlarged diameter portion 12 in the passage 11, and movement of the metal oxide fine particles 20 in the skeleton 10 is restricted. Therefore, even when the metal oxide fine particles 20 receive an external force from the fluid, the movement of the metal oxide fine particles 20 in the skeleton body 10 is suppressed, and the expanded diameters dispersedly arranged in the passages 11 of the skeleton body 10. It is possible to effectively prevent the metal oxide fine particles 20, 20,... Included in each of the portions 12, 12,.
  • the average particle diameter D C of the metal oxide particles 20, in either case of the primary particles and the secondary particles is preferably 0.1 ⁇ 50 nm, more preferably less than 30nm over 0.1 nm, more preferably
  • the thickness is 0.5 nm to 14.0 nm, particularly preferably 1.0 to 3.3 nm.
  • the ratio of the average particle diameter D C of the metal oxide fine particles 20 to the average inner diameter D F of the passage 11 (D C / D F) is preferably from 0.06 to 500, more preferably from 0.1 to 45 More preferably, it is 1.1 to 45, and particularly preferably 1.7 to 4.5.
  • the metal element (M) of the metal oxide fine particles is preferably contained in an amount of 0.5 to 2.5% by mass with respect to the functional structure 1, and is preferably added in an amount of 0.1 to More preferably, the content is 5 to 1.5% by mass.
  • “metal element (M)” refers to all of the metals contained in the oxide in a perovskite oxide containing a plurality of types of metals as described later, and the content is the total amount of these metals. Point to. For example, when the metal element (M) is La and Mn, the content (mass%) of the metal element is ⁇ (mass of La element + mass of Mn element) / (mass of all elements of the functional structure 1). ⁇ ⁇ 100.
  • Perovskite oxide is an ABO made of a metal ion (A ion) having a large ionic radius (> 0.90 >) and a metal ion (B ion) having a small ionic radius (> 0.51 ⁇ ), such as rare earth alkaline earths.
  • Perovskite which is a type 3 compound and important as a catalyst, is a compound based on a combination of a rare earth element (A site) and a transition metal (B site), and its catalytic properties mainly depend on the properties of the B site transition metal. Dependent.
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 only need to contain a perovskite oxide, and may be composed of, for example, a single perovskite oxide or may be composed of two or more perovskite oxides. It may be composed of a complex oxide or a complex oxide composed of a perovskite oxide and another oxide.
  • the ratio of Si constituting the skeleton 10 to the metal M constituting the metal oxide fine particles 20 is preferably 10 to 1000. If the abundance ratio is greater than 1000, the activity may be low and sufficient catalytic action may not be obtained.
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 referred to here are fine particles that exist inside the skeleton 10 and are preferably held or supported, and do not include fine particles attached to the outer surface of the skeleton 10.
  • Examples of other oxides include cobalt oxide (CoOx), nickel oxide (NiOx), iron oxide (FeOx), copper oxide (CuOx), zirconium oxide (ZrOx), cerium oxide (CeOx), and aluminum oxide (AlOx). , Niobium oxide (NbOx), titanium oxide (TiOx), bismuth oxide (BiOx), molybdenum oxide (MoOx), vanadium oxide (VOx), or chromium oxide (CrOx) as a main component.
  • a composite metal oxide is mentioned.
  • the functional structure 1 includes a skeleton 10 having a porous structure and at least one metal oxide fine particle 20 inherent in the skeleton.
  • the functional structure 1 exhibits a function corresponding to the metal oxide fine particles 20 when the metal oxide fine particles 20 existing in the skeleton come into contact with a fluid.
  • the fluid that has contacted the outer surface 10 a of the functional structure 1 flows into the skeleton body 10 through the holes 11 a formed in the outer surface 10 a, is guided into the passage 11, and passes through the passage 11. It moves and goes out of the functional structure 1 through the other hole 11a.
  • a reaction for example, a catalytic reaction
  • the functional structure 1 has molecular sieving ability because the skeleton body has a porous structure.
  • an exhaust gas component for example, a nitrogen oxide (NOx) component
  • NOx nitrogen oxide
  • FIG. 2 (a) an exhaust gas component composed of molecules having a size smaller than the hole diameter of the hole 11a, in other words, smaller than the inner diameter of the passage 11, is a skeleton. It can penetrate into the body 10.
  • the exhaust gas component 15 composed of molecules having a size exceeding the hole diameter of the hole 11 a cannot enter the skeleton body 10.
  • the reaction of the exhaust gas component 15 that cannot enter the skeleton body 10 is restricted, and the exhaust gas that can enter the skeleton body 10 is controlled.
  • a gas component for example, a nitrogen oxide (NOx) component
  • NOx nitrogen oxide
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 are preferably present in the diameter-expanded portion 12 of the passage 11, and more preferably are included.
  • the metal A small passage 13 is formed between the oxide fine particles 20 and the enlarged diameter portion 12. Therefore, as indicated by the arrow in FIG. 2B, the fluid (for example, NOx component) that has entered the small passage 13 comes into contact with the metal oxide fine particles 20. Since each metal oxide fine particle 20 is enclosed by the enlarged diameter portion 12, movement within the skeleton body 10 is limited, and a contact area with a fluid containing NOx components and the like that have entered the passage 11 is maintained. Can do.
  • the metal oxide fine particles 20 can also be removed by decomposing the VOC component (C y H z ) into carbon dioxide and water as shown below by an oxidation reaction.
  • FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a method for manufacturing the functional structure 1 of FIG.
  • an example of a method for producing a functional structure will be described.
  • Step S1 Preparation process
  • a precursor material (A) for obtaining a porous skeleton composed of a zeolite-type compound is prepared.
  • the precursor material (A) is preferably a regular mesoporous material, and can be appropriately selected according to the type (composition) of the zeolite-type compound constituting the skeleton of the functional structure.
  • the regular mesoporous material has pores having a pore diameter of 1 to 50 nm in one dimension, two dimensions or A compound composed of a Si—O skeleton that is three-dimensionally uniform and regularly developed is preferable.
  • Such regular mesoporous materials can be obtained as various composites depending on the synthesis conditions. Specific examples of the composites include, for example, SBA-1, SBA-15, SBA-16, KIT-6, FSM- 16, MCM-41, etc., among which MCM-41 is preferable.
  • the pore diameter of SBA-1 is 10 to 30 nm
  • the pore diameter of SBA-15 is 6 to 10 nm
  • the pore diameter of SBA-16 is 6 nm
  • the pore diameter of KIT-6 is 9 nm
  • the pore diameter of FSM-16 is 3
  • the pore diameter of MCM-41 is 1 to 10 nm.
  • regular mesoporous materials include mesoporous silica, mesoporous aluminosilicate, and mesoporous metallosilicate.
  • the precursor material (A) may be a commercially available product or a synthetic product.
  • the precursor material (A) can be performed by a known method for synthesizing regular mesoporous materials. For example, a mixed solution containing a raw material containing the constituent elements of the precursor material (A) and a templating agent for defining the structure of the precursor material (A) is prepared, and the pH is adjusted as necessary. Hydrothermal treatment (hydrothermal synthesis) is performed. Thereafter, the precipitate (product) obtained by hydrothermal treatment is recovered (for example, filtered), washed and dried as necessary, and further calcined to form a regular mesoporous material in powder form. A precursor material (A) is obtained.
  • a solvent of the mixed solution for example, water, an organic solvent such as alcohol, or a mixed solvent thereof can be used.
  • a raw material is selected according to the kind of frame
  • TEOS tetraethoxysilane
  • quartz sand etc.
  • various surfactants, block copolymers and the like can be used, and it is preferable to select according to the kind of the compound of the regular mesoporous material.
  • a surfactant such as hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide is preferred.
  • the hydrothermal treatment can be performed, for example, in a sealed container at 80 to 800 ° C., 5 hours to 240 hours, and treatment conditions of 0 to 2000 kPa.
  • the baking treatment can be performed, for example, in air at 350 to 850 ° C. for 2 hours to 30 hours.
  • Step 2 impregnation process
  • the prepared precursor material (A) is impregnated with the metal-containing solution to obtain the precursor material (B).
  • the metal-containing solution may be a solution containing at least one element selected from rare earth elements and alkaline earth metals and at least one element selected from transition metals as a metal element (M). It can be prepared by dissolving a metal salt containing the metal element (M). Examples of such metal salts include metal salts such as chlorides, hydroxides, oxides, sulfates, nitrates, etc. Among them, nitrates are preferable.
  • the solvent for example, water, an organic solvent such as alcohol, or a mixed solvent thereof can be used.
  • the method for impregnating the precursor material (A) with the metal-containing solution is not particularly limited.
  • a plurality of metal-containing solutions are mixed while stirring the powdery precursor material (A) before the firing step described later. It is preferable to add in small portions in portions.
  • a surfactant as an additive is added in advance to the precursor material (A) before adding the metal-containing solution. It is preferable to add it.
  • Such an additive has a function of coating the outer surface of the precursor material (A), suppresses the metal-containing solution added thereafter from adhering to the outer surface of the precursor material (A), and the metal It is considered that the contained solution is more likely to enter the pores of the precursor material (A).
  • nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, and polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether. Since these surfactants have a large molecular size and cannot penetrate into the pores of the precursor material (A), they do not adhere to the inside of the pores, and the metal-containing solution penetrates into the pores. It is thought not to interfere.
  • a method for adding the nonionic surfactant for example, it is preferable to add 50 to 500% by mass of the nonionic surfactant with respect to the precursor material (A) before the baking step described later.
  • the addition amount of the nonionic surfactant to the precursor material (A) is less than 50% by mass, the above-described inhibitory action is hardly exhibited, and the nonionic surfactant is added to the precursor material (A) at 500. Addition of more than% by mass is not preferable because the viscosity increases excessively. Therefore, the addition amount of the nonionic surfactant with respect to the precursor material (A) is set to a value within the above range.
  • the amount of the metal-containing solution added to the precursor material (A) is the amount of the metal element (M) contained in the metal-containing solution impregnated in the precursor material (A) (that is, the precursor material (B It is preferable to adjust appropriately in consideration of the amount of the metal element (M) contained in ().
  • the addition amount of the metal-containing solution added to the precursor material (A) is the metal element (M) contained in the metal-containing solution added to the precursor material (A)
  • the ratio of silicon (Si) constituting the precursor material (A) atomic ratio Si / M
  • it is preferably adjusted to be 10 to 1000, and adjusted to be 50 to 200. It is more preferable.
  • the addition of the metal-containing solution to be added to the precursor material (A) By converting the amount to 50 to 200 in terms of atomic ratio Si / M, the metal element (M) of the metal oxide fine particles is 0.5 to 2.5 mass% with respect to the functional structure. It can be included.
  • the amount of the metal element (M) present in the pores is the same as the metal concentration of the metal-containing solution, the presence or absence of the additive, and other conditions such as temperature and pressure. If so, it is roughly proportional to the amount of the metal-containing solution added to the precursor material (A).
  • the amount of the metal element (M) inherent in the precursor material (B) is proportional to the amount of the metal element constituting the metal oxide fine particles inherent in the skeleton of the functional structure. Therefore, by controlling the amount of the metal-containing solution added to the precursor material (A) within the above range, the metal-containing solution can be sufficiently impregnated inside the pores of the precursor material (A), and thus The amount of the metal oxide fine particles incorporated in the skeleton of the functional structure can be adjusted.
  • a cleaning treatment may be performed as necessary.
  • the cleaning solution water, an organic solvent such as alcohol, or a mixed solution thereof can be used.
  • the drying treatment include natural drying overnight or high temperature drying at 150 ° C. or lower.
  • the regular mesopores of the precursor material (A) are obtained by performing the baking treatment described later in a state where a large amount of moisture contained in the metal-containing solution and the moisture of the cleaning solution remain in the precursor material (A). Since the skeletal structure as a substance may be broken, it is preferable to dry it sufficiently.
  • Step S3 Firing step
  • the precursor material (B) obtained by impregnating the precursor material (A) for obtaining a porous structure composed of a zeolite-type compound with the metal-containing solution is fired, and the precursor material (C )
  • the calcination treatment is preferably performed, for example, in air at 350 to 850 ° C. for 2 hours to 30 hours.
  • the metal component impregnated in the pores of the regular mesoporous material grows in crystal, and metal oxide fine particles are formed in the pores.
  • Step S4 Hydrothermal treatment process
  • a mixed solution in which the precursor material (C) and the structure-directing agent are mixed is prepared, and the precursor material (C) obtained by firing the precursor material (B) is hydrothermally treated to provide functionality. Get a structure.
  • the structure directing agent is a templating agent for defining the skeletal structure of the skeleton of the functional structure.
  • a surfactant can be used.
  • the structure directing agent is preferably selected according to the skeleton structure of the skeleton of the functional structure, for example, an interface such as tetramethylammonium bromide (TMABr), tetraethylammonium bromide (TEABr), tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr), etc.
  • An activator is preferred.
  • the mixing of the precursor material (C) and the structure directing agent may be performed during the hydrothermal treatment step or before the hydrothermal treatment step.
  • the preparation method of the said mixed solution is not specifically limited, A precursor material (C), a structure directing agent, and a solvent may be mixed simultaneously, or precursor material (C) and structure prescription
  • each agent is dispersed in each solution, each dispersion solution may be mixed.
  • the solvent for example, water, an organic solvent such as alcohol, or a mixed solvent thereof can be used.
  • the pH of the mixed solution is preferably adjusted using an acid or a base before hydrothermal treatment.
  • the hydrothermal treatment can be performed by a known method.
  • the hydrothermal treatment is preferably performed in a sealed container at 80 to 800 ° C., 5 hours to 240 hours, and 0 to 2000 kPa.
  • the hydrothermal treatment is preferably performed in a basic atmosphere.
  • the reaction mechanism here is not necessarily clear, by performing hydrothermal treatment using the precursor material (C) as a raw material, the skeleton structure of the precursor material (C) as a regular mesoporous material gradually collapses. While maintaining the position of the metal oxide fine particles inside the pores of the precursor material (C) in general, a new skeleton structure (porous structure) as a skeleton of the functional structure by the action of the structure-directing agent Is formed.
  • the functional structure thus obtained includes a skeleton having a porous structure and metal oxide fine particles inherent in the skeleton, and the skeleton has a passage in which a plurality of pores communicate with each other due to the porous structure. At least a part of the metal oxide fine particles is present in the passage of the skeleton and is preferably retained.
  • a mixed solution in which the precursor material (C) and the structure directing agent are mixed is prepared, and the precursor material (C) is hydrothermally treated.
  • the precursor material (C) may be hydrothermally treated without mixing the precursor material (C) and the structure directing agent.
  • the precipitate (functional structure) obtained after the hydrothermal treatment is preferably recovered (for example, filtered), and then washed, dried and fired as necessary.
  • the cleaning solution water, an organic solvent such as alcohol, or a mixed solution thereof can be used.
  • the drying treatment include natural drying overnight or high temperature drying at 150 ° C. or lower.
  • the baking treatment is performed in a state where a large amount of moisture remains in the precipitate, the skeleton structure as the skeleton of the functional structure may be broken.
  • the firing treatment can be performed, for example, in air at 350 to 850 ° C. for 2 hours to 30 hours. By such baking treatment, the structure directing agent attached to the functional structure is burned out.
  • a functional structure can also be used as it is, without carrying out the baking process of the deposit after collection
  • the environment in which the functional structure is used is a high-temperature environment in an oxidizing atmosphere
  • the structure-directing agent will be burned down by exposure to the environment for a certain period of time, and the functional structure will be the same as when fired. Since the body is obtained, it can be used as it is.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a modification of the functional structure 1 of FIG.
  • the functional structure 1 in FIG. 1 shows a case where the skeleton body 10 and the metal oxide fine particles 20 included in the skeleton body 10 are provided.
  • the functional structure body 1 is not limited to this configuration.
  • the functional structure 2 may further include at least one other metal oxide fine particle 30 held on the outer surface 10 a of the skeleton body 10.
  • the other metal oxide fine particles 30 are substances that exhibit one or more functions.
  • the functions of the other metal oxide fine particles 30 may be the same as or different from the functions of the metal oxide fine particles 20.
  • Specific examples of the functions of the other metal oxide fine particles 30 are the same as those described for the metal oxide fine particles 20, and preferably have a catalytic function.
  • the metal oxide fine particles 30 are a catalyst substance.
  • the material of the other metal oxide fine particles 30 may be the same as or different from the material of the metal oxide fine particles 20. It may be. According to this configuration, the content of the metal oxide fine particles held in the functional structure 2 can be increased, and the function of the metal oxide fine particles can be further promoted.
  • the content of at least one metal oxide fine particle 20 inherent in the skeleton 10 is greater than the content of at least one other metal oxide fine particle 30 held on the outer surface 10a of the skeleton 10. Is preferred. Thereby, the function of the metal oxide fine particles 20 held inside the skeleton 10 becomes dominant, and the function of the metal oxide fine particles is stably exhibited.
  • type of precursor material (A) (“type of precursor material (A): surfactant”).
  • CTL-41 hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
  • SBA-1 Pluronic P123 (BASF)
  • metal element (M) constituting the type of metal oxide fine particles shown in Tables 1 to 8
  • metal salt containing the metal element (M) is dissolved in water to obtain a metal-containing aqueous solution.
  • the following metal salts were used according to the type of metal oxide fine particles (“metal oxide fine particles: metal salt”).
  • LaMnO 3 La-Mn nitrate (La (NO 3) 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O (99%) and Mn (NO 3) using 2 ⁇ 9H 2 O (99% ), both manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
  • BaMnO 3 Ba-Mn nitrate (Ba (NO 3) 2 ( 99%) and Mn (NO 3) using 2 ⁇ 9H 2 O (99% ), both manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
  • LaAlO 3 La-Al nitrate (La (NO 3) 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O (99%) and Al (NO 3) 3 ⁇ 9H 2 using O (99%), both manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
  • LaCoO 3 La-Co nitrate (La (NO 3 ) 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O (99%) and Co (NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O (99%) are used, both manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.)
  • the metal-containing aqueous solution is added to the powdery precursor material (A) in small portions in small portions, and dried at room temperature (20 ° C. ⁇ 10 ° C.) for 12 hours or more to obtain the precursor material (B).
  • the addition amount of the metal-containing aqueous solution added to the precursor material (A) is the ratio of silicon (Si) constituting the precursor material (A) to the metal element (M) contained in the metal-containing aqueous solution (
  • the numerical values when converted to the atomic ratio (Si / M) were adjusted to the values shown in Tables 1-8.
  • precursor material (B) impregnated with the metal-containing aqueous solution obtained as described above was fired in the air at 600 ° C. for 24 hours to obtain a precursor material (C).
  • Comparative Example 1 In Comparative Example 1, the starting material for the hydroxide perovskite precursor was the same as in the example. A 0.1 mol / l La-Mn nitrate mixed aqueous solution was added dropwise to 19% aqueous ammonia under stirring. After dropping, the mixture was filtered and dried at 110 ° C. overnight to obtain a hydroxide perovskite precursor. The obtained perovskite hydroxide precursor and MFI-type silicalite were added to pure water so that the Si / M ratio was 100, dispersed with ultrasonic waves, evaporated to dryness, and fired. Silicalite carrying LaMnO 3 on the outer surface was obtained. MFI type silicalite was synthesized in the same manner as in Examples 52 to 57 except for the step of adding metal.
  • Comparative Example 2 MFI type silicalite was synthesized by the same method as Comparative Example 1 except that the step of supporting LaMnO 3 on the outer surface of the skeleton was omitted.
  • M Co, Ni, Fe, Cu
  • Quantification of the amount of metal was performed using ICP (high frequency inductively coupled plasma) alone or a combination of ICP and XRF (fluorescence X-ray analysis).
  • XRF energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer “SEA1200VX”, manufactured by SSI Nanotechnology Co., Ltd.
  • SEA1200VX energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer “SEA1200VX”, manufactured by SSI Nanotechnology Co., Ltd.
  • the catalytic activity was evaluated under the following conditions. First, 0.2 g of the functional structure is charged into an atmospheric pressure flow reactor, nitrogen gas (N 2 ) is used as a carrier gas (5 ml / min), and butylbenzene (of heavy oil) at 400 ° C. for 2 hours. The model substance was decomposed. After completion of the reaction, the collected product gas and product liquid were subjected to component analysis by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC / MS). Note that TRACE 1310GC (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific Co., Ltd., detector: thermal conductivity detector) was used as the product gas analyzer, and TRACE DSQ (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was used as the product liquid analyzer.
  • GC / MS gas chromatography mass spectrometry
  • the yield of the above compound is expressed as a percentage (mol%) of the total amount (mol) of a compound having a molecular weight smaller than that of butylbenzene contained in the product solution with respect to the amount (mol) of butylbenzene before the start of the reaction. Calculated.
  • the yield of the compound having a molecular weight smaller than that of butylbenzene contained in the product solution is 40 mol% or more, it is determined that the catalytic activity (resolution) is excellent, and “ ⁇ ”, 25 mol%
  • the catalyst activity is good, the catalyst activity is good when it is less than 40 mol%, and when the catalyst activity is not good when it is 10 mol% or more and less than 25 mol%, it is judged as acceptable level.
  • “ ⁇ ” and less than 10 mol% the catalyst activity was judged to be inferior (impossible), and “x” was assigned.
  • the yield obtained in the evaluation (1) compared to the yield of the compound by the functional structure before heating (the yield obtained in the evaluation (1) above), how much the yield of the compound by the functional structure after heating is maintained. It has been compared. Specifically, the yield of the compound by the functional structure after the heating (the present evaluation (the present evaluation)) with respect to the yield of the compound by the functional structure before the heating (the yield obtained in the evaluation (1)). The percentage (%) of the yield obtained in 2) was calculated.
  • the yield of the compound by the functional structure after heating was the yield of the compound by the functional structure before heating (the above evaluation (1 )), The case where it is maintained at 80% or more is judged as having excellent durability (heat resistance), and “ ⁇ ”, the case where it is maintained at 60% or more and less than 80%. Judgment that the durability (heat resistance) is good and "Good”, and the case where it is maintained at 40% or more and less than 60% is judged to be acceptable (possible) although the durability (heat resistance) is not good. In the case of “ ⁇ ” and lower than 40%, the durability (heat resistance) was judged to be inferior (impossible), and “X” was assigned.
  • Comparative Example 2 is a skeleton itself and does not have metal oxide fine particles. Therefore, in the performance evaluation, only the skeleton body of Comparative Example 2 was filled in place of the functional structure. The results are shown in Table 8.
  • the evaluation method was the same as the evaluation method performed in “(1) Catalytic activity” in [D] “Performance evaluation”.
  • the content of the metal element (M) in the metal oxide fine particles is 0.5 to 2.5 mass%)
  • the yield of the compound having a molecular weight smaller than that of butylbenzene contained in the product liquid is 32 mol%. From the above, it was found that the catalytic activity in the decomposition reaction of butylbenzene was above the acceptable level.
  • Comparative Example 1 in which the metal oxide fine particles are attached only to the outer surface of the skeleton has a butyl structure as compared with the skeleton itself of Comparative Example 2 that does not have any metal oxide fine particles.
  • the catalytic activity in the decomposition reaction of benzene was improved, the durability as a catalyst was inferior compared with the functional structures of Examples 1 to 384.

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Abstract

金属酸化物微粒子同士の凝集を抑制し、金属酸化物微粒子の機能低下を防止して長期にわたって安定した機能を発揮することができる機能性構造体を提供する。 機能性構造体(1)は、ゼオライト型化合物で構成される多孔質構造の骨格体(10)と、骨格体(10)に内在する、ペロブスカイト型酸化物を含有する少なくとも1つの金属酸化物微粒子(20)とを備え、骨格体(10)が互いに連通する通路(11)を有し、金属酸化物微粒子(20)が、骨格体(10)の少なくとも通路(11)に存在している。

Description

機能性構造体及び機能性構造体の製造方法
 本発明は、ゼオライト型化合物で構成される多孔質構造の骨格体と、ペロブスカイト型酸化物を含有する金属酸化物微粒子とを備える機能性構造体及び当該機能性構造体の製造方法に関する。
 従来から、発電所や自動車等から排出される窒素酸化物(NO)等の排ガスや揮発性有機物質(VOC)を除去するための環境触媒としては、例えばペロブスカイト型酸化物が挙げられる(例えば非特許文献1)。
 ペロブスカイト型酸化物を使用した環境触媒としては、例えば特許文献1に、窒素酸化物分解触媒の活性成分である金属複合酸化物のうち少なくとも1種類の組成が、一般式AB1-x Mx O3+-z(但しAはアルカリ土類元素から選ばれた1種類の金属、Bはチタン族元素から選ばれた1種類の金属、Mは鉄族、白金族または銅族元素から選ばれた1種類の金属、0<x<1、zは常温大気圧時における金属酸化物の酸素欠陥数或は酸素過剰数)で表され、触媒活性成分である金属複合酸化物のうち少なくとも1種類が、SrTiO3 ペロブスカイト型結晶構造を有する分解触媒が記載され、また、特許文献2には、このようなペロブスカイト型結晶構造を有する金属複合酸化物を、塩基性金属酸化物(MgO等)の担体に担持させた窒素酸化物分解触媒が記載されている。
 しかしながら、ペロブスカイト型酸化物は、原料粉末が焼成時(約600~1000℃)の熱によって凝集しやすいため、この凝集によって細孔が閉塞し、触媒の比表面積が低減して、吸着及び分解性能が低下する傾向がある。また、ペロブスカイト型酸化物を含有する触媒は、触媒を活性化するための温度が高く、800℃以上の温度では比較的高い触媒性能を示すものの、650℃以下の温度では殆ど触媒性能を示さない場合がある。なお、触媒性能とは、例えば窒素酸化物の吸着性能等をいう。
 焼成時や高温使用時に発生する熱の影響によって生じがちなペロブスカイト型酸化物の凝集を抑制することを可能にした従来技術としては、例えば特許文献3に記載されている。特許文献3の記載によれば、触媒が、ペロブスカイト型複合酸化物と複合酸化物スペーサーと貴金属とで構成され、複合酸化物スペーサーを含有することによって、ペロブスカイト型複合酸化物同士の凝集や、凝集による細孔の閉塞が抑制され、BET法により算出される比表面積を増大させることができるとともに、触媒が粉末状に製造され、かかる粉末状触媒(触媒微粒子)を使用すると触媒の比表面積を増大させることができるとしている。
 しかしながら、特許文献3に記載の触媒は、触媒微粒子を骨格体(担体)に保持(担持)した使用態様については何ら開示がなく、また、上記構成をもつ触媒微粒子を骨格体で保持した構造にする場合、通常は、骨格体の内部に触媒微粒子を含有させることが難しく、骨格体の外表面に触媒粒子を保持(固着)する構成にしかできず、この構成だと、触媒微粒子同士が、窒素酸化物等の排ガス(流体)から受ける力(圧力)や熱などの影響(作用)によって凝集(シンタリング)が生じやすいという問題がある。
特開平11-151440号公報 特開2000-197822号公報 特開2010-99638号公報
石原達己、「<特集>進化を続ける触媒技術の現状と今後を展望する環境触媒の現状と展望-排煙脱臭、VOC、NO分解触媒-」、工業材料、日刊工業新聞社、2017年1月号、第65巻、第1号、p.71-76
 本発明の目的は、機能(例えば触媒機能等)を有する金属酸化物微粒子を、ゼオライト型化合物で構成される多孔質構造の骨格体の内部に含有させて適正に存在している構成を採用することによって、金属酸化物微粒子同士の凝集を抑制し、金属酸化物微粒子の機能低下を防止して長期にわたって安定した機能を発揮することができる機能性構造体を提供することにある。
 本発明者らは、上記目的を達成するために鋭意研究を重ねた結果、ゼオライト型化合物で構成される多孔質構造の骨格体と、骨格体に内在する少なくとも1つの金属酸化物微粒子とを備え、骨格体が、互いに連通する通路を有し、金属酸化物微粒子が、骨格体の少なくとも通路に存在していることによって、金属酸化物微粒子の機能(例えば触媒機能等)の低下が抑制され、長寿命化を実現できる機能性構造体が得られることを見出し、かかる知見に基づき本発明を完成させるに至った。
 すなわち、本発明の要旨構成は、以下のとおりである。
 [1]ゼオライト型化合物で構成される多孔質構造の骨格体と、前記骨格体に内在する、ペロブスカイト型酸化物を含有する少なくとも1つの金属酸化物微粒子とを備え、前記骨格体が、互いに連通する通路を有し、前記金属酸化物微粒子が、前記骨格体の少なくとも前記通路に存在していることを特徴とする機能性構造体。
 [2]前記通路は、前記ゼオライト型化合物の骨格構造によって画定される一次元孔、二次元孔及び三次元孔のうちのいずれかと、前記一次元孔、前記二次元孔及び前記三次元孔のうちのいずれとも異なる拡径部を有し、かつ、前記金属酸化物微粒子が少なくとも前記拡径部に存在していることを特徴とする、上記[1]に記載の機能性構造体。
 [3]前記拡径部は、前記一次元孔、前記二次元孔及び前記三次元孔のうちのいずれかを構成する複数の孔同士を連通していることを特徴とする、上記[2]に記載の機能性構造体。
 [4]前記金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径が、前記通路の平均内径よりも大きく、且つ前記拡径部の内径以下であることを特徴とする、上記[2]又は[3]に記載の機能性構造体。
 [5]前記金属酸化物微粒子は、触媒物質であり、前記骨格体は、前記少なくとも1つの触媒物質を担持する担体であることを特徴とする、上記[1]~[4]のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
 [6]前記金属酸化物微粒子の金属元素(M)が、前記機能性構造体に対して0.5~2.5質量%で含有されていることを特徴とする、上記[1]~[5]のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
 [7]前記金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径が、0.1~50nmであることを特徴とする、上記[1]~[6]のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
 [8]前記金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径が、0.5nm~14.0nmであることを特徴とする、上記[7]に記載の機能性構造体。
 [9]前記通路の平均内径に対する前記金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径の割合が、0.06~500であることを特徴とする、上記[1]~[8]のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
 [10]前記通路の平均内径に対する前記金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径の割合が、0.1~45であることを特徴とする、上記[9]に記載の機能性構造体。
 [11]前記通路の平均内径に対する前記金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径の割合が、1.7~4.5であることを特徴とする、上記[10]に記載の機能性構造体。
 [12]前記通路の平均内径は、0.1~1.5nmであり、前記拡径部の内径は、0.5~50nmであることを特徴とする、上記[1]~[11]のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
 [13]前記骨格体の外表面に保持された少なくとも1つの他の金属酸化物微粒子を更に備えることを特徴とする、上記[1]~[12]のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
 [14]前記骨格体に内在する前記少なくとも1つの金属酸化物微粒子の含有量が、前記骨格体の外表面に保持された前記少なくとも1つの他の金属酸化物微粒子の含有量よりも多いことを特徴とする、上記[13]に記載の機能性構造体。
 [15]前記ゼオライト型化合物は、ケイ酸塩化合物であることを特徴とする、上記[1]~[14]のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
 [16]ゼオライト型化合物で構成される多孔質構造の骨格体を得るための前駆体材料(A)に、希土類元素およびアルカリ土類金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素、及び、遷移金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を金属元素(M)として含む金属含有溶液が含浸された前駆体材料(B)を焼成する焼成工程と、
 前記前駆体材料(B)を焼成して得られた前駆体材料(C)を水熱処理する水熱処理工程と、
 を有することを特徴とする機能性構造体の製造方法。
 [17]前記焼成工程の前に、非イオン性界面活性剤を、前記前駆体材料(A)に対して50~500質量%添加することを特徴とする、上記[16]に記載の機能性構造体の製造方法。
 [18]前記焼成工程の前に、前記前駆体材料(A)に前記金属含有溶液を複数回に分けて添加することで、前記前駆体材料(A)に前記金属含有溶液を含浸させることを特徴とする、上記[16]又は[17]記載の機能性構造体の製造方法。
 [19]前記焼成工程の前に前記前駆体材料(A)に前記金属含有溶液を含浸させる際に、前記前駆体材料(A)に添加する前記金属含有溶液の添加量を、前記前駆体材料(A)に添加する前記金属含有溶液中に含まれる金属元素(M)に対する、前記前駆体材料(A)を構成するケイ素(Si)の比(原子数比Si/M)に換算して、10~1000となるように調整することを特徴とする、上記[16]~[18]のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体の製造方法。
 [20]前記水熱処理工程において、前記前駆体材料(C)と構造規定剤とを混合することを特徴とする、上記[16]に記載の機能性構造体の製造方法。
 [21]前記水熱処理工程が塩基性雰囲気下で行われることを特徴とする、上記[16]に記載の機能性構造体の製造方法。
 本発明によれば、金属酸化物微粒子同士の凝集を抑制し、金属酸化物微粒子の機能(例えば触媒機能等)の低下を抑制して長寿命化を実現することができ、煩雑な交換作業を要せず、省資源化を図ることができる機能性構造体を提供することができる。
図1は、本発明の実施形態に係る機能性構造体の内部構造が分かるように概略的に示したものであって、図1(a)は斜視図(一部を横断面で示す。)、図1(b)は部分拡大断面図である。 図2は、図1の機能性構造体の機能の一例を説明するための部分拡大断面図であり、図2(a)は篩機能、図2(b)は触媒機能を説明する図である。 図3は、図1の機能性構造体の製造方法の一例を示すフローチャートである。 図4は、図1の機能性構造体の変形例を示す模式図である。
 以下、本発明の実施形態を、図面を参照しながら詳細に説明する。
[機能性構造体の構成]
 図1は、本発明の実施形態に係る機能性構造体の構成を概略的に示す図であり、(a)は斜視図(一部を横断面で示す。)、(b)は部分拡大断面図である。なお、図1における機能性構造体は、その一例を示すものであり、本発明に係る各構成の形状、寸法等は、図1のものに限られないものとする。
 図1(a)に示すように、機能性構造体1は、ゼオライト型化合物で構成される多孔質構造の骨格体10と、該骨格体10に内在する、ペロブスカイト型酸化物を含有する少なくとも1つの金属酸化物微粒子20とを備えている。
 金属酸化物微粒子20は、単独又は骨格体10と協働することによって一又は複数の機能を有する物質である。また、上記機能の具体例としては、触媒機能、発光(或いは蛍光)機能、吸光機能、識別機能等が挙げられる。金属酸化物微粒子20は、例えば触媒機能を有する触媒物質であることが好ましい。なお、金属酸化物微粒子20が触媒物質であるとき、骨格体10は、少なくとも1つの触媒物質を担持する担体である。
 機能性構造体1は、少なくとも1つの金属酸化物微粒子20、図1(b)では複数の金属酸化物微粒子20,20,・・・が、骨格体10の多孔質構造の内部に存在している。金属酸化物微粒子20は、好ましくは1種又は複数種のペロブスカイト型酸化物を含有する金属酸化物微粒子である。ペロブスカイト型酸化物についての詳細については後述する。
 骨格体10は、多孔質構造であり、図1(b)に示すように、好適には複数の孔11a,11a,・・・が形成されることにより、互いに連通する通路11を有する。ここで金属酸化物微粒子20は、骨格体10の少なくとも通路11に存在しており、好ましくは骨格体10の少なくとも通路11に保持されている。
 このような構成により、骨格体10内での金属酸化物微粒子20の移動が規制され、金属酸化物微粒子20、20同士の凝集が有効に防止されている。その結果、金属酸化物微粒子20としての有効表面積の減少を効果的に抑制することができ、金属酸化物微粒子20の機能は長期にわたって持続する。すなわち、機能性構造体1によれば、金属酸化物微粒子20の凝集による機能の低下を抑制でき、機能性構造体1としての長寿命化を図ることができる。また、機能性構造体1の長寿命化により、機能性構造体1の交換頻度を低減でき、使用済みの機能性構造体1の廃棄量を大幅に低減することができ、省資源化を図ることができる。
 通常、機能性構造体を、流体(例えば、窒素酸化物(NOx)あるいは揮発性有機物質(VOC)など)の中で用いる場合、流体から外力を受ける可能性がある。この場合、金属酸化物微粒子20が、骨格体10の外表面に付着状態で保持されているだけであると、流体からの外力の影響で骨格体10の外表面から離脱しやすいという問題がある。これに対し、機能性構造体1では、金属酸化物微粒子20は骨格体10の少なくとも通路11に存在し、好ましくは保持されているため、流体による外力の影響を受けたとしても、骨格体10から金属酸化物微粒子20が離脱しにくい。すなわち、機能性構造体1が流体内にある場合、流体は骨格体10の孔11aから、通路11内に流入するため、通路11内を流れる流体の速さは、流路抵抗(摩擦力)により、骨格体10の外表面を流れる流体の速さに比べて、遅くなると考えられる。このような流路抵抗の影響により、通路11内に存在する金属酸化物微粒子20が流体から受ける圧力は、骨格体10の外部において金属酸化物微粒子が流体から受ける圧力に比べて低くなる。そのため、骨格体11に内在する金属酸化物微粒子20が離脱することを効果的に抑制でき、金属酸化物微粒子20の機能を長期的に安定して維持することが可能となる。なお、上記のような流路抵抗は、骨格体10の通路11が、湾曲部や分岐部を複数有し、骨格体10の内部がより複雑で三次元的な立体構造となっているほど、大きくなると考えられる。
 また、通路11は、ゼオライト型化合物の骨格構造によって画定される一次元孔、二次元孔及び三次元孔のうちのいずれかと、上記一次元孔、上記二次元孔及び上記三次元孔のうちのいずれとも異なる拡径部12と、を有していることが好ましく、このとき、金属酸化物微粒子20は、少なくとも拡径部12に存在していることが好ましく、少なくとも拡径部12に包接されていることがより好ましい。ここでいう一次元孔とは、一次元チャンネルを形成しているトンネル型またはケージ型の孔、もしくは複数の一次元チャンネルを形成しているトンネル型またはケージ型の複数の孔(複数の一次元チャンネル)を指す。また、二次元孔とは、複数の一次元チャンネルが二次元的に連結された二次元チャンネルを指し、三次元孔とは、複数の一次元チャンネルが三次元的に連結された三次元チャンネルを指す。
 これにより、金属酸化物微粒子20の骨格体10内での移動がさらに規制され、金属酸化物微粒子20の離脱や、金属酸化物微粒子20、20同士の凝集をさらに有効に防止することができる。なお、ここでいう「包接」とは、金属酸化物微粒子20が骨格体10に内包されている状態を指す。このとき金属酸化物微粒子20と骨格体10とは、必ずしも直接的に互いが接触している必要はなく、金属酸化物微粒子20と骨格体10との間に他の物質(例えば、界面活性剤等)が介在した状態で、金属酸化物微粒子20が骨格体10に間接的に保持されていてもよい。
 図1(b)では金属酸化物微粒子20が拡径部12に包接されている場合を示しているが、この構成だけには限定されず、金属酸化物微粒子20は、その一部が拡径部12の外側にはみ出した状態で通路11に保持されていてもよい。また、金属酸化物微粒子20は、拡径部12以外の通路11の部分(例えば通路11の内壁部分)に部分的に埋設され、または固着等によって保持されていてもよい。
 また、拡径部12は、上記一次元孔、上記二次元孔及び上記三次元孔のうちのいずれかを構成する複数の孔11a,11a同士を連通しているのが好ましい。これにより、骨格体10の内部に、一次元孔、二次元孔又は三次元孔とは異なる別途の通路が設けられるので、金属酸化物微粒子20の機能をより発揮させることができる。
 また、通路11は、骨格体10の内部に、分岐部または合流部を含んで三次元的に形成されており、拡径部12は、通路11の上記分岐部または合流部に設けられるのが好ましい。
 骨格体10に形成された通路11の平均内径Dは、上記一次元孔、二次元孔及び三次元孔のうちのいずれかを構成する孔11aの短径及び長径の平均値から算出され、例えば0.1~1.5nmであり、好ましくは0.5~0.8nmである。また、拡径部12の内径Dは、例えば0.5~50nmであり、好ましくは1.1~40nm、より好ましくは1.1~3.3nmである。拡径部12の内径Dは、例えば後述する前駆体材料(A)の細孔径、及び包接される金属酸化物微粒子20の平均粒径Dに依存する。拡径部12の内径Dは、金属酸化物微粒子20を包接し得る大きさである。
 骨格体10は、ゼオライト型化合物で構成される。ゼオライト型化合物としては、例えば、ゼオライト(アルミノケイ酸塩)、陽イオン交換ゼオライト、シリカライト等のケイ酸塩化合物、アルミノホウ酸塩、アルミノヒ酸塩、ゲルマニウム酸塩等のゼオライト類縁化合物、リン酸モリブデン等のリン酸塩系ゼオライト類似物質などが挙げられる。中でも、ゼオライト型化合物はケイ酸塩化合物であることが好ましい。
 ゼオライト型化合物の骨格構造は、FAU型(Y型またはX型)、MTW型、MFI型(ZSM-5)、FER型(フェリエライト)、LTA型(A型)、MWW型(MCM-22)、MOR型(モルデナイト)、LTL型(L型)、BEA型(ベータ型)などの中から選択され、好ましくはMFI型であり、より好ましくはZSM-5である。ゼオライト型化合物には、各骨格構造に応じた孔径を有する孔が複数形成されており、例えばMFI型の最大孔径は0.636nm(6.36Å)、平均孔径0.560nm(5.60Å)である。
 金属酸化物微粒子20は、一次粒子である場合と、一次粒子が凝集して形成した二次粒子である場合とがあるが、金属酸化物微粒子20の平均粒径Dは、好ましくは通路11の平均内径Dよりも大きく、且つ拡径部12の内径D以下である(D<D≦D)。このような金属酸化物微粒子20は、通路11内では、好適には拡径部12に包接されており、骨格体10内での金属酸化物微粒子20の移動が規制される。よって、金属酸化物微粒子20が流体から外力を受けた場合であっても、骨格体10内での金属酸化物微粒子20の移動が抑制され、骨格体10の通路11に分散配置された拡径部12、12、・・のそれぞれに包接された金属酸化物微粒子20、20、・・同士が接触して凝集するのを有効に防止することができる。
 金属酸化物微粒子20の平均粒径Dは、一次粒子および二次粒子のいずれの場合も、好ましくは0.1~50nmであり、より好ましくは0.1nm以上30nm未満であり、さらに好ましくは0.5nm~14.0nm、特に好ましくは1.0~3.3nmである。また、通路11の平均内径Dに対する金属酸化物微粒子20の平均粒径Dの割合(D/D)は、好ましくは0.06~500であり、より好ましくは0.1~45であり、更に好ましくは1.1~45であり、特に好ましくは1.7~4.5である。
 また、金属酸化物微粒子の金属元素(M)は、機能性構造体1に対して0.5~2.5質量%で含有されているのが好ましく、機能性構造体1に対して0.5~1.5質量%で含有されているのがより好ましい。なお、ここでいう「金属元素(M)」は、後述するように複数種類の金属を含むペロブスカイト型酸化物においては、当該酸化物に含まれる金属の全てを指し、含有量はそれらの合計量を指す。例えば、金属元素(M)がLaとMnである場合、金属元素の含有量(質量%)は、{(La元素の質量+Mn元素の質量)/(機能性構造体1の全元素の質量)}×100で表される。
 ペロブスカイト型酸化物は、希土類アルカリ土類などのイオン半径の大きな(>0.90Å)金属イオン(Aイオン)と、イオン半径の小さな(>0.51Å)金属イオン(Bイオン)とからなるABO型化合物であり、触媒として重要なペロブスカイトは、希土類元素(Aサイト)と遷移金属(Bサイト)との組み合わせを基礎とした化合物であり、その触媒特性はBサイト遷移金属の性質に主に依存する。
 内包させるペロブスカイト触媒種としては、ペロブスカイトの一般式 ABO(A: 希土類元素およびアルカリ土類金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素、B: 遷移金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種)を満たし、かつ触媒活性を持つ化合物であれば特に限定はしないが、具体的にはLaBO(B=Mn、Cr、Co、Fe、Al、Pd、Mg)、BaZrO、La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2(LSGM)、LaFe0.57Co0.38Pd0.05、Ba0.8La0.2Mn0.2等が挙げられる。
 また、金属酸化物微粒子20は、ペロブスカイト型酸化物を含有していればよく、例えば、単一のペロブスカイト型酸化物で構成されていてもよく、あるいは、2種以上のペロブスカイト型酸化物からなる複合酸化物や、ペロブスカイト型酸化物と他の酸化物からなる複合酸化物で構成されていてもよい。金属酸化物微粒子20を構成する金属Mに対する、骨格体10を構成するSiの割合(Si/M、原子数比)は、10~1000であるのが好ましい。上記存在割合が1000より大きいと、活性が低く、十分な触媒作用が得られない可能性があり、一方、上記存在割合が10よりも小さいと、ペロブスカイト触媒の存在割合が大きくなりすぎて、骨格体の強度が低下する傾向がある。尚、ここでいう金属酸化物微粒子20は、骨格体10の内部に存在する、好ましくは保持或いは担持された微粒子をいい、骨格体10の外表面に付着した微粒子を含まない。
 他の酸化物としては、例えば、酸化コバルト(CoOx)、酸化ニッケル(NiOx)、酸化鉄(FeOx)、酸化銅(CuOx)、酸化ジルコニウム(ZrOx)、酸化セリウム(CeOx)、酸化アルミニウム(AlOx)、酸化ニオブ(NbOx)、酸化チタン(TiOx)、酸化ビスマス(BiOx)、酸化モリブデン(MoOx)、酸化バナジウム(VOx)、酸化クロム(CrOx)のいずれか1種または2種以上を主成分とする複合金属酸化物が挙げられる。
[機能性構造体の機能]
 機能性構造体1は、上記のとおり、多孔質構造の骨格体10と、骨格体に内在する少なくとも1つの金属酸化物微粒子20とを備える。機能性構造体1は、骨格体に内在する金属酸化物微粒子20が流体と接触することにより、金属酸化物微粒子20に応じた機能を発揮する。具体的に、機能性構造体1の外表面10aに接触した流体は、外表面10aに形成された孔11aから骨格体10内部に流入して通路11内に誘導され、通路11内を通って移動し、他の孔11aを通じて機能性構造体1の外部へ出る。流体が通路11内を通って移動する経路において、通路11に存在する金属酸化物微粒子20と接触することによって、金属酸化物微粒子20の機能に応じた反応(例えば、触媒反応)が生じる。また、機能性構造体1は、骨格体が多孔質構造であることにより、分子篩能を有する。
 まず、機能性構造体1の分子篩能について、図2(a)を用いて、流体が、例えば窒素酸化物(NOx)を含んだ排気ガスである場合を例として説明する。図2(a)に示すように、孔11aの孔径以下、言い換えれば、通路11の内径以下の大きさを有する分子で構成される排気ガス成分(例えば窒素酸化物(NOx)成分)は、骨格体10内に浸入することができる。一方、孔11aの孔径を超える大きさを有する分子で構成される排気ガス成分15は、骨格体10内へ浸入することができない。このように、流体が複数種類の排気ガス成分を含んでいる場合に、骨格体10内に浸入することができない排気ガス成分15の反応は規制され、骨格体10内に浸入することができる排気ガス成分(例えば窒素酸化物(NOx)成分)を反応させることができる。
 反応によって骨格体10内で生成した分子のうち、孔11aの孔径以下の大きさを有する分子でのみを生成物として得ることができる。一方、孔11aから骨格体10の外部へ出ることができない分子は、骨格体10の外部へ出ることができる大きさの分子に変換された後、骨格体10の外部へ出すことができる。このように、機能性構造体1を用いることにより、特定の反応生成物を選択的に得ることができる。
 機能性構造体1では、図2(b)に示すように、好適には通路11の拡径部12に金属酸化物微粒子20が存在しており、さらに好適には包接されている。金属酸化物微粒子20の平均粒径Dが、通路11の平均内径Dよりも大きく、拡径部12の内径Dよりも小さい場合には(D<D<D)、金属酸化物微粒子20と拡径部12との間に小通路13が形成される。そこで、図2(b)中の矢印に示すように、小通路13に浸入した流体(例えばNOx成分等)が金属酸化物微粒子20と接触する。各金属酸化物微粒子20は、拡径部12に包接されているため、骨格体10内での移動が制限され、通路11に浸入したNOx成分等を含む流体との接触面積を維持することができる。
 そして、通路11に浸入したNOxが金属酸化物微粒子20に接触すると、金属酸化物微粒子20による還元分解反応によって、下記に示すように窒素酸化物(NOx)を分解して除去することができる。
 2NO+2Vo+4e → 2Nad+2O 2-
        2Nad → N
       2O 2- → O+2Vo+4e
       (O 2-は格子酸素、Voは酸素欠陥)
 また、金属酸化物微粒子20は、VOC成分(C)を酸化反応によって、下記に示すように二酸化炭素と水に分解して除去することも可能である。
   C+(y+z/4)O → yCO+z/2H
[機能性構造体の製造方法]
 図3は、図1の機能性構造体1の製造方法を示すフローチャートである。以下、機能性構造体の製造方法の一例を説明する。
(ステップS1:準備工程)
 図3に示すように、先ず、ゼオライト型化合物で構成される多孔質構造の骨格体を得るための前駆体材料(A)を準備する。前駆体材料(A)は、好ましくは規則性メソ細孔物質であり、機能性構造体の骨格体を構成するゼオライト型化合物の種類(組成)に応じて適宜選択できる。
 ここで、機能性構造体の骨格体を構成するゼオライト型化合物がケイ酸塩化合物である場合には、規則性メソ細孔物質は、細孔径1~50nmの細孔が1次元、2次元または3次元に均一な大きさかつ規則的に発達したSi-O骨格からなる化合物であることが好ましい。このような規則性メソ細孔物質は、合成条件によって様々な合成物として得られるが、合成物の具体例としては、例えばSBA-1、SBA-15、SBA-16、KIT-6、FSM-16、MCM-41等が挙げられ、中でもMCM-41が好ましい。なお、SBA-1の細孔径は10~30nm、SBA-15の細孔径は6~10nm、SBA-16の細孔径は6nm、KIT-6の細孔径は9nm、FSM-16の細孔径は3~5nm、MCM-41の細孔径は1~10nmである。また、このような規則性メソ細孔物質としては、例えばメソポーラスシリカ、メソポーラスアルミノシリケート、メソポーラスメタロシリケート等が挙げられる。
 前駆体材料(A)は、市販品および合成品のいずれであってもよい。前駆体材料(A)を合成する場合には、公知の規則性メソ細孔物質の合成方法により行うことができる。例えば、前駆体材料(A)の構成元素を含有する原料と、前駆体材料(A)の構造を規定するための鋳型剤とを含む混合溶液を調製し、必要に応じてpHを調整して、水熱処理(水熱合成)を行う。その後、水熱処理により得られた沈殿物(生成物)を回収(例えば、ろ別)し、必要に応じて洗浄および乾燥し、さらに焼成することで、粉末状の規則性メソ細孔物質である前駆体材料(A)が得られる。ここで、混合溶液の溶媒としては、例えば水、またはアルコール等の有機溶媒、若しくはこれらの混合溶媒等を用いることができる。また、原料は、骨格体の種類に応じて選択されるが、例えばテトラエトキシシラン(TEOS)等のシリカ剤、フュームドシリカ、石英砂等が挙げられる。また、鋳型剤としては、各種界面活性剤、ブロックコポリマー等を用いることができ、規則性メソ細孔物質の合成物の種類に応じて選択することが好ましく、例えばMCM-41を作製する場合にはヘキサデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド等の界面活性剤が好適である。水熱処理は、例えば、密閉容器内で、80~800℃、5時間~240時間、0~2000kPaの処理条件で行うことができる。焼成処理は、例えば、空気中で、350~850℃、2時間~30時間の処理条件で行うことができる。
(ステップ2:含浸工程)
 次に、準備した前駆体材料(A)に、金属含有溶液を含浸させ、前駆体材料(B)を得る。
 金属含有溶液は、希土類元素およびアルカリ土類金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素、及び、遷移金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を金属元素(M)として含む溶液であればよく、例えば、溶媒に、金属元素(M)を含有する金属塩を溶解させることにより調製できる。このような金属塩としては、例えば、塩化物、水酸化物、酸化物、硫酸塩、硝酸塩等の金属塩が挙げられ、中でも硝酸塩が好ましい。溶媒としては、例えば水、またはアルコール等の有機溶媒、若しくはこれらの混合溶媒等を用いることができる。
 前駆体材料(A)に金属含有溶液を含浸させる方法は、特に限定されないが、例えば、後述する焼成工程の前に、粉末状の前駆体材料(A)を撹拌しながら、金属含有溶液を複数回に分けて少量ずつ添加することが好ましい。また、前駆体材料(A)の細孔内部に金属含有溶液がより浸入し易くなる観点から、前駆体材料(A)に、金属含有溶液を添加する前に予め、添加剤として界面活性剤を添加しておくことが好ましい。このような添加剤は、前駆体材料(A)の外表面を被覆する働きがあり、その後に添加される金属含有溶液が前駆体材料(A)の外表面に付着することを抑制し、金属含有溶液が前駆体材料(A)の細孔内部により浸入し易くなると考えられる。
 このような添加剤としては、例えばポリオキシエチレンオレイルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル等の非イオン性界面活性剤が挙げられる。これらの界面活性剤は、分子サイズが大きく前駆体材料(A)の細孔内部には浸入できないため、細孔の内部に付着することは無く、金属含有溶液が細孔内部に浸入することを妨げないと考えられる。非イオン性界面活性剤の添加方法としては、例えば、後述する焼成工程の前に、非イオン性界面活性剤を、前駆体材料(A)に対して50~500質量% 添加するのが好ましい。非イオン性界面活性剤の前駆体材料(A)に対する添加量が50質量%未満であると上記の抑制作用が発現し難く、非イオン性界面活性剤を前駆体材料(A)に対して500質量%よりも多く添加すると粘度が上がりすぎるので好ましくない。よって、非イオン性界面活性剤の前駆体材料(A)に対する添加量を上記範囲内の値とする。
 また、前駆体材料(A)に添加する金属含有溶液の添加量は、前駆体材料(A)に含浸させる金属含有溶液中に含まれる金属元素(M)の量(すなわち、前駆体材料(B)に内在させる金属元素(M)の量)を考慮して、適宜調整することが好ましい。例えば、後述する焼成工程の前に、前駆体材料(A)に添加する金属含有溶液の添加量を、前駆体材料(A)に添加する金属含有溶液中に含まれる金属元素(M)に対する、前駆体材料(A)を構成するケイ素(Si)の比(原子数比Si/M)に換算して、10~1000となるように調整することが好ましく、50~200となるように調整することがより好ましい。例えば、前駆体材料(A)に金属含有溶液を添加する前に、添加剤として界面活性剤を前駆体材料(A)に添加した場合、前駆体材料(A)に添加する金属含有溶液の添加量を、原子数比Si/Mに換算して50~200とすることで、金属酸化物微粒子の金属元素(M)を、機能性構造体に対して0.5~2.5質量%で含有させることができる。前駆体材料(B)の状態で、その細孔内部に存在する金属元素(M)の量は、金属含有溶液の金属濃度や、上記添加剤の有無、その他温度や圧力等の諸条件が同じであれば、前駆体材料(A)に添加する金属含有溶液の添加量に概ね比例する。また、前駆体材料(B)に内在する金属元素(M)の量は、機能性構造体の骨格体に内在する金属酸化物微粒子を構成する金属元素の量と比例関係にある。したがって、前駆体材料(A)に添加する金属含有溶液の添加量を上記範囲に制御することにより、前駆体材料(A)の細孔内部に金属含有溶液を十分に含浸させることができ、ひいては、機能性構造体の骨格体に内在させる金属酸化物微粒子の量を調整することができる。
 前駆体材料(A)に金属含有溶液を含浸させた後は、必要に応じて、洗浄処理を行ってもよい。洗浄溶液として、水、またはアルコール等の有機溶媒、若しくはこれらの混合溶液を用いることができる。また、前駆体材料(A)に金属含有溶液を含浸させ、必要に応じて洗浄処理を行った後、さらに乾燥処理を施すことが好ましい。乾燥処理としては、一晩程度の自然乾燥や、150℃以下の高温乾燥が挙げられる。なお、金属含有溶液に含まれる水分や、洗浄溶液の水分が、前駆体材料(A)に多く残った状態で、後述の焼成処理を行うと、前駆体材料(A)の規則性メソ細孔物質としての骨格構造が壊れる恐れがあるので、十分に乾燥するのが好ましい。
(ステップS3:焼成工程)
 次に、ゼオライト型化合物で構成される多孔質構造の骨格体を得るための前駆体材料(A)に金属含有溶液が含浸された前駆体材料(B)を焼成して、前駆体材料(C)を得る。
 焼成処理は、例えば、空気中で、350~850℃、2時間~30時間の処理条件で行うことが好ましい。このような焼成処理により、規則性メソ細孔物質の孔内に含浸された金属成分が結晶成長して、孔内で金属酸化物微粒子が形成される。
(ステップS4:水熱処理工程)
 次いで、前駆体材料(C)と構造規定剤とを混合した混合溶液を調製し、前記前駆体材料(B)を焼成して得られた前駆体材料(C)を水熱処理して、機能性構造体を得る。
 構造規定剤は、機能性構造体の骨格体の骨格構造を規定するための鋳型剤であり、例えば界面活性剤を用いることができる。構造規定剤は、機能性構造体の骨格体の骨格構造に応じて選択することが好ましく、例えばテトラメチルアンモニウムブロミド(TMABr)、テトラエチルアンモニウムブロミド(TEABr)、テトラプロピルアンモニウムブロミド(TPABr)等の界面活性剤が好適である。
 前駆体材料(C)と構造規定剤との混合は、本水熱処理工程時に行ってもよいし、水熱処理工程の前に行ってもよい。また、上記混合溶液の調製方法は、特に限定されず、前駆体材料(C)と、構造規定剤と、溶媒とを同時に混合してもよいし、溶媒に前駆体材料(C)と構造規定剤とをそれぞれ個々の溶液に分散させた状態にした後に、それぞれの分散溶液を混合してもよい。溶媒としては、例えば水、またはアルコール等の有機溶媒、若しくはこれらの混合溶媒等を用いることができる。また、混合溶液は、水熱処理を行う前に、酸または塩基を用いてpHを調整しておくことが好ましい。
 水熱処理は、公知の方法で行うことができ、例えば、密閉容器内で、80~800℃、5時間~240時間、0~2000kPaの処理条件で行うことが好ましい。また、水熱処理は、塩基性雰囲気下で行われることが好ましい。
 ここでの反応メカニズムは必ずしも明らかではないが、前駆体材料(C)を原料として水熱処理を行うことにより、前駆体材料(C)の規則性メソ細孔物質としての骨格構造は次第に崩れるが、前駆体材料(C)の細孔内部での金属酸化物微粒子の位置は概ね維持されたまま、構造規定剤の作用により、機能性構造体の骨格体としての新たな骨格構造(多孔質構造)が形成される。このようにして得られた機能性構造体は、多孔質構造の骨格体と、骨格体に内在する金属酸化物微粒子を備え、さらに骨格体はその多孔質構造により複数の孔が互いに連通した通路を有し、金属酸化物微粒子はその少なくとも一部分が骨格体の通路に存在し、好ましくは保持されている。
 また、本実施形態では、上記水熱処理工程において、前駆体材料(C)と構造規定剤とを混合した混合溶液を調製して、前駆体材料(C)を水熱処理しているが、これに限らず、前駆体材料(C)と構造規定剤とを混合すること無く、前駆体材料(C)を水熱処理してもよい。
 水熱処理後に得られる沈殿物(機能性構造体)は、回収(例えば、ろ別)後、必要に応じて洗浄、乾燥および焼成することが好ましい。洗浄溶液としては、水、またはアルコール等の有機溶媒、若しくはこれらの混合溶液を用いることができる。乾燥処理としては、一晩程度の自然乾燥や、150℃以下の高温乾燥が挙げられる。なお、沈殿物に水分が多く残った状態で、焼成処理を行うと、機能性構造体の骨格体としての骨格構造が壊れる恐れがあるので、十分に乾燥するのが好ましい。また、焼成処理は、例えば、空気中で、350~850℃、2時間~30時間の処理条件で行うことができる。このような焼成処理により、機能性構造体に付着していた構造規定剤が焼失する。また、機能性構造体は、使用目的に応じて、回収後の沈殿物を焼成処理することなくそのまま用いることもできる。例えば、機能性構造体の使用する環境が、酸化性雰囲気の高温環境である場合には、使用環境に一定時間晒すことで、構造規定剤は焼失し、焼成処理した場合と同様の機能性構造体が得られるので、そのまま使用することが可能となる。
[機能性構造体1の変形例]
 図4は、図1の機能性構造体1の変形例を示す模式図である。
 図1の機能性構造体1は、骨格体10と、骨格体10に内在する、金属酸化物微粒子20とを備える場合を示しているが、この構成だけには限定されず、例えば、図4に示すように、機能性構造体2が、骨格体10の外表面10aに保持された少なくとも1つの他の金属酸化物微粒子30を更に備えていてもよい。
 他の金属酸化物微粒子30は、一又は複数の機能を発揮する物質である。他の金属酸化物微粒子30が有する機能は、金属酸化物微粒子20が有する機能と同一であってもよいし、異なっていてもよい。他の金属酸化物微粒子30が有する機能の具体例は、金属酸化物微粒子20について説明したものと同様であり、中でも触媒機能を有することが好ましく、このとき金属酸化物微粒子30は触媒物質である。また、金属酸化物微粒子20,30の双方が同一の機能を有する物質である場合、他の金属酸化物微粒子30の材料は、金属酸化物微粒子20の材料と同一であってもよいし、異なっていてもよい。本構成によれば、機能性構造体2に保持された金属酸化物微粒子の含有量を増大することができ、金属酸化物微粒子の機能発揮を更に促進することができる。
 この場合、骨格体10に内在する少なくとも1つの金属酸化物微粒子20の含有量は、骨格体10の外表面10aに保持された少なくとも1つの他の金属酸化物微粒子30の含有量よりも多いことが好ましい。これにより、骨格体10の内部に保持された金属酸化物微粒子20による機能が支配的となり、安定的に金属酸化物微粒子の機能が発揮される。
 以上、本発明の実施形態に係る機能性構造体について述べたが、本発明は上記実施形態に限定されるものではなく、本発明の技術思想に基づいて各種の変形および変更が可能である。
(実施例1~384)
[前駆体材料(A)の合成]
 シリカ剤(テトラエトキシシラン(TEOS)、和光純薬工業株式会社製)と、鋳型剤としての界面活性剤とを混合した混合水溶液を作製し、適宜pH調整を行い、密閉容器内で、80~350℃、100時間、水熱処理を行った。その後、生成した沈殿物をろ別し、水およびエタノールで洗浄し、さらに600℃、24時間、空気中で焼成して、表1~8に示される種類および孔径(nm)の前駆体材料(A)を得た。なお、界面活性剤は、前駆体材料(A)の種類に応じて(「前駆体材料(A)の種類:界面活性剤」)以下のものを用いた。
・MCM-41:ヘキサデシルトリメチルアンモニウムブロミド(CTAB)(和光純薬工業株式会社製)
・SBA-1:Pluronic P123(BASF社製)
[前駆体材料(B)および(C)の作製]
 次に、表1~8に示される種類の金属酸化物微粒子を構成する金属元素(M)に応じて、該金属元素(M)を含有する金属塩を、水に溶解させて、金属含有水溶液を調製した。なお、金属塩は、金属酸化物微粒子の種類に応じて(「金属酸化物微粒子:金属塩」)以下のものを用いた。
・LaMnO:La-Mn硝酸塩(La(NO・6HO(99%)およびMn(NO・9HO(99%)を使用、ともに和光純薬工業株式会社製)
・BaMnO:Ba-Mn硝酸塩(Ba(NO(99%)およびMn(NO・9HO(99%)を使用、ともに和光純薬工業株式会社製)
・LaAlO:La-Al硝酸塩(La(NO・6HO(99%)およびAl(NO・9HO(99%)を使用、ともに和光純薬工業株式会社製)
・LaCoO:La-Co硝酸塩(La(NO・6HO(99%)およびCo(NO・6HO(99%)を使用、ともに和光純薬工業株式会社製)
 次に、粉末状の前駆体材料(A)に、金属含有水溶液を複数回に分けて少量ずつ添加し、室温(20℃±10℃)で12時間以上乾燥させて、前駆体材料(B)を得た。
 なお、表1~8に示す添加剤の添加の有無の欄が「有り」の場合は、金属含有水溶液を添加する前の前駆体材料(A)に対して、添加剤としてのポリオキシエチレン(15)オレイルエーテル(NIKKOL BO-15V、日光ケミカルズ株式会社製)の水溶液を添加する前処理を行い、その後、上記のように金属含有水溶液を添加したものである。また、添加剤の添加の有無の欄が「無し」の場合については、上記のような添加剤による前処理は行っていない。
 また、前駆体材料(A)に添加する金属含有水溶液の添加量は、該金属含有水溶液中に含まれる金属元素(M)に対する、前駆体材料(A)を構成するケイ素(Si)の比(原子数比Si/M)に換算したときの数値が、表1~8の値になるように調整した。
 次に、上記のようにして得られた金属含有水溶液を含浸させた前駆体材料(B)を、600℃、24時間、空気中で焼成して、前駆体材料(C)を得た。
[機能性構造体の合成]
 上記のようにして得られた前駆体材料(C)と、表1~8に示す構造規定剤とを混合して混合水溶液を作製し、密閉容器内で、80~350℃、表1~8に示すpHおよび時間の条件で、水熱処理を行った。その後、生成した沈殿物をろ別し、水洗し、100℃で12時間以上乾燥させ、さらに600℃、24時間、空気中で焼成して、表1~8に示す骨格体と触媒物質としての金属酸化物微粒子とを有する機能性構造体を得た(実施例1~384)。
(比較例1)
 比較例1では、水酸化物ペロブスカイト前駆体の出発原料は実施例と同様のものを用いた。0.1mol/lのLa-Mn硝酸塩混合水溶液を撹拌下の19%アンモニア水に滴下した。滴下後ろ過し、110℃で一晩乾燥させ、水酸化物ペロブスカイト前駆体を得た。得られたペロブスカイト水酸化物前駆体とMFI型のシリカライトをSi/M比=100になる様に純水中に加え,超音波にて分散させ蒸発乾固し焼成することにより、骨格体の外表面にLaMnOを担持したシリカライトを得た。MFI型シリカライトは、金属を添加する工程以外は、実施例52~57と同様の方法で合成した。
(比較例2)
 比較例2では、骨格体の外表面にLaMnOを担持させる工程を省略したこと以外は、比較例1と同様の方法にてMFI型シリカライトを合成した。
[評価]
 上記実施例の機能性構造体および比較例のシリカライトについて、以下に示す条件で、各種特性評価を行った。
[A]断面観察
 上記実施例の機能性構造体および比較例1の金属酸化物微粒子担持シリカライトについて、粉砕法にて観察試料を作製し、透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)(TITAN G2、FEI社製)を用いて、断面観察を行った。
 その結果、上記実施例の機能性構造体では、シリカライトまたはゼオライトからなる骨格体の内部に金属酸化物微粒子が内在し、保持されていることが確認された。一方、比較例1のシリカライトでは、金属酸化物微粒子が骨格体の外表面に付着しているのみで、骨格体の内部には存在していなかった。
[B]骨格体の通路の平均内径および金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径
 上記評価[A]で行った断面観察により撮影したTEM画像にて、骨格体の通路を、任意に500個選択し、それぞれの長径および短径を測定し、その平均値からそれぞれの内径を算出し(N=500)、さらに内径の平均値を求めて、骨格体の通路の平均内径Dとした。また、金属酸化物微粒子についても同様に、上記TEM画像から、金属酸化物微粒子を、任意に500個選択し、それぞれの粒径を測定して(N=500)、その平均値を求めて、金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径Dとした。結果を表1~8に示す。
[C]金属含有溶液の添加量と骨格体内部に包接された金属量との関係
 原子数比Si/M=50,100,200,1000(M=Co、Ni、Fe、Cu)の添加量で、金属酸化物微粒子を骨格体内部に包接させた機能性構造体を作製し、その後、上記添加量で作製された機能性構造体の骨格体内部に包接された金属量(質量%)を測定した。尚、本測定において原子数比Si/M=100,200,1000の機能性構造体は、それぞれ実施例1~384のうちの原子数比Si/M=100,200,1000の機能性構造体と同様の方法で金属含有溶液の添加量を調整して作製し、原子数比Si/M=50の機能性構造体は、金属含有溶液の添加量を異ならせたこと以外は、原子数比Si/M=100,200,1000の機能性構造体と同様の方法で作製した。
 金属量の定量は、ICP(高周波誘導結合プラズマ)単体か、或いはICPとXRF(蛍光X線分析)を組み合わせて行った。XRF(エネルギー分散型蛍光X線分析装置「SEA1200VX」、エスエスアイ・ナノテクノロジー社製)は、真空雰囲気、加速電圧15kV(Crフィルタ使用)或いは加速電圧50kV(Pbフィルタ使用)の条件で行った。
 XRFは、金属の存在量を蛍光強度で算出する方法であり、XRF単体では定量値(質量%換算)を算出できない。そこで、Si/M=100で金属を添加した機能性構造体の金属量は、ICP分析により定量し、Si/M=50および100未満で金属を添加した機能性構造体の金属量は、XRF測定結果とICP測定結果を元に算出した。
 この結果、少なくとも原子数比Si/Mが50~1000の範囲内で、金属含有溶液の添加量の増加に伴って、機能性構造体に包接された金属量が増大していることが確認された。
[D]性能評価
 上記実施例の機能性構造体および比較例のシリカライトについて、金属酸化物微粒子(触媒物質)がもつ触媒能(性能)を評価した。結果を表1~8に示す。
(1)触媒活性
 触媒活性は、以下の条件で評価した。
 まず、機能性構造体を、常圧流通式反応装置に0.2g充填し、窒素ガス(N)をキャリアガス(5ml/min)とし、400℃、2時間、ブチルベンゼン(重質油のモデル物質)の分解反応を行った。反応終了後に、回収した生成ガスおよび生成液を、ガスクロマトグラフィー質量分析法(GC/MS)により成分分析した。なお、生成ガスの分析装置には、TRACE 1310GC(サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック株式会社製、検出器:熱伝導度検出器)を用い、生成液の分析装置には、TRACE DSQ(サーモフィッシャーサイエンティフィック株式会社製、検出器:質量検出器、イオン化方法:EI(イオン源温度250℃、MSトランスファーライン温度320℃、検出器:熱伝導度検出器))を用いた。
 さらに、上記成分分析の結果に基づき、ブチルベンゼンよりも分子量が小さい化合物(具体的には、ベンゼン、トルエン、エチルベンゼン、スチレン、クメン、メタン、エタン、エチレン、プロパン、プロピレン、ブタン、ブテン等)の収率(mol%)を求めた。上記化合物の収率は、反応開始前のブチルベンゼンの物質量(mol)に対する、生成液中に含まれるブチルベンゼンよりも分子量が小さい化合物の物質量の総量(mol)の百分率(mol%)として算出した。
 本実施例では、生成液中に含まれるブチルベンゼンよりも分子量が小さい化合物の収率が、40mol%以上である場合を触媒活性(分解能)が優れていると判定して「◎」、25mol%以上40mol%未満である場合を触媒活性が良好であると判定して「○」、10mol%以上25mol%未満である場合を触媒活性が良好ではないものの合格レベル(可)であると判定して「△」、そして10mol%未満である場合を触媒活性が劣る(不可)と判定して「×」とした。
(2)耐久性(寿命)
 耐久性は、以下の条件で評価した。
 まず、上記評価(1)で使用した機能性構造体を回収し、650℃で、12時間加熱して、加熱後の機能性構造体を得た。次に、得られた加熱後の機能性構造体を用いて、上記評価(1)と同様の方法により、ブチルベンゼン(重質油のモデル物質)の分解反応を行い、さらに上記評価(1)と同様の方法で、生成ガスおよび生成液の成分分析を行った。得られた分析結果に基づき、上記評価(1)と同様の方法で、ブチルベンゼンよりも分子量が小さい化合物の収率(mol%)を求めた。さらに、加熱前の機能性構造体による上記化合物の収率(上記評価(1)で求めた収率)と比較して、加熱後の機能性構造体による上記化合物の収率が、どの程度維持されているかを比較した。具体的には、加熱前の機能性構造体による上記化合物の収率(上記評価(1)で求めた収率)に対する、上記加熱後の機能性構造体による上記化合物の収率(本評価(2)で求めた収率)の百分率(%)を算出した。本実施例では、加熱後の機能性構造体による上記化合物の収率(本評価(2)で求めた収率)が、加熱前の機能性構造体による上記化合物の収率(上記評価(1)で求めた収率)に比べて、80%以上維持されている場合を耐久性(耐熱性)が優れていると判定して「◎」、60%以上80%未満維持されている場合を耐久性(耐熱性)が良好であると判定して「○」、40%以上60%未満維持されている場合を耐久性(耐熱性)が良好ではないものの合格レベル(可)であると判定して「△」、そして40%未満に低下している場合を耐久性(耐熱性)が劣る(不可)と判定して「×」とした。比較例1~2についても、上記評価(1)および(2)と同様の性能評価を行った。なお、比較例2は、骨格体そのものであり、金属酸化物微粒子は有していない。そのため、上記性能評価では、機能性構造体に替えて、比較例2の骨格体のみを充填した。結果を表8に示す。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000001
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000002
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000003
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000004
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000005
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000006
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000007
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000008
 表1~8から明らかなように、断面観察により骨格体の内部に金属酸化物微粒子が保持されていることが確認された機能性構造体(実施例1~384)は、単に金属酸化物微粒子が骨格体の外表面に付着しているだけのシリカライト(比較例1)や金属酸化物微粒子を何ら有していない骨格体そのもの(比較例2)と比較して、ブチルベンゼンの分解反応において優れた触媒活性を示し、触媒としての耐久性にも優れていることが分かった。
 また、上記評価[C]で測定された機能性構造体の骨格体内部に包接された金属量(質量%)と、生成液中に含まれるブチルベンゼンよりも分子量が小さい化合物の収率(mol%)との関係を評価した。評価方法は、上記[D]「性能評価」における「(1)触媒活性」で行った評価方法と同じとした。
 その結果、各実施例において、前駆体材料(A)に添加する金属含有溶液の添加量が、原子数比Si/M(M=LaおよびMn)に換算して50~200(機能性構造体に対する金属酸化物微粒子の金属元素(M)の含有量が0.5~2.5質量%)であると、生成液中に含まれるブチルベンゼンよりも分子量が小さい化合物の収率が、32mol%以上となり、ブチルベンゼンの分解反応における触媒活性が合格レベル以上であることが分かった。
 一方、骨格体の外表面にのみ金属酸化物微粒子を付着させた比較例1の機能性構造体は、金属酸化物微粒子を何ら有していない比較例2の骨格体そのものと比較して、ブチルベンゼンの分解反応における触媒活性は改善されるものの、実施例1~384の機能性構造体に比べて、触媒としての耐久性は劣っていた。
 また、金属酸化物微粒子を何ら有していない比較例2の骨格体そのものは、ブチルベンゼンの分解反応において触媒活性は殆ど示さず、実施例1~384の機能性構造体と比較して、触媒活性および耐久性の双方が劣っていた。
 1 機能性構造体
10 骨格体
10a 外表面
11 骨格体の通路
11a 孔
12 通路の拡径部
20 金属酸化物微粒子
30 金属酸化物微粒子
 金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径
 通路の平均内径
 拡径部の内径

Claims (21)

  1.  ゼオライト型化合物で構成される多孔質構造の骨格体と、
     前記骨格体に内在する、ペロブスカイト型酸化物を含有する少なくとも1つの金属酸化物微粒子と、
     を備え、
     前記骨格体が、互いに連通する通路を有し、
     前記金属酸化物微粒子が、前記骨格体の少なくとも前記通路に存在していることを特徴とする機能性構造体。
  2.  前記通路は、前記ゼオライト型化合物の骨格構造によって画定される一次元孔、二次元孔及び三次元孔のうちのいずれかと、前記一次元孔、前記二次元孔及び前記三次元孔のうちのいずれとも異なる拡径部を有し、かつ、前記金属酸化物微粒子が少なくとも前記拡径部に存在していることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の機能性構造体。
  3.  前記拡径部は、前記一次元孔、前記二次元孔及び前記三次元孔のうちのいずれかを構成する複数の孔同士を連通していることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載の機能性構造体。
  4.  前記金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径が、前記通路の平均内径よりも大きく、且つ前記拡径部の内径以下であることを特徴とする、請求項2又は3に記載の機能性構造体。
  5.  前記金属酸化物微粒子は、触媒物質であり、
     前記骨格体は、前記少なくとも1つの触媒物質を担持する担体であることを特徴とする、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
  6.  前記金属酸化物微粒子の金属元素(M)が、前記機能性構造体に対して0.5~2.5質量%で含有されていることを特徴とする、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
  7.  前記金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径が、0.1~50nmであることを特徴とする、請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
  8.  前記金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径が、0.5nm~14.0nmであることを特徴とする、請求項7に記載の機能性構造体。
  9.  前記通路の平均内径に対する前記金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径の割合が、0.06~500であることを特徴とする、請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
  10.  前記通路の平均内径に対する前記金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径の割合が、0.1~45であることを特徴とする、請求項9に記載の機能性構造体。
  11.  前記通路の平均内径に対する前記金属酸化物微粒子の平均粒径の割合が、1.7~4.5であることを特徴とする、請求項10に記載の機能性構造体。
  12.  前記通路は、前記ゼオライト型化合物の骨格構造によって画定される一次元孔、二次元孔及び三次元孔のうちのいずれかと、前記一次元孔、前記二次元孔及び前記三次元孔のうちのいずれとも異なる拡径部を有し、
     前記通路の平均内径は、0.1~1.5nmであり、
     前記拡径部の内径は、0.5~50nmであることを特徴とする、請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
  13.  前記骨格体の外表面に保持された少なくとも1つの他の金属酸化物微粒子を更に備えることを特徴とする、請求項1~12のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
  14.  前記骨格体に内在する前記少なくとも1つの金属酸化物微粒子の含有量が、前記骨格体の外表面に保持された前記少なくとも1つの他の金属酸化物微粒子の含有量よりも多いことを特徴とする、請求項13に記載の機能性構造体。
  15.  前記ゼオライト型化合物は、ケイ酸塩化合物であることを特徴とする、請求項1~14のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体。
  16.  ゼオライト型化合物で構成される多孔質構造の骨格体を得るための前駆体材料(A)に、希土類元素およびアルカリ土類金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素、及び、遷移金属から選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素を金属元素(M)として含む金属含有溶液が含浸された前駆体材料(B)を焼成する焼成工程と、
     前記前駆体材料(B)を焼成して得られた前駆体材料(C)を水熱処理する水熱処理工程と、
     を有することを特徴とする機能性構造体の製造方法。
  17.  前記焼成工程の前に、非イオン性界面活性剤を、前記前駆体材料(A)に対して50~500質量%添加することを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の機能性構造体の製造方法。
  18.  前記焼成工程の前に、前記前駆体材料(A)に前記金属含有溶液を複数回に分けて添加することで、前記前駆体材料(A)に前記金属含有溶液を含浸させることを特徴とする、請求項16又は17記載の機能性構造体の製造方法。
  19.  前記焼成工程の前に前記前駆体材料(A)に前記金属含有溶液を含浸させる際に、前記前駆体材料(A)に添加する前記金属含有溶液の添加量を、前記前駆体材料(A)に添加する前記金属含有溶液中に含まれる金属元素(M)に対する、前記前駆体材料(A)を構成するケイ素(Si)の比(原子数比Si/M)に換算して、10~1000となるように調整することを特徴とする、請求項16~18のいずれか1項に記載の機能性構造体の製造方法。
  20.  前記水熱処理工程において、前記前駆体材料(C)と構造規定剤とを混合することを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の機能性構造体の製造方法。
  21.  前記水熱処理工程が塩基性雰囲気下で行われることを特徴とする、請求項16に記載の機能性構造体の製造方法。
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