WO2016204138A1 - 半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ - Google Patents

半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2016204138A1
WO2016204138A1 PCT/JP2016/067624 JP2016067624W WO2016204138A1 WO 2016204138 A1 WO2016204138 A1 WO 2016204138A1 JP 2016067624 W JP2016067624 W JP 2016067624W WO 2016204138 A1 WO2016204138 A1 WO 2016204138A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
wire
bonding
bonding wire
mass
concentration
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/JP2016/067624
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
山田 隆
大造 小田
榛原 照男
良 大石
齋藤 和之
宇野 智裕
Original Assignee
日鉄住金マイクロメタル株式会社
新日鉄住金マテリアルズ株式会社
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by 日鉄住金マイクロメタル株式会社, 新日鉄住金マテリアルズ株式会社 filed Critical 日鉄住金マイクロメタル株式会社
Priority to DE112016002703.6T priority Critical patent/DE112016002703T5/de
Priority to CN201680027572.6A priority patent/CN107533992B/zh
Priority to KR1020187029699A priority patent/KR20180115363A/ko
Priority to US15/577,735 priority patent/US10737356B2/en
Priority to KR1020177032781A priority patent/KR101910762B1/ko
Priority to JP2017525235A priority patent/JP6321297B2/ja
Publication of WO2016204138A1 publication Critical patent/WO2016204138A1/ja

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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0227Rods, wires
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • H01L24/44Structure, shape, material or disposition of the wire connectors prior to the connecting process
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3013Au as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/302Cu as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
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    • B32B15/018Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of a noble metal or a noble metal alloy
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    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a bonding wire for a semiconductor device used for connecting an electrode on a semiconductor element and a wiring of a circuit wiring board such as an external lead.
  • bonding wires fine wires having a wire diameter of about 15 to 50 ⁇ m are mainly used as bonding wires for semiconductor devices (hereinafter referred to as “bonding wires”) for bonding between electrodes on semiconductor elements and external leads.
  • the bonding wire bonding method is generally an ultrasonic combined thermocompression bonding method, and a general-purpose bonding apparatus, a capillary jig used for connection through the bonding wire, or the like is used.
  • the bonding process of the bonding wire involves heating and melting the wire tip with arc heat input, forming a ball (FAB: Free Air Ball) by surface tension, and then heating it on the electrode of the semiconductor element heated within the range of 150 to 300 ° C.
  • FAB Free Air Ball
  • This ball part is bonded by pressure bonding (hereinafter referred to as “ball bonding”), then a loop is formed, and then the wire part is bonded by pressure bonding (hereinafter referred to as “wedge bonding”) to the electrode on the external lead side.
  • the electrode on the semiconductor element that is the bonding partner of the bonding wire has an electrode structure in which an alloy mainly composed of Al is formed on a Si substrate, and the electrode on the external lead side has an electrode structure in which Ag plating or Pd plating is applied. Used.
  • Patent Document 1 one using high purity Cu (purity: 99.99 mass% or more) has been proposed (for example, Patent Document 1).
  • Cu has a defect that it is easily oxidized as compared with Au, and there is a problem that bonding reliability, ball forming property, wedge bonding property and the like are inferior.
  • Patent Document 2 a structure in which the surface of the Cu core material is coated with a metal such as Au, Ag, Pt, Pd, Ni, Co, Cr, Ti has been proposed (Patent Document 2).
  • Patent Document 3 A structure in which the surface of a Cu core material is coated with Pd and the surface is coated with Au, Ag, Cu, or an alloy thereof has been proposed (Patent Document 3).
  • In-vehicle devices are required to have higher bonding reliability in harsh high-temperature and high-humidity environments than general electronic equipment.
  • the bonding life of the ball bonding portion in which the ball portion of the wire is bonded to the electrode becomes the biggest problem.
  • HAST Highly Accelerated Temperature and Humidity Stress Test
  • HAST High temperature and high humidity environment exposure test
  • the evaluation ball joint is exposed to a high-temperature and high-humidity environment at a temperature of 130 ° C. and a relative humidity of 85%, and the change in resistance value of the joint is measured over time. Or by measuring the change in shear strength of the ball joint with time, the joint life of the ball joint is evaluated.
  • HTS High Temperature Storage Test
  • HTS High Temperature Storage Test
  • the bonding wire contains an element that imparts connection reliability in a high temperature environment such as Ni, Zn, Rh, In, Ir, and Pt, for example, it does not contain the element.
  • the bonding reliability of the ball bonding portion in a high temperature environment of 130 ° C. or higher is improved.
  • the bonding wire is severely deformed in wedge bonding.
  • the wire after bonding becomes hard, and as a result, the bonding strength of the wedge bonding decreases.
  • the bonding wire is severely deformed in wedge bonding, and the wire is processed and hardened at the time of deformation, so that the wire after bonding becomes hard. As a result, the joint strength of the wedge joint may decrease.
  • the present invention can achieve both improved bonding reliability and wedge bondability of the ball bonding portion at high temperatures.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a bonding wire for a semiconductor device.
  • the bonding wire contains an element that imparts connection reliability in a high temperature environment, and the proof stress ratio defined by the following formula (1) is 1.1 to 1.6.
  • the improvement in the bonding reliability of the ball bonding portion at high temperature and the wedge bonding property can be achieved at the same time.
  • the present invention is based on such novel findings.
  • the gist of the present invention is as follows.
  • Strength ratio Maximum strength / 0.2% strength (1)
  • the bonding wire includes at least one element selected from Ni, Zn, Rh, In, Ir, and Pt, and the concentration of the element with respect to the entire wire is 0.011 to 2% by mass in total.
  • the bonding wire contains one or more elements selected from Ga and Ge, and the concentration of the elements with respect to the entire wire is 0.011 to 1.5 mass% in total.
  • the bonding wire includes at least one element selected from As, Te, Sn, Sb, Bi, Se, and the total concentration of the elements with respect to the entire wire is 0.1 to 100 ppm by mass,
  • the bonding wire further includes at least one element selected from B, P, Mg, Ca, and La, and the concentration of the element with respect to the entire wire is 1 to 200 ppm by mass.
  • a bonding wire for a semiconductor device having a Cu alloy core material and a Pd coating layer formed on the surface of the Cu alloy core, the improvement in the bonding reliability of the ball bonding portion at high temperature and the wedge bonding property are achieved at the same time.
  • a bonding wire for a semiconductor device can be provided.
  • the bonding wire for a semiconductor device of the present invention has a Cu alloy core material and a Pd coating layer formed on the surface of the Cu alloy core material.
  • the bonding wire includes an element imparting connection reliability in a high temperature environment, and has a yield strength ratio defined by the following formula (1) of 1.1 to 1.6.
  • Strength ratio Maximum strength / 0.2% strength (1)
  • Mold resin which is a package of a semiconductor device contains chlorine (Cl) in a molecular skeleton.
  • Cl chlorine
  • Cl in the molecular skeleton is hydrolyzed and eluted as chloride ions (Cl ⁇ ).
  • Cu 9 Al 4 is easily corroded by halogens such as Cl, and corrosion progresses due to Cl eluted from the mold resin, leading to a decrease in bonding reliability.
  • the bonding interface between the Pd coated Cu wire and the Al electrode has a structure of Cu / Pd enriched layer / Al. Therefore, compared to a Cu wire that does not have a Pd coating layer.
  • the generation of Cu 9 Al 4 intermetallic compound is suppressed, the bonding reliability in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment required for in-vehicle devices is insufficient.
  • the concentration of the elements that give the connection reliability in the high temperature environment for the entire wire is a total, preferably Is 0.011% by mass or more, more preferably 0.030% by mass or more, further preferably 0.050% by mass or more, 0.070% by mass or more, 0.09% by mass or more, 0.10% by mass or more, 0 .15% by mass or more, or 0.20% by mass or more.
  • Is 0.011% by mass or more more preferably 0.030% by mass or more, further preferably 0.050% by mass or more, 0.070% by mass or more, 0.09% by mass or more, 0.10% by mass or more, 0 .15% by mass or more, or 0.20% by mass or more.
  • the bonding wire is severely deformed.
  • the wire after bonding becomes hard, and as a result, the bonding strength of the wedge bonding decreases.
  • the proof stress ratio defined by the following formula (1) is preferably 1.6 or less, more preferably 1.55 or less, 1.50 or less, 1.45. Or less or 1.40 or less. From the standpoint that good wedge bondability can be exhibited, the yield strength ratio is preferably 1.1 or more.
  • Strength ratio Maximum strength / 0.2% strength (1)
  • a crystal in the longitudinal direction of the wire as a result of measuring the crystal orientation with respect to the cross section of the core material perpendicular to the wire axis of the bonding wire
  • the orientation ratio of the crystal orientation ⁇ 100> having an angle difference of 15 degrees or less with respect to the longitudinal direction of the wire hereinafter also simply referred to as “ ⁇ 100> orientation ratio”
  • the wire of the bonding wire Controlling the average crystal grain size (hereinafter, also simply referred to as “average crystal grain size”) in the cross section of the core material perpendicular to the axis
  • the yield strength ratio is less than 1.1 or more than 1.6, but by devising the manufacturing method as described later, the core material perpendicular to the wire axis of the bonding wire Of the crystal orientations in the wire longitudinal direction in the cross section, the orientation ratio of ⁇ 100> including the angle difference up to 15 degrees with respect to the wire longitudinal direction is 30% or more, and the core material cross section perpendicular to the wire axis of the bonding wire As a result, it was found that the yield ratio of the formula (1) can be 1.1 to 1.6.
  • the yield strength ratio can be made 1.6 or less because the work hardening of the wire accompanying the deformation at the time of wedge bonding is small.
  • the average grain size is less than 0.9 ⁇ m, the 0.2% yield strength is high (the ductility is poor), so the yield strength ratio is less than 1.1 and the wedge bondability is poor.
  • the average crystal grain size exceeds 1.5 ⁇ m, the ⁇ 100> orientation ratio is less than 30% and the 0.2% proof stress is low, so the proof stress ratio is over 1.6 and the wedge bondability is estimated to be poor.
  • the ⁇ 100> orientation ratio is preferably 30% or more, more preferably 35% or more, further preferably 40% or more, 45% from the viewpoint of reducing work hardening of the wire accompanying deformation during wedge bonding. That's it.
  • the upper limit of the ⁇ 100> orientation ratio is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 90% or less, 80% or less, 70% or less, 60% or less, 50% or less, or less than 50% (for example, 49% or less).
  • the average crystal grain size in the cross section of the core material perpendicular to the wire axis of the bonding wire is 0.9 ⁇ m or more and 1.5 ⁇ m or less.
  • the lower limit value of the average crystal grain size in the cross section of the core material perpendicular to the wire axis of the bonding wire is 1.0 ⁇ m or more, 1.1 ⁇ m or more, 1.3 ⁇ m or more, more than 1.3 ⁇ m (for example, 1.35 ⁇ m or more). can do.
  • the proof stress ratio may increase if the content of the element imparting connection reliability in a high-temperature environment in the wire is too large.
  • the concentration of the element that provides connection reliability in a high temperature environment for the entire wire is the sum total. Preferably it is 2.0 mass% or less, 1.8 mass% or less, or 1.6 mass% or less.
  • the thickness of the Pd coating layer is the viewpoint of obtaining a good FAB shape and the viewpoint of further improving the joint reliability of the ball joint in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment required for a vehicle-mounted device.
  • 0.015 ⁇ m or more more preferably 0.02 ⁇ m or more, further preferably 0.025 ⁇ m or more, 0.03 ⁇ m or more, 0.035 ⁇ m or more, 0.04 ⁇ m or more, 0.045 ⁇ m or more, or 0.05 ⁇ m or more. It is.
  • the thickness of the Pd coating layer is preferably 0.150 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.140 ⁇ m or less, 0.130 ⁇ m or less, 0. It is 120 ⁇ m or less, 0.110 ⁇ m or less, or 0.100 ⁇ m or less.
  • the definition of the Cu alloy core material and the Pd coating layer of the bonding wire will be described.
  • the boundary between the Cu alloy core material and the Pd coating layer was determined based on the Pd concentration.
  • the region where the Pd concentration was 50 atomic% was determined as the boundary, the region where the Pd concentration was 50 atomic percent or more was determined as the Pd coating layer, and the region where the Pd concentration was less than 50 atomic percent was determined as the Cu alloy core material. This is because, if the Pd concentration in the Pd coating layer is 50 atomic% or more, the effect of improving the characteristics can be obtained from the structure of the Pd coating layer.
  • the Pd coating layer may include a region of a single Pd layer, and a region where Pd and Cu have a concentration gradient in the depth direction of the wire.
  • the reason why the region having the concentration gradient is formed in the Pd coating layer is that Pd and Cu atoms may be diffused by heat treatment or the like in the manufacturing process.
  • the concentration gradient means that the degree of concentration change in the depth direction is 10 mol% or more per 0.1 ⁇ m.
  • the Pd coating layer may contain inevitable impurities.
  • the bonding wire of the present invention may further have an alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd on the surface of the Pd coating layer. Thereby, the bonding wire of the present invention can further improve the bonding reliability and further improve the wedge bonding property.
  • the definition of the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd of the bonding wire will be described.
  • the boundary between the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd and the Pd coating layer was determined based on the Au concentration.
  • the region where the Au concentration was 10 atomic% was defined as a boundary, and the region where the Au concentration was 10 atomic percent or more was judged as the Pd coating layer. Further, even if the Pd concentration is in the region of 50 atomic% or more, if Au is present in 10 atomic% or more, it was determined as an alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd. The reason for this is that if the Au concentration is within the above-described concentration range, the effect of improving the characteristics can be expected from the structure of the Au skin layer.
  • the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd is an Au—Pd alloy, and is a region including a region where Au and Pd have a concentration gradient in the depth direction of the wire.
  • the reason why the region having the concentration gradient is formed in the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd is that atoms of Au and Pd are diffused by heat treatment or the like in the manufacturing process.
  • the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd may contain unavoidable impurities and Cu.
  • the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd reacts with the Pd coating layer to increase the adhesion strength between the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd, the Pd coating layer, and the Cu alloy core material, and the wedge Peeling of the Pd coating layer and the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd at the time of joining can be suppressed.
  • the bonding wire of this invention can further improve wedge bondability.
  • the thickness of the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd is preferably 0.0005 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.001 ⁇ m or more, 0.002 ⁇ m or more, or 0.003 ⁇ m or more. .
  • the thickness of the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd is preferably 0.050 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.045 ⁇ m or less, 0.040 ⁇ m or less, 0.035 ⁇ m. Or 0.030 ⁇ m or less.
  • the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd can be formed by the same method as the Pd coating layer.
  • examples of elements that provide connection reliability in a high-temperature environment include elements of Group 9 of the periodic table (Co, Rh, Ir), elements of Group 10 of the periodic table (Ni, Pd, Pt). ), Group 11 elements (Ag, Au, etc.), Group 12 elements (Zn, etc.), Group 13 elements (Al, Ga, In, etc.), Periodic table Examples include Group 14 elements (Ge, Sn, etc.), Element Periodic Table Group 15 elements (P, As, Sb, Bi, etc.), Element Periodic Table Group 16 elements (Se, Te, etc.), and the like. These elements can be contained in the bonding wire singly or in combination of two or more.
  • the bonding wire preferably contains at least one element selected from Ni, Zn, Rh, In, Ir, and Pt as an element imparting connection reliability in a high temperature environment.
  • concentration of these elements with respect to the entire wire is preferably 0.011 to 2% by mass in total.
  • a mold resin (epoxy resin) which is a package of a semiconductor device contains a silane coupling agent. Since the silane coupling agent has a function of improving the adhesion between the organic substance (resin) and the inorganic substance (silicon or metal), the adhesion with the silicon substrate or the metal can be improved. Furthermore, when a high adhesion is required, such as a semiconductor for automobiles that requires higher temperature reliability, a “sulfur-containing silane coupling agent” is added. Sulfur contained in the mold resin is liberated when used under conditions of 175 ° C. or higher (for example, 175 ° C. to 200 ° C.). When sulfur released at a high temperature of 175 ° C.
  • the bonding wire contains at least one element selected from Ni, Zn, Rh, In, Ir, and Pt, and the concentration of the element with respect to the entire wire is 0.011 to 2% by mass in total, Bonding reliability in a high-temperature environment (particularly, results with HTS at 175 ° C. or higher) can be improved.
  • the concentration of the element with respect to the entire wire is a total, preferably 0.011% by mass or more.
  • At least one element selected from Ni, Zn, Rh, In, Ir, and Pt is also referred to as “element M A ”.
  • the bonding wire contains at least one element selected from Ga and Ge as an element that imparts connection reliability in a high temperature environment, and the concentration of the element with respect to the entire wire is 0.011 to 1 in total. It is preferably 5% by mass.
  • the wire, Ga, one or more elements selected from Ge may be included in or with the element M A instead of the element M A.
  • one or more elements selected from Ga and Ge are also referred to as “element M B ”.
  • Ga and Ge in the wire diffuse into the Pd coating layer.
  • Ga and Ge present in the Pd enriched layer at the Cu and Al interface at the ball joint further enhance the effect of suppressing the mutual diffusion of Cu and Al by the Pd enriched layer, and as a result, it is easily corroded in a high temperature and high humidity environment. It seems to suppress the formation of Cu 9 Al 4 .
  • Ga and Ge contained in the wire may have an effect of directly inhibiting the formation of Cu 9 Al 4 .
  • a ball part was formed using a Pd-coated Cu bonding wire containing a predetermined amount of at least one selected from Ga and Ge, and the FAB was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A large number of precipitates having a diameter of several tens of nm ⁇ were observed on the surface. When the precipitate was analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS: Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), it was confirmed that Ga and Ge were concentrated. Although the detailed mechanism is unknown from the above situation, this precipitate observed in the FAB is present at the bonding interface between the ball part and the electrode, so that the temperature is 130 ° C. and the relative humidity is 85%. It seems that the joint reliability of the ball joint in a wet environment has been greatly improved.
  • EDS Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
  • the presence site of Ga and Ge is preferably in the Cu alloy core material, but a sufficient action and effect can also be obtained by being contained in a Pd coating layer or an alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd described later.
  • the method of adding Ga and Ge to the Cu alloy core material facilitates accurate concentration control, and improves wire productivity and quality stability.
  • by including a part of Ga and Ge in the Pd coating layer and the alloy skin layer by diffusion due to heat treatment, etc. it is possible to improve the adhesion at each layer interface and further improve the wire productivity. .
  • the concentration of Ga and Ge with respect to the entire wire is 1.5% by mass or less in total.
  • it is 1.4 mass% or less, More preferably, it is 1.3 mass% or less, or 1.2 mass% or less.
  • the bonding wire contains one or more elements selected from As, Te, Sn, Sb, Bi, Se, and the total concentration of the elements with respect to the entire wire is 0.1 to 100 ppm by mass, It is preferable that Sn ⁇ 10 mass ppm, Sb ⁇ 10 mass ppm, and Bi ⁇ 1 mass ppm.
  • one or more elements selected from As, Te, Sn, Sb, Bi, and Se are also referred to as “element M C ”.
  • the bonding wire contains a predetermined amount of at least one element selected from As, Te, Sn, Sb, Bi, Se as an element that imparts connection reliability in a high temperature environment
  • the formation of Cu 9 Al 4 intermetallic compound at the joint tends to be further suppressed.
  • these elements are contained in a predetermined amount, when the ball is formed, the interfacial tension between the core material Cu and the coating layer Pd is lowered, and the interface wettability is improved. Concentration appears more prominently. For this reason, the effect of suppressing the mutual diffusion of Cu and Al by the Pd enriched layer is further strengthened. As a result, the amount of Cu 9 Al 4 that is easily corroded by the action of Cl is reduced, and the high temperature and high humidity environment of the ball joint portion It is presumed that the joint reliability is greatly improved.
  • the bonding wire contains at least one element selected from As, Te, Sn, Sb, Bi, and Se, the concentration of the elements with respect to the entire wire is 0.1 to 100 mass ppm in total, and Sn ⁇ 10
  • the mass ppm, the Sb ⁇ 10 mass ppm, and the Bi ⁇ 1 mass ppm it is possible to further improve the bonding reliability of the ball bonding portion in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment required for a vehicle-mounted device.
  • the total concentration of the elements with respect to the entire wire is preferably 0.1 ppm by mass or more, more preferably 0.5 ppm by mass or more, further preferably 1 ppm by mass or more, and even more preferably 1.5 ppm by mass or more, 2 masses. ppm or more, 2.5 mass ppm or more, or 3 mass ppm or more.
  • the concentration of the elements with respect to the entire wire is preferably 100 mass ppm or less, more preferably 95 mass ppm or less, 90 mass ppm or less, 85 mass ppm or less, or 80 masses. ppm or less.
  • the bonding wire of the present invention preferably further contains at least one element selected from B, P, Mg, Ca and La, and the concentration of the element with respect to the entire wire is preferably 1 to 200 ppm by mass.
  • concentration of the element with respect to the whole wire is preferably 1 mass ppm or more, more preferably 2 mass ppm or more, 3 mass ppm or more, 4 mass ppm or more, or 5 mass ppm or more.
  • the concentration of the element with respect to the entire wire is preferably 200 ppm by mass or less, more preferably 150 ppm by mass or less, and 120 ppm by mass or less, 100 mass ppm or less, 95 mass ppm or less, 90 mass ppm or less, 85 mass ppm or less, or 80 mass ppm or less.
  • the Pd-coated Cu bonding wire contains an element that improves the connection reliability in a high-temperature environment as in the present invention
  • the Cu 9 Al 4 metal inter There is a tendency that the formation of the compound is further suppressed.
  • the Pd-coated Cu bonding wire contains an element that improves connection reliability in a high-temperature environment
  • the interaction between the element contained in the bonding wire and Cu When the FAB is formed, the concentration of Pd on the surface of the FAB is promoted, and the concentration of Pd at the ball bonding interface appears more remarkably.
  • the effect of suppressing the mutual diffusion of Cu and Al by the Pd enriched layer is further enhanced, the amount of Cu 9 Al 4 that is easily corroded by the action of Cl is reduced, and the bonding of the ball bonded portion in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment. It is estimated that the reliability is further improved.
  • the concentration of Cu is preferably less than 30 atomic%.
  • the concentration of Cu is preferably less than 35 atomic%.
  • the outermost surface refers to a region where the surface of the bonding wire is measured by an Auger electron spectrometer without performing sputtering or the like.
  • Concentration analysis of the Pd coating layer and the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd can be performed by analyzing the surface of the bonding wire from the surface of the bonding wire by sputtering or by exposing the wire cross-section to An analysis method is effective.
  • an analysis apparatus used for concentration analysis an Auger electron spectroscopic analysis apparatus, an energy dispersive X-ray analysis apparatus, an electron beam microanalyzer, or the like provided in a scanning electron microscope or a transmission electron microscope can be used.
  • As a method for exposing the cross section of the wire mechanical polishing, ion etching, or the like can be used.
  • the bonding wire is dissolved with a strong acid and analyzed using an ICP emission spectroscopic analyzer or ICP mass spectrometer. It can detect as the density
  • the bonding wire can be obtained by manufacturing a Cu alloy used as a core material, then processing it into a wire shape, forming a Pd coating layer and an Au layer, and performing a heat treatment. In some cases, after forming the Pd coating layer and the Au layer, wire drawing and heat treatment are performed again.
  • the production method of the Cu alloy core material, the Pd coating layer, the formation method of the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd, and the heat treatment method will be described in detail.
  • the Cu alloy used for the core material is obtained by dissolving and solidifying Cu as a raw material and the element to be added together.
  • an arc heating furnace, a high-frequency heating furnace, a resistance heating furnace, or the like can be used.
  • the method for forming the Pd coating layer and the Au layer on the surface of the Cu alloy core includes a plating method, a vapor deposition method, a melting method, and the like.
  • a plating method either an electrolytic plating method or an electroless plating method can be applied.
  • electroplating called strike plating or flash plating, the plating rate is high and the adhesion to the substrate is good.
  • the solutions used for electroless plating are classified into substitutional type and reduction type. If the thickness is thin, substitutional plating alone is sufficient, but if the thickness is thick, reduction type plating is used after substitutional plating. It is effective to apply stepwise.
  • vapor deposition method physical adsorption such as sputtering, ion plating, and vacuum deposition, and chemical adsorption such as plasma CVD can be used. All of them are dry, and cleaning after forming the Pd coating layer and Au layer is unnecessary, and there is no concern about surface contamination during cleaning.
  • the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd may be deposited from the beginning.
  • the Pd coating layer and the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd For the formation of the Pd coating layer and the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd, a method of forming after drawing to the final wire diameter, and a plurality of times until the target wire diameter is formed after forming the thick Cu alloy core material. Both of these methods are effective. In the case of forming the Pd coating layer and the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd with the former final diameter, manufacturing, quality control and the like are simple. The combination of the latter Pd coating layer, the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd, and wire drawing is advantageous in that the adhesion to the Cu alloy core material is improved.
  • each forming method a method of forming a Pd coating layer and an alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd while continuously sweeping a wire in an electrolytic plating solution on a Cu alloy core material having a final wire diameter, Alternatively, after a thick Cu alloy core is immersed in an electrolytic or electroless plating bath to form a Pd coating layer, an alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd, the wire is drawn to reach the final wire diameter Etc.
  • heat treatment may be performed.
  • atoms diffuse between the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd, the Pd coating layer, and the Cu alloy core material to improve the adhesion strength. Therefore, the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd during processing or Pd This is effective in that the peeling of the coating layer can be suppressed and the productivity is improved.
  • the core material Cu is diffused in the Pd coating layer or the skin alloy layer containing Au and Pd by grain boundary diffusion, intragranular diffusion, etc. It diffuses and Cu can be made to reach
  • the heat treatment for forming the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd can be used as the heat treatment for causing Cu to be present on the outermost surface.
  • Cu can be present on the outermost surface or Cu can be absent by selecting the heat treatment temperature and time.
  • the Cu concentration on the outermost surface can be adjusted to a predetermined range (for example, a range of 1 to 50 atomic%). Cu may be diffused to the outermost surface by a heat treatment performed other than at the time of forming the alloy skin layer.
  • the element when an element for imparting connection reliability in a high-temperature environment is contained in the bonding wire, the element is contained in the Cu core material, or the Cu core material or the wire surface is deposited and contained. Even if any of these is adopted, the effect of the present invention can be exhibited.
  • B, P, Mg, Ca, and La the same applies.
  • the simplest method is to add it to the starting material of the Cu alloy core material.
  • the components in the target concentration range can be obtained by heating and dissolving them under a high vacuum or an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon.
  • An added ingot is prepared and used as a starting material containing the above-mentioned component elements at a target concentration. Therefore, in a preferred embodiment, the Cu alloy core material of the bonding wire of the present invention has at least one element selected from Ni, Zn, Rh, In, Ir, and Pt, and the concentration of the element with respect to the entire wire is The total amount is 0.011 to 2% by mass.
  • the Cu alloy core material of the bonding wire of the present invention comprises one or more elements selected from Ga and Ge, and the total concentration of the elements with respect to the entire wire is 0.011-1. 5 mass% is included. A suitable numerical range of the total concentration is as described above.
  • the Cu alloy core material of the bonding wire of the present invention contains at least one element selected from As, Te, Sn, Sb, Bi, and Se at a concentration of the element with respect to the entire wire. In a total of 0.1 to 100 mass ppm, Sn ⁇ 10 mass ppm, Sb ⁇ 10 mass ppm, and Bi ⁇ 1 mass ppm. A suitable numerical range of the concentration is as described above.
  • the purity of Cu in the Cu alloy core material is 3N or less (preferably 2N or less).
  • a high purity (4N or more) Cu core material is used, and the use of a low purity Cu core material tends to be avoided.
  • the ball bonding portion in a high-temperature and high-humidity environment required for a vehicle-mounted device is particularly preferable when a Cu alloy core material with low Cu purity is used as described above. This has led to the realization of bonding reliability.
  • the Cu alloy core material of the bonding wire of the present invention has at least one element selected from B, P, Mg, Ca, La, and the concentration of the element with respect to the entire wire. 1 to 200 ppm by mass. A suitable numerical range of the concentration is as described above. In another preferred embodiment, the Cu alloy core material of the bonding wire of the present invention contains a metal element belonging to Group 10 of the periodic table of elements in a total amount of 0.1 to 3.0% by mass. A suitable numerical range of the concentration is as described above.
  • the above components can be added to the wire surface. In this case, it may be incorporated anywhere in the wire manufacturing process, or may be repeated a plurality of times. It may be incorporated into a plurality of processes. It may be added to the Cu surface before Pd coating, may be added to the Pd surface after Pd coating, may be added to the Au surface after Au coating, or may be incorporated in each coating process.
  • the deposition method can be selected from (1) application of aqueous solution ⁇ drying ⁇ heat treatment, (2) plating method (wet method), and (3) vapor deposition method (dry method).
  • an aqueous solution having an appropriate concentration is prepared using a water-soluble compound containing the above-described component elements.
  • the said component can be taken in into a wire material. It may be incorporated anywhere in the wire manufacturing process or may be repeated multiple times. It may be incorporated into a plurality of processes. It may be added to the Cu surface before Pd coating, may be added to the Pd surface after Pd coating, may be added to the Au surface after Au coating, or may be incorporated in each coating process.
  • the plating method can be applied to either an electrolytic plating method or an electroless plating method.
  • a plating method called flash plating which has a high plating rate and good adhesion to the substrate, can be applied.
  • Solutions used for electroless plating include a substitution type and a reduction type. Generally, substitutional plating is applied when the plating thickness is thin, and reduction plating is applied when the plating thickness is thick, but either can be applied. Select according to the concentration to be added, and adjust the plating solution concentration and time. .
  • Both the electrolytic plating method and the electroless plating method may be incorporated anywhere in the wire manufacturing process, or may be repeated a plurality of times. It may be incorporated into a plurality of processes. It may be added to the Cu surface before Pd coating, may be added to the Pd surface after Pd coating, may be added to the Au surface after Au coating, or may be incorporated in each coating process.
  • Examples of the evaporation method include a sputtering method, an ion plating method, a vacuum evaporation method, and plasma CVD. Since it is a dry process, pretreatment and post-treatment are unnecessary, and there is no concern about contamination. In general, the vapor deposition method has a problem that the addition rate of the target element is slow. However, since the concentration of the component elements is relatively low, it is one of the methods suitable for the purpose of the present invention.
  • Each vapor deposition method may be incorporated anywhere in the wire manufacturing process, or may be repeated multiple times. It may be incorporated into a plurality of processes. It may be added to the Cu surface before Pd coating, may be added to the Pd surface after Pd coating, may be added to the Au surface after Au coating, or may be incorporated in each coating process.
  • the crystal orientation ⁇ 100 that the angle difference with respect to the wire longitudinal direction is 15 degrees or less
  • the manufacturing method for setting the orientation ratio of> to 30% or more and setting the average crystal grain size in the cross section of the core material perpendicular to the wire axis of the bonding wire to 0.9 to 1.5 ⁇ m will be described.
  • the bonding wire contains an element that imparts connection reliability in a high temperature environment in the Cu alloy core material
  • the material strength (hardness) of the wire increases. Therefore, when wire-bonding a Cu core bonding wire, the surface area reduction during wire drawing was as low as 5 to 8%.
  • heat treatment after wire drawing is also high in hardness, heat treatment is performed at a temperature of 600 ° C. or higher in order to soften the wire to a level that can be used as a bonding wire. Due to the high heat treatment temperature, the ⁇ 100> orientation ratio in the wire longitudinal direction was less than 30%, and at the same time, the average crystal grain size in the cross section of the core material exceeded 1.5 ⁇ m, and the yield ratio exceeded 1.6.
  • the heat treatment temperature was lowered in order to reduce the yield strength ratio, the average crystal grain size in the core cross section was less than 0.9 ⁇ m, the yield strength ratio was less than 1.1, and the wedge bondability was inferior.
  • the area reduction rate is 10% or more in a die that is half or more of the total number of dies, and the heat treatment temperature in the heat treatment after wire drawing is 500 ° C.
  • the temperature was as low as below.
  • the crystal As a result, as a result of measuring the crystal orientation with respect to the cross-section of the core material perpendicular to the wire axis of the bonding wire, the crystal having an angle difference of 15 degrees or less with respect to the wire longitudinal direction out of the crystal orientations in the wire longitudinal direction
  • the orientation ratio of the orientation ⁇ 100> was 30% or more, and the average crystal grain size in the cross section of the core material perpendicular to the wire axis of the bonding wire could be 0.9 to 1.5 ⁇ m.
  • the concentration of the nonionic surfactant contained in the lubricating liquid is designed to be higher than the conventional one, and the die approach angle is slower than the conventional one as the die shape.
  • the Cu alloy core material is hardened by containing a total of 0.03% by mass or more of components such as Ni. Nevertheless, wire drawing with a surface reduction rate of 10% or more is possible.
  • the EBSD method has the feature that the crystal orientation of the observation surface can be observed, and the angle difference of the crystal orientation between adjacent measurement points can be illustrated. Even a thin wire such as a bonding wire is relatively simple and accurate. The crystal orientation can be observed.
  • the particle size measurement can be obtained by using the analysis software provided in the apparatus for the measurement result by the EBSD method.
  • the crystal grain size defined in the present invention is an arithmetic average of equivalent diameters of crystal grains included in the measurement region (diameter of circle corresponding to crystal grain area; equivalent circle diameter).
  • the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment, and can be appropriately changed within the scope of the gist of the present invention.
  • Example preparation First, a method for manufacturing a sample is described.
  • Cu used as the raw material of the core material was one having a purity of 99.99% by mass or more and the remainder composed of inevitable impurities.
  • Au, Pd, Ni, Zn, Rh, In, Ir, and Pt those having a purity of 99% by mass or more and the balance composed of inevitable impurities were used.
  • Ni, Zn, Rh, In, Ir, and Pt which are elements added to the core material, are prepared so that the composition of the wire or the core material becomes the target.
  • Ni, Zn, Rh, In, Ir, and Pt it is possible to prepare a simple substance.
  • the Cu base containing the additive element is contained.
  • An alloy may be prepared in advance and blended so as to obtain a desired addition amount.
  • one or more of Ga, Ge, As, Te, Sn, Sb, Bi, Se, B, P, Mg, Ca, and La are further contained.
  • the core Cu alloy was manufactured to have a wire diameter of several mm by continuous casting.
  • the resulting alloy of several mm was drawn to produce a wire having a diameter of 0.3 to 1.4 mm.
  • a commercially available lubricant was used for wire drawing, and the wire drawing speed was 20 to 150 m / min.
  • a Pd coating layer of 1 to 15 ⁇ m was formed so as to cover the entire surface of the core Cu alloy.
  • an alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd was formed on the Pd coating layer in an amount of 0.05 to 1.5 ⁇ m. Electrolytic plating was used to form the Pd coating layer and the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd.
  • the plating solution a commercially available semiconductor plating solution was used. Thereafter, wire drawing was performed mainly using a die with a surface reduction rate of 10 to 21%, and further, heat treatment was performed at 200 to 500 ° C. 1 to 3 times in the middle to process to a diameter of 20 ⁇ m. After the processing, heat treatment was finally performed so that the elongation at break was about 5 to 15%. The heat treatment was performed while continuously sweeping the wire and flowing N 2 or Ar gas. The wire feed rate was 10 to 90 m / min, the heat treatment temperature was 350 to 500 ° C., and the heat treatment time was 1 to 10 seconds.
  • the orientation ratio of the crystal orientation ⁇ 100> having an angle difference of 15 degrees or less with respect to the wire longitudinal direction is determined by the EBSD method. It was calculated after observing the crystal orientation of the observation surface (that is, the cross section of the core material perpendicular to the wire axis).
  • Dedicated software (OIM analysis, etc. manufactured by TSL Solutions) was used for analysis of EBSD measurement data.
  • the average crystal grain size in the cross section of the core material perpendicular to the wire axis was calculated after observing the crystal orientation of the observation surface by the EBSD method.
  • Dedicated software (OIM analysis, etc. manufactured by TSL Solutions) was used for analysis of EBSD measurement data.
  • the crystal grain size is an arithmetic average of equivalent diameters of crystal grains included in the measurement region (diameter of circle corresponding to crystal grain area; equivalent circle diameter).
  • the 0.2% proof stress and the maximum proof stress were evaluated by conducting a tensile test with the distance between the gauge points being 100 mm.
  • a tensile test apparatus an Instron universal material testing machine 5542 type was used.
  • the 0.2% yield strength was calculated using dedicated software installed in the device. Moreover, the load at the time of fracture
  • the yield strength ratio was calculated from the following equation (1).
  • Strength ratio Maximum strength / 0.2% strength (1)
  • the evaluation of the wedge bondability in the wire bonded portion was performed by performing 1000 bondings on the wedge bonded portion of the BGA substrate and determining the frequency of occurrence of peeling of the bonded portion.
  • the used BGA substrate is plated with Ni and Au.
  • the stage temperature was set to 150 ° C., which is lower than the general set temperature range, assuming severer bonding conditions than usual.
  • ⁇ mark 6 to 10 defects are practical.
  • it was judged that there was no problem and was marked as ⁇ and when no defect occurred, it was judged as excellent, and marked as ⁇ , and listed in the “wedge bondability” column of Tables 1 to 4.
  • the bonding reliability of the ball bonded portion in a high temperature and high humidity environment or a high temperature environment was determined by preparing a sample for bonding reliability evaluation, performing HTS evaluation, and determining the bonding life of the ball bonded portion.
  • a sample for evaluating the bonding reliability is an electrode formed by forming an Al-1.0% Si-0.5% Cu alloy having a thickness of 0.8 ⁇ m on a Si substrate on a general metal frame.
  • Ball bonding was performed using a commercially available wire bonder, and sealing was performed using a commercially available epoxy resin.
  • the balls were formed while flowing N 2 + 5% H 2 gas at a flow rate of 0.4 to 0.6 L / min, and the size was in the range of ⁇ 33 to 34 ⁇ m.
  • the produced sample for bonding reliability evaluation was exposed to a high-temperature environment at a temperature of 200 ° C. using a high-temperature incubator.
  • the joint life of the ball joint was subjected to a shear test of the ball joint every 500 hours, and the shear strength value was set to a time that is 1 ⁇ 2 of the shear strength obtained in the initial stage.
  • the shear test after the high-temperature and high-humidity test was conducted after removing the resin by acid treatment and exposing the ball joint.
  • the test machine made by DAGE was used as the share test machine for HTS evaluation.
  • As the value of the shear strength an average value of 10 measured values of randomly selected ball joints was used.
  • the bonding life is 500 hours or more and less than 1000 hours, it can be practically used, but it is judged that there is a demand for improvement, and if it is 1000 hours or more and less than 3000 hours, it is judged that there is no practical problem. If it was 3000 hours or more, it was judged that it was particularly excellent, and it was marked with “ ⁇ ” and indicated in the “HTS” column of Tables 1 to 4.
  • Ball formation was evaluated by collecting and observing the balls before joining, and determining the presence or absence of bubbles on the ball surface and the presence or absence of deformation of the ball that was originally a true sphere. If any of the above occurred, it was judged as defective. Ball formation was performed while blowing N 2 gas at a flow rate of 0.5 L / min in order to suppress oxidation in the melting step. The size of the ball was 34 ⁇ m. 50 balls were observed for one condition. SEM was used for observation. In the evaluation of the ball formability, it is judged that there is a problem when 5 or more defects occur, and it is possible to use it if there are 3 or 4 defects.
  • the bonding life of the ball bonded portion in a high temperature and high humidity environment with a temperature of 130 ° C. and a relative humidity of 85% can be evaluated by the following HAST evaluation.
  • HAST evaluation the manufactured sample for evaluation of bonding reliability was exposed to a high-temperature and high-humidity environment with a temperature of 130 ° C. and a relative humidity of 85% using an unsaturated pressure cooker tester, and a bias of 5 V was applied. .
  • the joint life of the ball joint was subjected to a shear test of the ball joint every 48 hours, and the shear strength value was set to be half the shear strength obtained at the initial stage.
  • the shear test after the high-temperature and high-humidity test was conducted after removing the resin by acid treatment and exposing the ball joint.
  • the test machine made by DAGE was used as the share test machine for HAST evaluation.
  • As the value of the shear strength an average value of 10 measured values of randomly selected ball joints was used.
  • ⁇ mark if it is 288 hours or more and less than 384 hours, it is judged that it is excellent.
  • ⁇ mark if it is 384 hours or more In particular, it was judged as excellent and marked with “ ⁇ ” and indicated in the “HAST” column of Tables 1 to 4.
  • the evaluation of the collapsed shape of the ball joint was made by observing the bonded ball joint from directly above and determining its roundness.
  • an electrode in which an alloy of Al-0.5% Cu having a thickness of 1.0 ⁇ m was formed on a Si substrate was used. Observation was performed using an optical microscope at 200 locations for one condition. It was judged that the collapsed shape of the ball joint portion was poor for an oval shape having a large deviation from a perfect circle and an anisotropy in deformation.
  • Tables 1 to This is shown in the column “4.
  • the area reduction rate during wire drawing is set to 10% or more, and the heat treatment temperature in the heat treatment after wire drawing is set to a low temperature of 500 ° C. or less.
  • the orientation ratio of the crystal orientation ⁇ 100> having an angle difference of 15 degrees or less with respect to the wire longitudinal direction is set to 30% or more, It is considered that the average crystal grain size in the cross section of the core material perpendicular to the wire axis of the bonding wire could be 0.9 to 1.5 ⁇ m, and the yield strength ratio could be in the above range.
  • the bonding wire according to the present invention has a Cu alloy core material and a Pd coating layer formed on the surface of the Cu alloy core material, and the thickness of the Pd coating layer is within a preferred range of 0.015 to It was in the range of 0.150 ⁇ m, and the FAB shape was all good.
  • Comparative Examples 1, 3, 10, and 11 having a proof stress ratio of less than 1.1 are all poor in wedge bondability, and Comparative Examples 2, 4 to 9, 12 to 10 having a proof stress ratio exceeding 1.6.
  • wedge bondability was poor or problematic.
  • the results of HTS and HAST were also poor.
  • the proof stress ratio was low because the area reduction rate of the die was less than 10%, and the average crystal grain size in the core cross section was less than 0.9 ⁇ m. Is considered to be a cause.
  • a Cu mother alloy containing an additive element may be prepared in advance and prepared so as to obtain a desired addition amount.
  • the core Cu alloy is loaded with raw material in a carbon crucible processed into a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 3 to 6 mm, and is used at 1090 to 1300 ° C. in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere such as N 2 or Ar gas using a high frequency furnace. It was manufactured by performing furnace cooling after heating to dissolution. The obtained ⁇ 3 to 6 mm alloy is drawn to ⁇ 0.9 to 1.2 mm, and then continuously drawn using a die to obtain a ⁇ 300 to 600 ⁇ m wire. Was made. A commercially available lubricant was used for wire drawing, and the wire drawing speed was 20 to 150 m / min.
  • a Pd coating layer having a thickness of 1 to 15 ⁇ m was formed so as to cover the entire surface of the core Cu alloy. Further, in some wires, an alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd was formed on the Pd coating layer in an amount of 0.05 to 1.5 ⁇ m. Electrolytic plating was used to form the Pd coating layer and the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd. As the plating solution, a commercially available semiconductor plating solution was used. Thereafter, heat treatment at 200 to 500 ° C. and wire drawing were repeatedly performed to obtain a diameter of 20 ⁇ m.
  • heat treatment was performed while flowing N 2 or Ar gas so that the elongation at break was about 5 to 15%.
  • the heat treatment was performed while continuously sweeping the wire and flowing N 2 or Ar gas.
  • the wire feed rate was 20 to 200 m / min
  • the heat treatment temperature was 200 to 600 ° C.
  • the heat treatment time was 0.2 to 1.0 seconds.
  • the concentration analysis of the Pd coating layer and the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd was performed using an Auger electron spectrometer while sputtering with Ar ions from the surface of the bonding wire in the depth direction.
  • the thicknesses of the coating layer and the skin alloy layer were determined from the obtained concentration profile in the depth direction (the unit of depth is converted to SiO 2 ).
  • a region in which the concentration of Pd is 50 atomic% or more and the concentration of Au is less than 10 atomic percent is defined as a Pd coating layer, and the region in which the Au concentration on the surface of the Pd coating layer is in the range of 10 atomic percent or more Was used as an alloy skin layer.
  • the thicknesses and maximum Pd concentrations of the coating layer and the alloy skin layer are shown in Tables 5 and 6, respectively.
  • the concentration of Pd in the Cu alloy core material was measured by a method of performing line analysis, point analysis, etc. with an electron beam microanalyzer provided in a scanning electron microscope with the wire cross section exposed. As a method for exposing the wire cross section, mechanical polishing, ion etching, or the like was used.
  • the concentration of Ga, Ge, Ni, Ir, Pt, B, P, and Mg in the bonding wire is analyzed by using a solution obtained by dissolving the bonding wire with a strong acid using an ICP emission spectroscopic analyzer and an ICP mass spectrometer. The concentration of elements contained in the entire wire was detected.
  • Tables 5 and 6 below show the configuration of each sample prepared by the above procedure.
  • the crystal structure was evaluated using the wire surface as the observation surface.
  • As an evaluation method backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD) was used.
  • the EBSD method has the feature that the crystal orientation of the observation surface can be observed, and the angle difference of the crystal orientation between adjacent measurement points can be illustrated. Even a thin wire such as a bonding wire is relatively simple and accurate. The crystal orientation can be observed.
  • the size in the circumferential direction is 50% or less of the wire diameter with the center in the wire longitudinal direction as the axis, and the size in the wire longitudinal direction is 100 ⁇ m or less.
  • the measurement efficiency can be improved by shortening the measurement time.
  • the orientation ratio of the crystal orientation ⁇ 100> whose angle difference with respect to the wire longitudinal direction is 15 degrees or less, and the wire axis was determined by the same method as in Examples 1 to 59 of the present invention.
  • the 0.2% yield strength and the maximum yield strength were evaluated in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 59 of the present invention, and the yield ratio was calculated from the above equation (1).
  • the bonding reliability of the ball bonding portion in a high temperature and high humidity environment or a high temperature environment was determined by preparing a sample for bonding reliability evaluation, performing HAST and HTS evaluation, and determining the bonding life of the ball bonding portion in each test.
  • a sample for evaluating the bonding reliability is an electrode formed by forming an Al-1.0% Si-0.5% Cu alloy having a thickness of 0.8 ⁇ m on a Si substrate on a general metal frame.
  • Ball bonding was performed using a commercially available wire bonder, and sealing was performed using a commercially available epoxy resin. The balls were formed while N 2 + 5% H 2 gas was flowed at a flow rate of 0.4 to 0.6 L / min, and the size was in the range of ⁇ 33 to 34 ⁇ m.
  • the produced sample for evaluation of bonding reliability was exposed to a high-temperature and high-humidity environment with a temperature of 130 ° C. and a relative humidity of 85% using an unsaturated pressure cooker tester, and a bias of 7 V was applied. .
  • the joint life of the ball joint was subjected to a shear test of the ball joint every 48 hours, and the shear strength value was set to be half the shear strength obtained at the initial stage.
  • the shear test after the high-temperature and high-humidity test was conducted after removing the resin by acid treatment and exposing the ball joint.
  • the test machine made by DAGE was used as the share test machine for HAST evaluation.
  • As the value of the shear strength an average value of 10 measured values of randomly selected ball joints was used.
  • the bonding life is less than 96 hours, it is judged that there is a problem in practical use. If it is x, it is practical if it is 96 hours or more and less than 144 hours, but it is slightly problematic, ⁇ mark, 144 hours or more 288 If it was less than the time, it was judged that there was no problem in practical use, and it was judged that it was particularly excellent if it was 288 hours or more, and it was marked ⁇ , and it was written in the “HAST” column of Tables 5 and 6.
  • the produced sample for bonding reliability evaluation was exposed to a high-temperature environment at a temperature of 200 ° C. using a high-temperature incubator.
  • the joint life of the ball joint was subjected to a shear test of the ball joint every 500 hours, and the shear strength value was set to a time that is 1 ⁇ 2 of the shear strength obtained in the initial stage.
  • the shear test after the high-temperature and high-humidity test was conducted after removing the resin by acid treatment and exposing the ball joint.
  • the test machine made by DAGE was used as the share test machine for HTS evaluation.
  • As the value of the shear strength an average value of 10 measured values of randomly selected ball joints was used.
  • the bonding life is 500 hours or more and less than 1000 hours, it can be practically used, but it is judged that there is a demand for improvement, and if it is 1000 hours or more and less than 3000 hours, it is judged that there is no practical problem. If it was 3000 hours or more, it was judged that it was particularly excellent and marked with ⁇ .
  • Ball formation was evaluated by collecting and observing the balls before joining, and determining the presence or absence of bubbles on the ball surface and the presence or absence of deformation of the ball that was originally a true sphere. If any of the above occurred, it was judged as defective. Ball formation was performed while blowing N 2 gas at a flow rate of 0.5 L / min in order to suppress oxidation in the melting step. The size of the ball was 34 ⁇ m. 50 balls were observed for one condition. SEM was used for observation. In the evaluation of the ball formability, it is judged that there is a problem when 5 or more defects occur, and it is possible to use it if there are 3 or 4 defects.
  • the evaluation of the wedge bondability at the wire bonding portion was performed by performing 1000 bonding on the lead portion of the lead frame and determining the frequency of occurrence of peeling of the bonding portion.
  • As the lead frame an Fe-42 atomic% Ni alloy lead frame plated with 1 to 3 ⁇ m of Ag was used.
  • the stage temperature was set to 150 ° C., which is lower than the general set temperature range, assuming severer bonding conditions than usual.
  • ⁇ mark 6 to 10 defects are practical. In the case of a piece, it was judged that there was no problem and was marked as ⁇ , and when no defect occurred, it was judged as excellent and marked as ⁇ , and it was written in the “wedge bondability” column of Tables 5 and 6.
  • the evaluation of the collapsed shape of the ball joint was made by observing the bonded ball joint from directly above and determining its roundness.
  • an electrode in which an alloy of Al-0.5% Cu having a thickness of 1.0 ⁇ m was formed on a Si substrate was used. Observation was performed using an optical microscope at 200 locations for one condition. It was judged that the collapsed shape of the ball joint portion was poor for an oval shape having a large deviation from a perfect circle and an anisotropy in deformation.
  • X mark if there are 4-5 defects, it can be used practically. In the case, it was judged that there was no problem, and the mark “ ⁇ ” was obtained.
  • [Leaning] 100 leads were bonded to the evaluation lead frame with a loop length of 5 mm and a loop height of 0.5 mm.
  • the wire upright portion was observed from the chip horizontal direction, and the evaluation was performed by the interval (leaning interval) when the interval between the perpendicular passing through the center of the ball joint portion and the wire upright portion was the maximum.
  • the leaning interval was smaller than the wire diameter, the leaning was good.
  • 100 bonded wires were observed with an optical microscope and the number of leaning defects was counted. If there are 7 or more defects, it is judged that there is a problem. X mark, if there are 4 to 6 defects, it is possible to use, but ⁇ mark indicates that there is a problem.
  • the bonding wires according to Invention Examples 2-1 to 2-40 each have a Cu alloy core material and a Pd coating layer formed on the surface of the Cu alloy core material.
  • the bonding wire contains one or more elements selected from Ga and Ge, and the concentration of the elements with respect to the entire wire is 0.011 to 1.5 mass% in total.
  • the bonding wires according to Invention Examples 2-1 to 2-40 can obtain the ball joint reliability in the HAST test under the high temperature and high humidity environment where the temperature is 130 ° C. and the relative humidity is 85%. did.
  • the bonding wire further contains at least one element selected from Ni, Ir, Pt, and Pd, it was confirmed that the high-temperature reliability of the ball joint portion by HTS evaluation was better.
  • the concentration of the element with respect to the whole wire is 1 to 200 ppm by mass. Was good.
  • As the elements added to the core material As, Te, Sn, Sb, Bi, Se, Ni, Zn, Rh, In, Ir, Pt, Ga, Ge are added so that the composition of the wire or the core material becomes the target. , Pd, B, P, Mg, Ca, La are prepared. As, Te, Sn, Sb, Bi, Se, Ni, Zn, Rh, In, Ir, Pt, Ga, Ge, Pd, B, P, Mg, Ca, La can be added alone. However, when the element having a high melting point and the addition amount are extremely small as a single substance, a Cu mother alloy containing the addition element may be prepared in advance so as to have a desired addition amount.
  • the core Cu alloy is loaded with raw material in a carbon crucible processed into a cylindrical shape with a diameter of 3 to 6 mm, and is used at 1090 to 1300 ° C. in a vacuum or in an inert atmosphere such as N 2 or Ar gas using a high frequency furnace. It was manufactured by performing furnace cooling after heating to dissolution. The obtained ⁇ 3 to 6 mm alloy is drawn to ⁇ 0.9 to 1.2 mm, and then continuously drawn using a die to obtain a ⁇ 300 to 600 ⁇ m wire. Was made. A commercially available lubricant was used for wire drawing, and the wire drawing speed was 20 to 150 m / min.
  • a Pd coating layer having a thickness of 1 to 15 ⁇ m was formed so as to cover the entire surface of the core Cu alloy. Further, in some wires, an alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd was formed on the Pd coating layer in an amount of 0.05 to 1.5 ⁇ m. Electrolytic plating was used to form the Pd coating layer and the alloy skin layer containing Au and Pd. As the plating solution, a commercially available semiconductor plating solution was used. Thereafter, heat treatment at 200 to 500 ° C. and wire drawing were repeatedly performed to obtain a diameter of 20 ⁇ m.
  • heat treatment was performed while flowing N 2 or Ar gas so that the elongation at break was about 5 to 15%.
  • the heat treatment was performed while continuously sweeping the wire and flowing N 2 or Ar gas.
  • the wire feed rate was 20 to 200 m / min
  • the heat treatment temperature was 200 to 600 ° C.
  • the heat treatment time was 0.2 to 1.0 seconds.
  • inventive examples 3-1 to 3-50 an element selected from As, Te, Sn, Sb, Bi, and Se is contained in the core material.
  • inventive examples 3-51 to 3-56 Cu having a purity of 99.99% by mass or more was used as the core material, and the wire surface (coating layer) was coated with As by the electroplating method during the wire manufacturing process. , Te, Sn, Sb, Bi, Se were added by deposition.
  • inventive examples 3-34 to 3-44 Cu is present on the outermost surface of the bonding wire. Therefore, in Table 8, a column of “wire surface Cu concentration” is provided, and the result of measuring the surface of the bonding wire with an Auger electron spectrometer is described. By selecting the heat treatment temperature and time of the bonding wire, a predetermined concentration of Cu was contained in the outermost surface. In Invention Examples 3-1 to 3-33 and 3-45 to 3-56, the heat treatment conditions were such that Cu was not present on the outermost surface, and Cu was not detected by the Auger electron spectrometer.
  • Tables 7 and 8 show the configuration of each sample prepared by the above procedure.
  • the crystal structure was evaluated using the wire surface as the observation surface.
  • As an evaluation method backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD) was used.
  • the EBSD method has the feature that the crystal orientation of the observation surface can be observed, and the angle difference of the crystal orientation between adjacent measurement points can be illustrated. Even a thin wire such as a bonding wire is relatively simple and accurate. The crystal orientation can be observed.
  • the size in the circumferential direction is 50% or less of the wire diameter with the center in the wire longitudinal direction as the axis, and the size in the wire longitudinal direction is 100 ⁇ m or less.
  • the measurement efficiency can be improved by shortening the measurement time.
  • the orientation ratio of the crystal orientation ⁇ 100> whose angle difference with respect to the wire longitudinal direction is 15 degrees or less, and the wire axis was determined by the same method as in Examples 1 to 59 of the present invention.
  • the 0.2% yield strength and the maximum yield strength were evaluated in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 59 of the present invention, and the yield ratio was calculated from the above equation (1).
  • the bonding reliability of the ball bonding portion in a high temperature and high humidity environment or a high temperature environment was determined by preparing a sample for bonding reliability evaluation, performing HAST and HTS evaluation, and determining the bonding life of the ball bonding portion in each test.
  • a sample for evaluating the bonding reliability is an electrode formed by forming an Al-1.0% Si-0.5% Cu alloy having a thickness of 0.8 ⁇ m on a Si substrate on a general metal frame.
  • Ball bonding was performed using a commercially available wire bonder, and sealing was performed using a commercially available epoxy resin. The balls were formed while N 2 + 5% H 2 gas was flowed at a flow rate of 0.4 to 0.6 L / min, and the size was in the range of ⁇ 33 to 34 ⁇ m.
  • the manufactured sample for evaluation of bonding reliability was exposed to a high-temperature and high-humidity environment with a temperature of 130 ° C. and a relative humidity of 85% using an unsaturated pressure cooker tester, and a bias of 5 V was applied. .
  • the joint life of the ball joint was subjected to a shear test of the ball joint every 48 hours, and the shear strength value was set to be half the shear strength obtained at the initial stage.
  • the shear test after the high-temperature and high-humidity test was conducted after removing the resin by acid treatment and exposing the ball joint.
  • the test machine made by DAGE was used as the share test machine for HAST evaluation.
  • As the value of the shear strength an average value of 10 measured values of randomly selected ball joints was used.
  • the bonding life is less than 96 hours, it is judged that there is a problem in practical use. If it is x, it is practical if it is 96 hours or more and less than 144 hours, but it is slightly problematic, ⁇ mark, 144 hours or more 288 If it is less than the time, it is judged that there is no practical problem. ⁇ mark, if it is 288 hours or more and less than 384 hours, it is judged to be excellent.
  • the produced sample for bonding reliability evaluation was exposed to a high-temperature environment at a temperature of 200 ° C. using a high-temperature incubator.
  • the joint life of the ball joint was subjected to a shear test of the ball joint every 500 hours, and the shear strength value was set to a time that is 1 ⁇ 2 of the shear strength obtained in the initial stage.
  • the shear test after the high-temperature and high-humidity test was conducted after removing the resin by acid treatment and exposing the ball joint.
  • the test machine made by DAGE was used as the share test machine for HTS evaluation.
  • As the value of the shear strength an average value of 10 measured values of randomly selected ball joints was used.
  • the bonding life is 500 hours or more and less than 1000 hours, it can be practically used, but it is judged that there is a demand for improvement, and if it is 1000 hours or more and less than 3000 hours, it is judged that there is no practical problem. If it was 3000 hours or more, it was judged that it was particularly excellent, and it was marked with “ ⁇ ” and described in the “HTS” column of Tables 7 and 8.
  • Ball formation was evaluated by collecting and observing the balls before joining, and determining the presence or absence of bubbles on the ball surface and the presence or absence of deformation of the ball that was originally a true sphere. If any of the above occurred, it was judged as defective. Ball formation was performed while blowing N 2 gas at a flow rate of 0.5 L / min in order to suppress oxidation in the melting step. The size of the ball was 34 ⁇ m. 50 balls were observed for one condition. SEM was used for observation. In the evaluation of the ball formability, it is judged that there is a problem when 5 or more defects occur, and it is possible to use it if there are 3 or 4 defects. In the case of ⁇ 2 pieces, it was judged that there was no problem and was marked as ⁇ , and when no defect occurred, it was judged as excellent and marked as ⁇ and listed in the “FAB shape” column of Tables 7 and 8.
  • the evaluation of the wedge bondability at the wire bonding portion was performed by performing 1000 bonding on the lead portion of the lead frame and determining the frequency of occurrence of peeling of the bonding portion.
  • As the lead frame an Fe-42 atomic% Ni alloy lead frame plated with 1 to 3 ⁇ m of Ag was used.
  • the stage temperature was set to 150 ° C., which is lower than the general set temperature range, assuming severer bonding conditions than usual.
  • ⁇ mark 6 to 10 defects are practical. In the case of a piece, it was judged that there was no problem, and it was judged that it was excellent when the defect did not occur, and was marked as ⁇ , and it was written in the “wedge bondability” column of Tables 7 and 8.
  • the evaluation of the collapsed shape of the ball joint was made by observing the bonded ball joint from directly above and determining its roundness.
  • a bonding partner an electrode in which an alloy of Al-0.5% Cu having a thickness of 1.0 ⁇ m was formed on a Si substrate was used. Observation was performed using an optical microscope at 200 locations for one condition. It was judged that the collapsed shape of the ball joint portion was poor for an oval shape having a large deviation from a perfect circle and an anisotropy in deformation.
  • X mark if there are 4-5 defects, it can be used practically. In the case, it was judged that there was no problem, and a circle mark was obtained. When all the good roundness was obtained, it was judged that the circle was particularly excellent, and it was marked with a circle mark.
  • [Leaning] 100 leads were bonded to the evaluation lead frame with a loop length of 5 mm and a loop height of 0.5 mm.
  • the wire upright portion was observed from the chip horizontal direction, and the evaluation was performed by the interval (leaning interval) when the interval between the perpendicular passing through the center of the ball joint portion and the wire upright portion was the maximum.
  • the leaning interval was smaller than the wire diameter, the leaning was good.
  • 100 bonded wires were observed with an optical microscope and the number of leaning defects was counted. If there are 7 or more defects, it is judged that there is a problem. X mark, if there are 4 to 6 defects, it is possible to use, but ⁇ mark indicates that there is a problem.
  • the bonding wires according to Invention Examples 3-1 to 3-56 have a Cu alloy core material and a Pd coating layer formed on the surface of the Cu alloy core material, and the bonding wires are As, Te, Sn, Sb. And at least one element selected from Bi, Se, and the total concentration of the elements with respect to the entire wire is 0.1 to 100 ppm by mass. As a result, it was confirmed that the bonding wires according to Invention Examples 3-1 to 3-50 can obtain the ball joint reliability in the HAST test under the high temperature and high humidity environment where the temperature is 130 ° C. and the relative humidity is 85%. did.
  • the bonding wire is further selected from Ni, Zn, Rh, In, Ir, Pt, Ga, and Ge. Containing at least one element, the concentration of the element with respect to the entire wire is 0.011 to 1.2% by mass, and the concentration of Pd contained in the Cu alloy core is 0.05 to 1.2% by mass. As a result, it was confirmed that the high temperature reliability of the ball joint by HTS evaluation was good.
  • the bonding wire further contains at least one element selected from B, P, Mg, Ca, La, When the concentration was 1 to 100 ppm by mass, the FAB shape was good and the wedge bondability was good.
  • the wire contains As, Te, Sn, Sb, Bi, and Se, and Cu is present on the outermost surface of the wire.
  • Examples 3-34 to 3-44 of the present invention had HAST evaluation results of “ ⁇ ” or “ ⁇ ”, and the effect of causing Cu to exist on the outermost surface was observed.

Abstract

Cu合金芯材と、前記Cu合金芯材の表面に形成されたPd被覆層とを有する半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤにおいて、前記ボンディングワイヤが高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素を含み、下記(1)式で定義する耐力比が1.1~1.6であることを特徴とする。 耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力 (1)

Description

半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ
 本発明は、半導体素子上の電極と外部リード等の回路配線基板の配線とを接続するために利用される半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤに関する。
 現在、半導体素子上の電極と外部リードとの間を接合する半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ(以下、「ボンディングワイヤ」という)として、線径15~50μm程度の細線が主として使用されている。ボンディングワイヤの接合方法は超音波併用熱圧着方式が一般的であり、汎用ボンディング装置、ボンディングワイヤをその内部に通して接続に用いるキャピラリ冶具等が用いられる。ボンディングワイヤの接合プロセスは、ワイヤ先端をアーク入熱で加熱溶融し、表面張力によりボール(FAB:Free Air Ball)を形成した後に、150~300℃の範囲内で加熱した半導体素子の電極上にこのボール部を圧着接合(以下、「ボール接合」という)し、次にループを形成した後、外部リード側の電極にワイヤ部を圧着接合(以下、「ウェッジ接合」という)することで完了する。ボンディングワイヤの接合相手である半導体素子上の電極にはSi基板上にAlを主体とする合金を成膜した電極構造、外部リード側の電極にはAgめっきやPdめっきを施した電極構造等が用いられる。
 これまでボンディングワイヤの材料はAuが主流であったが、LSI用途を中心にCuへの代替が進んでいる。一方、近年の電気自動車やハイブリッド自動車の普及を背景に、車載用デバイス用途においてもAuからCuへの代替に対するニーズが高まっている。
 Cuボンディングワイヤについては、高純度Cu(純度:99.99質量%以上)を使用したものが提案されている(例えば、特許文献1)。CuはAuに比べて酸化され易い欠点があり、接合信頼性、ボール形成性、ウェッジ接合性等が劣る課題があった。Cuボンディングワイヤの表面酸化を防ぐ方法として、Cu芯材の表面をAu,Ag,Pt,Pd,Ni,Co,Cr,Tiなどの金属で被覆した構造が提案されている(特許文献2)。また、Cu芯材の表面にPdを被覆し、その表面をAu、Ag、Cu又はこれらの合金で被覆した構造が提案されている(特許文献3)。
特開昭61-48543号公報 特開2005-167020号公報 特開2012-36490号公報
 車載用デバイスは一般的な電子機器に比べて、過酷な高温高湿環境下での接合信頼性が求められる。特に、ワイヤのボール部を電極に接合したボール接合部の接合寿命が最大の問題となる。
 高温高湿環境下でのボール接合部の接合信頼性を評価する代表的な評価法として、HAST(Highly Accelerated Temperature and Humidity Stress Test)(高温高湿環境暴露試験)がある。HASTによってボール接合部の接合信頼性を評価する場合、評価用のボール接合部を温度が130℃、相対湿度が85%の高温高湿環境に暴露し、接合部の抵抗値の経時変化を測定したり、ボール接合部のシェア強度の経時変化を測定したりすることで、ボール接合部の接合寿命を評価する。
 また、170℃以上の高温環境でのボール接合部の接合信頼性を評価する手段として、HTS(High Temperature Storage Test)(高温放置試験)が用いられる。HTSによりボール接合部の接合信頼性を評価する場合、高温環境に暴露した評価用のサンプルについて、ボール接合部の抵抗値の経時変化を測定したり、ボール接合部のシェア強度の経時変化を測定したりすることで、ボール接合部の接合寿命を評価する。
 本発明者らの検討により、ボンディングワイヤが、例えば、Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt等の高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素を含む場合に、該元素を含まないものよりも、130℃以上の高温環境下におけるボール接合部の接合信頼性が向上することが判明した。
 他方、ウェッジ接合において、ボンディングワイヤは激しく変形する。変形の際にワイヤが加工硬化すると、接合後のワイヤが硬くなり、その結果としてウェッジ接合の接合強度が低下することとなる。ボンディングワイヤに上記元素を含有させたところ、その含有量によっては、ウェッジ接合において、ボンディングワイヤが激しく変形し、変形の際にワイヤが加工硬化することで、接合後のワイヤが硬くなり、その結果としてウェッジ接合の接合強度が低下することがあった。
 本発明は、Cu合金芯材と、その表面に形成されたPd被覆層とを有する半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤにおいて、高温におけるボール接合部の接合信頼性の向上とウェッジ接合性とを両立することができる半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤを提供することを目的とする。
 上記課題を解決すべく鋭意検討した結果、ボンディングワイヤに高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素を含ませるとともに、下記式(1)で定義される耐力比を1.1~1.6とすることにより、高温におけるボール接合部の接合信頼性の向上とウェッジ接合性とを両立することができるという知見が得られた。本発明はかかる新規な知見に基づくものである。
  耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力        (1)
 即ち、本発明の要旨とするところは以下のとおりである。
[1]Cu合金芯材と、前記Cu合金芯材の表面に形成されたPd被覆層とを有する半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤにおいて、前記ボンディングワイヤが高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素を含み、下記(1)式で定義する耐力比が1.1~1.6であることを特徴とする半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
  耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力        (1)
[2]前記Pd被覆層の厚さが0.015~0.150μmであることを特徴とする[1]記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
[3]前記Pd被覆層上にさらにAuとPdを含む合金表皮層を有することを特徴とする[1]または[2]記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
[4]前記AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の厚さが0.050μm以下であることを特徴とする[3]記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
[5]前記ボンディングワイヤがNi、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Ptから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が総計で0.011~2質量%であることを特徴とする[1]~[4]のいずれか1項記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
[6]前記ボンディングワイヤがGa、Geから選ばれる1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が合計で0.011~1.5質量%であることを特徴とする[1]~[5]のいずれか1項記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
[7]前記ボンディングワイヤがAs、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Seから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が合計で0.1~100質量ppmであり、Sn≦10質量ppm、Sb≦10質量ppm、Bi≦1質量ppmであることを特徴とする[1]~[6]のいずれか1項記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
[8]前記ボンディングワイヤがさらにB、P、Mg、Ca、Laから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度がそれぞれ1~200質量ppmであることを特徴とする[1]~[7]のいずれか1項記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
[9]前記ボンディングワイヤの最表面にCuが存在することを特徴とする[1]~[8]のいずれか1項記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
 本発明によれば、Cu合金芯材と、その表面に形成されたPd被覆層とを有する半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤにおいて、高温におけるボール接合部の接合信頼性の向上とウェッジ接合性とを両立することができる半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤを提供することができる。
 本発明の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤは、Cu合金芯材と、前記Cu合金芯材の表面に形成されたPd被覆層とを有する。本発明において、ボンディングワイヤは、高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素を含み、下記(1)式で定義する耐力比が1.1~1.6であることを特徴とする。
  耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力        (1)
 半導体装置のパッケージであるモールド樹脂(エポキシ樹脂)には、分子骨格に塩素(Cl)が含まれている。HAST評価条件である130℃、相対湿度が85%の高温高湿環境下では、分子骨格中のClが加水分解して塩化物イオン(Cl)として溶出する。Pd被覆層を有していないCuボンディングワイヤをAl電極に接合した場合、Cu/Al接合界面が高温下に置かれると、CuとAlが相互拡散し、最終的に金属間化合物であるCu9Al4が形成される。Cu9Al4はClなどのハロゲンによる腐食を受けやすく、モールド樹脂から溶出したClによって腐食が進行し、接合信頼性の低下につながる。CuワイヤがPd被覆層を有する場合には、Pd被覆CuワイヤとAl電極の接合界面はCu/Pd濃化層/Alという構造になるため、Pd被覆層を有していないCuワイヤに比較するとCu9Al4金属間化合物の生成は抑制されるものの、車載用デバイスで要求される高温高湿環境での接合信頼性は不十分であった。
 それに対し、本発明のように、高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素を含有していると、接合部におけるCu9Al4金属間化合物の生成がさらに抑制される傾向にあると考えられる。
 ボール接合部の高温環境での接合信頼性(特に175℃以上でのHTSでの成績)を改善する観点から、ワイヤ全体に対する高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素の濃度は総計で、好ましくは0.011質量%以上、より好ましくは0.030質量%以上、さらに好ましくは0.050質量%以上、0.070質量%以上、0.09質量%以上、0.10質量%以上、0.15質量%以上、又は0.20質量%以上である。高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素についての詳細な説明は後述する。
 上述したように、ウェッジ接合において、ボンディングワイヤは激しく変形する。変形の際にワイヤが加工硬化すると、接合後のワイヤが硬くなり、その結果としてウェッジ接合の接合強度が低下することとなる。良好なウェッジ接合強度を維持するためには、下記(1)式で定義した耐力比が1.6以下であると好ましく、1.55以下であるとより好ましく、1.50以下、1.45以下又は1.40以下であるとさらに好ましい。良好なウェッジ接合性を発揮できるという観点から耐力比は1.1以上であるのが好ましい。
  耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力        (1)
 (1)式の耐力比を好適範囲に保持する手段としては、例えば、(i)ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面に対して結晶方位を測定した結果における、ワイヤ長手方向の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ長手方向に対して角度差が15度以下である結晶方位<100>の方位比率(以下、単に「<100>方位比率」ともいう。)と、(ii)ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面における平均結晶粒径(以下、単に「平均結晶粒径」ともいう。)とを制御することが挙げられる。ボンディングワイヤを通常の製造方法で製造すると、耐力比が1.1未満または1.6超となるが、後述のように製造方法を工夫することにより、ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面におけるワイヤ長手方向の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ長手方向に対して角度差が15度以内までを含む<100>の方位比率を30%以上とし、ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面における平均結晶粒径を0.9~1.5μmとすることができ、その結果、(1)式の耐力比を1.1~1.6とすることができることが明らかになった。
 <100>方位比率が30%以上のときは、ウェッジ接合時の変形に伴うワイヤの加工硬化が小さいため、耐力比を1.6以下にできる。しかしながら、この場合であっても平均結晶粒径が0.9μm未満のときは0.2%耐力が高い(延性が乏しい)ため、耐力比が1.1未満となりウェッジ接合性が劣る。平均結晶粒径が1.5μmを超える場合は<100>方位比率が30%未満となり、更に0.2%耐力が低いため、耐力比が1.6超となりウェッジ接合性が劣るものと推定される。
 <100>方位比率はウェッジ接合時の変形に伴うワイヤの加工硬化が小さくするという観点から、好ましくは30%以上であり、より好ましくは35%以上であり、さらに好ましくは40%以上、45%以上である。<100>方位比率の上限は特に限定されないが、例えば90%以下、80%以下、70%以下、60%以下、50%以下、50%未満(例えば49%以下)としてもよい。
 耐力比の増大を抑制するという観点から、ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面における平均結晶粒径を0.9μm以上1.5μm以下とするのが好ましい。ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面における平均結晶粒径の下限値は、1.0μm以上、1.1μm以上、1.3μm以上、1.3μm超(例えば、1.35μm以上)とすることができる。
 なお、ワイヤの結晶構造について上記条件を満たす場合においても、ワイヤ中の高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素の含有量が多すぎると耐力比が増大することがある。耐力比1.6以下を実現し、ボンディングワイヤの硬質化を抑制してウェッジ接合性の低下を抑制する観点から、ワイヤ全体に対する高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素の濃度は総計で、好ましくは2.0質量%以下、1.8質量%以下、又は1.6質量%以下である。
 ボンディングワイヤ中に高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素を含有させるに際し、これら元素をCu芯材中に含有させる方法、Cu芯材あるいはワイヤ表面に被着させて含有させる方法のいずれを採用しても、上記本発明の効果を発揮することができる。これら成分の添加量は極微量なので、添加方法のバリエーションは広く、どのような方法で添加しても該成分が含まれていれば効果が現れる。
 本発明のボンディングワイヤにおいて、Pd被覆層の厚さは、良好なFAB形状を得る観点及び、車載用デバイスで要求される高温高湿環境でのボール接合部の接合信頼性をより一層改善する観点から、好ましくは0.015μm以上、より好ましくは0.02μm以上、さらに好ましくは0.025μm以上、0.03μm以上、0.035μm以上、0.04μm以上、0.045μm以上、又は0.05μm以上である。一方、Pd被覆層の厚さが厚すぎてもFAB形状が低下するので、Pd被覆層の厚さは、好ましくは0.150μm以下、より好ましくは0.140μm以下、0.130μm以下、0.120μm以下、0.110μm以下、又は0.100μm以下である。
 上記ボンディングワイヤのCu合金芯材、Pd被覆層の定義を説明する。Cu合金芯材とPd被覆層の境界は、Pd濃度を基準に判定した。Pd濃度が50原子%の位置を境界とし、Pd濃度が50原子%以上の領域をPd被覆層、Pd濃度が50原子%未満の領域をCu合金芯材と判定した。この根拠は、Pd被覆層においてPd濃度が50原子%以上であればPd被覆層の構造から特性の改善効果が得られるためである。Pd被覆層は、Pd単層の領域、PdとCuがワイヤの深さ方向に濃度勾配を有する領域を含んでいても良い。Pd被覆層において、該濃度勾配を有する領域が形成される理由は、製造工程での熱処理等によってPdとCuの原子が拡散する場合があるためである。本発明において、濃度勾配とは、深さ方向への濃度変化の程度が0.1μm当たり10mol%以上であることをいう。さらに、Pd被覆層は不可避不純物を含んでいても良い。
 本発明のボンディングワイヤは、Pd被覆層の表面にさらにAuとPdを含む合金表皮層を有していてもよい。これにより本発明のボンディングワイヤは、接合信頼性をより向上できると共にウェッジ接合性をさらに改善することができる。
 上記ボンディングワイヤのAuとPdを含む合金表皮層の定義を説明する。AuとPdを含む合金表皮層とPd被覆層の境界は、Au濃度を基準に判定した。Au濃度が10原子%の位置を境界とし、Au濃度が10原子%以上の領域をAuとPdを含む合金表皮層、10原子%未満の領域をPd被覆層と判定した。また、Pd濃度が50原子%以上の領域であっても、Auが10原子%以上存在すればAuとPdを含む合金表皮層と判定した。これらの根拠は、Au濃度が上記の濃度範囲であれば、Au表皮層の構造から特性の改善効果が期待できるためである。AuとPdを含む合金表皮層は、Au-Pd合金であって、AuとPdがワイヤの深さ方向に濃度勾配を有する領域を含む領域とする。AuとPdを含む合金表皮層において、該濃度勾配を有する領域が形成される理由は、製造工程での熱処理等によってAuとPdの原子が拡散するためである。さらに、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層は不可避不純物とCuを含んでいても良い。
 本発明のボンディングワイヤにおいて、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層は、Pd被覆層と反応して、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層、Pd被覆層、Cu合金芯材間の密着強度を高め、ウェッジ接合時のPd被覆層やAuとPdを含む合金表皮層の剥離を抑制することができる。これにより本発明のボンディングワイヤは、ウェッジ接合性をさらに改善することができる。良好なウェッジ接合性を得る観点から、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の厚さは、好ましくは0.0005μm以上、より好ましくは0.001μm以上、0.002μm以上、又は0.003μm以上である。偏芯を抑制し良好なFAB形状を得る観点から、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の厚さは、好ましくは0.050μm以下、より好ましくは0.045μm以下、0.040μm以下、0.035μm以下、又は0.030μm以下である。なおAuとPdを含む合金表皮層は、Pd被覆層と同様の方法により形成することができる。
 本発明において、高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素としては、例えば、元素周期表第9族の元素(Co、Rh、Ir)、元素周期表第10族の元素(Ni、Pd、Pt)、元素周期表第11族の元素(Ag、Au等)、元素周期表第12族の元素(Zn等)、元素周期表第13族の元素(Al、Ga、In等)、元素周期表第14族の元素(Ge、Sn等)、元素周期表第15族の元素(P、As、Sb、Bi等)、元素周期表第16族の元素(Se、Te等)などが挙げられる。これらの元素は一種単独で、又は二種以上を組み合わせてボンディングワイヤに含ませることができる。
 本発明において、ボンディングワイヤは、高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素として、Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Ptから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含むのが好ましい。ワイヤ全体に対するこれらの元素の濃度は、総計で0.011~2質量%であるのが好ましい。
 半導体装置のパッケージであるモールド樹脂(エポキシ樹脂)には、シランカップリング剤が含まれている。シランカップリング剤は有機物(樹脂)と無機物(シリコンや金属)の密着性を高める働きを有しているため、シリコン基板や金属との密着性を向上させることができる。さらに、より高温での信頼性が求められる車載向け半導体など、高い密着性が求められる場合には「イオウ含有シランカップリング剤」が添加される。モールド樹脂に含まれるイオウは、175℃以上(例えば、175℃~200℃)の条件で使用すると遊離してくる。そして、175℃以上の高温で遊離したイオウがCuと接触すると、Cuの腐食が激しくなり、硫化物(CuS)や酸化物(CuO)が生成する。Cuボンディングワイヤを用いた半導体装置でCuの腐食が生成すると、特にボール接合部の接合信頼性が低下することとなる。
 そこで、ボンディングワイヤがNi、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Ptから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度を総計で0.011~2質量%とすることにより、高温環境での接合信頼性(特に175℃以上でのHTSでの成績)を向上させることができる。ボール接合部の高温環境での接合信頼性(特に175℃以上でのHTSでの成績)を改善する観点から、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度は総計で、好ましくは0.011質量%以上、より好ましくは0.050質量%以上、さらに好ましくは0.070質量%以上、0.090質量%以上、0.10質量%以上、0.15質量%以上、又は0.20質量%以上である。以下の説明において、Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Ptから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を「元素M」ともいう。
 本発明において、ボンディングワイヤは、高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素として、Ga、Geから選ばれる1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が合計で0.011~1.5質量%であるのが好ましい。なお、ワイヤには、Ga、Geから選ばれる1種以上の元素が、元素Mに代えてあるいは元素Mとともに含まれていてもよい。以下の説明において、Ga、Geから選ばれる1種以上の元素を「元素M」ともいう。
 ボール接合部のFAB形成時に、ワイヤ中のGa、GeはPd被覆層にも拡散する。ボール接合部におけるCuとAl界面のPd濃化層に存在するGa、Geが、Pd濃化層によるCuとAlの相互拡散抑制効果をさらに高め、結果として、高温高湿環境下で腐食し易いCu9Al4の生成を抑制するものと思われる。また、ワイヤに含まれるGa、GeがCu9Al4の形成を直接阻害する効果がある可能性もある。
 さらに、Ga、Geから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上を所定量含有したPd被覆Cuボンディングワイヤを用いてボール部を形成し、FABを走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM:Scanning Electron Microscope)で観察したところ、FABの表面に直径数十nmφ程度の析出物が多数見られた。析出物をエネルギー分散型X線分析(EDS:Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy)で分析するとGa、Geが濃化していることが確認された。以上のような状況から、詳細なメカニズムは不明だが、FABに観察されるこの析出物がボール部と電極との接合界面に存在することで、温度が130℃、相対湿度が85%の高温高湿環境でのボール接合部の接合信頼性が格段に向上しているものと思われる。
 Ga、Geの存在部位としてはCu合金芯材中が好ましいが、Pd被覆層や、後述するAuとPdを含む合金表皮層に含まれることでも十分な作用効果が得られる。Cu合金芯材中にGa、Geを添加する方法は正確な濃度管理が容易であり、ワイヤ生産性、品質安定性が向上する。また、熱処理による拡散等でGa、Geの一部がPd被覆層や合金表皮層にも含有することで、各層界面の密着性が良化して、ワイヤ生産性をさらに向上させることも可能である。
 一方で、良好なFAB形状を得る観点、ボンディングワイヤの硬質化を抑制して良好なウェッジ接合性を得る観点から、ワイヤ全体に対するGa、Geの濃度は合計で1.5質量%以下であり、好ましくは1.4質量%以下、より好ましくは1.3質量%以下、又は1.2質量%以下である。
 本発明において、ボンディングワイヤは、As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Seから選ばれる1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が合計で0.1~100質量ppmであり、Sn≦10質量ppm、Sb≦10質量ppm、Bi≦1質量ppmであるのが好ましい。なお、ワイヤには、As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Seから選ばれる1種以上の元素が、元素M及び/又は元素Mに代えて、もしくは、元素M及び/又は元素Mとともに含まれていてもよい。以下の説明において、As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Seから選ばれる1種以上の元素を「元素M」ともいう。
 本発明において、ボンディングワイヤが、高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素としてAs、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Seから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を所定量含有している場合も、接合部におけるCu9Al4金属間化合物の生成がさらに抑制される傾向にあると考えられる。これら元素を所定量含有していると、ボールを形成する際に、芯材のCuと被覆層のPdとの界面張力が低下し、界面の濡れ性が良化するため、ボール接合界面のPd濃化がより顕著に現れる。そのため、Pd濃化層によるCuとAlの相互拡散抑制効果がさらに強くなり、結果として、Clの作用で腐食しやすいCu9Al4の生成量が少なくなり、ボール接合部の高温高湿環境での接合信頼性が格段に向上するものと推定される。
 ボンディングワイヤが、As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Seから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が合計で0.1~100質量ppmであり、Sn≦10質量ppm、Sb≦10質量ppm、Bi≦1質量ppmであると、車載用デバイスで要求される高温高湿環境でのボール接合部の接合信頼性をさらに改善することができる。特に温度が130℃、相対湿度が85%の高温高湿環境下でのボール接合部の接合寿命を向上させ、接合信頼性を改善するので好ましい。ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度は合計で好ましくは0.1質量ppm以上、より好ましくは0.5質量ppm以上、さらに好ましくは1質量ppm以上、さらにより好ましくは1.5質量ppm以上、2質量ppm以上、2.5質量ppm以上、又は3質量ppm以上である。一方で、良好なFAB形状を得る観点から、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度は合計で好ましくは100質量ppm以下、より好ましくは95質量ppm以下、90質量ppm以下、85質量ppm以下、又は80質量ppm以下である。また、Sn濃度、Sb濃度が10質量ppmを超えた場合、または、Bi濃度が1質量ppmを超えた場合には、FAB形状が不良となることから、Sn≦10質量ppm、Sb≦10質量ppm、Bi≦1質量ppmとすることにより、FAB形状をより改善することができるので好ましい。
 本発明のボンディングワイヤはさらにB、P、Mg、Ca、Laから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度がそれぞれ1~200質量ppmであると好ましい。これにより、高密度実装に要求されるボール接合部のつぶれ形状を改善、すなわちボール接合部形状の真円性を改善することができる。ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度はそれぞれ、好ましくは1質量ppm以上、より好ましくは2質量ppm以上、3質量ppm以上、4質量ppm以上、又は5質量ppm以上である。ボールの硬質化を抑制してボール接合時のチップダメージを抑制する観点から、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度はそれぞれ、好ましくは200質量ppm以下、より好ましくは150質量ppm以下、120質量ppm以下、100質量ppm以下、95質量ppm以下、90質量ppm以下、85質量ppm以下、又は80質量ppm以下である。
 本発明のようにPd被覆Cuボンディングワイヤが高温環境下における接続信頼性を向上する元素を含有している場合、さらにボンディングワイヤの最表面にCuが存在すると、接合部におけるCuAl金属間化合物の生成がさらに抑制される傾向にある。Pd被覆Cuボンディングワイヤが高温環境下における接続信頼性を向上する元素を含有している場合、さらにボンディングワイヤの最表面にCuが存在すると、ボンディングワイヤに含まれる前記元素とCuとの相互作用により、FAB形成時にFAB表面のPd濃化が促進され、ボール接合界面のPd濃化がより顕著に現れる。これにより、Pd濃化層によるCuとAlの相互拡散抑制効果がさらに強くなり、Clの作用で腐食しやすいCuAlの生成量が少なくなり、ボール接合部の高温高湿環境での接合信頼性がより一層向上するものと推定される。
 Pd被覆層の最表面にCuが存在する場合、Cuの濃度が30原子%以上になると、ワイヤ表面の耐硫化性が低下し、ボンディングワイヤの使用寿命が低下するため実用に適さない場合がある。したがって、Pd被覆層の最表面にCuが存在する場合、Cuの濃度は30原子%未満であることが好ましい。
 また、Au表皮層の最表面にCuが存在する場合、Cuの濃度が35原子%以上になると、ワイヤ表面の耐硫化性が低下し、ボンディングワイヤの使用寿命が低下するため実用に適さない場合がある。したがって、Au表皮層の最表面にCuが存在する場合、Cuの濃度は35原子%未満であることが好ましい。
 ここで、最表面とは、スパッタ等を実施しない状態で、ボンディングワイヤの表面をオージェ電子分光装置によって測定した領域をいう。
 Pd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の濃度分析には、ボンディングワイヤの表面から深さ方向に向かってスパッタ等で削りながら分析を行う方法、あるいはワイヤ断面を露出させて線分析、点分析等を行う方法が有効である。これらの濃度分析に用いる解析装置は、走査型電子顕微鏡または透過型電子顕微鏡に備え付けたオージェ電子分光分析装置、エネルギー分散型X線分析装置、電子線マイクロアナライザ等を利用することができる。ワイヤ断面を露出させる方法としては、機械研磨、イオンエッチング法等を利用することができる。ボンディングワイヤ中のNi、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Ptなどの微量分析については、ボンディングワイヤを強酸で溶解した液をICP発光分光分析装置やICP質量分析装置を利用して分析し、ボンディングワイヤ全体に含まれる元素の濃度として検出することができる。
 (製造方法)
 次に本発明の実施形態に係るボンディングワイヤの製造方法を説明する。ボンディングワイヤは、芯材に用いるCu合金を製造した後、ワイヤ状に細く加工し、Pd被覆層、Au層を形成して、熱処理することで得られる。Pd被覆層、Au層を形成後、再度伸線と熱処理を行う場合もある。Cu合金芯材の製造方法、Pd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の形成方法、熱処理方法について詳しく説明する。
 芯材に用いるCu合金は、原料となるCuと添加する元素を共に溶解し、凝固させることによって得られる。溶解には、アーク加熱炉、高周波加熱炉、抵抗加熱炉等を利用することができる。大気中からのO、H等のガスの混入を防ぐために、真空雰囲気あるいはArやN等の不活性雰囲気中で溶解を行うことが好ましい。
 Pd被覆層、Au層をCu合金芯材の表面に形成する方法は、めっき法、蒸着法、溶融法等がある。めっき法は、電解めっき法、無電解めっき法のどちらも適用可能である。ストライクめっき、フラッシュめっきと呼ばれる電解めっきでは、めっき速度が速く、下地との密着性も良好である。無電解めっきに使用する溶液は、置換型と還元型に分類され、厚さが薄い場合には置換型めっきのみでも十分であるが、厚さが厚い場合には置換型めっきの後に還元型めっきを段階的に施すことが有効である。
 蒸着法では、スパッタ法、イオンプレーティング法、真空蒸着等の物理吸着と、プラズマCVD等の化学吸着を利用することができる。いずれも乾式であり、Pd被覆層、Au層形成後の洗浄が不要であり、洗浄時の表面汚染等の心配がない。
 Pd被覆層、Au層形成後に熱処理を行うことにより、Pd被覆層のPdがAu層中に拡散し、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層が形成される。Au層を形成した後に熱処理によってAuとPdを含む合金表皮層を形成するのではなく、最初からAuとPdを含む合金表皮層を被着することとしても良い。
 Pd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の形成に対しては、最終線径まで伸線後に形成する手法と、太径のCu合金芯材に形成してから狙いの線径まで複数回伸線する手法とのどちらも有効である。前者の最終径でPd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層を形成する場合には、製造、品質管理等が簡便である。後者のPd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層と伸線を組み合わせる場合には、Cu合金芯材との密着性が向上する点で有利である。それぞれの形成法の具体例として、最終線径のCu合金芯材に、電解めっき溶液の中にワイヤを連続的に掃引しながらPd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層を形成する手法、あるいは、電解又は無電解のめっき浴中に太いCu合金芯材を浸漬してPd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層を形成した後に、ワイヤを伸線して最終線径に到達する手法等が挙げられる。
 Pd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層を形成した後は、熱処理を行う場合がある。熱処理を行うことでAuとPdを含む合金表皮層、Pd被覆層、Cu合金芯材の間で原子が拡散して密着強度が向上するため、加工中のAuとPdを含む合金表皮層やPd被覆層の剥離を抑制でき、生産性が向上する点で有効である。大気中からのOの混入を防ぐために、真空雰囲気あるいはArやN等の不活性雰囲気中で熱処理を行うことが好ましい。
 前述のように、ボンディングワイヤに施す拡散熱処理や焼鈍熱処理の条件を調整することにより、芯材のCuがPd被覆層やAuとPdを含む表皮合金層中を粒界拡散、粒内拡散等により拡散し、ボンディングワイヤの最表面にCuを到達させ、最表面にCuを存在させることができる。最表面にCuを存在させるための熱処理として、上記のように、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層を形成するための熱処理を用いることができる。合金表皮層を形成するための熱処理を行うに際し、熱処理温度と時間を選択することにより、最表面にCuを存在させ、あるいはCuを存在させないことができる。さらに、最表面のCu濃度を所定の範囲(例えば、1~50原子%の範囲)に調整することもできる。合金表皮層形成時以外に行う熱処理によってCuを最表面に拡散させることとしても良い。
 前述のとおり、ボンディングワイヤ中に高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素を含有させるに際し、当該元素をCu芯材中に含有させる方法、Cu芯材あるいはワイヤ表面に被着させて含有させる方法のいずれを採用しても、上記本発明の効果を発揮することができる。B、P、Mg、Ca、Laについても同様である。
 上記成分の添加方法として、最も簡便なのはCu合金芯材の出発材料に添加しておく方法である。たとえば、高純度の銅と上記成分元素原料を出発原料として秤量したのち、これを高真空下もしくは窒素やアルゴン等の不活性雰囲気下で加熱して溶解することで目的の濃度範囲の上記成分が添加されたインゴットを作成し、目的濃度の上記成分元素を含む出発材料とする。したがって好適な一実施形態において、本発明のボンディングワイヤのCu合金芯材は、Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Ptから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が総計で0.011~2質量%となるように含む。該濃度の合計の好適な数値範囲は、先述のとおりである。他の好適な一実施形態において、本発明のボンディングワイヤのCu合金芯材は、Ga、Geから選ばれる1種以上の元素を、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が総計で0.011~1.5質量%となるように含む。該濃度の合計の好適な数値範囲は、先述のとおりである。他の好適な一実施形態において、本発明のボンディングワイヤのCu合金芯材は、As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Seから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が合計で0.1~100質量ppm、Sn≦10質量ppm、Sb≦10質量ppm、Bi≦1質量ppmとなるように含む。該濃度の好適な数値範囲は、先述のとおりである。好適な一実施形態において、Cu合金芯材のCuの純度は3N以下(好ましくは2N以下)である。従来のPd被覆Cuボンディングワイヤでは、ボンダビリティの観点から、高純度(4N以上)のCu芯材が使用され、低純度のCu芯材の使用は避けられる傾向にあった。特定元素を含有する本発明のボンディングワイヤでは、上記のようにCuの純度の低いCu合金芯材を使用した場合に特に好適に、車載用デバイスで要求される高温高湿環境でのボール接合部の接合信頼性を実現するに至ったものである。他の好適な一実施形態において、本発明のボンディングワイヤのCu合金芯材は、B、P、Mg、Ca、Laから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度がそれぞれ1~200質量ppmとなるように含む。該濃度の好適な数値範囲は、先述のとおりである。他の好適な一実施形態において、本発明のボンディングワイヤのCu合金芯材は、元素周期表第10族の金属元素を総計で0.1~3.0質量%となるように含む。該濃度の好適な数値範囲は、先述のとおりである。
 ワイヤ製造工程の途中で、ワイヤ表面に上記成分を被着させることによって含有させることもできる。この場合、ワイヤ製造工程のどこに組み込んでも良いし、複数回繰り返しても良い。複数の工程に組み込んでも良い。Pd被覆前のCu表面に添加しても良いし、Pd被覆後のPd表面に添加しても良いし、Au被覆後のAu表面に添加しても良いし、各被覆工程に組み込んでも良い。被着方法としては、(1)水溶液の塗布⇒乾燥⇒熱処理、(2)めっき法(湿式)、(3)蒸着法(乾式)、から選択することができる。
 水溶液の塗布⇒乾燥⇒熱処理の方法を採用する場合、まず上記成分元素を含む水溶性の化合物で適当な濃度の水溶液を調製する。これにより、上記成分をワイヤ材料に取り込むことができる。ワイヤ製造工程のどこに組み込んでも良いし、複数回繰り返しても良い。複数の工程に組み込んでも良い。Pd被覆前のCu表面に添加しても良いし、Pd被覆後のPd表面に添加しても良いし、Au被覆後のAu表面に添加しても良いし、各被覆工程に組み込んでも良い。
 めっき法(湿式)を用いる場合、めっき法は、電解めっき法、無電解めっき法のどちらでも適用可能である。電解めっき法では、通常の電解めっきのほかにフラッシュめっきと呼ばれるめっき速度が速く下地との密着性も良好なめっき法も適用可能である。無電解めっきに使用する溶液は、置換型と還元型がある。一般的にめっき厚が薄い場合は置換型めっき、厚い場合は還元型めっきが適用されるが、どちらでも適用可能であり、添加したい濃度にしたがって選択し、めっき液濃度、時間を調整すればよい。電解めっき法、無電解めっき法ともに、ワイヤ製造工程のどこに組み込んでも良いし、複数回繰り返しても良い。複数の工程に組み込んでも良い。Pd被覆前のCu表面に添加しても良いし、Pd被覆後のPd表面に添加しても良いし、Au被覆後のAu表面に添加しても良いし、各被覆工程に組み込んでも良い。
 蒸着法(乾式)には、スパッタリング法、イオンプレーティング法、真空蒸着法、プラズマCVDなどがある。乾式のため前処理後処理が不要で、汚染の心配もないのが特長である。一般に蒸着法は、目的とする元素の添加速度が遅いことが問題であるが、上記成分元素は添加濃度が比較的低いので、本発明の目的としては適した方法のひとつである。
 各蒸着法は、ワイヤ製造工程のどこに組み込んでも良いし、複数回繰り返しても良い。複数の工程に組み込んでも良い。Pd被覆前のCu表面に添加しても良いし、Pd被覆後のPd表面に添加しても良いし、Au被覆後のAu表面に添加しても良いし、各被覆工程に組み込んでも良い。
 ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面に対して結晶方位を測定した結果において、ワイヤ長手方向の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ長手方向に対して角度差が15度以下である結晶方位<100>の方位比率を30%以上とし、ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面における平均結晶粒径を0.9~1.5μmとするための製造方法について説明する。
 ボンディングワイヤに、Cu合金芯材中に高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素を含有させると、ワイヤの材料強度(硬度)が高くなる。そのため、Cu芯線のボンディングワイヤを伸線加工するに際しては、伸線時の減面率を5~8%と低い減面率としていた。また、伸線後の熱処理において、やはり硬度が高いため、ボンディングワイヤとして使用できるレベルまで軟質化するために600℃以上の温度で熱処理を行っていた。高い熱処理温度のため、ワイヤ長手方向の<100>方位比率が30%未満となり、同時に芯材断面における平均結晶粒径が1.5μm超となり、耐力比が1.6を超えることとなった。一方、耐力比を低減しようとして熱処理温度を低下すると、芯材断面における平均結晶粒径が0.9μm未満となり、耐力比が1.1未満となりウェッジ接合性が劣ることとなった。
 これに対して本発明においては、ダイスを用いた伸線時において、全ダイス数のうちの半分以上のダイスにおいて減面率を10%以上とし、さらに伸線後の熱処理における熱処理温度を500℃以下と低い温度とした。その結果、ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面に対して結晶方位を測定した結果において、ワイヤ長手方向の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ長手方向に対して角度差が15度以下である結晶方位<100>の方位比率を30%以上とし、ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面における平均結晶粒径を0.9~1.5μmとすることができた。最新の伸線加工技術を適用し、潤滑液として、潤滑液に含まれる非イオン系界面活性剤の濃度を従来より高めに設計し、ダイス形状として、ダイスのアプローチ角度を従来のものよりも緩やかに設計し、ダイスの冷却水温度を従来よりも低めに設定することなどの相乗効果により、Cu合金芯材中にNi等の成分を総計で0.03質量%以上含有して硬質化しているにもかかわらず、減面率10%以上の伸線加工が可能となった。
 ワイヤ断面の結晶方位を測定するに際しては、後方散乱電子線回折法(EBSD、Electron Backscattered Diffraction)を用いると好ましい。EBSD法は観察面の結晶方位を観察し、隣り合う測定点間での結晶方位の角度差を図示できるという特徴を有し、ボンディングワイヤのような細線であっても、比較的簡便ながら精度よく結晶方位を観察できる。粒径測定については、EBSD法による測定結果に対して、装置に装備されている解析ソフトを利用することで求めることができる。本発明で規定する結晶粒径は、測定領域内に含まれる結晶粒の相当直径(結晶粒の面積に相当する円の直径;円相当直径)を算術平均したものである。
 本発明は上記実施形態に限定されるものではなく、本発明の趣旨の範囲内で適宜変更することが可能である。
 以下では、実施例を示しながら、本発明の実施形態に係るボンディングワイヤについて、具体的に説明する。
<本発明例1~59及び比較例1~16>
 (サンプルの作製)
 まずサンプルの作製方法について説明する。芯材の原材料となるCuは純度が99.99質量%以上で残部が不可避不純物から構成されるものを用いた。Au、Pd、Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Ptは純度が99質量%以上で残部が不可避不純物から構成されるものを用いた。ワイヤ又は芯材の組成が目的のものとなるように、芯材への添加元素であるNi、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Ptを調合する。Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Ptの添加に関しては、単体での調合も可能であるが、単体で高融点の元素や添加量が極微量である場合には、添加元素を含むCu母合金をあらかじめ作製しておいて目的の添加量となるように調合しても良い。本発明例27~47では、さらにGa、Ge、As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se、B、P、Mg、Ca、Laの1種以上を含有させている。
 芯材のCu合金は、連続鋳造により数mmの線径になるように製造した。得られた数mmの合金に対して、引抜加工を行ってφ0.3~1.4mmのワイヤを作製した。伸線には市販の潤滑液を用い、伸線速度は20~150m/分とした。ワイヤ表面の酸化膜を除去するために、塩酸等による酸洗処理を行った後、芯材のCu合金の表面全体を覆うようにPd被覆層を1~15μm形成した。さらに、一部のワイヤはPd被覆層の上にAuとPdを含む合金表皮層を0.05~1.5μm形成した。Pd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の形成には電解めっき法を用いた。めっき液は市販の半導体用めっき液を用いた。その後、減面率10~21%のダイスを主に使用して伸線加工を行い、更には途中に1乃至3回の熱処理を200~500℃で行うことによって直径20μmまで加工した。加工後は最終的に破断伸びが約5~15%になるように熱処理をした。熱処理方法はワイヤを連続的に掃引しながら行い、NもしくはArガスを流しながら行った。ワイヤの送り速度は10~90m/分、熱処理温度は350~500℃で熱処理時間は1~10秒とした。
 (評価方法)
 ワイヤ中のNi、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt、Ga、Ge、As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se、B、P、Mg、Ca、La含有量については、ICP発光分光分析装置を利用して、ボンディングワイヤ全体に含まれる元素の濃度として分析した。
 Pd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の濃度分析には、ボンディングワイヤの表面から深さ方向に向かってスパッタ等で削りながらオージェ電子分光分析を実施した。得られた深さ方向の濃度プロファイルから、Pd被覆層厚、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層厚を求めた。
 ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面におけるワイヤ長手方向の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ長手方向に対して角度差が15度以下である結晶方位<100>の方位比率については、EBSD法で観察面(すなわち、ワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面)の結晶方位を観察した上で算出した。EBSD測定データの解析には専用ソフト(TSLソリューションズ製 OIM analisis等)を利用した。ワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面における平均結晶粒径については、EBSD法で観察面の結晶方位を観察した上で算出した。EBSD測定データの解析には専用ソフト(TSLソリューションズ製 OIM analisis等)を利用した。結晶粒径は、測定領域内に含まれる結晶粒の相当直径(結晶粒の面積に相当する円の直径;円相当直径)を算術平均したものである。
 0.2%耐力と最大耐力については、標点間距離を100mmとして引張試験を行うことにより評価した。引張試験装置としては、インストロン社製万能材料試験機5542型を使用した。0.2%耐力は装置に装備された専用のソフトを用いて算出した。また、破断した時の荷重を最大耐力とした。下記(1)式から耐力比を算出した。
  耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力        (1)
 ワイヤ接合部におけるウェッジ接合性の評価は、BGA基板のウェッジ接合部に1000本のボンディングを行い、接合部の剥離の発生頻度によって判定した。使用したBGA基板はNiおよびAuのめっきを施したものである。本評価では、通常よりも厳しい接合条件を想定して、ステージ温度を一般的な設定温度域よりも低い150℃に設定した。上記の評価において、不良が11個以上発生した場合には問題があると判断し×印、不良が6~10個であれば実用可能であるがやや問題有りとして△印、不良が1~5個の場合は問題ないと判断し○印、不良が発生しなかった場合には優れていると判断し◎印とし、表1~表4の「ウェッジ接合性」の欄に表記した。
 高温高湿環境又は高温環境でのボール接合部の接合信頼性は、接合信頼性評価用のサンプルを作製し、HTS評価を行い、ボール接合部の接合寿命によって判定した。接合信頼性評価用のサンプルは、一般的な金属フレーム上のSi基板に厚さ0.8μmのAl-1.0%Si-0.5%Cuの合金を成膜して形成した電極に、市販のワイヤーボンダーを用いてボール接合を行い、市販のエポキシ樹脂によって封止して作製した。ボールはN+5%Hガスを流量0.4~0.6L/minで流しながら形成させ、その大きさはφ33~34μmの範囲とした。
 HTS評価については、作製した接合信頼性評価用のサンプルを、高温恒温器を使用し、温度200℃の高温環境に暴露した。ボール接合部の接合寿命は500時間毎にボール接合部のシェア試験を実施し、シェア強度の値が初期に得られたシェア強度の1/2となる時間とした。高温高湿試験後のシェア試験は、酸処理によって樹脂を除去して、ボール接合部を露出させてから行った。
 HTS評価のシェア試験機はDAGE社製の試験機を用いた。シェア強度の値は無作為に選択したボール接合部の10か所の測定値の平均値を用いた。上記の評価において、接合寿命が500時間以上1000時間未満であれば実用可能であるが改善の要望ありと判断し△印、1000時間以上3000時間未満であれば実用上問題ないと判断し○印、3000時間以上であれば特に優れていると判断し◎印とし、表1~表4の「HTS」の欄に表記した。
 ボール形成性(FAB形状)の評価は、接合を行う前のボールを採取して観察し、ボール表面の気泡の有無、本来真球であるボールの変形の有無を判定した。上記のいずれかが発生した場合は不良と判断した。ボールの形成は溶融工程での酸化を抑制するために、Nガスを流量0.5L/minで吹き付けながら行った。ボールの大きさは34μmとした。1条件に対して50個のボールを観察した。観察にはSEMを用いた。ボール形成性の評価において、不良が5個以上発生した場合には問題があると判断し×印、不良が3~4個であれば実用可能であるがやや問題有りとして△印、不良が1~2個の場合は問題ないと判断し○印、不良が発生しなかった場合には優れていると判断し◎印とし、表1~表4の「FAB形状」の欄に表記した。
 温度が130℃、相対湿度が85%の高温高湿環境下でのボール接合部の接合寿命については、以下のHAST評価で評価することができる。HAST評価については、作製した接合信頼性評価用のサンプルを、不飽和型プレッシャークッカー試験機を使用し、温度130℃、相対湿度85%の高温高湿環境に暴露し、5Vのバイアスをかけた。ボール接合部の接合寿命は48時間毎にボール接合部のシェア試験を実施し、シェア強度の値が初期に得られたシェア強度の1/2となる時間とした。高温高湿試験後のシェア試験は、酸処理によって樹脂を除去して、ボール接合部を露出させてから行った。
 HAST評価のシェア試験機はDAGE社製の試験機を用いた。シェア強度の値は無作為に選択したボール接合部の10か所の測定値の平均値を用いた。上記の評価において、接合寿命が144時間以上288時間未満であれば実用上問題ないと判断し○印、288時間以上384時間未満であれば優れていると判断し◎印、384時間以上であれば特に優れていると判断し◎◎印とし、表1~表4の「HAST」の欄に表記した。
 ボール接合部のつぶれ形状の評価は、ボンディングを行ったボール接合部を直上から観察して、その真円性によって判定した。接合相手はSi基板上に厚さ1.0μmのAl-0.5%Cuの合金を成膜した電極を用いた。観察は光学顕微鏡を用い、1条件に対して200箇所を観察した。真円からのずれが大きい楕円状であるもの、変形に異方性を有するものはボール接合部のつぶれ形状が不良であると判断した。上記の評価において、不良が1~3個の場合は問題ないと判断し○印、全て良好な真円性が得られた場合は、特に優れていると判断し◎印とし、表1~表4の「つぶれ形状」の欄に表記した。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000001
 
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Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000003
 
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000004
 
 (評価結果)
 本発明例1~59のボンディングワイヤは、ワイヤ中にNi、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Ptを、0.011~1.2質量%含有するとともに、耐力比(=最大耐力/0.2%耐力)はいずれも1.1~1.6の範囲内であり、HTS評価によるボール接合部高温信頼性及び、ウェッジ接合性のいずれも良好な結果となった。本発明のボンディングワイヤについては、伸線時の減面率を10%以上とし、伸線後の熱処理における熱処理温度を500℃以下と低い温度としているので、ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面に対して結晶方位を測定した結果において、ワイヤ長手方向の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ長手方向に対して角度差が15度以下である結晶方位<100>の方位比率を30%以上とし、ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面における平均結晶粒径を0.9~1.5μmとすることができ、耐力比を上記範囲にすることができたと考えられる。
 また、本発明例に係るボンディングワイヤは、Cu合金芯材と、Cu合金芯材の表面に形成されたPd被覆層とを有し、Pd被覆層の厚さが好適範囲である0.015~0.150μmの範囲にあり、FAB形状がいずれも良好であった。
 一方、耐力比が1.1未満の比較例1、3、10、11については、ウェッジ接合性がいずれも不良であり、耐力比が1.6を超える比較例2、4~9、12~16については、ウェッジ接合性が不良か、または問題ありであった。特に、比較例15及び16では、ワイヤ中に高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素が含まれていないため、HTS、HASTの結果も不良であった。比較例1、3,10、11において耐力比が低くなったのは、ダイスの減面率を10%未満としたことから、芯材断面における平均結晶粒径が0.9μm未満となったことが一因であると考えられる。比較例2,4~9、12~14で耐力比が増大したのは、熱処理温度を600℃以上と高い温度としたことから、ワイヤ長手方向の<100>方位比率が30%未満となったことが一因であると考えられ、特に比較例2、6、8、9、14では、熱処理温度を620℃以上と高い温度としたことから、芯材断面における平均結晶粒径が1.5μm超となったことも一因であると考えられる。
<本発明例2-1~2-40>
 (サンプル)
 まずサンプルの作製方法について説明する。芯材の原材料となるCuは純度が99.99質量%以上で残部が不可避不純物から構成されるものを用いた。Ga、Ge、Ni、Ir、Pt、Pd、B、P、Mgは純度が99質量%以上で残部が不可避不純物から構成されるものを用いた。ワイヤ又は芯材の組成が目的のものとなるように、芯材への添加元素であるGa、Ge、Ni、Ir、Pt、Pd、B、P、Mgを調合する。Ga、Ge、Ni、Ir、Pt、Pd、B、P、Mgの添加に関しては、単体での調合も可能であるが、単体で高融点の元素や添加量が極微量である場合には、添加元素を含むCu母合金をあらかじめ作製しておいて目的の添加量となるように調合しても良い。
 芯材のCu合金は、直径がφ3~6mmの円柱型に加工したカーボンるつぼに原料を装填し、高周波炉を用いて、真空中もしくはN2やArガス等の不活性雰囲気で1090~1300℃まで加熱して溶解させた後、炉冷を行うことで製造した。得られたφ3~6mmの合金に対して、引抜加工を行ってφ0.9~1.2mmまで加工した後、ダイスを用いて連続的に伸線加工等を行うことによって、φ300~600μmのワイヤを作製した。伸線には市販の潤滑液を用い、伸線速度は20~150m/分とした。ワイヤ表面の酸化膜を除去するために、塩酸による酸洗処理を行った後、芯材のCu合金の表面全体を覆うようにPd被覆層を1~15μm形成した。さらに、一部のワイヤはPd被覆層の上にAuとPdを含む合金表皮層を0.05~1.5μm形成した。Pd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の形成には電解めっき法を用いた。めっき液は市販の半導体用めっき液を用いた。その後、200~500℃の熱処理と伸線加工を繰返し行うことによって直径20μmまで加工した。加工後は最終的に破断伸びが約5~15%になるようN2もしくはArガスを流しながら熱処理をした。熱処理方法はワイヤを連続的に掃引しながら行い、N2もしくはArガスを流しながら行った。ワイヤの送り速度は20~200m/分、熱処理温度は200~600℃で熱処理時間は0.2~1.0秒とした。
 Pd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の濃度分析は、ボンディングワイヤの表面から深さ方向に向かってArイオンでスパッタしながらオージェ電子分光分析装置を用いて分析した。被覆層及び表皮合金層の厚みは、得られた深さ方向の濃度プロファイル(深さの単位はSiO2換算)から求めた。Pdの濃度が50原子%以上で、かつ、Auの濃度が10原子%未満であった領域をPd被覆層とし、Pd被覆層の表面にあるAu濃度が10原子%以上の範囲であった領域を合金表皮層とした。被覆層及び合金表皮層の厚み及びPd最大濃度をそれぞれ表5及び表6に記載した。Cu合金芯材におけるPdの濃度は、ワイヤ断面を露出させて、走査型電子顕微鏡に備え付けた電子線マイクロアナライザにより線分析、点分析等を行う方法により測定した。ワイヤ断面を露出させる方法としては、機械研磨、イオンエッチング法等を利用した。ボンディングワイヤ中のGa、Ge、Ni、Ir、Pt、B、P、Mgの濃度は、ボンディングワイヤを強酸で溶解した液をICP発光分光分析装置、ICP質量分析装置を利用して分析し、ボンディングワイヤ全体に含まれる元素の濃度として検出した。
 上記の手順で作製した各サンプルの構成を下記表5及び表6に示す。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000005
 
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000006
 
 (評価方法)
 ワイヤ表面を観察面として、結晶組織の評価を行った。評価手法として、後方散乱電子線回折法(EBSD、Electron Backscattered Diffraction)を用いた。EBSD法は観察面の結晶方位を観察し、隣り合う測定点間での結晶方位の角度差を図示できるという特徴を有し、ボンディングワイヤのような細線であっても、比較的簡便ながら精度よく結晶方位を観察できる。
 ワイヤ表面のような曲面を対象として、EBSD法を実施する場合には注意が必要である。曲率の大きい部位を測定すると、精度の高い測定が困難になる。しかしながら、測定に供するボンディングワイヤを平面に直線上に固定し、そのボンディングワイヤの中心近傍の平坦部を測定することで、精度の高い測定をすることが可能である。具体的には、次のような測定領域にすると良い。円周方向のサイズはワイヤ長手方向の中心を軸として線径の50%以下とし、ワイヤ長手方向のサイズは100μm以下とする。好ましくは、円周方向のサイズは線径の40%以下とし、ワイヤ長手方向のサイズは40μm以下とすれば、測定時間の短縮により測定効率を高められる。更に精度を高めるには、3箇所以上測定し、ばらつきを考慮した平均情報を得ることが望ましい。測定場所は近接しないように、1mm以上離すと良い。
 ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面におけるワイヤ長手方向の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ長手方向に対して角度差が15度以下である結晶方位<100>の方位比率、及び、ワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面における平均結晶粒径(μm)については本発明例1~59と同様の方法で求めた。また、0.2%耐力及び最大耐力については本発明例1~59と同様の方法で評価を行い上記(1)式から耐力比を算出した。
 高温高湿環境又は高温環境でのボール接合部の接合信頼性は、接合信頼性評価用のサンプルを作製し、HAST及びHTS評価を行い、それぞれの試験におけるボール接合部の接合寿命によって判定した。接合信頼性評価用のサンプルは、一般的な金属フレーム上のSi基板に厚さ0.8μmのAl-1.0%Si-0.5%Cuの合金を成膜して形成した電極に、市販のワイヤーボンダーを用いてボール接合を行い、市販のエポキシ樹脂によって封止して作製した。ボールはN2+5%H2ガスを流量0.4~0.6L/minで流しながら形成させ、その大きさはφ33~34μmの範囲とした。
 HAST評価については、作製した接合信頼性評価用のサンプルを、不飽和型プレッシャークッカー試験機を使用し、温度130℃、相対湿度85%の高温高湿環境に暴露し、7Vのバイアスをかけた。ボール接合部の接合寿命は48時間毎にボール接合部のシェア試験を実施し、シェア強度の値が初期に得られたシェア強度の1/2となる時間とした。高温高湿試験後のシェア試験は、酸処理によって樹脂を除去して、ボール接合部を露出させてから行った。
 HAST評価のシェア試験機はDAGE社製の試験機を用いた。シェア強度の値は無作為に選択したボール接合部の10か所の測定値の平均値を用いた。上記の評価において、接合寿命が96時間未満であれば実用上問題があると判断し×印、96時間以上144時間未満であれば実用可能であるがやや問題有りとして△印、144時間以上288時間未満であれば実用上問題ないと判断し○印、288時間以上であれば特に優れていると判断し◎印とし、表5及び表6の「HAST」の欄に表記した。
 HTS評価については、作製した接合信頼性評価用のサンプルを、高温恒温器を使用し、温度200℃の高温環境に暴露した。ボール接合部の接合寿命は500時間毎にボール接合部のシェア試験を実施し、シェア強度の値が初期に得られたシェア強度の1/2となる時間とした。高温高湿試験後のシェア試験は、酸処理によって樹脂を除去して、ボール接合部を露出させてから行った。
 HTS評価のシェア試験機はDAGE社製の試験機を用いた。シェア強度の値は無作為に選択したボール接合部の10か所の測定値の平均値を用いた。上記の評価において、接合寿命が500時間以上1000時間未満であれば実用可能であるが改善の要望ありと判断し△印、1000時間以上3000時間未満であれば実用上問題ないと判断し○印、3000時間以上であれば特に優れていると判断し◎印とした。
 ボール形成性(FAB形状)の評価は、接合を行う前のボールを採取して観察し、ボール表面の気泡の有無、本来真球であるボールの変形の有無を判定した。上記のいずれかが発生した場合は不良と判断した。ボールの形成は溶融工程での酸化を抑制するために、N2ガスを流量0.5L/minで吹き付けながら行った。ボールの大きさは34μmとした。1条件に対して50個のボールを観察した。観察にはSEMを用いた。ボール形成性の評価において、不良が5個以上発生した場合には問題があると判断し×印、不良が3~4個であれば実用可能であるがやや問題有りとして△印、不良が1~2個の場合は問題ないと判断し○印、不良が発生しなかった場合には優れていると判断し◎印とし、表5及び表6の「FAB形状」の欄に表記した。
 ワイヤ接合部におけるウェッジ接合性の評価は、リードフレームのリード部分に1000本のボンディングを行い、接合部の剥離の発生頻度によって判定した。リードフレームは1~3μmのAgめっきを施したFe-42原子%Ni合金リードフレームを用いた。本評価では、通常よりも厳しい接合条件を想定して、ステージ温度を一般的な設定温度域よりも低い150℃に設定した。上記の評価において、不良が11個以上発生した場合には問題があると判断し×印、不良が6~10個であれば実用可能であるがやや問題有りとして△印、不良が1~5個の場合は問題ないと判断し○印、不良が発生しなかった場合には優れていると判断し◎印とし、表5及び表6の「ウェッジ接合性」の欄に表記した。
 ボール接合部のつぶれ形状の評価は、ボンディングを行ったボール接合部を直上から観察して、その真円性によって判定した。接合相手はSi基板上に厚さ1.0μmのAl-0.5%Cuの合金を成膜した電極を用いた。観察は光学顕微鏡を用い、1条件に対して200箇所を観察した。真円からのずれが大きい楕円状であるもの、変形に異方性を有するものはボール接合部のつぶれ形状が不良であると判断した。上記の評価において、不良が6個以上発生した場合には問題があると判断し×印、不良が4~5個であれば実用可能であるがやや問題有りとして△印、1~3個の場合は問題ないと判断し○印、全て良好な真円性が得られた場合は、特に優れていると判断し◎印とし、表5及び表6の「つぶれ形状」の欄に表記した。
 [リーニング]
 評価用のリードフレームに、ループ長5mm、ループ高さ0.5mmで100本ボンディングした。評価方法として、チップ水平方向からワイヤ直立部を観察し、ボール接合部の中心を通る垂線とワイヤ直立部との間隔が最大であるときの間隔(リーニング間隔)で評価した。リーニング間隔がワイヤ径よりも小さい場合にはリーニングは良好、大きい場合には直立部が傾斜しているためリーニングは不良であると判断した。100本のボンディングしたワイヤを光学顕微鏡で観察し、リーニング不良の本数を数えた。不良が7個以上発生した場合には問題があると判断し×印、不良が4~6個であれば実用可能であるがやや問題有りとして△印、不良が1~3個の場合は問題ないと判断し○印、不良が発生しなかった場合には優れていると判断し◎印とし、表5及び表6の「リーニング」の欄に表記した。
 (評価結果)
 表5及び表6に示すように、本発明例2-1~2-40に係るボンディングワイヤは、Cu合金芯材と、Cu合金芯材の表面に形成されたPd被覆層とを有し、ボンディングワイヤがGa、Geから選ばれる1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が合計で0.011~1.5質量%である。これにより本発明例2-1~2-40に係るボンディングワイヤは、温度が130℃、相対湿度が85%の高温高湿環境下でのHAST試験でボール接合部信頼性が得られることを確認した。
 さらに本発明例2-1~2-40に係るボンディングワイヤは耐力比が1.1~1.6であることにより優れたウェッジ接合性が得られることを確認した。
 ボンディングワイヤがさらにNi、Ir、Pt、Pdから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含む本発明例では、HTS評価によるボール接合部高温信頼性がより良好であることを確認した。
 ボンディングワイヤがさらにB、P、Mgから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含む本発明例は、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度がそれぞれ1~200質量ppmであることにより、ボール接合部のつぶれ形状が良好であった。
<本発明例3-1~3-56>
 (サンプル)
 まずサンプルの作製方法について説明する。芯材の原材料となるCuは純度が99.99質量%以上で残部が不可避不純物から構成されるものを用いた。As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se、Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt、Ga、Ge、Pd、B、P、Mg、Ca、Laは純度が99質量%以上で残部が不可避不純物から構成されるものを用いた。ワイヤ又は芯材の組成が目的のものとなるように、芯材への添加元素であるAs、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se、Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt、Ga、Ge、Pd、B、P、Mg、Ca、Laを調合する。As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se、Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt、Ga、Ge、Pd、B、P、Mg、Ca、Laの添加に関しては、単体での調合も可能であるが、単体で高融点の元素や添加量が極微量である場合には、添加元素を含むCu母合金をあらかじめ作製しておいて目的の添加量となるように調合しても良い。
 芯材のCu合金は、直径がφ3~6mmの円柱型に加工したカーボンるつぼに原料を装填し、高周波炉を用いて、真空中もしくはN2やArガス等の不活性雰囲気で1090~1300℃まで加熱して溶解させた後、炉冷を行うことで製造した。得られたφ3~6mmの合金に対して、引抜加工を行ってφ0.9~1.2mmまで加工した後、ダイスを用いて連続的に伸線加工等を行うことによって、φ300~600μmのワイヤを作製した。伸線には市販の潤滑液を用い、伸線速度は20~150m/分とした。ワイヤ表面の酸化膜を除去するために、塩酸による酸洗処理を行った後、芯材のCu合金の表面全体を覆うようにPd被覆層を1~15μm形成した。さらに、一部のワイヤはPd被覆層の上にAuとPdを含む合金表皮層を0.05~1.5μm形成した。Pd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の形成には電解めっき法を用いた。めっき液は市販の半導体用めっき液を用いた。その後、200~500℃の熱処理と伸線加工を繰返し行うことによって直径20μmまで加工した。加工後は最終的に破断伸びが約5~15%になるようN2もしくはArガスを流しながら熱処理をした。熱処理方法はワイヤを連続的に掃引しながら行い、N2もしくはArガスを流しながら行った。ワイヤの送り速度は20~200m/分、熱処理温度は200~600℃で熱処理時間は0.2~1.0秒とした。
 Pd被覆層、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の濃度分析には、ボンディングワイヤの表面から深さ方向に向かってスパッタ等で削りながらオージェ電子分光分析を実施した。得られた深さ方向の濃度プロファイルから、Pd被覆層の厚み、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の厚み及びPd最大濃度を求めた。
 本発明例3-1~3-50については、As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Seから選ばれる元素を芯材中に含有させている。本発明例3-51~3-56については、芯材に純度が99.99質量%以上のCuを使用し、ワイヤ製造工程の途中で、電気めっき法により、ワイヤ表面(被覆層)にAs、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Seを被着させることによって含有させた。
 本発明例3-34~3-44については、ボンディングワイヤの最表面にCuを存在させている。そこで表8には「ワイヤ表面Cu濃度」の欄を設け、ボンディングワイヤの表面をオージェ電子分光装置によって測定した結果を記載した。ボンディングワイヤの熱処理温度と時間を選択することにより最表面に所定濃度のCuを含有させた。本発明例3-1~3-33、3-45~3-56については、最表面にCuを存在させない熱処理条件とし、オージェ電子分光装置でもCuが検出されなかった。
 上記の手順で作製した各サンプルの構成を表7及び表8に示す。
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000007
 
Figure JPOXMLDOC01-appb-T000008
 
 (評価方法)
 ワイヤ表面を観察面として、結晶組織の評価を行った。評価手法として、後方散乱電子線回折法(EBSD、Electron Backscattered Diffraction)を用いた。EBSD法は観察面の結晶方位を観察し、隣り合う測定点間での結晶方位の角度差を図示できるという特徴を有し、ボンディングワイヤのような細線であっても、比較的簡便ながら精度よく結晶方位を観察できる。
 ワイヤ表面のような曲面を対象として、EBSD法を実施する場合には注意が必要である。曲率の大きい部位を測定すると、精度の高い測定が困難になる。しかしながら、測定に供するボンディングワイヤを平面に直線上に固定し、そのボンディングワイヤの中心近傍の平坦部を測定することで、精度の高い測定をすることが可能である。具体的には、次のような測定領域にすると良い。円周方向のサイズはワイヤ長手方向の中心を軸として線径の50%以下とし、ワイヤ長手方向のサイズは100μm以下とする。好ましくは、円周方向のサイズは線径の40%以下とし、ワイヤ長手方向のサイズは40μm以下とすれば、測定時間の短縮により測定効率を高められる。更に精度を高めるには、3箇所以上測定し、ばらつきを考慮した平均情報を得ることが望ましい。測定場所は近接しないように、1mm以上離すと良い。
 ボンディングワイヤのワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面におけるワイヤ長手方向の結晶方位のうち、ワイヤ長手方向に対して角度差が15度以下である結晶方位<100>の方位比率、及び、ワイヤ軸に垂直方向の芯材断面における平均結晶粒径(μm)については本発明例1~59と同様の方法で求めた。また、0.2%耐力及び最大耐力については本発明例1~59と同様の方法で評価を行い上記(1)式から耐力比を算出した。
 高温高湿環境又は高温環境でのボール接合部の接合信頼性は、接合信頼性評価用のサンプルを作製し、HAST及びHTS評価を行い、それぞれの試験におけるボール接合部の接合寿命によって判定した。接合信頼性評価用のサンプルは、一般的な金属フレーム上のSi基板に厚さ0.8μmのAl-1.0%Si-0.5%Cuの合金を成膜して形成した電極に、市販のワイヤーボンダーを用いてボール接合を行い、市販のエポキシ樹脂によって封止して作製した。ボールはN2+5%H2ガスを流量0.4~0.6L/minで流しながら形成させ、その大きさはφ33~34μmの範囲とした。
 HAST評価については、作製した接合信頼性評価用のサンプルを、不飽和型プレッシャークッカー試験機を使用し、温度130℃、相対湿度85%の高温高湿環境に暴露し、5Vのバイアスをかけた。ボール接合部の接合寿命は48時間毎にボール接合部のシェア試験を実施し、シェア強度の値が初期に得られたシェア強度の1/2となる時間とした。高温高湿試験後のシェア試験は、酸処理によって樹脂を除去して、ボール接合部を露出させてから行った。
 HAST評価のシェア試験機はDAGE社製の試験機を用いた。シェア強度の値は無作為に選択したボール接合部の10か所の測定値の平均値を用いた。上記の評価において、接合寿命が96時間未満であれば実用上問題があると判断し×印、96時間以上144時間未満であれば実用可能であるがやや問題有りとして△印、144時間以上288時間未満であれば実用上問題ないと判断し○印、288時間以上384時間未満であれば優れていると判断し◎印、384時間以上であれば特に優れていると判断し◎◎印とし、表7及び表8の「HAST」の欄に表記した。
 HTS評価については、作製した接合信頼性評価用のサンプルを、高温恒温器を使用し、温度200℃の高温環境に暴露した。ボール接合部の接合寿命は500時間毎にボール接合部のシェア試験を実施し、シェア強度の値が初期に得られたシェア強度の1/2となる時間とした。高温高湿試験後のシェア試験は、酸処理によって樹脂を除去して、ボール接合部を露出させてから行った。
 HTS評価のシェア試験機はDAGE社製の試験機を用いた。シェア強度の値は無作為に選択したボール接合部の10か所の測定値の平均値を用いた。上記の評価において、接合寿命が500時間以上1000時間未満であれば実用可能であるが改善の要望ありと判断し△印、1000時間以上3000時間未満であれば実用上問題ないと判断し○印、3000時間以上であれば特に優れていると判断し◎印とし、表7及び表8の「HTS」の欄に表記した。
 ボール形成性(FAB形状)の評価は、接合を行う前のボールを採取して観察し、ボール表面の気泡の有無、本来真球であるボールの変形の有無を判定した。上記のいずれかが発生した場合は不良と判断した。ボールの形成は溶融工程での酸化を抑制するために、N2ガスを流量0.5L/minで吹き付けながら行った。ボールの大きさは34μmとした。1条件に対して50個のボールを観察した。観察にはSEMを用いた。ボール形成性の評価において、不良が5個以上発生した場合には問題があると判断し×印、不良が3~4個であれば実用可能であるがやや問題有りとして△印、不良が1~2個の場合は問題ないと判断し○印、不良が発生しなかった場合には優れていると判断し◎印とし、表7及び表8の「FAB形状」の欄に表記した。
 ワイヤ接合部におけるウェッジ接合性の評価は、リードフレームのリード部分に1000本のボンディングを行い、接合部の剥離の発生頻度によって判定した。リードフレームは1~3μmのAgめっきを施したFe-42原子%Ni合金リードフレームを用いた。本評価では、通常よりも厳しい接合条件を想定して、ステージ温度を一般的な設定温度域よりも低い150℃に設定した。上記の評価において、不良が11個以上発生した場合には問題があると判断し×印、不良が6~10個であれば実用可能であるがやや問題有りとして△印、不良が1~5個の場合は問題ないと判断し○印、不良が発生しなかった場合には優れていると判断し◎印とし、表7及び表8の「ウェッジ接合性」の欄に表記した。
 ボール接合部のつぶれ形状の評価は、ボンディングを行ったボール接合部を直上から観察して、その真円性によって判定した。接合相手はSi基板上に厚さ1.0μmのAl-0.5%Cuの合金を成膜した電極を用いた。観察は光学顕微鏡を用い、1条件に対して200箇所を観察した。真円からのずれが大きい楕円状であるもの、変形に異方性を有するものはボール接合部のつぶれ形状が不良であると判断した。上記の評価において、不良が6個以上発生した場合には問題があると判断し×印、不良が4~5個であれば実用可能であるがやや問題有りとして△印、1~3個の場合は問題ないと判断し○印、全て良好な真円性が得られた場合は、特に優れていると判断し◎印とし、表7及び表8の「つぶれ形状」の欄に表記した。
 [リーニング]
 評価用のリードフレームに、ループ長5mm、ループ高さ0.5mmで100本ボンディングした。評価方法として、チップ水平方向からワイヤ直立部を観察し、ボール接合部の中心を通る垂線とワイヤ直立部との間隔が最大であるときの間隔(リーニング間隔)で評価した。リーニング間隔がワイヤ径よりも小さい場合にはリーニングは良好、大きい場合には直立部が傾斜しているためリーニングは不良であると判断した。100本のボンディングしたワイヤを光学顕微鏡で観察し、リーニング不良の本数を数えた。不良が7個以上発生した場合には問題があると判断し×印、不良が4~6個であれば実用可能であるがやや問題有りとして△印、不良が1~3個の場合は問題ないと判断し○印、不良が発生しなかった場合には優れていると判断し◎印とし、表7及び表8の「リーニング」の欄に表記した。
 (評価結果)
 本発明例3-1~3-56に係るボンディングワイヤは、Cu合金芯材と、Cu合金芯材の表面に形成されたPd被覆層とを有し、ボンディングワイヤがAs、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Seから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が合計で0.1~100質量ppmである。これにより本発明例3-1~3-50に係るボンディングワイヤは、温度が130℃、相対湿度が85%の高温高湿環境下でのHAST試験でボール接合部信頼性が得られることを確認した。
 Pd被覆層上にさらにAuとPdを含む合金表皮層を有する本発明例については、AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の層厚が0.0005~0.050μmであることにより、優れたウェッジ接合性が得られることを確認した。
 本発明例3-21~3-33、3-35、3-37、3-39~3-44は、ボンディングワイヤがさらにNi、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt、Ga、Geから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度がそれぞれ0.011~1.2質量%、Cu合金芯材に含まれるPdの濃度が0.05~1.2質量%であることにより、HTS評価によるボール接合部高温信頼性が良好であることを確認した。
 本発明例3-22~3-26、3-29~3-32はボンディングワイヤがさらにB、P、Mg、Ca、Laから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度がそれぞれ1~100質量ppmであることにより、FAB形状が良好であると共に、ウェッジ接合性が良好であった。
 本発明例3-34~3-44は、ワイヤがAs、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Seを含有するとともに、ワイヤの最表面にCuが存在している。これにより本発明例3-34~3-44は、HAST評価結果が◎◎又は◎であって、最表面にCuを存在させる効果が見られた。

Claims (9)

  1.  Cu合金芯材と、前記Cu合金芯材の表面に形成されたPd被覆層とを有する半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤにおいて、
     前記ボンディングワイヤが高温環境下における接続信頼性を付与する元素を含み、
     下記(1)式で定義する耐力比が1.1~1.6であることを特徴とする半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
      耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力        (1)
  2.  前記Pd被覆層の厚さが0.015~0.150μmであることを特徴とする請求項1記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
  3.  前記Pd被覆層上にさらにAuとPdを含む合金表皮層を有することを特徴とする請求項1または2記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
  4.  前記AuとPdを含む合金表皮層の厚さが0.050μm以下であることを特徴とする請求項3記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
  5.  前記ボンディングワイヤがNi、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Ptから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が総計で0.011~2質量%であることを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
  6.  前記ボンディングワイヤがGa、Geから選ばれる1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が合計で0.011~1.5質量%であることを特徴とする請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
  7.  前記ボンディングワイヤがAs、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Seから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度が合計で0.1~100質量ppmであり、Sn≦10質量ppm、Sb≦10質量ppm、Bi≦1質量ppmであることを特徴とする請求項1~6のいずれか1項記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
  8.  前記ボンディングワイヤがさらにB、P、Mg、Ca、Laから選ばれる少なくとも1種以上の元素を含み、ワイヤ全体に対する前記元素の濃度がそれぞれ1~200質量ppmであることを特徴とする請求項1~7のいずれか1項記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
  9.  前記ボンディングワイヤの最表面にCuが存在することを特徴とする請求項1~8のいずれか1項記載の半導体装置用ボンディングワイヤ。
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