CN107533992A - 半导体装置用接合线 - Google Patents

半导体装置用接合线 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN107533992A
CN107533992A CN201680027572.6A CN201680027572A CN107533992A CN 107533992 A CN107533992 A CN 107533992A CN 201680027572 A CN201680027572 A CN 201680027572A CN 107533992 A CN107533992 A CN 107533992A
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China
Prior art keywords
line
alloy
closing line
coatings
endurance
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CN201680027572.6A
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CN107533992B (zh
Inventor
山田隆
小田大造
榛原照男
大石良
斋藤和之
宇野智裕
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Nippon Steel & Sumitomo New Materials Co.,Ltd.
Nippon Steel Chemical and Materials Co Ltd
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Kanae Co Ltd
Nippon Micrometal Corp
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/02Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
    • B23K35/0222Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in soldering, brazing
    • B23K35/0227Rods, wires
    • HELECTRICITY
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3013Au as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/302Cu as the principal constituent
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32BLAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • B32B15/018Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic one layer being formed of a noble metal or a noble metal alloy
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    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
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Abstract

一种半导体装置用接合线,具有Cu合金芯材和形成于所述Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层,其特征在于,所述接合线包含赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素,由下述式(1)定义的耐力比为1.1~1.6。耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力(1)。

Description

半导体装置用接合线
技术领域
本发明涉及用于将半导体元件上的电极与外部引线等电路配线基板的配线连接的半导体装置用接合线。
背景技术
目前,作为将半导体元件上的电极与外部引线之间接合的半导体装置用接合线(以下称为“接合线”),主要使用线径为15~50μm左右的细线。接合线的接合方法一般采用超声波并用热压合方式,通用接合装置使用毛细管夹具等,其用于使接合线在其内部穿过并进行连接。关于接合线的接合过程,利用电弧热输入使线顶端加热熔融,通过表面张力形成球(FAB:Free Air Ball;自由空气球)之后,在150~300℃的范围内加热的半导体元件的电极上,将该球部压接(以下称为“球接合”),接着形成回路之后,将线部与外部引线侧的电极压合(以下称为“楔形接合”),由此完成。作为接合线的接合对象即半导体元件上的电极,使用在Si基板上将以Al为主体的合金进行成膜的电极结构、对外部引线侧的电极实施镀Ag或镀Pd的电极结构等。
至今为止,接合线的材料采用Au是主流,以LSI用途为中心向替代为Cu发展。另一方面,以近年来的电动汽车、混合动力汽车的普及为背景,在车载用设备用途方面,对于从Au替代为Cu的需求也不断提高。
关于Cu接合线,提出了使用高纯度(纯度:99.99质量%以上)Cu(例如专利文献1)。Cu与Au相比具有容易氧化的缺点,存在接合可靠性、球形成性、楔形接合性等差的课题。作为防止Cu接合线的表面氧化的方法,提出了用Au、Ag、Pt、Pd、Ni、Co、Cr、Ti等金属被覆Cu芯材的表面的结构(专利文献2)。另外,提出了在Cu芯材的表面被覆Pd,进而用Au、Ag、Cu或它们的合金被覆所述Pd的表面的结构(专利文献3)。
在先技术文献
专利文献1:日本特开昭61-48543号公报
专利文献2:日本特开2005-167020号公报
专利文献3:日本特开2012-36490号公报
发明内容
车载用设备与通常的电子设备相比,需求严酷的高温高湿环境下的接合可靠性。特别是将线的球部与电极接合的球接合部的接合寿命成为最大的问题。
作为评价高温高湿环境下的球接合部的接合可靠信的代表性评价方法,有HAST(Highly Accelerated Temperature and Humidity Stress Test)(高温高湿环境暴露试验)。在通过HAST评价球接合部的接合可靠性的情况下,使评价用的球接合部暴露在温度为130℃、相对湿度为85%的高温高湿环境中,测定接合部的电阻值随时间的变化,或测定球接合部的剪切强度随时间的变化,由此评价球接合部的接合寿命。
另外,作为评价170℃以上的高温环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性的手段,采用HTS(High Temperature Storage Test)(高温放置试验)。在通过HTS评价球接合部的接合可靠性的情况下,对于暴露在高温环境中的评价用样品,测定球接合部的电阻值随时间的变化,或测定球接合部的剪切强度随时间的变化,由此评价球接合部的接合寿命。
根据本发明人的研究,明确了在接合线包含例如Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt等的赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素的情况下,与不含该元素相比,130℃以上的高温环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性提高。
而在楔形接合方面,接合线会发生剧烈变形。如果在变形时线发生加工硬化,则接合后的线会变硬,其结果导致楔形接合的接合强度降低。使接合线含有上述元素,根据其含量,在楔形接合方面,接合线发生剧烈变形,在变形时线发生加工硬化,由此使接合后的线变硬,其结果有时会使楔形接合的接合强度降低。
本发明的目的是提供一种具有Cu合金芯材和形成于其表面的Pd被覆层的半导体装置用接合线,是能够兼具高温下的球接合部的接合可靠性的提高和楔形接合性的半导体装置用接合线。
为解决上述课题进行了认真研究,结果得到下述见解:使接合线包含赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素,并且将由下述式(1)定义的耐力比设为1.1~1.6,由此能够兼具高温下的球接合部的接合可靠性的提高和楔形接合性。本发明以这样的新见解为基础。
耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力 (1)
即,本发明的主旨如下所述。
[1]一种半导体装置用接合线,具有Cu合金芯材和形成于所述Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层,其特征在于,所述接合线包含赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素,由下述式(1)定义的耐力比为1.1~1.6。
耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力 (1)
[2]根据上述[1]记载的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述Pd被覆层的厚度为0.015~0.150μm。
[3]根据上述[1]或[2]记载的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,在所述Pd被覆层上还具有包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。
[4]根据上述[3]记载的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的厚度为0.050μm以下。
[5]根据上述[1]~[4]的任一项记载的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述接合线包含选自Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.011~2质量%。
[6]根据上述[1]~[5]的任一项记载的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述接合线包含选自Ga、Ge之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.011~1.5质量%。
[7]根据上述[1]~[6]的任一项记载的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述接合线包含选自As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.1~100质量ppm,Sn≤10质量ppm,Sb≤10质量ppm,Bi≤1质量ppm。
[8]根据上述[1]~[7]的任一项记载的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述接合线还包含选自B、P、Mg、Ca、La之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度分别为1~200质量ppm。
[9]根据上述[1]~[8]的任一项记载的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,在所述接合线的最表面存在Cu。
根据本发明,能够提供一种具有Cu合金芯材和形成于其表面的Pd被覆层的半导体装置用接合线,是能够兼具高温下的球接合部的接合可靠性的提高和楔形接合性的半导体装置用接合线。
具体实施方式
本发明的半导体装置用接合线,具有Cu合金芯材和形成于所述Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层。本发明的特征在于,接合线包含赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素,由下述式(1)定义的耐力比为1.1~1.6。
耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力 (1)
作为半导体装置的包装的模具树脂(环氧树脂),其分子骨架中包含氯(Cl)。在作为HAST评价条件的130℃、相对湿度为85%的高温高湿环境下,分子骨架中的Cl水解成为氯离子(Cl-)溶出。在将不具有Pd被覆层的Cu接合线与Al电极接合的情况下,如果Cu/Al接合界面被置于高温下,则Cu和Al相互扩散,最终形成金属间化合物Cu9Al4。Cu9Al4容易受到Cl等卤素的腐蚀,通过从模具树脂溶出的Cl使腐蚀进行,会导致接合可靠性降低。在Cu线具有Pd被覆层的情况下,被覆了Pd的Cu线与Al电极的接合界面成为Cu/Pd浓化层/Al这样的结构,因此与不具有Pd被覆层的Cu线相比,Cu9Al4金属间化合物的生成得到抑制,但车载用设备所需求的高温高湿环境下的接合可靠性不充分。
与此相对,像本发明这样,认为如果含有赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素,则存在接合部的Cu9Al4金属间化合物的生成得到进一步抑制的倾向。
从改善球接合部的高温环境下的接合可靠性(特别是175℃以上的HTS中的成绩)的观点出发,赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素相对于线整体的浓度合计优选为0.011质量%以上,更优选为0.030质量%以上,进一步优选为0.050质量%以上、0.070质量%以上、0.09质量%以上、0.10质量%以上、0.15质量%以上或0.20质量%以上。关于赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素的详细情况会在后面进行说明。
如上所述,在楔形接合方面,接合线会发生剧烈变形。如果在变形时线发生加工硬化,则接合后的线变硬,其结果会导致楔形接合的接合强度降低。为了维持良好的楔形接合强度,由下述式(1)定义的耐力比优选为1.6以下,更优选为1.55以下,进一步优选为1.50以下、1.45以下或1.40以下。从能够发挥良好的楔形接合性的观点出发,耐力比优选为1.1以上。
耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力 (1)
作为将式(1)的耐力比保持在优选范围的手段,例如可举出:(i)对于与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面测定晶体取向,对结果中的线长度方向的晶体取向之中相对于线长度方向角度差为15度以下的晶体取向<100>的取向比例(以下也简称为“<100>取向比例”)进行控制,(ii)对与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面的平均晶体粒径(以下也简称为“平均晶体粒径”)进行控制。如果采用通常的制造方法制造接合线,则耐力比会低于1.1或超过1.6,但通过如后所述在制造方法上下功夫,确认了能够使与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的线长度方向的晶体取向之中、包含相对于线长度方向角度差为15度以内的<100>的取向比例为30%以上,与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径为0.9~1.5μm,其结果能够使式(1)的耐力比为1.1~1.6。
<100>取向比例为30%以上时,与楔形接合时的变形相伴的线的加工硬化小,因此能够使耐力比为1.6以下。但是,即使在该情况下,平均晶体粒径小于0.9μm时,0.2%耐力较高(延展性差),因此耐力比会小于1.1,楔形接合性差。在平均晶体粒径超过1.5μm的情况下,<100>取向比例小于30%,并且0.2%耐力较低,因此推定耐力比超过1.6,楔形接合性差。
关于<100>取向比例,从减少与楔形接合时的变形相伴的线的加工硬化的观点出发,优选为30%以上,更优选为35%以上,进一步优选为40%以上、45%以上。对于<100>取向比例的上限不特别限定,例如可以为90%以下、80%以下、70%以下、60%以下、50%以下、小于50%(例如49%以下)。
从抑制耐力比的增大的观点出发,优选使与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径为0.9μm以上且1.5μm以下。可以使与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径的下限值为1.0μm以上、1.1μm以上、1.3μm以上、超过1.3μm(例如1.35μm以上)。
再者,即使在线的晶体结构满足上述条件的情况下,如果线中的赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素的含量过多,则耐力比有时也会增大。从实现耐力比为1.6以下、抑制接合线的硬质化从而抑制楔形接合性的降低的观点出发,赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素相对于线整体的浓度合计优选为2.0质量%以下、1.8质量%以下或1.6质量%以下。
在使接合线中含有赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素时,无论采用使Cu芯材中含有这些元素的方法、使这些元素被覆Cu芯材或线表面的方法中的任一种,都能够发挥上述本发明的效果。由于这些成分的添加量为极微量,因此添加方法的参差变动较大,无论采用那种方法添加,只要包含该成分就能够体现出效果。
本发明的接合线中,从得到良好的FAB形状的观点以及进一步改善车载用设备所需求的高温高湿环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性的观点出发,Pd被覆层的厚度优选为0.015μm以上,更优选为0.02μm以上,进一步优选为0.025μm以上、0.03μm以上、0.035μm以上、0.04μm以上、0.045μm以上或0.05μm以上。另一方面,如果Pd被覆层的厚度过厚则FAB形状变差,因此Pd被覆层的厚度优选为0.150μm以下、更优选为0.140μm以下、0.130μm以下、0.120μm以下、0.110μm以下或0.100μm以下。
对上述接合线的Cu合金芯材、Pd被覆层的定义进行说明。Cu合金芯材与Pd被覆层的边界以Pd浓度为基准来判定。将Pd浓度为50原子%的位置设为边界,将Pd浓度为50原子%以上的区域判定为Pd被覆层,将Pd浓度小于50原子%的区域判定为Cu合金芯材。该依据是由于,在Pd被覆层中,如果Pd浓度为50原子%以上,则根据Pd被覆层的结构可得到特性的改善效果。Pd被覆层可以包含Pd单层的区域、Pd和Cu在线的深度方向上具有浓度梯度的区域。在Pd被覆层中,形成具有该浓度梯度的区域的原因是由于,有时通过制造工序中的热处理等,会使Pd和Cu的原子扩散。在本发明中,浓度梯度是指沿深度方向的浓度变化的程度为每0.1μm为10mol%以上。另外,Pd被覆层可以包含不可避免的杂质。
本发明的接合线,可以在Pd被覆层的表面还具有包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。由此,本发明的接合线能够进一步提高接合可靠性,并且进一步改善楔形接合性。
对上述接合线的包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的定义进行说明。包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层与Pd被覆层的边界以Au浓度为基准来判定。将Au浓度为10原子%的位置设为边界,将Au浓度为10原子%以上的区域判定为包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层,将小于10原子%的区域判定为Pd被覆层。另外,即使是Pd浓度为50原子%以上的区域,只要存在10原子%以上的Au,则也判定为包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。这样的依据是由于,如果Au浓度为上述的浓度范围,则能够根据Au表皮层的结构期待特性的改善效果。包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层是Au-Pd合金,该区域包括Au和Pd在线的深度方向上具有浓度梯度的区域。在包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层中,形成具有该浓度梯度的理由是由于,通过制造工序中的热处理等会使Au和Pd的原子扩散。另外,包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层可以包含不可避免的杂质和Cu。
本发明的接合线中,包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层与Pd被覆层发生反应,能够提高包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层、Pd被覆层、Cu合金芯材之间的密合强度,并抑制楔形接合时的Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的剥离。由此,本发明的接合线能够进一步改善楔形接合性。从得到良好的楔形接合性的观点出发,包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的厚度优选为0.0005μm以上,更优选为0.001μm以上、0.002μm以上或0.003μm以上。从抑制偏芯、得到良好的FAB形状的观点出发,包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的厚度优选为0.050μm以下,更优选为0.045μm以下、0.040μm以下、0.035μm以下或0.030μm以下。再者,包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层,能够采用与Pd被覆层同样的方法形成。
在本发明中,作为赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素,例如可举出元素周期表第9族元素(Co、Rh、Ir)、元素周期表第10族元素(Ni、Pd、Pt)、元素周期表第11族元素(Ag、Au等)、元素周期表第12族元素(Zn等)、元素周期表第13族元素(Al、Ga、In等)、元素周期表第14族元素(Ge、Sn等)、元素周期表第15族元素(P、As、Sb、Bi等)、元素周期表第16族元素(Se、Te等)等。这些元素在接合线中可以单独包含一种,也可以组合两种以上包含。
在本发明中,作为赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素,优选接合线包含选自Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt之中的一种以上元素。这些元素相对于线整体的浓度合计优选为0.011~2质量%。
在作为半导体装置的包装的模具树脂(环氧树脂)中,包含硅烷偶联剂。硅烷偶联剂具有提高有机物(树脂)与无机物(硅、金属)的密合性的作用,因此能够使与硅基板、金属的密合性提高。另外,更加需求高温可靠性的用于车载的半导体等,在需求高的密合性的情况下添加“含硫的硅烷偶联剂”。模具树脂中所含的硫,在175℃以上(例如175℃~200℃)的条件下使用时会发生游离。并且,如果在175℃以上的高温下游离的硫与Cu接触,则Cu的腐蚀会变得剧烈,生成硫化物(Cu2S)、氧化物(CuO)。如果在使用Cu接合线的半导体装置中发生Cu的腐蚀,则尤其是球接合部的接合可靠性会降低。
因此,通过使接合线包含选自Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt之中的一种以上元素,并使所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.011~2质量%,能够提高高温环境下的接合可靠性(特别是175℃以上的HTS中的成绩)。从改善球接合部在高温环境下的接合可靠性(特别是175℃以上的HTS中的成绩)的观点出发,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计优选为0.011质量%以上,更优选为0.050质量%以上,进一步优选为0.070质量%以上、0.090质量%以上、0.10质量%以上、0.15质量%以上或0.20质量%以上。在以下的说明中,也将选自Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt之中的一种以上元素称为“元素MA”。
在本发明中,优选接合线包含选自Ga、Ge之中的一种以上元素,作为赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.011~1.5质量%。再者,线中可以替代元素MA或者与元素MA一起包含选自Ga、Ge之中的一种以上元素。在以下的说明中,也将选自Ga、Ge之中的一种以上元素称为“元素MB”。
在球接合部的FAB形成时,线中的Ga、Ge也会向Pd被覆层扩散。认为在球接合部的Cu与Al界面的Pd浓化层中存在的Ga、Ge,进一步提高由Pd浓化层带来的Cu和Al的相互扩散抑制效果,其结果会抑制生成在高温高湿环境下容易腐蚀的Cu9Al4。另外,线中所含的Ga、Ge也可能具有直接阻碍Cu9Al4的形成的效果。
另外,使用含有预定量的选自Ga、Ge之中的一种以上的被覆了Pd的Cu接合线形成球部,通过扫描型电子显微镜(SEM:Scanning Electron Microscope)观察FAB,在FAB的表面发现许多直径为几十nmφ左右的析出物。通过能量色散型X射线分析(EDS:EnergyDispersive X-ray Spectroscopy)对析出物进行分析,确认是Ga、Ge浓化。根据以上这样的状况,虽然详细机制尚不明确,但认为通过在FAB中观察到的该析出物存在于球部与电极的接合界面,使得温度为130℃、相对湿度为85%的高温高湿环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性进一步提高。
作为Ga、Ge的存在部位,优选为Cu合金芯材中,但即使包含于Pd被覆层和/或后述的包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层中,也可得到充分的作用效果。向Cu合金芯材中添加Ga、Ge的方法,便于准确的浓度管理,使线生产性、品质稳定性提高。另外,由于热处理带来的扩散等,也会使Ga、Ge的一部分包含于Pd被覆层和/或合金表皮层中,由此也能够使各层界面的密合性良好,使线生产性进一步提高。
另一方面,从得到良好的FAB形状的观点、抑制接合线的硬质化、得到良好的楔形接合性的观点出发,Ga、Ge相对于线整体的浓度合计为1.5质量%以下,优选为1.4质量%以下,更优选为1.3质量%以下或1.2质量%以下。
在本发明中,优选接合线包含选自As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.1~100质量ppm,Sn≤10质量ppm,Sb≤10质量ppm,Bi≤1质量ppm。再者,线中可以代替元素MA和/或元素MB、或者与元素MA和/或元素MB一起包含选自As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se之中的一种以上元素。在以下的说明中,也将选自As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se之中的一种以上元素称为“元素MC”。
在本发明中,认为作为赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素,接合线含有预定量的选自As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se之中的一种以上元素的情况下,也具有进一步抑制接合部的Cu9Al4金属间化合物的生成的倾向。如果含有预定量的这些元素,则在形成球时,芯材的Cu与被覆层的Pd的界面张力降低,界面的润湿性变得良好,因此球接合界面的Pd浓化更加明显。所以,由Pd浓化层带来的Cu和Al的相互扩散抑制效果进一步增强,其结果推定容易因Cl的作用而进行腐蚀的Cu9Al4的生成量减少,球接合部在高温高湿环境下的接合可靠性进一步提高。
如果接合线包含选自As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.1~100质量ppm,Sn≤10质量ppm,Sb≤10质量ppm,Bi≤1质量ppm,则能够进一步改善车载用设备所需求的高温高湿环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性。特别是使温度为130℃、相对湿度为85%的高温高湿环境下的球接合部的接合寿命提高,改善接合可靠性,因而优选。所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计优选为0.1质量ppm以上,更优选为0.5质量ppm以上,进一步优选为1质量ppm以上,更进一步优选为1.5质量ppm以上、2质量ppm以上、2.5质量ppm以上或3质量ppm以上。另一方面,从得到良好的FAB形状的观点出发,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计优选为100质量ppm以下,更优选为95质量ppm以下、90质量ppm以下、85质量ppm以下或80质量ppm以下。另外,在Sn浓度、Sb浓度超过10质量ppm的情况、或Bi浓度超过1质量ppm的情况下,FAB形状变得不好,因此通过使Sn≤10质量ppm、Sb≤10质量ppm、Bi≤1质量ppm,能够进一步改善FAB形状,因而优选。
本发明中,优选接合线还包含选自B、P、Mg、Ca、La之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度分别为1~200质量ppm。由此,能够改善高密度安装所需求的球接合部的挤压形状,即改善球接合部形状的真圆度。所述元素相对于线整体的浓度分别优选为1质量ppm以上,更优选为2质量ppm以上、3质量ppm以上、4质量ppm以上或5质量ppm以上。从抑制球的硬质化、抑制球接合时的芯片损坏的观点出发,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度分别优选为200质量ppm以下,更优选为150质量ppm以下、120质量ppm以下、100质量ppm以下、95质量ppm以下、90质量ppm以下、85质量ppm以下或80质量ppm以下。
如本发明这样,被覆了Pd的Cu接合线含有提高高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素的情况下,如果还在接合线的最表面存在Cu,则有接合部的Cu9Al4金属间化合物的生成进一步得到抑制的倾向。在被覆了Pd的Cu接合线含有提高高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素的情况下,如果还在接合线的最表面存在Cu,则通过接合线所含的所述元素与Cu的相互作用,在FAB形成时会促进FAB表面的Pd浓化,使球接合界面的Pd浓化更加明显。由此,推定由Pd浓化层带来的Cu和Al的相互扩散抑制效果进一步增强,容易因Cl的作用而进行腐蚀的Cu9Al4的生成量减少,球接合部在高温高湿环境下的接合可靠性进一步提高。
在Pd被覆层的最表面存在Cu的情况下,如果Cu的浓度为30原子%以上,则线表面的耐硫化性降低,接合线的使用寿命减少,因此有时不适合实用。所以,在Pd被覆层的最表面存在Cu的情况下,Cu的浓度优选小于30原子%。
另外,在Au表皮层的最表面存在Cu的情况下,如果Cu的浓度为35原子%以上,则线表面的耐硫化性降低,接合线的使用寿命减少,因此有时不适合实用。所以,在Au表皮层的最表面存在Cu的情况下,Cu的浓度优选小于35原子%。
在此,最表面是指在没有实施溅射等的状态下,通过俄歇电子光谱装置测定接合线的表面的区域。
作为Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的浓度分析,从接合线的表面向深度方向通过溅射等一边刮削一边进行分析的方法、或者使线截面露出进行线分析、点分析等的方法是有效的。这些浓度分析所使用的分析装置,可以利用具备扫描型电子显微镜或透过型电子显微镜的俄歇电子光谱分析装置、能量色散型X射线分析装置、电子束微量分析仪等。作为使线截面露出的方法,可以利用机械研磨、离子蚀刻法等。关于接合线中的Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt等的微量分析,可以利用ICP发射光谱分析装置、ICP质量分析装置,对由强酸溶解接合线得到的液体进行分析,作为接合线整体中所含的元素的浓度进行检测。
(制造方法)
下面,对本发明的实施方式涉及的接合线的制造方法进行说明。接合线可以通过下述方式获得:制造芯材所用的Cu合金之后,加工变细为线状,形成Pd被覆层、Au层,进行热处理。有时也会在形成Pd被覆层、Au层之后,再次进行拉丝和热处理。对Cu合金芯材的制造方法、Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的形成方法、热处理方法进行详细说明。
芯材所用的Cu合金,通过将成为原料的Cu和添加的元素一同溶解并使其凝固而获得。溶解可以利用电弧加热炉、高频加热炉、电阻加热炉等。为了防止从大气中混入O2、H2等气体,优选在真空气氛或Ar、N2等惰性气氛中进行溶解。
在Cu合金芯材的表面形成Pd被覆层、Au层的方法,有镀敷法、蒸镀法、熔融法等。镀敷法可以采用电解镀敷法、化学镀敷法(无电解镀敷法)的任一种。被称为冲击镀、闪镀的电解镀敷法,镀敷速度快,与基底的密合性也良好。化学镀所使用的溶液分为置换型和还原型,在厚度较薄的情况下仅通过置换型镀敷就足够了,但在厚度较厚的情况下在置换型镀敷之后阶段性地实施还原性镀敷是有效的。
蒸镀法中,可以利用溅射法、离子镀法、真空沉积等物理吸附以及等离子体CVD等化学吸附。都是干式方法,不需要Pd被覆层、Au层形成之后的清洗,不必担心清洗时的表面污染等。
通过在Pd被覆层、Au层形成后进行热处理,Pd被覆层的Pd向Au层中扩散,形成包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。也可以不在形成Au层之后通过热处理形成包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层,而是从最开始就被覆包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。
对于Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的形成,在拉丝为最终线径之后进行形成的方法、和形成为粗径的Cu合金芯材后多次拉丝成为目标线径的方法都是有效的。前者以最终直径形成Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的情况下,制造、品质管理等比较方便。后者将Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层与拉丝组合的情况下,在与Cu合金芯材的密合性提高这一点上有利。作为各形成方法的具体例,可举出对于最终线径的Cu合金芯材,一边在电解镀敷溶液中连续扫线一边形成Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的方法,或在电解或无电解镀敷浴中浸渍粗的Cu合金芯材,形成Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层之后,将线拉丝从而达到最终线径的方法等。
有时在形成Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层之后,进行热处理。通过进行热处理,在包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层、Pd被覆层、Cu合金芯材之间,原子扩散,密合强度提高,因此能够抑制加工中的包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层、Pd被覆层的剥离,在生产性提高这一点有利。为了防止从大气中混入O2,优选在真空气氛或Ar、N2等惰性气氛中进行热处理。
如上所述,通过调整对接合线实施的扩散热处理、退火热处理的条件,能够通过晶界扩散、晶内扩散等使芯材的Cu在Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的表皮合金层中扩散,使Cu到达接合线的最表面,从而使Cu存在于最表面。作为用于使Cu存在于最表面的热处理,如上所述,可以采用用于形成包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的热处理。在进行用于形成合金表皮层的热处理时,通过选择热处理温度和时间,能够使Cu存在于最表面、或者不使Cu存在于最表面。并且,也可以将最表面的Cu浓度调整为预定的范围(例如1~50原子%的范围)。可以通过在除了合金表皮层形成时以外进行的热处理,使Cu向最表面扩散。
如上所述,在使接合线中含有赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素时,无论采用使Cu芯材中含有该元素的方法、还是使该元素附着在Cu芯材或线表面而含有的方法,都能够发挥上述本发明的效果。关于B、P、Mg、Ca、La也是同样的。
作为上述成分的添加方法,最简单的是预先添加到Cu合金芯材的起始原料中的方法。例如,将高纯度的铜和上述成分元素原料作为起始原料进行称量之后,将其在高真空下或氮气、氩气等惰性气氛下加热溶解,由此作成添加有目标浓度范围的上述成分的锭,作为包含目标浓度的上述成分元素的起始原料。因此在一优选实施方式中,本发明的接合线的Cu合金芯材包含选自Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.011~2质量%。该浓度的合计的优选数值范围如上所述。在另一优选实施方式中,本发明的接合线的Cu合金芯材包含选自Ga、Ge之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.011~1.5质量%。该浓度的合计的优选数值范围如上所述。在另一优选实施方式中,本发明的接合线的Cu合金芯材包含选自As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.1~100质量ppm,Sn≤10质量ppm,Sb≤10质量ppm,Bi≤1质量ppm。该浓度的优选数值范围如上所述。在一优选实施方式中,Cu合金芯材的Cu的纯度为3N以下(优选为2N以下)。以往的Pd被覆Cu接合线中,从接合性的观点出发,有使用高纯度(4N以上)的Cu芯材,避免使用低纯度的Cu芯材的倾向。含有特定元素的本发明的接合线,如上所述使用Cu的纯度较低的Cu合金芯材的情况下,特别适合于实现车载用设备所需求的高温高湿环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性。在另一优选实施方式中,本发明的接合线的Cu合金芯材包含选自B、P、Mg、Ca、La之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度分别为1~200质量ppm。该浓度的优选数值范围如上所述。在另一优选实施方式中,本发明的接合线的Cu合金芯材合计包含0.1~3.0质量%的元素周期表第10族的金属元素。该浓度的优选数值范围如上所述。
在线制造工序的过程中,也可以通过使上述成分被覆在线表面而含有。该情况下,可以组入线制造工序的某一处,可以反复进行多次。也可以组入多个工序中。可以向被覆Pd前的Cu表面添加,可以向被覆Pd后的Pd表面添加,可以向被覆Au后的Au表面添加,也可以组入各被覆工序中。作为被覆方法,可以选择(1)(2)镀敷法(湿式)、(3)蒸镀法(干式)。
采用的方法的情况下,首先用包含上述成分元素的水溶性的化合物调制适当浓度的水溶液。由此,能够使上述成分进入线材料。可以组入线制造工序的某一处,可以反复进行多次。也可以组入多个工序中。可以向被覆Pd前的Cu表面添加,可以向被覆Pd后的Pd表面添加,可以向被覆Au后的Au表面添加,也可以组入各被覆工序中。
采用镀敷法(湿式)的情况下,镀敷法可以应用电解镀敷法、化学镀敷法的任一种。电解镀敷法除了通常的电解镀敷以外,可以采用被称为闪镀的镀敷速度快、与基底的密合性也良好的镀敷法。化学镀所使用的溶液有置换型和还原型。通常镀敷厚度较薄的情况下采用置换型镀敷,较厚的情况下采用还原型镀敷,两者都可以采用,根据想要添加的浓度进行选择,并调整镀敷液浓度、时间即可。电解镀敷法、化学镀敷法都可以组入线制造工序的某一处,可以反复进行多次。也可以组入多个工序中。可以向被覆Pd前的Cu表面添加,可以向被覆Pd后的Pd表面添加,可以向被覆Au后的Au表面添加,也可以组入各被覆工序中。
蒸镀法(干式)有溅射法、离子镀法、真空蒸镀法、等离子体CVD等。由于是干式,因此不需要前处理和后处理,优点在于不必担心污染。通常蒸镀法的问题是目标元素的添加速度较慢,但由于上述成分元素的添加浓度较低,因此属于适合本发明的目的的方法之一。
各蒸镀法可以组入线制造工序的某一处,可以反复进行多次。也可以组入多个工序中。可以向被覆Pd前的Cu表面添加,可以向被覆Pd后的Pd表面添加,可以向被覆Au后的Au表面添加,也可以组入各被覆工序中。
对下述制造方法进行说明,该方法用于在对与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面测定晶体取向得到的结果中,使线长度方向的晶体取向之中、相对于线长度方向角度差为15度以下的晶体取向<100>的取向比例为30%以上,使与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径为0.9~1.5μm。
如果使接合线的Cu合金芯材中含有赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素,则线的材料强度(硬度)增高。因此,在将Cu芯线的接合线进行拉丝加工时,使拉丝时的减面率成为5~8%这样的低的减面率。另外,在拉丝后的热处理中,由于硬度仍然较高,因此为了软化为能够作为接合线使用的水平,以600℃以上的温度进行热处理。由于是高的热处理温度,会导致线长度方向的<100>取向比例小于30%,同时芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径超过1.5μm,耐力比超过1.6。另一方面,如果想要降低耐力比从而降低热处理温度,则会使芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径小于0.9μm,耐力比小于1.1,楔形接合性差。
与此相对,本发明中,在使用模具进行拉丝时,使模具总数的一半以上的模具中的减面率成为10%以上,并且使拉丝后的热处理时的热处理温度成为500℃以下这样较低的温度。其结果,在对与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面测定晶体取向得到的结果中,能够使线长度方向的晶体取向之中、相对于线长度方向角度差为15度以下的晶体取向<100>的取向比例为30%以上,使与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径为0.9~1.5μm。应用最新的拉丝加工技术,作为润滑液,将润滑液中所含的非离子系表面活性的浓度设计为比以往更高,作为模具形状,将模具的接近角度设计为比以往缓和,将模具的冷却水温度设定为比以往更低等,通过这些的协同效果,虽然在Cu合金芯材中合计含有0.03质量%以上的Ni等成分而硬质化,但仍然能够进行减面率为10%以上的拉丝加工。
在测定线截面的晶体取向时,优选采用背散射电子衍射法(EBSD,ElectronBackscattered Diffraction)。EBSD法具有对观察面的晶体取向进行观察,能够将相邻的测定点之间的晶体取向的角度差进行图示的特征,即使是接合线这样的细线,也能够比较简单并且精度良好地观察晶体取向。关于粒径测定,可以对采用EBSD法得到的测定结果,通过利用装置所具备的分析软件求出。本发明中规定的晶体粒径,是将测定区域内所包含的晶体的当量直径(与晶粒的面积相当的圆的直径;当量圆直径)进行算术平均求出的。
本发明并不限定于上述实施方式,可以在本发明的主旨的范围内进行适当变更。
实施例
以下示出实施例,对本发明的实施方式涉及的接合线进行具体说明。
<本发明例1~59和比较例1~16>
(样品的制作)
首先,对样品的制作方法进行说明。作为芯材的原材料的Cu使用纯度为99.99质量%以上且余量由不可避免的杂质构成的材料。Au、Pd、Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt使用纯度为99质量%以上且余量由不可避免的杂质构成的材料。调制作为向芯材添加的元素的Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt,以使得线或芯材的组成成为目标组成。关于Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt的添加,也可以以单体进行调制,但在单体的高熔点的元素和/或添加量为极微量的情况下,可以预先制作包含添加元素的Cu母合金,然后调整为目标添加量。本发明例27~47中,还含有Ga、Ge、As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se、B、P、Mg、Ca、La中的一种以上。
芯材的Cu合金,通过连铸制造为几mm的线径。对所得到的几mm的合金进行拉丝加工,制作φ0.3~1.4mm的线。拉丝使用市售的润滑液,拉丝速度设为20~150m/分钟。在为了除去线表面的氧化膜而通过盐酸等进行酸洗处理之后,以覆盖芯材的Cu合金的整个表面的方式形成1~15μm的Pd被覆层。并且,一部分的线在Pd被覆层上形成0.05~1.5μm的包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的形成采用电解镀敷法。镀敷液使用市售的半导体用镀敷液。然后,主要使用减面率为10~21%的模具进行拉丝加工,并且在过程中以200~500℃进行1~3次热处理,由此加工成直径为20μm。加工后进行热处理,使得最终断裂伸长率约为5~15%。热处理方法是一边连续扫线一边进行的,并且是一边流通N2或Ar气体一边进行的。线的进给速度为10~90m/分钟,热处理温度为350~500℃,热处理时间为1~10秒。
(评价方法)
关于线中的Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt、Ga、Ge、As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se、B、P、Mg、Ca、La含量,利用ICP发射光谱分析装置,作为接合线整体所含的元素的浓度进行分析。
作为Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的浓度分析,从接合线的表面向深度方向一边通过溅射等进行刮削一边实施俄歇电子光谱分析。根据所得到的深度方向的浓度分布,求出Pd被覆层厚度、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层厚度。
关于与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的线长度方向的晶体取向之中、相对于线长度方向角度差为15度以下的晶体取向<100>的取向比例,采用EBSD法对观察面(即、与线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面)的晶体取向进行观察后算出。EBSD测定数据的分析利用专用软件(TSLソリューションズ制OIM analisis等)。关于与线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径,采用EBSD法对观察面的晶体取向进行观察后算出。EBSD测定数据的分析利用专用软件(TSLソリューションズ制OIM analisis等)。晶体粒径是将测定区域内所含的晶粒的当量直径(与晶粒的面积相当的圆的直径;当量圆直径)进行算术平均得到的。
关于0.2%耐力和最大耐力,通过将标记点之间的距离设为100mm进行拉伸试验来评价。作为拉伸试验装置,使用インストロン公司制万能材料试验机5542型。0.2%耐力使用装置所装备的专用软件算出。另外,将断裂时的负荷作为最大耐力。由下述式(1)算出耐力比。
耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力(1)
关于线接合部的楔形接合性的评价,对BGA基板的楔形接合部进行1000条的接合,根据接合部的剥离的发生频率进行判定。所使用的BGA基板被实施了Ni和Au的镀敷。在本评价中,假设比通常更严酷的接合条件,将工作台温度设定为比一般的设定温度区域低的150℃。在上述评价中,在发生11个以上不良的情况下判断为有问题,标记为×,如果不良为6~10个则能够实用但稍有问题,标记为△,在不良为1~5个的情况下判断为没问题,标记为○,在没有发生不良的情况下判断为优秀,标记为◎,在表1~表4的“楔形接合性”一栏中表示。
关于高温高湿环境或高温环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性,制作接合可靠性评价用的样品,进行HTS评价,根据球接合部的接合寿命来判定。接合可靠性评价用的样品通过下述方式制作:对于在一般的金属框架上的Si基板上形成厚度为0.8μm的Al-1.0%Si-0.5%Cu的合金膜的电极,使用市售的焊线机进行球接合,并通过市售的环氧树脂密封。一边以0.4~0.6L/min的流量流通N2+5%H2气体一边形成球,其尺寸为φ33~34μm的范围。
关于HTS评价,使用高温恒温器,将制作的接合可靠性评价用的样品暴露在温度200℃的高温环境中。每500小时实施球接合部的剪切试验,将直到剪切强度的值成为初期得到的剪切强度的1/2的时间作为球接合部的接合寿命。高温高湿试验后的剪切试验,在通过酸处理除去树脂而使球接合部露出之后进行。
HTS评价的剪切试验机使用DAGE公司制的试验机。剪切强度的值采用随机选择的球接合部的10处测定值的平均值。在上述评价中,接合寿命如果为500小时以上且小于1000小时,则判断为能够实用但有必要改善,标记为△,如果为1000小时以上且小于3000小时则判断为实用方面没有问题,标记为○,如果为3000小时以上则判断为特别优秀,标记为◎,在表1~表4的“HTS”一栏中表示。
关于球形成性(FAB形状)的评价,采用进行接合之前的球进行观察,判定球表面是否存在气泡、原本作为真球的球是否发生变形。在发生上述任一者的情况下判断为不良。关于球的形成,为了抑制熔融工序中的氧化,一边以0.5L/min的流量吹送N2气体一边进行。球的尺寸为34μm。针对1个条件观察50个球。观察使用SEM。在球形成性的评价中,在发生5个以上不良的情况下判断为有问题,标记为×,如果不良为3~4个则能够实用但稍有问题,标记为△,在不良为1~2个的情况下判断为没有问题,标记为○,在没有发生不良的情况下判断为优秀,标记为◎,在表1~表4的“FAB形状”一栏中表示。
关于温度为130℃、相对湿度为85%的高温高湿环境下的球接合部的接合寿命,可以通过以下的HAST评价进行评价。关于HAST评价,使用不饱和型压力锅试验机,将制作的接合可靠性评价用的样品暴露在温度130℃、相对湿度85%的高温高湿环境中,施加5V的偏压。每48小时实施球接合部的剪切试验,将直到剪切强度的值成为初期得到的剪切强度的1/2的时间作为球接合部的接合寿命。高温高湿试验后的剪切试验,在通过酸处理除去树脂而使球接合部露出之后进行。
HAST评价的剪切试验机使用DAGE公司制的试验机。剪切强度的值采用随机选择的球接合部的10处测定值的平均值。在上述的评价中,接合寿命如果为144小时以上且小于288小时则判断为实用方面没问题,标记为○,如果为288小时以上且小于384小时则判断为优秀,标记为◎,如果为384小时以上则判断为特别优秀,标记为◎◎,在表1~表4的“HAST”一栏中表示。
关于球接合部的挤压形状的评价,从正上方观察进行了接合的球接合部,通过其真圆度进行判定。接合对象使用在Si基板上形成厚度为1.0μm的Al-0.5%Cu的合金膜的电极。观察使用光学显微镜,对1个条件观察200处。将与真圆差距较大的椭圆状、在变形上具有各向异性的判断为球接合部的挤压形状不良。在上述评价中,在不良为1~3个的情况下判断为没有问题,标记为○,在全部得到良好的真圆度的情况下判断为特别优秀,标记为◎,在表1~表4的“挤压形状”一栏中表示。
(评价结果)
本发明例1~59的接合线,在线中含有0.011~1.2质量%的Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt,且耐力比(=最大耐力/0.2%耐力)都在1.1~1.6的范围内,由HTS评价得到的球接合部高温可靠性以及楔形接合性的结果都为良好。关于本发明的接合线,认为由于使拉丝时的减面率为10%以上,使拉丝后的热处理时的热处理温度为500℃以下这样较低的温度,因此在对与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面测定晶体取向而得到的结果中,能够使线长度方向的晶体取向之中、相对于线长度方向角度差为15度以下的晶体取向<100>的取向比例为30%以上,使与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径为0.9~1.5μm,能够使耐力比为上述范围。
另外,本发明例涉及的接合线,具有Cu合金芯材和形成于Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层,Pd被覆层的厚度为优选范围即0.015~0.150μm的范围,FAB形状都很良好。
另一方面,关于耐力比小于1.1的比较例1、3、10、11,楔形接合性都不良,关于耐力比超过1.6的比较例2、4~9、12~16,楔形接合性不良或存在问题。特别是比较例15和16,线中不包含赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素,因此HTS、HAST的结果也不良。在比较例1、3、10、11中耐力比降低,认为是由于模具的减面率小于10%,芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径小于0.9μm。在比较例2、4~9、12~14中耐力比增大,认为是由于热处理温度为600℃以上这样的较高的温度,线长度方向的<100>取向比例小于30%,特别是在比较例2、6、8、9、14中,是由于热处理温度为620℃以上这样的较高的温度,芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径超过1.5μm。
<本发明例2-1~2-40>
(样品)
首先,对样品的制作方法进行说明。成为芯材的原材料的Cu,使用纯度为99.99质量%以上且余量由不可避免的杂质构成的材料。Ga、Ge、Ni、Ir、Pt、Pd、B、P、Mg采用纯度为99质量%以上且余量由不可避免的杂质构成的材料。调制作为向芯材添加的元素的Ga、Ge、Ni、Ir、Pt、Pd、B、P、Mg,以使得线或芯材的组成成为目标组成。关于Ga、Ge、Ni、Ir、Pt、Pd、B、P、Mg的添加,也可以以单体进行调制,但在单体的高熔点的元素和/或添加量为极微量的情况下,可以预先制作包含添加元素的Cu母合金,然后调整为目标添加量。
芯材的Cu合金通过下述方式制造:在加工成直径为φ3~6mm的圆柱型的碳坩埚中装填原料,使用高频炉在真空中或N2、Ar气体等惰性气氛中加热至1090~1300℃使其溶解之后,进行炉冷。对所得到的φ3~6mm的合金进行拉丝加工,加工成φ0.9~1.2mm之后,使用模具连续进行拉丝加工等,由此制作φ300~600μm的线。拉丝使用市售的润滑液,拉丝速度设为20~150m/分钟。在为了除去线表面的氧化膜而通过盐酸进行酸洗处理之后,以覆盖芯材的Cu合金的整个表面的方式形成1~15μm的Pd被覆层。并且,一部分的线在Pd被覆层上形成0.05~1.5μm的包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的形成采用电解镀敷法。镀敷液使用市售的半导体用镀敷液。然后,反复进行200~500℃的热处理和拉丝加工,由此加工成直径为20μm。加工后一边流通N2或Ar气体一边进行热处理,使得最终断裂伸长率约为5~15%。热处理方法是一边连续扫线一边进行的,是一边流通N2或Ar气体一边进行的。线的进给速度为20~200m/分钟,热处理温度为200~600℃,热处理时间为0.2~1.0秒。
作为Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的浓度分析,从接合线的表面向深度方向一边利用Ar离子进行溅射一边使用俄歇电子光谱分析装置进行分析。被覆层和表皮合金层的厚度是根据所得到的深度方向的浓度分布(深度的单位以SiO2换算)求出的。将Pd的浓度为50原子%以上且Au的浓度小于10原子%的区域作为Pd被覆层,将位于Pd被覆层的表面的Au浓度为10原子%以上的范围的区域作为合金表皮层。将被覆层和合金表皮层的厚度以及Pd最大浓度分别记载于表5和表6。Cu合金芯材中的Pd的浓度采用下述方法测定:使线截面露出,通过扫描型电子显微镜具备的电子束微量分析仪进行线分析、点分析等。作为使线截面露出的方法,利用机械研磨、离子蚀刻法等。关于接合线中的Ga、Ge、Ni、Ir、Pt、B、P、Mg的浓度,利用ICP发射光谱分析装置、ICP质量分析装置,对由强酸溶解接合线得到的液体进行分析,作为接合线整体中所含的元素的浓度进行检测。
将以上述步骤制作的各样品的构成示于下述表5和表6。
(评价方法)
将线表面作为观察面,进行晶体组织的评价。作为评价方法,采用背散射电子衍射法(EBSD、Electron Backscattered Diffraction)。EBSD法具有对观察面的晶体取向进行观察,能够将相邻的测定点之间的晶体取向的角度差进行图示的特征,即使是接合线这样的细线,也能够比较简便且精度良好地观察晶体取向。
将线表面这样的曲面作为对象,在实施EBSD法的情况下需要注意。如果测定曲率较大的部位,则难以进行高精度的测定。但是,通过将供于测定的接合线平面地固定在直线上,对该接合线的中心附近的平坦部进行测定,能够进行高精度的测定。具体而言,可以设为以下这样的测定区域。圆周方向的尺寸以线长度方向的中心为轴设为线径的50%以下,线长度方向的尺寸设为100μm以下。优选圆周方向的尺寸设为线径的40%以下,如果线长度方向的尺寸设为40μm以下,则能够通过测定时间的缩短而提高测定效率。为了进一步提高精度,期望测定3处以上,得到将参差变动考虑在内的平均信息。测定部位可以分离1mm以上从而互不接近。
关于与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的线长度方向的晶体取向之中、相对于线长度方向角度差为15度以下的晶体取向<100>的取向比例、以及与线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径(μm),采用与本发明例1~59同样的方法求出。另外,关于0.2%耐力和最大耐力,采用与本发明例1~59同样的方法进行评价,根据上述式(1)算出耐力比。
关于高温高湿环境或高温环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性,制作接合可靠性评价用的样品,进行HAST和HTS评价,通过各试验中的球接合部的接合寿命来判定。接合可靠性评价用的样品通过下述方式制作:对于在一般的金属框架上的Si基板上形成厚度为0.8μm的Al-1.0%Si-0.5%Cu的合金膜的电极,使用市售的焊线机进行球接合,并通过市售的环氧树脂密封。一边以0.4~0.6L/min的流量流通N2+5%H2气体一边形成球,其尺寸为φ33~34μm的范围。
关于HAST评价,使用不饱和型压力锅试验机,将制作的接合可靠性评价用的样品暴露在温度130℃、相对湿度85%的高温高湿环境中,施加7V的偏压。每48小时实施球接合部的剪切试验,将直到剪切强度的值成为初期得到的剪切强度的1/2的时间作为球接合部的接合寿命。高温高湿试验后的剪切试验,在通过酸处理除去树脂而使球接合部露出之后进行。
HAST评价的剪切试验机使用DAGE公司制的试验机。剪切强度的值采用随机选择的球接合部的10处测定值的平均值。在上述评价中,接合寿命如果小于96小时则判断为实用上有问题,标记为×,如果为96小时以上且小于144小时则判断为能够实用但稍有问题,标记为△,如果为144小时以上且小于288小时则判断为实用方面没有问题,标记为○,如果为288小时以上则判断为特别优秀,标记为◎,在表5和表6的“HAST”一栏中表示。
关于HTS评价,使用高温恒温器,将制作的接合可靠性评价用的样品暴露在温度200℃的高温环境中。每500小时实施球接合部的剪切试验,将直到剪切强度的值成为初期得到的剪切强度的1/2的时间作为球接合部的接合寿命。高温高湿试验后的剪切试验,在通过酸处理除去树脂而使球接合部露出之后进行。
HTS评价的剪切试验机使用DAGE公司制的试验机。剪切强度的值采用随机选择的球接合部的10处测定值的平均值。在上述评价中,接合寿命如果为500小时以上且小于1000小时则判断为能够实用但有必要改善,标记为△,如果为1000小时以上且小于3000小时则判断为实用方面没有问题,标记为○,如果为3000小时以上则判断为特别优秀,标记为◎。
关于球形成性(FAB形状)的评价,采用进行接合之前的球进行观察,判定球表面是否存在气泡、原本作为真球的球是否发生变形。在发生上述任一者的情况下判断为不良。关于球的形成,为了抑制熔融工序中的氧化,一边以0.5L/min的流量吹送N2气体一边进行。球的尺寸为34μm。针对1个条件观察50个球。观察使用SEM。在球形成性的评价中,在发生5个以上不良的情况下判断为有问题,标记为×,如果不良为3~4个则能够实用但稍有问题,标记为△,在不良为1~2个的情况下判断为没有问题,标记为○,在没有发生不良的情况下判断为优秀,标记为◎,在表5和表6的“FAB形状”一栏中表示。
关于线接合部的楔形接合性的评价,对引线框架的引线部分进行1000条的接合,根据接合部的剥离的发生频率进行判定。引线框架使用实施了1~3μm的镀Ag的Fe-42原子%Ni合金引线框架。在本评价中,假设比通常更严酷的接合条件,将工作台温度设定为比一般的设定温度区域低的150℃。在上述评价中,在发生11个以上不良的情况下判断为有问题,标记为×,如果不良为6~10个则能够实用但稍有问题,标记为△,在不良为1~5个的情况下判断为没问题,标记为○,在没有发生不良的情况下判断为优秀,标记为◎,在表5和表6的“楔形接合性”一栏中表示。
关于球接合部的挤压形状的评价,从正上方观察进行了接合的球接合部,通过其真圆度进行判定。接合对象使用在Si基板上形成厚度为1.0μm的Al-0.5%Cu的合金膜的电极。观察使用光学显微镜,对1个条件观察200处。将与真圆差距较大的椭圆状、在变形上具有各向异性的判断为球接合部的挤压形状不良。在上述评价中,在发生6个以上不良的情况下判断为有问题,标记为×,如果不良为4~5个则能够实用但稍有问题,标记为△,在不良为1~3个的情况下判断为没有问题,标记为○,在全部得到良好的真圆度的情况下判断为特别优秀,标记为◎,在表5和表6的“挤压形状”一栏中表示。
[倾斜]
对评价用引线框架,以回路长度为5mm、回路高度为0.5mm进行100根接合。作为评价方法,从芯片水平方向观察线直立部,以穿过球接合部的中心的垂线与线直立部的间隔最大时的间隔(倾斜间隔)进行评价。在倾斜间隔小于线径的情况下判断为倾斜良好,在大于线径的情况下由于直立部倾斜因此判断为倾斜不良。利用光学显微镜观察100根连接的线,数出倾斜不良的根数。在发生7个以上不良的情况下判断为有问题,标记为×,如果不良为4~6个则能够实用但稍有问题,标记为△,在不良为1~3个的情况下判断为没有问题,标记为○,在没有发生不良的情况下判断为优秀,标记为◎,在表5和表6的“倾斜”一栏中表示。
(评价结果)
如表5和表6所示,本发明例2-1~2-40涉及的接合线,具有Cu合金芯材和形成于Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层,接合线包含选自Ga、Ge之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.011~1.5质量%。由此确认本发明例2-1~2-40涉及的接合线,在温度为130℃、相对湿度为85%的高温高湿环境下的HAST试验中得到球接合部可靠性。
并且确认本发明例2-1~2-40涉及的接合线由于耐力比为1.1~1.6,从而得到优异的楔形接合性。
在接合线还包含选自Ni、Ir、Pt、Pd之中的一种以上元素的本发明例中,确认由HTS评价得到的球接合部高温可靠性更加良好。
接合线还包含选自B、P、Mg之中的一种以上元素的本发明例,由于所述元素相对于线整体的浓度分别为1~200质量ppm,使得球接合部的挤压形状良好。
<本发明例3-1~3-56>
(样品)
首先,对样品的制作方法进行说明。成为芯材的原材料的Cu,采用纯度为99.99质量%以上且余量由不可避免的杂质构成的材料。As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se、Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt、Ga、Ge、Pd、B、P、Mg、Ca、La采用纯度为99质量%以上且余量由不可避免的杂质构成的材料。调制作为向芯材添加的元素的As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se、Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt、Ga、Ge、Pd、B、P、Mg、Ca、La,以使得线或芯材的组成成为目标组成。关于As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se、Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt、Ga、Ge、Pd、B、P、Mg、Ca、La的添加,也可以以单体进行调制,但在单体的高熔点的元素和/或添加量为极微量的情况下,可以预先制作包含添加元素的Cu母合金,然后调整为目标添加量。
芯材的Cu合金通过下述方式制造:在加工成直径为φ3~6mm的圆柱型的碳坩埚中装填原料,使用高频炉在真空中或N2、Ar气体等惰性气氛中加热至1090~1300℃使其溶解之后,进行炉冷。对所得到的φ3~6mm的合金进行拉丝加工,加工成φ0.9~1.2mm之后,使用模具连续进行拉丝加工等,由此制作φ300~600μm的线。拉丝使用市售的润滑液,拉丝速度设为20~150m/分钟。在为了除去线表面的氧化膜而通过盐酸进行酸洗处理之后,以覆盖芯材的Cu合金的整个表面的方式形成1~15μm的Pd被覆层。并且,一部分的线在Pd被覆层上形成0.05~1.5μm的包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的形成采用电解镀敷法。镀敷液使用市售的半导体用镀敷液。然后,反复进行200~500℃的热处理和拉丝加工,由此加工成直径为20μm。加工后一边流通N2或Ar气体一边进行热处理,使得最终断裂伸长率约为5~15%。热处理方法是一边连续扫线一边进行的,是一边流通N2或Ar气体一边进行的。线的进给速度为20~200m/分钟,热处理温度为200~600℃,热处理时间为0.2~1.0秒。
作为Pd被覆层、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的浓度分析,从接合线的表面向深度方向一边通过溅射等进行刮削一边实施俄歇电子光谱分析。根据所得到的深度方向的浓度分布,求出Pd被覆层的厚度、包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的厚度以及Pd最大浓度。
关于本发明例3-1~3-50,使芯材中含有选自As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se之中的元素。关于本发明例3-51~3-56,作为芯材使用纯度为99.99质量%以上的Cu,在线制造工序中,采用电镀法使As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se被覆线表面(被覆层),由此含有这些元素。
关于本发明例3-34~3-44,使Cu存在于接合线的最表面。在表8设置“线表面Cu浓度”一栏,记载通过俄歇电子光谱分析装置测定接合线的表面得到的结果。通过选择接合线的热处理温度和时间,使最表面含有预定浓度的Cu。关于本发明例3-1~3-33、3-45~3-56,设置为不使Cu存在于最表面的热处理条件,通过俄歇电子光谱分析装置没有检测到Cu。
将按照上述步骤制作的各样品的构成示于表7和表8。
(评价方法)
将线表面作为观察面,进行晶体组织的评价。作为评价方法,采用背散射电子衍射法(EBSD,Electron Backscattered Diffraction)。EBSD法具有对观察面的晶体取向进行观察,能够将相邻的测定点之间的晶体取向的角度差进行图示的特征,即使是接合线这样的细线,也能够比较简便且精度良好地观察晶体取向。
将线表面这样的曲面作为对象,在实施EBSD法的情况下需要注意。如果测定曲率较大的部位,则难以进行高精度的测定。但是,通过将供于测定的接合线平面地固定在直线上,对该接合线的中心附近的平坦部进行测定,能够进行高精度的测定。具体而言,可以设为以下这样的测定区域。圆周方向的尺寸以线长度方向的中心为轴设为线径的50%以下,线长度方向的尺寸设为100μm以下。优选圆周方向的尺寸设为线径的40%以下,如果线长度方向的尺寸设为40μm以下,则能够通过测定时间的缩短而提高测定效率。为了进一步提高精度,期望测定3处以上,得到将参差变动考虑在内的平均信息。测定部位可以分离1mm以上从而互不接近。
关于与接合线的线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的线长度方向的晶体取向之中、相对于线长度方向角度差为15度以下的晶体取向<100>的取向比例,以及与线轴垂直的方向上的芯材截面中的平均晶体粒径(μm),采用与本发明例1~59同样的方法求出。另外,关于0.2%耐力和最大耐力,采用与本发明例1~59同样的方法进行评价,根据上述式(1)算出耐力比。
关于高温高湿环境或高温环境下的球接合部的接合可靠性,制作接合可靠性评价用的样品,进行HAST和HTS评价,通过各试验中的球接合部的接合寿命来判定。接合可靠性评价用的样品通过下述方式制作:对于在一般的金属框架上的Si基板上形成厚度为0.8μm的Al-1.0%Si-0.5%Cu的合金膜的电极,使用市售的焊线机进行球接合,并通过市售的环氧树脂密封。一边以0.4~0.6L/min的流量流通N2+5%H2气体一边形成球,其尺寸为φ33~34μm的范围。
关于HAST评价,使用不饱和型压力锅试验机,将制作的接合可靠性评价用的样品暴露在温度130℃、相对湿度85%的高温高湿环境中,施加5V的偏压。每48小时实施球接合部的剪切试验,将直到剪切强度的值成为初期得到的剪切强度的1/2的时间作为球接合部的接合寿命。高温高湿试验后的剪切试验,在通过酸处理除去树脂而使球接合部露出之后进行。
HAST评价的剪切试验机使用DAGE公司制的试验机。剪切强度的值采用随机选择的球接合部的10处测定值的平均值。在上述评价中,接合寿命如果小于96小时则判断为实用上有问题,标记为×,如果为96小时以上且小于144小时则判断为能够实用但稍有问题,标记为△,如果为144小时以上且小于288小时则判断为实用方面没有问题,标记为○,如果为288小时以上且小于384小时则判断为优秀,标记为◎,如果为384小时以上则判断为特别优秀,标记为◎◎,在表7和表8的“HAST”一栏中表示。
关于HTS评价,使用高温恒温器,将制作的接合可靠性评价用的样品暴露在温度200℃的高温环境中。每500小时实施球接合部的剪切试验,将直到剪切强度的值成为初期得到的剪切强度的1/2的时间作为球接合部的接合寿命。高温高湿试验后的剪切试验,在通过酸处理除去树脂而使球接合部露出之后进行。
HTS评价的剪切试验机使用DAGE公司制的试验机。剪切强度的值采用随机选择的球接合部的10处测定值的平均值。在上述评价中,接合寿命如果为500小时以上且小于1000小时则判断为能够实用但有必要改善,标记为△,如果为1000小时以上且小于3000小时则判断为实用方面没有问题,标记为○,如果为3000小时以上则判断为特别优秀,标记为◎,在表7和表8的“HTS”一栏中表示。
关于球形成性(FAB形状)的评价,采用进行接合之前的球进行观察,判定球表面是否存在气泡、原本作为真球的球是否发生变形。在发生上述任一者的情况下判断为不良。关于球的形成,为了抑制熔融工序中的氧化,一边以0.5L/min的流量吹送N2气体一边进行。球的尺寸为34μm。针对1个条件观察50个球。观察使用SEM。在球形成性的评价中,在发生5个以上不良的情况下判断为有问题,标记为×,如果不良为3~4个则能够实用但稍有问题,标记为△,在不良为1~2个的情况下判断为没有问题,标记为○,在没有发生不良的情况下判断为优秀,标记为◎,在表7和表8的“FAB形状”一栏中表示。
关于线接合部的楔形接合性的评价,对引线框架的引线部分进行1000条的接合,根据接合部的剥离的发生频率进行判定。引线框架使用实施了1~3μm的镀Ag的Fe-42原子%Ni合金引线框架。在本评价中,假设比通常更严酷的接合条件,将工作台温度设定为比一般的设定温度区域低的150℃。在上述评价中,在发生11个以上不良的情况下判断为有问题,标记为×,如果不良为6~10个则能够实用但稍有问题,标记为△,在不良为1~5个的情况下判断为没问题,标记为○,在没有发生不良的情况下判断为优秀,标记为◎,在表7和表8的“楔形接合性”一栏中表示。
关于球接合部的挤压形状的评价,从正上方观察进行了接合的球接合部,通过其真圆度进行判定。接合对象使用在Si基板上形成厚度为1.0μm的Al-0.5%Cu的合金膜的电极。观察使用光学显微镜,对1个条件观察200处。将与真圆差距较大的椭圆状、在变形上具有各向异性的判断为球接合部的挤压形状不良。在上述评价中,在发生6个以上不良的情况下判断为有问题,标记为×,如果不良为4~5个则能够实用但稍有问题,标记为△,在不良为1~3个的情况下判断为没有问题,标记为○,在全部得到良好的真圆度的情况下判断为特别优秀,标记为◎,在表7和表8的“挤压形状”一栏中表示。
[倾斜]
对评价用引线框架,以回路长度为5mm、回路高度为0.5mm进行100根接合。作为评价方法,从芯片水平方向观察线直立部,以穿过球接合部的中心的垂线与线直立部的间隔最大时的间隔(倾斜间隔)进行评价。在倾斜间隔小于线径的情况下判断为倾斜良好,在大于线径的情况下由于直立部倾斜因此判断为倾斜不良。利用光学显微镜观察100根连接的线,数出倾斜不良的根数。在发生7个以上不良的情况下判断为有问题,标记为×,如果不良为4~6个则能够实用但稍有问题,标记为△,在不良为1~3个的情况下判断为没有问题,标记为○,在没有发生不良的情况下判断为优秀,标记为◎,在表7和表8的“倾斜”一栏中表示。
(评价结果)
本发明例3-1~3-56涉及的接合线,具有Cu合金芯材和形成于Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层,接合线包含选自As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.1~100质量ppm。由此确认本发明例3-1~3-50涉及的接合线,在温度为130℃、相对湿度为85%的高温高湿环境下的HAST试验中得到球接合部可靠性。
关于在Pd被覆层上还具有包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的本发明例,确认通过使包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的层厚为0.0005~0.050μm,得到优异的楔形接合性。
本发明例3-21~3-33、3-35、3-37、3-39~3-44,确认通过接合线还包含选自Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt、Ga、Ge之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度分别为0.011~1.2质量%,Cu合金芯材中所含的Pd的浓度为0.05~1.2质量%,由此使HTS评价得到的球接合部高温可靠性良好。
本发明例3-22~3-26、3-29~3-32的接合线还包含选自B、P、Mg、Ca、La之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度分别为1~100质量ppm,由此FAB形状良好,并且楔形接合性良好。
本发明例3-34~3-44,线含有As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se,并且Cu存在于线的最表面。由此,本发明例3-34~3-44的HAST评价结果为◎◎或◎,观察到使Cu存在于最表面的效果。

Claims (9)

1.一种半导体装置用接合线,具有Cu合金芯材和形成于所述Cu合金芯材的表面的Pd被覆层,其特征在于,
所述接合线包含赋予高温环境下的连接可靠性的元素,
由下述式(1)定义的耐力比为1.1~1.6,
耐力比=最大耐力/0.2%耐力 (1)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述Pd被覆层的厚度为0.015~0.150μm。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,在所述Pd被覆层上还具有包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层。
4.根据权利要求3所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述包含Au和Pd的合金表皮层的厚度为0.050μm以下。
5.根据权利要求1~4的任一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述接合线包含选自Ni、Zn、Rh、In、Ir、Pt之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.011~2质量%。
6.根据权利要求1~5的任一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述接合线包含选自Ga、Ge之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.011~1.5质量%。
7.根据权利要求1~6的任一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述接合线包含选自As、Te、Sn、Sb、Bi、Se之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度合计为0.1~100质量ppm,Sn≤10质量ppm,Sb≤10质量ppm,Bi≤1质量ppm。
8.根据权利要求1~7的任一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,所述接合线还包含选自B、P、Mg、Ca、La之中的一种以上元素,所述元素相对于线整体的浓度分别为1~200质量ppm。
9.根据权利要求1~8的任一项所述的半导体装置用接合线,其特征在于,在所述接合线的最表面存在Cu。
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