WO2017177149A2 - Methods and compositions for car t cell therapy - Google Patents

Methods and compositions for car t cell therapy Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2017177149A2
WO2017177149A2 PCT/US2017/026618 US2017026618W WO2017177149A2 WO 2017177149 A2 WO2017177149 A2 WO 2017177149A2 US 2017026618 W US2017026618 W US 2017026618W WO 2017177149 A2 WO2017177149 A2 WO 2017177149A2
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pharmaceutically acceptable
acceptable salt
conjugate
cancer
car
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
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PCT/US2017/026618
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English (en)
French (fr)
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WO2017177149A3 (en
Inventor
Philip Stewart Low
Haiyan CHU
Yong Gu Lee
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Purdue Research Foundation
Endocyte Inc
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Purdue Research Foundation
Endocyte Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Priority to CN201780033995.3A priority Critical patent/CN109195611A/zh
Priority to RU2018139101A priority patent/RU2792653C2/ru
Priority to BR112018070580-2A priority patent/BR112018070580B1/pt
Priority to CA3019835A priority patent/CA3019835A1/en
Priority to US16/092,054 priority patent/US12144850B2/en
Priority to JP2018553142A priority patent/JP7282521B2/ja
Priority to EP17779919.4A priority patent/EP3439675A4/en
Application filed by Purdue Research Foundation, Endocyte Inc filed Critical Purdue Research Foundation
Publication of WO2017177149A2 publication Critical patent/WO2017177149A2/en
Publication of WO2017177149A3 publication Critical patent/WO2017177149A3/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to JP2023081216A priority patent/JP7631410B2/ja
Priority to US18/914,891 priority patent/US20250171803A1/en
Priority to JP2025017467A priority patent/JP2025084765A/ja
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C07K16/44—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material not provided for elsewhere, e.g. haptens, metals, DNA, RNA, amino acids
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Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to methods of treating a patient with a cancer by administering to the patient a composition comprising CAR T cells and administering to the patient a small molecule linked to a targeting moiety by a linker.
  • the disclosure also relates to compositions for use in such methods.
  • Immunotherapy based on adoptive transfer of lymphocytes (e.g., T cells) into a patient is a valuable therapy in the treatment of cancer and other diseases.
  • Many important advancements have been made in the development of immunotherapies based on adoptive transfer of lymphocytes.
  • T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CAR T cells).
  • the chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is a genetically engineered receptor that is designed to target a specific antigen, for example, a tumor antigen. This targeting can result in cytotoxicity against the tumor, for example, such that CAR T cells expressing CARs can target and kill tumors via the specific tumor antigens.
  • First generation CARs are composed of a recognition region, e.g., a single chain fragment variable (scFv) region derived from an antibody for recognition and binding to the antigen expressed by the tumor, and an activation signaling domain, e.g., the CD3 ⁇ chain of T cells can serve as a T cell activation signal in CARs.
  • a recognition region e.g., a single chain fragment variable (scFv) region derived from an antibody for recognition and binding to the antigen expressed by the tumor
  • an activation signaling domain e.g., the CD3 ⁇ chain of T cells can serve as a T cell activation signal in CARs.
  • a co- stimulation domain e.g. CD137, CD28 or CD134
  • second generation CARs to achieve prolonged activation of T cells in vivo.
  • Addition of a co-stimulation domain enhances the in vivo proliferation and survival of T cells containing CARs, and initial clinical data have shown that such constructs are promising therapeutic agents in the treatment of diseases, such as cancer.
  • CAR T cell therapies Although improvements have been made in CAR T cell therapies, several problems remain. First, Off-target' toxicity may occur due to normal cells that express the antigen targeted by the CAR T cells (e.g., a tumor-associated antigen). Second, unregulated CAR T cell activation may be found where the rapid and uncontrolled elimination of diseased cells (e.g., cancer cells) by CAR T cells induces a constellation of metabolic disturbances, called tumor lysis syndrome, in the case where a tumor is being treated, or cytokine release syndrome (CRS), which can be fatal to patients. Tumor lysis syndrome and CRS can result due to administered CAR T cells that cannot be easily regulated, and are activated uncontrollably. Accordingly, although CAR T cells show great promise as a tool in the treatment of diseases, such as cancer, additional CAR T cell therapies are needed that provide reduced off-target toxicity, and more precise control of CAR T cell activation.
  • diseases e.g., cancer
  • CRS cytokine release syndrome
  • a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker is used as a bridge between the cancer and the CAR T cells directing the CAR T cells to the cancer for amelioration of the cancer.
  • the "small molecule ligand” can be, for example, a folate, DUPA, an NK-1R ligand, a CAIX ligand, a ligand of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, or a CCK2R ligand, each of which is a small molecule ligand that binds specifically to cancer cells (i.e., the receptor for these ligands is overexpressed on cancers compared to normal tissues).
  • the "small molecule ligand" is linked to a "targeting moiety” that binds to the CAR expressed by CAR T cells.
  • the targeting moiety that binds to the CAR expressed by CAR T cells.
  • targeting moiety can be selected, for example, from 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), 2,4,6- trinitrophenol (TNP), biotin, digoxigenin, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), NHS- fluorescein, pentafluorophenyl ester (PFP), tetrafluorophenyl ester (TFP), a knottin, a centyrin, and a DARPin.
  • DNP 2,4-dinitrophenol
  • TNP 2,4,6- trinitrophenol
  • biotin biotin
  • digoxigenin fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)
  • NHS- fluorescein NHS- fluorescein
  • PFP pentafluorophenyl ester
  • TFP tetrafluorophenyl ester
  • knottin a centyrin
  • centyrin a centyrin
  • DARPin DARP
  • the "targeting moiety” binds to the recognition region of the genetically engineered CAR expressed by CAR T cells. Accordingly, the recognition region of the CAR (e.g., a single chain fragment variable region (scFv) of an antibody) is directed to the "targeted moiety.”
  • the small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker acts as a 'bridge' between the cancer and the CAR T cells directing the CAR T cells to the cancer for amelioration of the cancer.
  • the inventors have discovered that varying the dose of the small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker (i.e., the bridge), can result in the ability to control CRS in vivo.
  • the inventors have discovered that varying the linker in the small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety (the bridge) can control CRS in vivo upon CAR T cell activation.
  • combinations of these methods can be used for precise control of CAR T cell activation and cytokine release in vivo.
  • affinity of the small molecule ligand for its receptor on the cancer can be altered to control CAR T cell activation, or to achieve specificity for the cancer avoiding toxicity towards normal tissues.
  • a method of treatment of a cancer comprises i) administering to a patient a first dose of a compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the compound comprises a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker, ii) administering to the patient a CAR T cell composition wherein the CAR T cell comprises a CAR directed to the targeting moiety, ii) administering to the patient a second dose of the compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the second dose is different than the first dose, and treating the patient to ameliorate the cancer.
  • a method of treatment of a cancer comprises i) administering to the patient a first conjugate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, ii) administering to the patient a CAR T cell composition wherein the CAR T cell comprises a CAR directed to the targeting moiety, iii) administering to the patient a second conjugate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the first and the second conjugate each comprise a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker and wherein the first conjugate and the second conjugate are different, and iv) treating the patient to ameliorate the cancer.
  • a method of treatment of a cancer comprises i) administering to a patient a first dose of a first conjugate, or a
  • a CAR T cell comprising a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: l is provided. In another aspect, a CAR T cell comprising a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:2 is provided. In another
  • an isolated nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: l and encoding a
  • a chimeric antigen receptor is provided.
  • a chimeric antigen receptor polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:2 is provided.
  • a vector comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 is provided.
  • a vector is provided comprising SEQ ID NO: l wherein the vector is a lentiviral vector.
  • a method of treatment of a cancer comprising i) administering to a patient a first dose of a compound, or a
  • the compound comprises a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker;
  • a method of treatment of a cancer comprising i) administering to the patient a first conjugate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
  • first and the second conjugate each comprise a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker and wherein the first conjugate and the second conjugate are different;
  • a method of treatment of a cancer comprising i) administering to a patient a first dose of a first conjugate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
  • first conjugate and the second conjugate each comprise a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety, wherein the first conjugate and the second conjugate are different, and wherein the first dose and the second dose are different;
  • the targeting moiety is selected from 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP), biotin, digoxigenin, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), NHS -fluorescein, pentafluorophenyl ester (PFP), tetrafluorophenyl ester (TFP), a knottin, a centyrin, and a DARPin.
  • DNP 2,4-dinitrophenol
  • TNP 2,4,6-trinitrophenol
  • biotin digoxigenin
  • fluorescein fluorescein isothiocyanate
  • FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate
  • NHS -fluorescein NHS -fluorescein
  • PFP pentafluorophenyl ester
  • TFP tetrafluorophenyl ester
  • knottin a centyrin
  • DARPin DARPin
  • linker comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyproline, a hydrophilic amino acid, a sugar, an unnatural peptidoglycan, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or pluronic F-127.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • polyproline polyproline
  • hydrophilic amino acid a sugar
  • unnatural peptidoglycan a polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • pluronic F-127 pluronic F-127.
  • L represents the linker
  • T represents the targeting moiety
  • L comprises a structure having the formula
  • n is an integer from 0 to 200. 23. The method of clause 22 wherein n is an integer from 0 to 150.
  • n is an integer from 0 to 110.
  • the cancer is selected from lung cancer, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the head, cancer of the neck, cutaneous melanoma, intraocular melanoma uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, Hodgkin' s Disease, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland, non-small cell lung cancer, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, prostate cancer, chronic leukemia, acute leukemia, lymphocytic lymphoma, pleural mesothelioma, cancer of the bladder, Burkitt
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is not an antibody, and does not comprise a fragment of an antibody.
  • a CAR T cell comprising a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: 1
  • a CAR T cell comprising a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: l. 54.
  • a CAR T cell comprising a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: l. 54.
  • An isolated nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: l and encoding a chimeric antigen receptor.
  • a chimeric antigen receptor polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1
  • a vector comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • CAR T cell isolated nucleic acid encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), or chimeric antigen receptor polypeptide of any one of clauses 1 to 56 wherein the CAR comprises human amino acid sequences.
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptor
  • CAR T cell isolated nucleic acid encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), or chimeric antigen receptor polypeptide of any one of clauses 1 to 56 wherein the CAR consists of human amino acid sequences.
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptor
  • a kit comprising at least two different types of bridges wherein the bridges comprise a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety wherein the ligand in the at least two different types of bridges is different and wherein the ligand is selected from a folate, DUPA, a CAIX ligand, an NK-IR ligand, a ligand of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, and a CCK2R ligand.
  • L represents the linker
  • T represents the targeting moiety
  • L comprises a structure having the formula
  • n is an integer from 0 to 200.
  • n is an integer from 0 to 110.
  • FIGURES 1A-B show CAR T cell proliferation using FITC-small molecule conjugates in different cell types with a (CAR T cell):target cell (cancer cell) ratio of 5: 1.
  • Figure 1A shows CAR T cell proliferation in KB (FR+) cells.
  • Figure IB shows CAR T cell proliferation in HEK293 (NK1R+) cells.
  • FIGURES 2A-F show inflammatory cytokine IFN- ⁇ production by CAR T cells with FITC-small molecule conjugates in different cell types.
  • Figure 2A shows inflammatory cytokine IFN- ⁇ production in KB (FR+) cells.
  • Figure 2B shows inflammatory cytokine IFN- ⁇ production in LNCaP (PSMA+) cells.
  • Figure 2C shows inflammatory cytokine IFN- ⁇ production in HEK293 (NK1R+) cells.
  • Figure 2D shows inflammatory cytokine IFN- ⁇ production in KB (FR+) cells with different concentrations of FITC-Folate.
  • Figure 2E shows inflammatory cytokine IFN- ⁇ production in KB (FR+) cells with different conjugates.
  • Figure 2F shows inflammatory cytokine IFN- ⁇ production in KB (FR+) cells with different conjugates.
  • FIGURES 3A-F show in vitro toxicity of tumor cells treated with FITC-small molecule conjugates in different cell types.
  • Figure 3A shows in vitro toxicity in KB (FR+) cells.
  • Figure 3B shows in vitro toxicity in LNCaP (PSMA+) cells.
  • Figure 3C shows in vitro toxicity in HEK293 (NK1R+) cells.
  • Figure 3D shows in vitro toxicity in KB (FR+) cells as a function of different E:T (Effector cells:Target cells) ratios.
  • Figure 3E shows in vitro toxicity in KB (FR+) cells as a function of FITC-Folate concentration.
  • Figure 3F shows in vitro toxicity in KB (FR+) cells with different conjugates.
  • FIGURES 4A-B show activation of CAR T cells is correlated with the expression level of the tumor antigen on cancer cells.
  • Figure 4A shows tumor antigen FRa level. The highest peak is for KB (FR+) cells.
  • Figure 4B shows CAR T cell activation using
  • FIGURES 5A-C show HEK293 (NK1R+) tumor xenografts and a CAR T cell therapy comprising treating CAR T cells with either a FITC-PEGl 1-NKl conjugate or no conjugate.
  • Figure 5A shows tumor volume measured over 24 days.
  • Figure 5B shows the body weight measured over 22 days of therapy.
  • Figure 5C shows the percentage of CAR T cells in CD3+ human T cells post CAR T cell injection along with FITC-PEGl 1-NKl .
  • FIGURES 6A-B show harvested organs from exemplary mice of the models used in Figures 5A-C.
  • Figure 6A shows harvested organs from the non-treatment group.
  • Figure 6B shows harvested organs after two weeks of CAR T cell therapy.
  • FIGURES 7A-C show MDA-MB-231 (FR+) xenografts under a CAR T cell therapy comprising treating the cells with CAR T cells with either a FITC-PEG12-Folate conjugate, a FITC-Folate conjugate, or no conjugate.
  • Figure 7A shows tumor volume measured over 23 days.
  • Figure 7B shows the body weight measured over 21 days of therapy.
  • Figure 7C shows the percentage of CAR T cells in CD3+ human T cells post CAR T cell injection.
  • FIGURES 8A-B show harvested organs from exemplary mice from the models shown in Figures 7A-C.
  • Figure 8A shows harvested organs from the non-treatment group.
  • Figure 8B shows harvested organs after three weeks of CAR T cell therapy comprising CAR T cells and the FITC-PEGl 2-Folate conjugate at 500 nmoles/kg body weight.
  • FIGURE 9 shows blood indices of the HEK293 (NK1R+) xenograft model from Figures 5-6 and the MDA-MB-231 (FR+) xenograft model from Figures 7-8.
  • FIGURE 10 shows differences in cytotoxicity towards KB (FR+) tumor cells treated with CAR T cells depending on the FITC-small molecule conjugate used.
  • FIGURE 11 shows body weight percentage change in a KB tumor xenograft model using CAR T cells with different concentrations of a FITC-PEG-12-Folate conjugate.
  • FIGURES 12A-C show harvested organs from exemplary mice of the KB xenograft model shown in Figure 11.
  • Figure 12A shows harvested organs from the non- treatment group.
  • Figure 12B shows harvested organs from the CAR T cell therapy group treated with 250 nmol/kg FITC-PEG-12-Folate.
  • Figure 12C shows harvested organs from the CAR T cell therapy group treated with CAR T cells and 500 nmol/kg FITC-PEG-12-Folate.
  • FIGURE 13 shows blood indices of the mice from the KB xenograft model from Figures 11-12.
  • FIGURES 14A-B show the constructs used for CAR T transduction.
  • Figure 14A shows the CAR4-1BBZ construct.
  • Figure 14B shows the lentiviral vector.
  • FIGURES 15A-B show flow cytometry analysis of transduced T cells.
  • Figure 15A shows the non-transduced cells.
  • Figure 15B shows the transduced cells.
  • FIGURES 16A-B show fluorescent microscopy of transduced CAR T cells.
  • Figure 16A shows GFP imaging indicating transduction.
  • Figure 16B shows FITC folate localizing to the positively transduced cells.
  • FIGURE 17 shows activation of CAR T cells as measured by relative expression of CD69 as a function of the conjugate used.
  • FIGURE 18 shows tumor heterogeneity of KB, LNCaP, and CAR T cells as a function of the conjugate used.
  • FIGURES 19A-C shows anti-tumor efficacy when the same anti-FITC CAR T cell (10' cells) was introduced to mice bearing two different tumors arising from two different cell lines (i.e. MDA-MB-231(FR+) and HEK (NK1R+)) on separate flanks, after which either PBS only ( Figure 19A), FITC-PEG11-NK1R (500nmole/kg) ( Figure 19B), or FITC-PEG11- NK1R (500nmole/kg) plus FITC-PEG12-Folate (500nmole/kg) ( Figure 19C) was injected every other day.
  • PBS only Figure 19A
  • FITC-PEG11-NK1R 500nmole/kg
  • Figure 19B FITC-PEG11- NK1R
  • FITC-PEG12-Folate 500nmole/kg
  • Figure 19A ( ⁇ ) FR+ (MDA-MB-231): CAR T cell + PBS, ( ⁇ ) NK1R+(HEK): CAR T cell + PBS;
  • Figure 19B ( ⁇ ) FR+ (MDA-MB-231): CAR T cell + PBS, ( ⁇ )
  • NK1R+(HEK) CAR T cell + FITC-PEG11-NK1R (500 nmole/kg);
  • Figure 19C ( ⁇ ) FR+ (MDA-MB-231): CAR T cell + FITC-PEG12-FA (500 nmole/kg),
  • ( ⁇ ) NK1R+(HEK) CAR T cell + PBS.
  • percentages generally refers to a range of numerical values (e.g., +/- 5 % to 10% of the recited value) that one of ordinary skill in the art would consider equivalent to the recited value (e.g., having the same function or result).
  • treat refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative treatment.
  • the terms “ameliorate,” “ameliorating,” “amelioration,” or “ameliorated” in reference to cancer can mean reducing the symptoms of the cancer, reducing the size of a tumor, completely or partially removing the tumor (e.g., a complete or partial response), causing stable disease, preventing progression of the cancer (e.g., progression free survival), or any other effect on the cancer that would be considered by a physician to be a therapeutic or preventative treatment of the cancer.
  • administer means all means of introducing the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or CAR T cell composition described herein to the patient including, but not limited to, oral (po), intravenous (iv), intramuscular (im), subcutaneous (sc), and transdermal.
  • off-target toxicity means organ damage or a reduction in the patient's weight that is unacceptable to the physician treating the patient, or any other effect that is unacceptable to the physician treating the patient, such as B cell aplasia.
  • transduction and “transfection” are used equivalently and the terms mean introducing a nucleic acid into a cell by any artificial method, including viral and non- viral methods.
  • a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker is used as a bridge between a cancer and CAR T cells (i.e, cytotoxic T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor).
  • the bridge directs the CAR T cells to the cancer for amelioration of the cancer.
  • the "small molecule ligand" can be a folate, a CAIX ligand, DUPA, an NK-1R ligand, a ligand of gamma glutamyl
  • transpeptidase or a CCK2R ligand, each of which is a small molecule ligand that binds specifically to a cancer cell type (i.e., the receptor for each of these ligands is overexpressed on cancers compared to normal tissues).
  • the "targeting moiety” linked to the small molecule ligand binds to the recognition region of the genetically engineered CAR expressed by CAR T cells. Accordingly, the recognition region of the CAR (e.g., a single chain fragment variable region (scFv) of an antibody) is directed to the "targeted moiety.”
  • the small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker acts as a bridge between the cancer and the CAR T cells directing the CAR T cells to the cancer for amelioration of the cancer.
  • the bridge between the cancer and the CAR T cells can be any of the conjugates shown in
  • the bridge is a small organic molecule so clearance from the bloodstream can be rapidly achieved (e.g., about 20 minutes or less).
  • the CAR T cell response can be targeted to only those cancer cells expressing a receptor for the small molecule ligand portion of the 'bridge,' thereby reducing off-target toxicity to normal tissues.
  • CAR T cell activation can be controlled due to the rapid clearance of the bridge from the bloodstream and to the ability to vary the dose and structure of the bridge to regulate CAR T cell activation.
  • this system can be 'universal' because one type of CAR T cell construct can be used to target a wide variety of cancers.
  • the targeting moiety recognized by the CAR T cell may remain constant so that one type of CAR T cell construct can be used, while the small molecule ligand that binds to the cancer is altered to allow targeting of a wide variety of cancers.
  • the inventors have discovered that varying the dose of the small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker (i.e., the bridge), can result in the ability to control CRS in vivo upon CAR T cell activation.
  • the inventors have discovered that varying the linker in the small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety (the bridge) can control CRS in vivo upon CAR T cell activation.
  • combinations of these methods can be used for precise control of CAR T cell activation and cytokine release in vivo.
  • the small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker is referred to as a "compound,” a “first conjugate,” or a “second conjugate.”
  • the term “compound” is used in embodiments where the dose of the small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker is varied to control cytokine release in vivo.
  • the terms "first conjugate” and “second conjugate” are used in embodiments where two different conjugates are administered to a patient.
  • the linker in the small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety can be varied to control cytokine release in vivo, or the conjugates can be modified to contain different small molecule ligands or different targeting moieties.
  • a method of treatment of a cancer comprising i) administering to a patient a first dose of a compound, or a
  • the compound comprises a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker; ii) administering to the patient a CAR T cell composition wherein the CAR T cell comprises a CAR directed to the targeting moiety;
  • a method of treatment of a cancer comprising i) administering to the patient a first conjugate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
  • first and the second conjugate each comprise a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker and wherein the first conjugate and the second conjugate are different;
  • a method of treatment of a cancer comprising i) administering to a patient a first dose of a first conjugate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
  • first conjugate and the second conjugate each comprise a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety, wherein the first conjugate and the second conjugate are different, and wherein the first dose and the second dose are different;
  • ligand is selected from a folate, DUPA, a CAIX ligand, an NK-IR ligand, a ligand of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, and a CCK2R ligand.
  • the targeting moiety is selected from 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP), biotin, digoxigenin, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), NHS -fluorescein, pentafluorophenyl ester (PFP), tetrafluorophenyl ester (TFP), a knottin, a centyrin, and a DARPin.
  • DNP 2,4-dinitrophenol
  • TNP 2,4,6-trinitrophenol
  • biotin digoxigenin
  • fluorescein fluorescein isothiocyanate
  • FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate
  • NHS -fluorescein NHS -fluorescein
  • PFP pentafluorophenyl ester
  • TFP tetrafluorophenyl ester
  • knottin a centyrin
  • DARPin DARPin
  • the targeting moiety is TNP.
  • the linker comprises polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyproline, a hydrophilic amino acid, a sugar, an unnatural peptidoglycan, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, and/or pluronic F-127.
  • L represents the linker
  • T represents the targeting moiety
  • L comprises a structure having the formula
  • n is an integer from 0 to 200.
  • n is an integer from 0 to 110.
  • the cancer is selected from lung cancer, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the head, cancer of the neck, cutaneous melanoma, intraocular melanoma uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, Hodgkin' s Disease, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland, non-small cell lung cancer, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, prostate cancer, chronic leukemia, acute leukemia, lymphocytic lymphoma, pleural mesothelioma, cancer of the bladder, Burkitt
  • CD134 OX40
  • CD278 CD278
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is not an antibody, and does not comprise a fragment of an antibody.
  • a CAR T cell comprising a nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: l.
  • a CAR T cell comprising a polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1
  • An isolated nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: l and encoding a chimeric antigen receptor.
  • a chimeric antigen receptor polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO: 1
  • a vector comprising SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • CAR T cell isolated nucleic acid encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), or chimeric antigen receptor polypeptide of any one of clauses 1 to 56 wherein the CAR comprises human amino acid sequences.
  • CAR T cell isolated nucleic acid encoding a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), or chimeric antigen receptor polypeptide of any one of clauses 1 to 56 wherein the CAR consists of human amino acid sequences.
  • a kit comprising at least two different types of bridges wherein the bridges comprise a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety wherein the ligand in the at least two different types of bridges is different and wherein the ligand is selected from a folate, DUPA, a CAIX ligand, an NK-IR ligand, a ligand of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, and a CCK2R ligand.
  • L represents the linker
  • T represents the targeting moiety
  • L comprises a structure having the formula
  • n is an integer from 0 to 200.
  • n is an integer from 0 to 110.
  • a "patient” can be a human or, in the case of veterinary applications, the patient can be a laboratory, an agricultural, a domestic, or a wild animal.
  • the patient can be a laboratory animal such as a rodent (e.g.
  • the step of "treating the patient to ameliorate the cancer” can comprise or consist of the administering steps in the method.
  • the small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker comprises fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) linked to the small molecule ligand.
  • FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate
  • the cancer overexpresses a receptor for the small molecule ligand.
  • cytotoxic T cells are transformed to express a CAR that comprises anti-FITC scFv.
  • the CAR targets FITC decorating the cancer with
  • FITC molecules as a result of binding of the small molecule ligand to the cancer.
  • toxicity to normal, non-target cells can be avoided.
  • the anti-FITC CAR-expressing T cells bind FITC, the CAR T cells are activated and the cancer is ameliorated (e.g., by killing the cancer cells).
  • the "small molecule ligand” can be a folate, DUPA (a ligand bound by PSMA-positive human prostate cancer cells and other cancer cell types), an NK-1R ligand (receptors for NK-1R the ligand found, for example, on cancers of the colon and pancreas), a CAIX ligand (receptors for the CAIX ligand found, for example, on renal, ovarian, vulvar, and breast cancers), a ligand of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (the transpeptidase overexpressed, for example, in ovarian cancer, colon cancer, liver cancer, astrocytic gliomas, melanomas, and leukemias), or a CCK2R ligand (receptors for the CCK2R ligand found on cancers of the thyroid, lung, pancreas, ovary, brain, stomach, gastrointestinal stroma, and colon, among others), each of which is
  • the small molecule ligand is a folate.
  • the folate can be folic acid, a folic acid analog, or another folate receptor-binding molecule.
  • analogs of folate that can be used include folinic acid, pteropolyglutamic acid, and folate receptor-binding pteridines such as tetrahydropterins, dihydrofolates, tetrahydrofolates, and their deaza and dideaza analogs.
  • the terms “deaza” and “dideaza” analogs refers to the art recognized analogs having a carbon atom substituted for one or two nitrogen atoms in the naturally occurring folic acid structure.
  • the deaza analogs include the 1-deaza, 3- deaza, 5-deaza, 8-deaza, and 10-deaza analogs.
  • the dideaza analogs include, for example, 1,5 dideaza, 5,10-dideaza, 8,10-dideaza, and 5,8-dideaza analogs.
  • the foregoing folic acid analogs are conventionally termed "folates," reflecting their capacity to bind to folate receptors.
  • folate receptor-binding analogs include aminopterin, amethopterin (methotrexate), N10- methylfolate, 2-deamino-hydroxyfolate, deaza analogs such as 1-deazamethopterin or 3- deazamethopterin, and 3',5'-dichloro-4-amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroylglutamic acid (dichloromethotrexate) .
  • the small molecule ligand may have a mass of less than about 10,000 Daltons, less than about 9000 Daltons, less than about 8,000 Daltons, less than about 7000 Daltons, less than about 6000 Daltons, less than about 5000 Daltons, less than about 4500 Daltons, less than about 4000 Daltons, less than about 3500 Daltons, less than about 3000 Daltons, less than about 2500 Daltons, less than about 2000 Daltons, less than about 1500 Daltons, less than about 1000 Daltons, or less than about 500 Daltons.
  • the small molecule ligand may have a mass of about 1 to about 10,000 Daltons, about 1 to about 9000 Daltons, about 1 to about 8,000 Daltons, about 1 to about 7000 Daltons, about 1 to about 6000 Daltons, about 1 to about 5000 Daltons, about 1 to about 4500 Daltons, about 1 to about 4000 Daltons, about 1 to about 3500 Daltons, about 1 to about 3000 Daltons, about 1 to about 2500 Daltons, about 1 to about 2000 Daltons, about 1 to about 1500 Daltons, about 1 to about 1000 Daltons, or about 1 to about 500 Daltons.
  • the "targeting moiety" that binds to the CAR expressed by CAR T cells can be selected, for example, from 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP), biotin, digoxigenin, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), NHS -fluorescein, pentafluorophenyl ester (PFP), tetrafluorophenyl ester (TFP), a knottin, a centyrin, and a DARPin.
  • DNP 2,4-dinitrophenol
  • TNP 2,4,6-trinitrophenol
  • biotin digoxigenin
  • fluorescein fluorescein isothiocyanate
  • NHS -fluorescein NHS -fluorescein
  • PFP pentafluorophenyl ester
  • TFP tetrafluorophenyl ester
  • knottin a centyrin
  • DARPin DARPin
  • the targeting moiety can have the following illustrative structure:
  • X oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur, and where X is attached to linker L;
  • Y is OR a , NR A 2 , or NRY; and
  • Y' is O, NR A , or NR A 2 + ;
  • each R is independently selected in each instance from H, fluoro, sulfonic acid, sulfonate, and salts thereof, and the like; and
  • R a is hydrogen or alkyl.
  • the linker in the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, described herein can be a direct linkage (e.g., a reaction between the isothiocyanate group of FITC and a free amine group of a small molecule ligand) or the linkage can be through an intermediary linker.
  • a direct linkage e.g., a reaction between the isothiocyanate group of FITC and a free amine group of a small molecule ligand
  • an intermediary linker can be any biocompatible linker known in the art, such as a divalent linker.
  • the divalent linker can comprise about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms.
  • the divalent linker can comprise about 2 to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • lower molecular weight divalent linkers i.e., those having an approximate molecular weight of about 30 to about 300 are employed.
  • linkers lengths that are suitable include, but are not limited to, linkers having 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40, or more atoms.
  • the small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety can be of the formula
  • L represents the linker
  • T represents the targeting moiety
  • L comprises a structure having the formula
  • n is an integer from 0 to 200.
  • n can be an integer from 0 to 150, 0 to 110, 0 to 100, 0 to 90, 0 to 80, 0 to 70, 0 to 60, 0 to 50, 0 to 40, 0 to 30, 0 to 20, 0 to 15, 0 to 14, 0 to 13, 0 to 12, 0 to 11, 0 to 10, 0 to 9, 0 to 8, 0 to 7, 0 to 6, 0 to 5, 0 to 4, 0 to 3, 0 to 2, 0 to 1, 15 to 16, 15 to 17, 15 to 18, 15 to 19, 15 to 20, 15 to 21, 15 to 22, 15 to 23, 15 to 24, 15 to 25, 15 to 26, 15 to 27, 15 to 28, 15 to 29, 15 to 30, 15 to 31, 15 to 32, 15 to 33, 15 to 34, 15 to 35, 15 to 36, 15 to 37, 15 to 38, 15 to 39, 15 to 40, 15 to 50, 15 to 60, 15 to 70, 15 to 80, 15 to 90, 15 to 100, 15 to 110, 15 to 120, 15 to
  • the linker may be a divalent linker that may include one or more spacers.
  • Illustrative spacers are shown in the following table. The following non- limiting, illustrative spacers are described where * indicates the point of attachment to the small molecule ligand or the targeting moiety.
  • the small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety is linked to a targeting moiety
  • the compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the second conjugate, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is not an antibody, and does not comprise a fragment of an antibody.
  • the compound, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the second conjugate, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is not an antibody, and does not comprise a fragment of an antibody.
  • targeting moiety is not a peptide epitope.
  • conjugates e.g., a first conjugate and a second conjugate
  • the linker in the first conjugate, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the linker in the second conjugate, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be the same or different.
  • the ligand in the first conjugate, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the ligand in the second conjugate, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be the same or different.
  • the targeting moiety in the first conjugate, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the targeting moiety in the second conjugate, or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be the same or different. Any combinations of these embodiments are also contemplated along with any combinations of the doses described below.
  • a kit comprising at least two different types of bridges, wherein the bridges comprise a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety wherein the ligand in the at least two different types of bridges is different and wherein the ligand is selected from a folate, DUPA, a CAIX ligand, an NK-1R ligand, a ligand of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, and a CCK2R ligand.
  • the ligand in at least one of the bridges can be an NK-1R ligand, a ligand of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, a folate, a CAIX ligand, a CCK2R ligand, or DUPA.
  • the bridge in the kit can have the formula
  • L represents the linker
  • T represents the targeting moiety
  • L comprises a structure having the formula
  • n is an integer from 0 to 200.
  • n can be an integer from 0 to 150, an integer from 0 to 110, an integer from 0 to 20, an integer from 15 to 20, an integer from 15 to 110, or any other value or range of integers described herein for n.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” of a small molecule ligand linked to a targeting moiety by a linker is contemplated.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to those salts whose counter ions may be used in pharmaceuticals.
  • Such salts include 1) acid addition salts, which can be obtained by reaction of the free base of the parent compound with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and perchloric acid and the like, or with organic acids such as acetic acid, oxalic acid, (D) or (L) malic acid, maleic acid, methane sulfonic acid,
  • ethanesulfonic acid p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, succinic acid or malonic acid and the like; or 2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g., an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, trimethamine, N-methylglucamine, and the like.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well-known to those skilled in the art, and any such pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be contemplated in connection with the embodiments described herein.
  • suitable acid addition salts are formed from acids which form non-toxic salts.
  • Illustrative examples include the acetate, aspartate, benzoate, besylate, bicarbonate/carbonate, bisulphate/sulphate, borate, camsylate, citrate, edisylate, esylate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glucuronate, hexafluorophosphate, hibenzate, hydrochloride/chloride, hydrobromide/bromide, hydroiodide/iodide, isethionate, lactate, malate, maleate, malonate, mesylate, methylsulphate, naphthylate, 2-napsylate, nicotinate, nitrate, orotate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate, phosphate/hydrogen phosphate/dihydrogen phosphate, saccharate, stearate, succinate, tartrate, to
  • suitable base salts are formed from bases which form non-toxic salts.
  • bases which form non-toxic salts.
  • Illustrative examples include the arginine, benzathine, calcium, choline, diethylamine, diolamine, glycine, lysine, magnesium, meglumine, olamine, potassium, sodium, tromethamine and zinc salts.
  • Hemisalts of acids and bases may also be formed, for example, hemisulphate and hemicalcium salts.
  • the compound, or a pharmaceutically salt thereof, the first conjugate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or the second conjugate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, described herein may contain one or more chiral centers, or may otherwise be capable of existing as multiple stereoisomers. Accordingly, various embodiments may include pure stereoisomers as well as mixtures of stereoisomers, such as enantiomers, diastereomers, and enantiomerically or diastereomerically enriched mixtures. In one aspect, the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or
  • compositions may be capable of existing as geometric isomers. Accordingly, various embodiments may include pure geometric isomers or mixtures of geometric isomers.
  • cytotoxic T lymphocytes engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) that recognizes and binds to the targeting moiety (e.g., FITC, DNP, or TNP) of the bridge.
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptor
  • the CARs described herein comprise three domains including 1) a recognition region (e.g., a single chain fragment variable (scFv) region of an antibody) which recognizes and binds to the targeting moiety with specificity, 2) a co-stimulation domain which enhances the proliferation and survival of the T lymphocytes, and 3) an activation signaling domain which generates a cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation signal.
  • a recognition region e.g., a single chain fragment variable (scFv) region of an antibody
  • scFv single chain fragment variable
  • scFv regions of antibodies that bind a folate, DUPA, a CAIX ligand, an NK-1R ligand, a ligand of gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, or a CCK2R ligand can be used.
  • the scFv regions can be prepared from (i) an antibody known in the art that binds a targeting moiety, (ii) an antibody newly prepared using a selected targeting moiety, such as a hapten, and (iii) sequence variants derived from the scFv regions of such antibodies, e.g., scFv regions having at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the scFv region from which they are derived.
  • the binding portion of the CAR can be, for example, a single chain fragment variable region (scFv) of an antibody, an Fab, Fv, Fc, or (Fab')2 fragment, and the like.
  • scFv single chain fragment variable region
  • the co-stimulation domain serves to enhance the proliferation and survival of the cytotoxic T lymphocytes upon binding of the CAR to a targeting moiety.
  • Suitable co- stimulation domains include: 1) CD28, 2) CD137 (4-1BB), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family, 3) CD134 (OX40), a member of the TNFR-superfamily of receptors, and 4) CD278 (ICOS), a CD28-superfamily co-stimulatory molecule expressed on activated T cells, or combinations thereof.
  • Suitable co-stimulation domains also include, but are not limited to, CD27, CD30, CD150, DAP10, and NKG2D, or combinations thereof. A skilled artisan will understand that sequence variants of these co-stimulation domains can be used without adversely impacting the invention, where the variants have the same or similar activity as the domain on which they are modeled.
  • such variants have at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the domain from which they are derived.
  • the activation signaling domain serves to activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes upon binding of the CAR to a targeting moiety.
  • Suitable activation signaling domains include the T cell CD3 ⁇ chain and Fc receptor ⁇ . The skilled artisan will understand that sequence variants of these noted activation signaling domains can be used where the variants have the same or similar activity as the domain on which they are modeled.
  • the variants have at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of the domain from which they are derived.
  • constructs encoding the CARs are prepared using genetic engineering techniques. Such techniques are described in detail in Sambrook et al., "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", 3rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, (2001), incorporated herein by reference.
  • a plasmid or viral expression vector e.g., a lentiviral vector, a retrovirus vector, sleeping beauty, and piggyback (transposon/transposase systems that include a non- viral mediated CAR gene delivery system)
  • a fusion protein comprising a recognition region, one or more co-stimulation domains, and an activation signaling domain, in frame and linked in a 5' to 3' direction.
  • the CARs may include additional elements, such as a signal peptide to ensure proper export of the fusion protein to the cell surface, a transmembrane domain to ensure the fusion protein is maintained as an integral membrane protein, and a hinge domain that imparts flexibility to the recognition region and allows strong binding to the targeting moiety.
  • FIGS 14A and B Diagrams of an exemplary CAR are shown in Figures 14A and B where the fusion protein sequence is incorporated into a lentivirus expression vector and where "SP" is a signal peptide, the CAR is an anti-FITC CAR, a CD8a hinge and a transmembrane (TM) region is present, the co- stimulation domain is 4-lBB, and the activation signaling domain is CD3 ⁇ .
  • the nucleic acid sequence of the CAR insert is provided as SEQ ID NO: l and the amino acid sequence of the insert is provided as SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the CAR has a recognition region and the recognition region is a single chain fragment variable (scFv) region of an anti-FITC antibody, a co- stimulation domain and the co- stimulation domain is CD137 (4-lBB), and an activation signaling domain and the activation signaling domain is a T cell CD3 ⁇ chain.
  • scFv single chain fragment variable
  • cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be genetically engineered to express CAR constructs by transfecting a population of the cytotoxic T lymphocytes with an expression vector encoding the CAR construct.
  • Suitable methods for preparing a transduced population of T lymphocytes expressing a selected CAR construct are well-known to the skilled artisan, and are described in Sambrook et al., "Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", 3rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, (2001), incorporated herein by reference.
  • CAR T cells comprising a nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO: l or 3 are provided. In another embodiment, CAR T cells comprising a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2 are provided. In another illustrative aspect, an isolated nucleic acid comprising SEQ ID NO: l or 3 and encoding a chimeric antigen receptor is provided. In yet another embodiment, a chimeric antigen receptor polypeptide comprising SEQ ID NO:2 is provided. In another embodiment, a vector is provided comprising SEQ ID NO: l or 3. In another aspect, a lentiviral vector is provided comprising SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3. In another embodiment, SEQ ID NO:2 can comprise or consist of human or humanized amino acid sequences.
  • variant nucleic acid sequences or amino acid sequences having at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 1, SEQ ID NO:2, or SEQ ID NO:3 are contemplated.
  • the nucleic acid sequence can be a variant nucleic acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: l or 3 as long as the variant sequence encodes a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO:2.
  • the nucleic acid or amino acid sequence can be a variant nucleic acid or amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, or at least about 99.5% sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: l or SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3 along a stretch of 200 nucleic acids or 200 amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO:2 or SEQ ID NO:3.
  • Determination of percent identity or similarity between sequences can be done, for example, by using the GAP program (Genetics Computer Group, software; now available via Accelrys on http://www.accelrys.com), and alignments can be done using, for example, the ClustalW algorithm (VNTI software, InforMax Inc.).
  • a sequence database can be searched using the nucleic acid or amino acid sequence of interest. Algorithms for database searching are typically based on the BLAST software (Altschul et al., 1990).
  • the percent identity can be determined along the full-length of the nucleic acid or amino acid sequence.
  • nucleic acids complementary to the nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3, and those that hybridize to the nucleic acid represented by SEQ ID NO: l or 3 or those that hybridize to its complement under highly stringent conditions are also within the scope of the invention.
  • “highly stringent conditions” means hybridization at 65 °C in 5X SSPE and 50% formamide, and washing at 65 °C in 0.5X SSPE. Conditions for high stringency, low stringency and moderately stringent hybridization are described in Sambrook et al., “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual", 3rd Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, (2001), incorporated herein by reference. In some illustrative aspects, hybridization occurs along the full-length of the nucleic acid.
  • the cytotoxic T lymphocytes used to prepare the CAR T cells can be autologous cells, although heterologous cells can also be used, such as when the patient being treated has received high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatment to destroy the patient's immune system. In one embodiment, allogenic cells can be used.
  • the cytotoxic lymphocytes T can be obtained from a patient by means well-known in the art.
  • cytotoxic T cells can be obtained by collecting peripheral blood from the patient, subjecting the blood to Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, and then using a negative T cell isolation kit (such as EasySepTM T Cell Isolation Kit) to isolate a population of cytotoxic T cells from the peripheral blood.
  • the population of cytotoxic T lymphocytes need not be pure and may contain other cells such as other T cells, monocytes, macrophages, natural killer cells, and B cells.
  • the population being collected can comprise at least about 90% of the selected cell type, at least about 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% of the selected cell type.
  • the cells are cultured under conditions that promote the activation of the cells.
  • the culture conditions may be such that the cells can be administered to a patient without concern for reactivity against components of the culture medium.
  • the culture conditions may not include bovine serum products, such as bovine serum albumin.
  • the activation can be achieved by introducing known activators into the culture medium, such as anti-CD3 antibodies in the case of cytotoxic T cells. Other suitable activators include anti-CD28 antibodies.
  • the population of lymphocytes can be cultured under conditions promoting activation for about 1 to about 4 days.
  • the appropriate level of activation can be determined by cell size, proliferation rate, or activation markers determined by flow cytometry.
  • the cells after the population of cytotoxic T lymphocytes has been cultured under conditions promoting activation, the cells can be transfected with an expression vector encoding a CAR. Suitable vectors and transfection methods are described above.
  • the cells after transfection, can be immediately administered to the patient or the cells can be cultured for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or more days, or between about 5 and about 12 days, between about 6 and about 13 days, between about 7 and about 14 days, or between about 8 and about 15 days, for example, to allow time for the cells to recover from the transfection.
  • Suitable culture conditions can be similar to the conditions under which the cells were cultured for activation either with or without the agent that was used to promote activation.
  • the methods of treatment described herein can further comprise 1) obtaining a population of autologous or heterologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes, 2) culturing the T lymphocytes under conditions that promote the activation of the cells, and 3) transfecting the lymphocytes with an expression vector encoding a CAR to form CAR T cells.
  • a composition comprising the CAR T cells can be prepared and administered to the patient.
  • culture media that lacks any animal products, such as bovine serum, can be used.
  • tissue culture conditions typically used by the skilled artisan to avoid contamination with bacteria, fungi and mycoplasma can be used.
  • the cells prior to being administered to a patient, the cells are pelleted, washed, and resuspended in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
  • compositions comprising CAR-expressing cytotoxic T lymphocytes include compositions comprising the cells in sterile 290 mOsm saline, in infusible cryomedia (containing Plasma-Lyte A, dextrose, sodium chloride injection, human serum albumin and DMSO), in 0.9% NaCl with 2% human serum albumin, or in any other sterile 290 mOsm infusible materials.
  • the CAR T cells can be administered in the culture media as the composition, or concentrated and resuspended in the culture medium before
  • the CAR T cell compositon can be administered to the patient via any suitable means, such as parenteral administration, e.g., intradermally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, intravenously, or intrathecally.
  • parenteral administration e.g., intradermally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, intravenously, or intrathecally.
  • the total number of CAR T cells and the concentration of the cells in the composition administered to the patient will vary depending on a number of factors including the type of cytotoxic T lymphocytes being used, the binding specificity of the CAR, the identity of the targeting moiety and the small molecule ligand, the identity of the cancer, the location of the cancer in the patient, the means used to administer the compositions to the patient, and the health, age and weight of the patient being treated.
  • suitable compositions comprising transduced CAR T cells include those having a volume of between about 5 ml and about 200 ml, containing from about 1 X 10 5 to about 1 X 10 15 transduced CAR T cells.
  • compositions comprise a volume of between about 10 ml and about 125 ml, containing from about 1 X 10 7 to about 1 X 1010 CAR T cells.
  • An exemplary composition comprises about 1 X 10 9 CAR T cells in a volume of about 100 ml.
  • a single dose or multiple doses of the CAR T cells can be administered to the patient.
  • the cancer to be treated is a carcinoma, a sarcoma, a lymphoma, a melanoma, a mesothelioma, a nasopharyngeal carcinoma, a leukemia, an adenocarcinoma, or a myeloma.
  • the cancer may be lung cancer, bone cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, cancer of the head, cancer of the neck, cutaneous melanoma, intraocular melanoma uterine cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, rectal cancer, stomach cancer, colon cancer, breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the vagina, carcinoma of the vulva, Hodgkin's Disease, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the thyroid gland, cancer of the parathyroid gland, non-small cell lung cancer, cancer of the adrenal gland, sarcoma of soft tissue, cancer of the urethra, prostate cancer, chronic leukemia, acute leukemia, a lymphocytic lymphoma, pleural mesothelioma, cancer of the bladder, Burkitt's lymphoma, cancer of the
  • the cancer is a folate receptor expressing cancer.
  • the cancer is an endometrial cancer, a non-small cell lung cancer, an ovarian cancer, or a triple-negative breast cancer.
  • the cancer being imaged is a tumor.
  • the cancer is malignant.
  • the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or CAR T cell composition described herein can be administered to the patient using any suitable method known in the art. As described herein, the term
  • administering includes all means of introducing the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or CAR T cell composition to the patient, including, but not limited to, oral (po), intravenous (iv),
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, described herein may be administered in unit dosage forms and/or formulations containing conventional nontoxic pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles.
  • compositions as described herein may be administered directly into the blood stream, into muscle, or into an internal organ.
  • routes for such parenteral administration include intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, epidural, intracerebroventricular, intraurethral, intrasternal, intracranial,
  • means for parenteral administration include needle (including microneedle) injectors, needle-free injectors and infusion techniques.
  • parenteral formulations are typically aqueous solutions which may contain carriers or excipients such as salts, carbohydrates and buffering agents (preferably at a pH of from 3 to 9), but they may be more suitably formulated as a sterile nonaqueous solution or as a dried form to be used in conjunction with a suitable vehicle such as sterile, pyrogen-free water or sterile saline. In other embodiments, any of the liquid
  • formulations described herein may be adapted for parenteral administration as described herein.
  • the preparation under sterile conditions, by lyophilization to produce a sterile lyophilized powder for a parenteral formulation, may readily be accomplished using standard
  • solubility of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, used in the preparation of a parenteral formulation may be increased by the use of appropriate formulation techniques, such as the incorporation of solubility-enhancing agents.
  • the rate of tumor lysis can be regulated by adjusting the concentration of the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or both the first and second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Accordingly, by varying the concentration of the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or
  • the cytotoxicity of the CAR T cell composition can be regulated.
  • the cytotoxicity of the CAR T cell composition can be balanced against the risk of tumor lysis syndrome, or cytokine release syndrome (CRS), as described herein by adjusting the concentration of the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or both the first and second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • CRS cytokine release syndrome
  • the concentration of the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or both the first and second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be a function of the amount or dose of the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or both the first and second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that is administered to the patient.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, to be administered to the patient can vary significantly depending on the cancer being treated, the route of administration of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and the tissue distribution.
  • the amount to be administered to a patient can be based on body surface area, mass, and physician assessment.
  • amounts to be administered can range, for example, from about 0.05 mg to about 30 mg, 0.05 mg to about 25.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 20.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 15.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 10.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 9.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 8.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 7.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 6.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 5.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 4.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 3.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 2.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 1.0 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 0.5 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 0.4 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 0.3 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 0.2 mg, about 0.05 mg to about 0.1 mg, about .01 mg to about 2 mg, about 0.3 mg to about 10 mg, about 0.1 mg to about 20 mg, or about 0.8 to about 3 mg.
  • the dose may vary within
  • the dose of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can range, for example, from about 50 nmol/kg to about 3000 nmol/kg of patient body weight, about 50 nmol/kg to about 2000 nmol/kg, about 50 nmol/kg to about 1000 nmol/kg, about 50 nmol/kg to about 900 nmol/kg, about 50 nmol/kg to about 800 nmol/kg, about 50 nmol/kg to about 700 nmol/kg, about 50 nmol/kg to about 600 nmol/kg, about 50 nmol/kg to about 500 nmol/kg, about 50 nmol/kg to about 400 nmol/kg, about 50 nmol/kg to about 300 nmol/kg, about 50 nmol/kg to about 200 nmol/kg, about 50 nmol/kg to about 100 nmol/kg, about 100 nmol/kg to about 100 nmol
  • the dose may be about 100 nmol/kg, about 150 nmol/kg, about 200 nmol/kg, about 250 nmol/kg, about 300 nmol/kg, about 350 nmol/kg, about 400 nmol/kg, about 450 nmol/kg, about 500 nmol/kg, about 600 nmol/kg, about 700 nmol/kg, about 800 nmol/kg, about 900 nmol/kg, about 1000 nmol/kg, about 2000 nmol/kg, or about 3000 nmol/kg of patient body weight.
  • "kg" is kilograms of patient body weight.
  • a single dose or multiple doses of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered to the patient.
  • between about 20 ug/kg of patient body weight and about 3 mg/kg of patient body weight of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is administered to the patient.
  • amounts can be between about 0.2 mg/kg of patient body weight and about 0.4 mg/kg of patient body weight, or can be about 50 ug/kg of patient body weight.
  • a single dose or multiple doses of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, may be administered to the patient.
  • the small molecule ligand linked to the targeting moiety can be administered to the patient before the CAR T cell composition. In another embodiment, the small molecule ligand linked to the targeting moiety can be administered to the patient at the same time as the CAR T cell composition, but in different formulations. In yet another embodiment, the small molecule ligand linked to the targeting moiety can be administered to the patient after the CAR T cell composition.
  • the timing between the administration of CAR T cells and the small molecule linked to the targeting moiety may vary widely depending on factors that include the type of CAR T cells being used, the binding specificity of the CAR, the identity of the targeting moiety and the ligand, the identity of the cancer, the location in the patient of the cancer, the means used to administer to the patient the CAR T cells and the small molecule ligand linked to the targeting moiety, and the health, age, and weight of the patient.
  • the small molecule ligand linked to the targeting moiety can be administered before or after the CAR T cells, such as within about 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, or 24 hours, or within about 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more days.
  • the rate of tumor lysis can be regulated by adjusting the rate of administration of the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or both the first and second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. Accordingly, by varying the rate of administration of the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or both the first and second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the cytotoxicity of the CAR T cell composition can be regulated. In some embodiments, the cytotoxicity of the CAR T cell composition can be balanced against the risk of tumor lysis syndrome, or cytokine release syndrome (CRS), as described herein by adjusting the rate of administration of the first conjugate, or
  • the rate of administration of the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or both the first and second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be a function of any applicable dosing schedule known in the art.
  • the rate of administration can be a function of a dosing schedule that is based on continuous dosing, once per day dosing (a.k.a qd) , twice per day dosing (a.k.a. bid), three times per day dosing (a.k.a. tid), twice per week (a.k.a.
  • first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or both the first and second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be applied in connection with the concentration to regulate the cytotoxicity of the CAR T cell
  • the cytotoxicity of the CAR T cell composition can be balanced against the risk of tumor lysis syndrome, or cytokine release syndrome (CRS), as described herein by adjusting the dosing schedule in connection with the concentration of the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or
  • the cancer is imaged prior to administration to the patient of the compound, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the first conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the second conjugate, or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or prior to administration of the CAR T cell composition to the patient.
  • imaging occurs by PET imaging.
  • imaging occurs by MRI imaging or SPECT/CT imaging. It is appreciated by one skilled in the art that the imaging method can be any suitable imaging method known in the art.
  • Off-target' toxicity in the patient may not occur even though CAR T cell toxicity to the cancer occurs.
  • Off-target' tissue toxicity may not occur in the patient even though CAR T cell toxicity to the cancer occurs.
  • the cancer may comprise a tumor, and tumor size may be reduced in the patient, even though Off-target' toxicity does not occur.
  • the resulting CAR construct (1551bp) was inserted into EcoRI/NotI cleaved lentiviral expression vector pCDH-EFl-MCS-(PGK-GFP) ( Figure 14B, System Biosciences). The sequence of the CAR construct in lentiviral vector was confirmed by DNA sequencing.
  • An exemplary CAR nucleic acid coding sequence may comprise:
  • An exemplary CAR amino acid sequence may comprise:
  • An exemplary insert may comprise:
  • lentiviral virus containing an anti-fluorescein single chain fragment variable (scFv) CAR a 293TN packaging cell line was co-transfected with the lentiviral vector encoding anti-fluorescein scFv CAR and a 2nd generation of a mixture of packaging plasmids (Cellecta). After 24 and 48 hours of transfection, supematants containing the lentivirus with the CAR gene were harvested and virus particles were concentrated by the standard polyethylene glycol virus concentration method (Clontech) for future transduction with human T cells.
  • scFv anti-fluorescein single chain fragment variable
  • T cells were isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation (GE Healthcare Lifesciences). After washing away remaining Ficoll solution, T cells were isolated by using an EasySepTM Human T Cell Isolation Kit (STEM CELL technologies). Purified T cells were cultured in TexMACSTM medium (Miltenyi Biotech Inc) with 1% penicillin and streptomycin sulfate in the presence of human IL-2 (100 IU/mL, Miltenyi Biotech Inc). T cells were cultured at density of lxlO 6 cells/mL in multi-well plates. T cells were split and re-feed every 2-3 days.
  • Isolated T cells were activated with Dynabeads coupled with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies (Life Technologies) for 12-24 hours in the presence of human IL-2 (100 IU/mL), then transduced with lentivirus encoding an anti-fluorescein CAR gene. Cells were harvested after 72 hours and the expression of CAR on transduced T cells was identified by measuring GFP fluorescent cells using flow cytometry. As shown in Figure 15 A, non-transduced T cells do not show GFP expression. As shown in Figure 15B, transduced T-cells express GFP. EXAMPLE 5
  • FITC-folate main peak typically eluted at 27-50 min.
  • the quality of the FITC-folate fraction was monitored by analytical reverse-phase HPLC with a UV detector. Fractions with greater than 98.0% purity (LCMS) were lyophilized to obtain the final FITC-folate product.
  • the pure fractions were pooled and freeze-dried, providing the FITC-PEG12-Folate.
  • Ethylenediamine, polymer-bound (200-400 mesh)-resin (50 mg) was loaded into a peptide synthesis vessel and swollen with DCM (3 mL) followed by DMF (3 mL).
  • DCM 3 mL
  • DMF 3 mL
  • Fmoc-PEG 2 o-COOH solution 131 mg, 1.0 equiv
  • i- Pr 2 NEt 6.0 equiv
  • PyBOP 4.0 equiv
  • Argon was bubbled for 6 h, the coupling solution was drained, and the resin was washed with DMF (3 x 10 mL) and z-PrOH (3 x 10 mL). Kaiser tests were performed to assess reaction progress.
  • Fmoc deprotection was carried out using 20% piperidine in DMF (3 x 10 mL), before each amino acid coupling. The above sequence was repeated to complete the reaction with Fmoc-Glu-OtBu (72 mg, 2.0 equiv) and Tfa.Pteroic-acid (41 mg, 1.2 equiv) coupling steps.
  • the resin was washed with 2% hydrazine in DMF 3 x 10 mL (5 min) to cleave the trifluoro-acetyl protecting group on pteroic acid and washed with i- PrOH (3 x 10 mL) followed by DMF (3 x lOmL). The resin was dried under argon for 30 min.
  • the folate-peptide was cleaved from the resin using the Cleavage Solution. 10 mL of the cleavage mixture was introduced and argon was bubbled for 1.5 h. The cleavage mixture was drained into a clean flask. The resin was washed 3 times with more cleavage mixture. The combined mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to a smaller volume ( ⁇ 5 mL) and precipitated in ethyl ether.
  • the precipitate was collected by centrifugation, washed with ethyl ether (3 times) and dried under high vacuum.
  • the dried Folate-PEG 2 o-EDA (1.0 equiv) was treated with FITC (50 mg, 1.5 equiv) in DMSO and DIPEA at room temperature. Progress of the reaction monitored by LCMS. After 8 h the starting material was consumed to give the product.
  • Ethylenediamine, polymer-bound (200-400 mesh)-resin (50 mg) was loaded in a peptide synthesis vessel and swollen with DCM (3 mL) followed by DMF (3 mL).
  • DCM 3 mL
  • DMF 3 mL
  • Fmoc-PEG 3 6-COOH solution 161 mg, 1.0 equiv
  • i- Pr 2 NEt 6.0 equiv
  • PyBOP 4.0 equiv
  • Argon was bubbled for 6 h, the coupling solution was drained, and the resin was washed with DMF (3 x 10 mL) and z ' -PrOH (3 x 10 mL). Kaiser tests were performed to assess reaction progress.
  • Fmoc deprotection was carried out using 20% piperidine in DMF (3 x 10 mL), before each amino acid coupling. The above sequence was repeated to complete reaction with 2X Fmoc-PEG 36 -COOH (161 mg, 1.0 equiv), Fmoc-Glu- OtBu (72 mg, 2.0 equiv ) and Tfa.Pteroic-acid ( 41.0 mg, 1.2 equiv) coupling steps.
  • DUPA-FITC was synthesized by solid phase methodology as follows. Universal Nova TagTM resin (50 mg, 0.53 mM) was swollen with DCM (3 mL) followed by DMF 3 mL). A solution of 20% piperidine in DMF (3 x 3 mL) was added to the resin, and argon was bubbled for 5 min. The resin was washed with DMF (3 x 3 mL) and isopropyl alcohol (z ' -PrOH, 3 x 3 mL).
  • 1,2-Diaminoethane trityl-resin (0.025 g) was loaded into a peptide synthesis vessel and washed with z ' -PrOH (3 x 10 mL), followed by DMF (3 x lOmL). To the vessel was then introduced a solution of Fmoc-NH-(PEG)i 2 -COOH (42.8 mg) in DMF, z ' -Pr 2 NEt (2.5 equiv), and PyBOP (2.5 equiv). The resulting solution was bubbled with Ar for 1 h, the coupling solution was drained, and the resin washed with DMF (3 x 10 mL) and z ' -PrOH (3 x 10 mL).
  • NK-1 compound was synthesized by a two-step procedure starting from the base ligand, which was prepared by using a procedure in the literature. (Ref: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEUROKININ- 1 RECEPTOR-BINDING AGENT DELIVERY CONJUGATES, Application Number: PCT/US2015/44229; incorporated herein by reference.
  • CA9 ligand (53.6mg) was dissolved in DMF (2-3mL) in a 50mL round bottom flask using a Teflon magnetic stir bar. Ambient air was removed using a vacuum and replaced with nitrogen gas, this was done in three cycles. The round bottom flask was kept under constant nitrogen gas. To the flask, 28.9mg of N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N'- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) was added followed by 21.6mg 1- Hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (HOBt) and 18.9 ⁇ of Boc-PEG 2 -NH 2 (Sigma Aldrich).
  • EDC N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N'- ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride
  • a standard lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay was performed using a PierceTM LDH cytotoxicity assay kit from ThermoFisher Scientific.
  • LDH lactate dehydrogenase
  • cancer cells were seeded at a density of 10 4 cells/100 ⁇ L ⁇ of media in each well of a 96 well plate and grown overnight.
  • FITC- ligands at various concentrations were introduced into each well and co-cultured for 6-24 hours. After co-incubation, the plate containing CAR T cells and cancer cells was centrifuged at 350 x g at room temperature for 10 min to remove cell debris or remaining cells. 50 ⁇ ⁇ of the supernatants of each sample were then transferred into a new 96 well plate. 50 ⁇ ⁇ of the prepared LDH reaction mixture was added to the transferred 50 ⁇ ⁇ of each sample and incubated at room temperature for 30 min. 50 ⁇ ⁇ of stop solution was added and the absorbance of each sample was measured at 490nm and 680nm. The percent of cytotoxicity was calculated for each sample by using the equation below:
  • FIG. 3A shows the cytotoxicity of CAR T cells in a KB (FR+) model with an E:T of 10: 1 using 100 nM of each conjugate.
  • FITC-Folate, FITC- PEG20-Folate, and FITC-PEG108-Folate activation is greater than activation with FITC-DUPA or in the absence of a conjugate.
  • Figure 3B shows the cytotoxicity of CAR T cells in an LNCaP (PSMA+) model with an E:T of 10:1 using 100 nM FITC-DUPA or FITC-PEG12-DUPA.
  • the FITC-DUPA conjugates show greater activation than using FITC-Folate or in the absence of a conjugate.
  • Figure 3C shows the cytotoxicity of CAR T cells in a HEK293 (NK1R+) model with an E:T of 10: 1 using 100 nM FITC-PEGl l-NKl.
  • FITC-PEG11-NK1 shows greater than activation using FITC-Folate or in the absence of a conjugate.
  • CAR T cell cytotoxicity to tumor cells in a KB (FR+) model is a function of the E:T ratio used during the assay with ⁇ of FITC-Folate and FITC-DUPA.
  • CAR T cell cytotoxicity to tumor cells in a KB (FR+) model is a function of the concentration of FITC-Folate used during the co-incubation (E:T ratio of 10: 1).
  • CAR T cytotoxicity in a KB (FR+) model can be controlled by adjusting concentration of the conjugate bridge, or using linkers with different lengths of PEG with a E:T of 10: 1.
  • CAR T cell proliferation and CAR T cell activation CAR T cell proliferation were mainly measured by flow cytometry.
  • cancer cells KB (FR+) or HEK (NK1R+)
  • CAR T cells were introduced into each well in either the presence or absence of the desired FITC-ligands and the cells were co- cultured for 5 days (120 hours).
  • CAR T cells were stained with anti-human CD3 APC antibody (Biolegend) by standard immuno staining procedures (20 min on ice). Cells positive for both anti-human CD3 staining and GFP were counted for CAR T cell proliferation.
  • Figure 1A shows CAR T cell proliferation in the presence of KB (FR+) cells with different conjugates.
  • Figure IB shows CAR T cell proliferation in the presence of HEK (NK1R+) cells with different conjugates.
  • the presence of linkers with different lengths of PEG affect the levels of CAR-T cell proliferation.
  • cancer cells were prepared by the same procedure described above.
  • Cancer cells and CAR T cells were co-cultured in the presence or absence of 100 nM FITC-ligands with an E:T ratio of 10: 1 for 24 hours and harvested. After washing, cells from each sample were stained with anti-human CD69 Alexa Fluor 647
  • CD69 expression is related to the co-cultured conjugate.
  • a standard ELISA assay was performed using a Human IFN- ⁇ detection ELISA kit from Biolegend. Briefly, cancer cells were seeded at density of 10 4 cells/100 ⁇ L ⁇ of media in each well of a 96 well plate and grown overnight. CAR T cells were introduced into each cancer sample with desired FITC-ligands and co-cultured for 24 hours. After co-incubation, supematants of each sample were harvested and centrifuged at 1000 x g and 4 °C for 10 min to remove cell debris. Clear supematants from each sample were then either used to detect IFN- ⁇ by ELISA or stored at -80 °C for future usage. After completing preparation of each sample, standard ELISA was performed based on the manufacturer's instructions.
  • KB (FR+) cells and MDA-MB-231 cells were incubated with 100 nM FITC- folate for 30 min on ice. After washing, FITC-folate binding to FRa tumor antigen on cells was measured by flow cytometry. As shown in Figure 4A, KB (FR+) cells have a higher level of FR expression and corresponding FITC binding than MDA-MB-231 cells.
  • mice Immnuodeficient NSG mice (Jackson Laboratory) were used to identify the efficacy of CAR T cell anti-tumor activity in vivo.
  • Each tumor- specific antigen expressing cancer cell line was subcutaneously injected into the shoulder of NSG mice to establish solid tumor xenografts.
  • CAR T cells were introduced into mice bearing tumors and desired FITC-ligands were also introduced (i.v.) every other day.
  • Control mice were administered PBS instead of FITC-ligands.
  • Tumor volume and cytokine levels in the blood IL2, IL6, IL10, IFNy, and TNFa
  • mice were administered PBS instead of FITC-ligands.
  • Tumor volume and cytokine levels in the blood IL2, IL6, IL10, IFNy, and TNFa
  • mice were measured.
  • General toxicity of the therapy was monitored by measuring weight loss.
  • mice blood was collected to test for anemia, number of white blood cells and CAR
  • FIG. 5A-C A xenograft model using HEK293 (NK1R+) cells is shown in Figures 5A-C and 6A-B.
  • Figure 5 A tumor size decreased in the mice treated with FITC-PEGl 1-NKl (500 nmol/kg) but continued to grow in the control mouse.
  • Figure 5B the body weight of mice treated with FITC-PEGl 1-NKl was unchanged relative to the control mouse.
  • FIG 5C the percentage of CAR T cells in human T cells increased after CAR T cell injection.
  • harvested organs from the treatment group (6B) appeared normal in size with no indications of cytokine release syndrome after two weeks of therapy when compared to the harvested mouse organs from a control group (6A).
  • FIG. 7A-C and 8A-B A xenograft model using MDA-MB-231 (FR+) cells is shown in Figures 7A-C and 8A-B.
  • Figure 7A tumor size decreased in the mice treated with FITC-PEG12- Folate (500 nmol/kg) or FITC-Folate ( 500 nmoles/kg) but tumors continued to grow in the control mouse.
  • Figure 7B the body weight of mice treated with FITC-PEGl 1-NKl was unchanged during treatment.
  • FIG 7C the percentage of CAR T cells in human T cells increased after CAR T cell and conjugate therapy.
  • blood indices of the HEK-NK1R model using FITC- PEGl 1-NKl (500 nmoles/kg) and the MDA-MB-231 model using FITC-PEG12-Folate (500 nmoles/kg) also indicated that a cytokine storm had not occurred during the course of the treatment.
  • KB (FR+) tumor xenografts were treated with two difference concentrations of FITC-PEG12-Folate.
  • the mice treated with the lower dose 250 nmoles/kg
  • had milder body weight loss compared to the mice treated with a higher dose 500 nmoles/kg.
  • FIGs 12A-C harvested organs from untreated mice ( Figure 12A) and mice receiving the lower dose (Figure 12B) showed milder cytokine release syndrome compared to the higher dose ( Figure 12C).
  • Figure 13 KB xenograft mice receiving lower dosing showed better blood indices indicating milder cytokine release.
  • immunodeficient NSG mice In order to study whether same anti-FITC CAR T cell can eradicate mixture of heterogeneous cancer cells with cocktail of FITC-ligands, immunodeficient NSG mice (Jackson laboratory) were utilized for the in vivo study. Two different cancer cell lines (e.g. MDA-MB- 231(FR+) and HEK(NK1R+)) were implanted into separate flanks on the same mouse. Then, anti-FITC CAR T cell (10' cells) was introduced by intravenous injection when tumor volumes reached about 50-100mm . In addition, either a mixture of FITC-ligands (i.e.
  • FITC-PEG12- Folate 500nmole/kg
  • FITC-PEGl 1-NKlR 500nmole/kg
  • single FITC-PEGl 1-NK-lR 500nmole/kg
  • PBS PBS
  • both tumors i.e. MDA-MB-231 (MDA) and MDA.
  • HEK (NKIR) were eliminated by the same anti-FITC CAR T cell when both FITC-PEGl 1- NK1R and FITC-PEG12-Folate were introduced.
  • HEK (NKIR) tumor was eradicated in the mouse that was treated by only FITC-PEGl 1-NKlR.
  • MDA-MB-231 continued growing in the same mouse where only FITC- PEG11-NKlR was administered because FITC-PEG12-Folate was not administrated.
  • both tumors did not show any response when PBS was introduced.

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