JP6401704B2 - T細胞を修飾する化合物およびその使用 - Google Patents
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Description
本出願は、2012年10月10日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/712,028号の優先権の利益を請求し、その開示は、その全体が本明細書によって参照により組み込まれる。
本開示は、ゲノム編集および治療薬の分野におけるものである。
養子細胞治療(ACT)は、送達された細胞が患者の癌を攻撃し、取り除くために、患者に腫瘍特異的な免疫細胞を送達することに基づく、癌治療の開発中の形態である。ACTは、多くの場合、患者自身の腫瘍の塊から単離され、患者の中に再注入して戻すためにエクスビボにおいて増やされたT細胞である腫瘍浸潤リンパ球(TIL)の使用を伴う。このアプローチは、転移性黒色腫の処置において有望とされてきており、ある研究において、>50%の長期応答率が観察された(例えばRosenbergら(2011)Clin Canc Res 17(13):4550を参照されたい)。TILは、それらが、腫瘍上に存在する腫瘍関連抗原(TAA)に対して特異的なT細胞受容体(TCR)を有する患者自身の混合された一連の細胞であるので、細胞の有望な供給源となる(Wuら(2012)Cancer J 18(2):160)。しかしながら、上記に述べられるように、TILは、おそらく腫瘍におけるPDL発現のために、多くの場合、PD1発現についてアップレギュレートされ、特異的な癌細胞を標的にし、腫瘍に浸潤することができるが、一方では、がん細胞を死滅させることができない細胞の集団をもたらす。インビトロ研究は、抗PD1抗体の非存在下における刺激と比較して、抗PD1抗体の存在下においてそれらの同種の腫瘍抗原に応じてTIL増殖の著しい増加を示した(Wuら、同書)。
PD1および/またはCTLA−4の調節のための組成物および方法が、本明細書において記載される。これらの組成物および方法は、研究および治療上の適用に有用であり、PD1および/またはCTLA−4遺伝子を破壊するための、操作されたヌクレアーゼを介してのゲノム編集の使用を伴う。本発明の方法はまた、PD1またはCTLA−4遺伝子の発現を予防するために、転写抑制因子に融合されたPD1もしくはCTLA−4特異的ジンクフィンガーまたはTALE DNA結合ドメインを含む。含まれる方法および組成物はまた、PD1および/またはCTLA−4破壊と共に、T細胞における特異的な細胞標的に対するT細胞の活性化のためのキメラ抗原受容体の使用を示す。
本明細書において開示される方法の実施ならびに組成物の調製および使用は、別段の指示がない限り、分子生物学、生化学、クロマチン構造および分析、計算化学、細胞培養、組換えDNA、ならびに当技術分野の範囲内にある関連する分野における従来の技術を用いる。これらの技術は、文献において十分に説明される。例えばSambrookら MOLECULAR CLONING:A LABORATORY MANUAL、第2版、Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press、1989および第3版、2001;Ausubelら、CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY、John Wiley & Sons、ニューヨーク、1987および定期的改訂版;the series METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY、Academic Press、サンディエゴ;Wolffe、CHROMATIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION、第3版、Academic Press、サンディエゴ、1998;METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY,第304巻、“Chromatin”(P.M. WassarmanおよびA. P. Wolffe編)、Academic Press、サンディエゴ、1999;およびMETHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY、第119巻、“Chromatin Protocols”(P.B. Becker編)Humana Press、トトワ、1999を参照されたい。
用語「核酸」、「ポリヌクレオチド」、および「オリゴヌクレオチド」は、交換可能に使用され、直鎖または環状コンホメーションで、一本鎖または二本鎖形態のいずれかのデオキシリボヌクレオチドポリマーまたはリボヌクレオチドポリマーを指す。本開示の目的について、これらの用語は、ポリマーの長さに関して限定するものとして解釈されないものとする。これらの用語は、天然のヌクレオチドの公知の類似体ならびに塩基、糖、および/またはリン酸部分(例えばホスホロチオエート骨格)において修飾されたヌクレオチドを包含することができる。一般に、特定のヌクレオチドの類似体は、同じ塩基対形成の特異性を有する、つまり、Aの類似体はTと塩基対形成するであろう。
DNA結合分子(例えば、ジンクフィンガー、TALEおよび/またはCRISPR/Casヌクレアーゼ)および/またはPD1遺伝子および/またはCTLA−4遺伝子を標的にする転写因子ならびに疾患もしくは障害、特に、PD1もしくはPD1リガンドが免疫系の細胞上に望ましくなく発現される障害、癌および/もしくは自己免疫性疾患、ならびに/またはCTLA−4発現の抑制が有益であると思われる疾患もしくは障害の処置のための、これらのヌクレアーゼおよび人工転写因子を含む組成物ならびにそれらを使用するための方法が、本明細書において記載される。PD1/PD1リガンド相互作用またはCTLA−4媒介性のT細胞阻害の調節によって改善される疾患または障害を有する対象の処置のために、本明細書において記載されるヌクレアーゼは、インビボまたはエクスビボにて細胞(例えば、そのような疾患に罹患した対象から単離されたT細胞などの初代細胞)の中に導入して、処理された細胞上のPD1またはCTLA−4の発現を予防することができる。ヌクレアーゼ処理後に、PD1またはCTLA−4ノックアウトT細胞は、慢性感染症もしくは癌の処置における医薬として使用するために、対象の中に再導入されてもよく、または再導入の前に増やされてもよい。あるいは、PD1またはCTLA−4の遺伝子座の調節は、対象の中への必要なヌクレアーゼまたは操作された転写因子の導入を通してインビボで行われてもよい。同様に、PD1および/またはCTLA−4特異的ヌクレアーゼ(例えばZFN、CRISPR/Casヌクレアーゼ系、および/またはTALEN)により処理された幹細胞が、使用されてもよい。これらの細胞は、そのような医学的状態の処置のために、罹患している対象の中に注入することができる。
PD1遺伝子座またはCTLA−4遺伝子座における標的部位に特異的に結合するDNA結合ドメインを含む組成物が本明細書において記載される。ジンクフィンガーDNA結合ドメイン、TALE DNA結合ドメイン、CRISPR/Cas DNA結合ヌクレアーゼ系、またはメガヌクレアーゼ由来のDNA結合ドメインを含むが、これらに限定されない任意のDNA結合ドメインが、本明細書において開示される組成物および方法において使用することができる。
真核生物のRNAi経路に平行すると仮定されてきた古細菌および多くの細菌におけるRNA媒介性のゲノム防御経路の存在について説得力のある証拠が最近明らかになった(概説については、GoddeおよびBickerton、2006.J.Mol.Evol.62:718−729;Lillestolら、2006.Archaea 2:59−72;Makarovaら、2006.Biol.Direct 1:7.;Sorekら、2008.Nat.Rev.Microbiol.6:181−186を参照されたい)。CRISPR−Cas系または原核生物RNAi(pRNAi)として知られているように、この経路は、2つの進化的におよび多くの場合、物理的に連結した遺伝子座;その系のRNA構成成分をコードするCRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat、クラスター化して規則的な配置の短い回文配列リピート)遺伝子座、およびタンパク質をコードするcas(CRISPR関連)遺伝子座から生じることが提唱されている(Jansenら、2002.Mol.Microbiol.43:1565−1575;Makarovaら、2002.Nucleic Acids Res.30:482−496;Makarovaら、2006.Biol.Direct 1:7;Haftら、2005.PLoS Comput.Biol.1:e60)。微生物宿主におけるCRISPR遺伝子座は、CRISPR関連(Cas)遺伝子およびCRISPR媒介性の核酸切断の特異性をプログラムすることができる非コードRNAエレメントの組み合わせを含有する。個々のCasタンパク質は、真核生物RNAi機構のタンパク質構成成分と有意な配列類似性を共有しないが、類似する予測される機能(例えばRNA結合、ヌクレアーゼ、ヘリカーゼなど)を有する(Makarovaら、2006.Biol.Direct 1:7)。CRISPR関連(cas)遺伝子は、多くの場合、CRISPRリピート−スペーサーアレイに関連する。40を超える様々なCasタンパク質ファミリーが記載されてきた。これらのタンパク質ファミリーのうち、Cas1は、様々なCRISPR/Cas系の中に広範に分布しているように思われる。cas遺伝子およびリピート構造の特定の組み合わせは、8つのCRISPRサブタイプ(Ecoli、Ypest、Nmeni、Dvulg、Tneap、Hmari、Apern、およびMtube)を規定するために使用され、これらのうちのいくつかは、リピート関連ミステリアスタンパク質(repeat−associated mysterious protein)(RAMP)をコードするさらなる遺伝子モジュールに関連する。1つを超えるCRISPRサブタイプが単一のゲノム中に生じてもよい。CRISPR/Casサブタイプの散在性の分布は、その系が微生物の進化の間に遺伝子水平伝播を受けやすいことを示唆する。
Cas9タンパク質は、少なくとも2つのヌクレアーゼドメインを有する:一方のヌクレアーゼドメインはHNHエンドヌクレアーゼに類似し、他方はRuvエンドヌクレアーゼドメインに似ている。HNH型ドメインは、crRNAに相補的であるDNA鎖の切断を担うように思われ、他方でRuvドメインは非相補性鎖を切断する。
Cas9関連CRISPR/Cas系は、2つのRNA非コード構成成分:tracrRNAおよび同一の直列リピート(DR)で間を置かれたヌクレアーゼガイド配列(スペーサー)を含有するpre−crRNAアレイを含む。CRISPR/Cas系を使用してゲノム工学を達成するために、これらのRNAの両方の機能は存在しなければならない(Congら(2013)Sciencexpress 1/10.1126/science 1231143を参照されたい)。いくつかの実施形態では、tracrRNAおよびpre−crRNAが、個別の発現構築物を介してまたは個別のRNAとして供給される。他の実施形態では、キメラRNAが構築され、キメラcr−RNA−tracrRNAハイブリッド(単鎖ガイドRNAとも称される)を作るために、操作された成熟crRNA(標的特異性を与える)がtracrRNA(Cas9との相互作用をもたらす)に融合される(Jinek、同書およびCong、同書を参照されたい)。
上記に詳細に記載されるように、DNAドメイン(ZFP、TALE、CRISPR RNA、メガヌクレアーゼ)は、遺伝子座における選択された任意の配列に結合するように操作することができる。操作されたDNA結合ドメインは、天然に存在するDNA結合ドメインと比較して、新規な結合特異性を有することができる。操作方法は、合理的な設計および様々なタイプの選択を含むが、これらに限定されない。合理的な設計は、例えば、それぞれの三つ組または四つ組ヌクレオチド配列が、特定の三つ組または四つ組配列に結合するDNA結合ドメインの1つまたは複数のアミノ酸配列に関連している、三つ組(または四つ組)ヌクレオチド配列および個々の(例えばジンクフィンガー)アミノ酸配列を含むデータベースを使用することを含む。例えば、それらの全体が本明細書において参照によって組み込まれる、共有に係る米国特許第6,453,242号明細書および米国特許第6,534,261号明細書を参照されたい。TAL−エフェクタードメインの合理的な設計もまた、実行することができる。例えば米国特許出願公開第20110301073号明細書を参照されたい。
上記に言及されるように、外因性の配列(「ドナー配列」または「ドナー」または「導入遺伝子」とも呼ばれる)の挿入は、例えば、ポリペプチドの発現、突然変異体遺伝子の修正または野生型遺伝子の発現の増加のためのものである。ドナー配列は、それが配置されるゲノム配列と典型的には同一ではないことは容易に明らかであろう。ドナー配列は、目的の位置で効率的なHDRを可能にするために相同性の2つの領域が隣接する非相同的配列を含有することができる。そのうえ、ドナー配列は、細胞のクロマチンにおける目的の領域に相同でない配列を含有するベクター分子を含むことができる。ドナー分子は、細胞のクロマチンに対して相同性のいくつかの非連続的な領域を含有することができる。例えば、目的の領域中に通常存在しない配列の標的挿入については、前記配列は、ドナー核酸分子中に存在し、目的の領域における配列に相同性の領域が隣接することができる。
本明細書において記載されるDNA結合タンパク質(例えばZFPまたはTALE)および異種調節(機能的)ドメイン(またはその機能的断片)を含む融合タンパク質もまた、提供される。一般的なドメインは、例えば転写因子ドメイン(活性化因子、抑制因子、共活性化因子、共抑制因子)、サイレンサー、癌遺伝子(例えばmyc、jun、fos、myb、max、mad、rel、ets、bcl、myb、mosファミリーメンバーなど);DNA修復酵素ならびにそれらの関連因子および修飾因子;DNA再編成酵素ならびにそれらの関連因子および修飾因子;クロマチン関連タンパク質ならびにそれらの修飾因子(例えばキナーゼ、アセチラーゼ、およびデアセチラーゼ);ならびにDNA修飾酵素(例えばメチルトランスフェラーゼ、トポイソメラーゼ、ヘリカーゼ、リガーゼ、キナーゼ、ホスファターゼ、ポリメラーゼ、エンドヌクレアーゼ)ならびにそれらの関連因子および修飾因子を含む。DNA結合ドメインおよびヌクレアーゼ切断ドメインの融合に関する詳細については、本明細書においてそれらの全体が参照によって組み込まれる、米国特許出願公開第20050064474号明細書;米国特許出願公開第20060188987号明細書、および米国特許出願公開第2007/0218528号明細書。
ある実施形態では、融合タンパク質が、DNA結合性結合ドメインおよび切断(ヌクレアーゼ)ドメインを含む。そのため、遺伝子修飾は、ヌクレアーゼ、例えば操作されたヌクレアーゼを使用して実現することができる。操作されたヌクレアーゼの技術は、天然に存在するDNA結合タンパク質の操作に基づく。本明細書において記載される方法および組成物は、広く適用可能で、目的の任意のヌクレアーゼを含んでいてもよい。ヌクレアーゼの非限定的な例は、メガヌクレアーゼ、TALEN、ジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼ、およびCRISPR/Casヌクレアーゼ系を含む。ヌクレアーゼは、異種DNA結合ドメインおよび異種切断ドメイン(例えば異種切断ドメインを有するジンクフィンガーヌクレアーゼ;TALEN、メガヌクレアーゼDNA結合ドメイン)を含んでいてもよく、あるいは、天然に存在するヌクレアーゼのDNA結合ドメインは、選択される標的部位に結合するように改変されてもよい(例えば、同種の結合部位と異なる部位に結合するように操作されたメガヌクレアーゼ)。例えば、ある目的に合うように作ったDNA結合特異性を有するホーミングエンドヌクレアーゼの操作が記載されており、Chamesら(2005)Nucleic Acids Res 33(20):e178;Arnouldら(2006)J.Mol.Biol.355:443−458およびGrizotら(2009)Nucleic Acids Res、7月7日e publicationを参照されたい。そのうえ、ZFPの操作もまた、記載されている。例えば米国特許第6,534,261号明細書;米国特許第6,607,882号明細書;米国特許第6,824,978号明細書;米国特許第6,979,539号明細書;米国特許第6,933,113号明細書;米国特許第7,163,824号明細書;および米国特許第7,013,219号明細書を参照されたい。ヌクレアーゼは、核酸およびタンパク質の組み合わせを含んでいてもよい(例えばCRISPR/Cas)。
ヌクレアーゼおよび転写因子、ヌクレアーゼおよび転写因子をコードするポリヌクレオチド、ならびに/または任意のドナーポリヌクレオチドならびに本明細書において記載されるタンパク質および/またはポリヌクレオチドを含む組成物は、任意の適した手段によって標的細胞に送達されてもよい。
開示される組成物および方法は、PD−1および/またはCTLA−4の発現を調節することが所望される、任意の適用に使用することができる。特に、これらの方法および組成物は、PD−1またはCTLA−4の調節が所望される場合に、使用することができ、治療上および研究の適用を含むが、これらに限定されない。本発明はまた、CARおよび/または操作されたTCRをコードするDNA配列の、PD−1調節細胞および/またはCTLA−4調節細胞(例えば、PD1および/またはCTLA−4発現が、操作された転写因子を介して修飾されているか、または操作されたヌクレアーゼを使用してノックアウトされている細胞)のゲノムの中への挿入をも企図する。いくつかの例では、細胞は、TILまたはTILから増やされた細胞である。本方法および組成物は、HIV/AIDSおよびHCVなどの慢性感染症ならびに/または癌(例えば黒色腫、卵巣癌、結腸直腸/結腸癌、腎細胞癌、形質細胞腫/骨髄腫、乳癌、および肺癌)を含む様々な疾患ならびに障害を処置するために使用されてもよい。
ZFNは、Millerら(2007)Nat.Biotechnol.25:778−785ならびに米国特許出願公開第20050064474号明細書および国際特許公開第2005/014791号パンフレットにおいて記載されるように、ヒトPD1またはCTLA−4遺伝子に対して組み立てられ、ELISAおよびCEL1アッセイによって試験された。
PD1特異的TALENは、以前に記載したように開発され、組み立てられた(米国特許出願公開第20110301073号明細書を参照されたい)。塩基認識は、標準RVD塩基対応を使用して実現した(「TALEコード」:AについてNI、CについてHD、GについてNN(ハーフリピート(half repeat)中NK)、TについてNG)。TALENは、米国特許出願公開第20110301073号明細書において記載されるように「+63」TALEN骨格で構築された。標的および試験したTALENについての数値の識別子を、下記表5aおよび5bにおいて示す。
CARを発現し、PD1および/またはCTLA−4がノックアウトされているT細胞集団を生成するために、CAR含有T細胞を生成する。細胞(例えばPBMC、TIL、CD4+、またはCD8+細胞などのT細胞)を天然の供給源、例えば転移性の黒色腫患者から精製し、標準的な手順に従って培養する、および/または増やす。細胞は、例えば、米国特許出願公開第20080311095号明細書において記載されるように刺激されてもよい。細胞にCAR、例えばErbB2特異的scFvまたはVEGFR2特異的scFvのいずれかを含むCARを形質導入する。scFvをコードする核酸は、PCRアプローチを介して最初に構築され、配列を検証する。それらをCD28およびCD3ゼータシグナル伝達部分に連結し、細胞の中に導入する(例えばレトロウイルスまたはレンチウイルスあるいは他の標的/送達メカニズムを介して)。
PD1特異的ZFP TFは、PD1発現の発現を抑制するように設計された。これらのタンパク質を下記表7aおよび7bにおいて示す。
Claims (21)
- キメラ抗原受容体(CAR)を発現する遺伝子修飾T細胞であって、CARをコードする外因性の配列が、1つまたは複数のヌクレアーゼを使用して、該T細胞のゲノムの中に組み込まれ、さらに、少なくとも1つの内因性の免疫学的チェックポイント遺伝子の発現が、該T細胞において該免疫学的チェックポイント遺伝子を遺伝子修飾することによって抑制され、該免疫学的チェックポイント遺伝子がプログラム死受容体PDCD1(PD1)遺伝子またはCTLA−4遺伝子であり、該免疫学的チェックポイント遺伝子が、配列番号21〜33または116〜120のいずれかに示される標的部位に結合するヌクレアーゼを使用して修飾される、遺伝子修飾T細胞。
- 前記免疫学的チェックポイント遺伝子が、CTLA−4遺伝子である、請求項1に記載のT細胞。
- 前記免疫学的チェックポイント遺伝子が、PD1遺伝子である、請求項1に記載のT細胞。
- 前記T細胞が、CD4+細胞、CD8+細胞、および腫瘍浸潤細胞(TIL)からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載のT細胞。
- 前記CARをコードする外因性の配列が、セーフハーバー遺伝子座でT細胞ゲノムの中に組み込まれる、請求項1に記載のT細胞。
- 前記CARをコードする外因性の配列が、T細胞ゲノムの中にランダムに組み込まれる、請求項1に記載のT細胞。
- 前記CARが、T細胞受容体(TCR)のシグナル伝達ドメインを含む、請求項1に記載のT細胞。
- 前記CARが、scFv特異性ドメインを含む、請求項7に記載のT細胞。
- 前記T細胞が、刺激される、請求項1に記載のT細胞。
- 前記T細胞が、抗CD3/CD28ビーズにより刺激される、請求項9に記載のT細胞。
- 少なくとも1つのさらなる導入遺伝子をさらに含む、請求項1に記載のT細胞。
- 前記少なくとも1つのさらなる導入遺伝子が、TAA特異的T細胞受容体(TCR)をコードする、請求項11に記載のT細胞。
- 請求項5および7〜10のいずれか一項に記載のT細胞を作製する方法であって、前記CARをコードする外因性の配列が前記セーフハーバー遺伝子の中に組み込まれるように、少なくとも1つのヌクレアーゼを使用して、前記T細胞におけるセーフハーバー遺伝子を切断するステップを含む、方法。
- 前記セーフハーバー遺伝子が、AAVS1、CCR5、HPRTおよびRosaからなる群から選択される、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記CARをコードする外因性の配列が、プラスミドベクターまたはウイルスベクターによって運ばれる、請求項13または請求項14に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つのヌクレアーゼが、mRNAとして前記細胞の中に導入される、請求項13〜15のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記T細胞を刺激するステップをさらに含む、請求項13〜16のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記T細胞が、抗CD3/CD28ビーズにより刺激される、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記T細胞ゲノムの中に少なくともさらなる導入遺伝子を組み込むステップをさらに含む、請求項13〜18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記少なくとも1つのさらなる導入遺伝子が、TAA特異的T細胞受容体(TCR)をコードする、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載の遺伝子修飾T細胞を含む医薬組成物。
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EP2906684B1 (en) | 2020-07-22 |
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US11236175B2 (en) | 2022-02-01 |
EP2906684A2 (en) | 2015-08-19 |
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WO2014059173A3 (en) | 2014-10-16 |
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AU2013329186A1 (en) | 2015-04-30 |
WO2014059173A2 (en) | 2014-04-17 |
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