WO2013162066A1 - 画像形成装置 - Google Patents
画像形成装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2013162066A1 WO2013162066A1 PCT/JP2013/062864 JP2013062864W WO2013162066A1 WO 2013162066 A1 WO2013162066 A1 WO 2013162066A1 JP 2013062864 W JP2013062864 W JP 2013062864W WO 2013162066 A1 WO2013162066 A1 WO 2013162066A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- image
- temperature
- image forming
- fixing
- recording material
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
- G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
- G03G15/2014—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat
- G03G15/2017—Structural details of the fixing unit in general, e.g. cooling means, heat shielding means
- G03G15/2028—Structural details of the fixing unit in general, e.g. cooling means, heat shielding means with means for handling the copy material in the fixing nip, e.g. introduction guides, stripping means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
- G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
- G03G15/2014—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat
- G03G15/2039—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat with means for controlling the fixing temperature
- G03G15/2046—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat with means for controlling the fixing temperature specially for the influence of heat loss, e.g. due to the contact with the copy material or other roller
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
- G03G15/20—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat
- G03G15/2003—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat
- G03G15/2014—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat
- G03G15/2039—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat with means for controlling the fixing temperature
- G03G15/205—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for fixing, e.g. by using heat using heat using contact heat with means for controlling the fixing temperature specially for the mode of operation, e.g. standby, warming-up, error
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G21/00—Arrangements not provided for by groups G03G13/00 - G03G19/00, e.g. cleaning, elimination of residual charge
- G03G21/14—Electronic sequencing control
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/00362—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes relating to the copy medium handling
- G03G2215/00535—Stable handling of copy medium
- G03G2215/00556—Control of copy medium feeding
- G03G2215/00599—Timing, synchronisation
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an image forming apparatus for forming an image on a recording material.
- an image forming apparatus that forms an image on a recording material
- a fixing device image heating device
- the target temperature is higher than the target temperature for plain paper in the fixing device. Image formation is started after the temperature of the fixing device rises.
- the apparatus described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2006-78555 delays the start of image formation while waiting for the temperature rise of the fixing device regardless of the number of thick paper images to be formed. There is a risk that it will be reduced. For example, in the case of an apparatus that forms an image with a productivity of 60 sheets per minute (1 second / sheet) after the temperature of the fixing device rises, if the printer waits for 30 seconds until the temperature rises, only two sheets are printed. Only 4 sheets of productivity can be demonstrated.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an image forming apparatus capable of appropriately performing image formation while shortening waiting time as much as possible.
- image forming means for forming an image on a recording material; fixing means for fixing an image formed on the recording material; detection means for detecting the temperature of the fixing means; a plurality of predetermined recording materials
- the image formation start timing is controlled in accordance with the output of the detection unit so that the image formation is started when the temperature of the fixing unit rises to a second temperature lower than the first temperature.
- an image forming means for forming an image on a recording material; a fixing means for fixing an image formed on the recording material; a detecting means for detecting the temperature of the fixing means; a plurality of predetermined recording materials
- the image is continuously formed, if the number of images formed is a predetermined number or more, the start of image formation is delayed until the temperature of the fixing unit rises to a target temperature corresponding to the type of the recording material, and the image
- image When the number of sheets formed is less than the predetermined number, image formation is started in response to the output of the detection unit so that the image formation is started when the temperature of the fixing unit rises to a predetermined temperature lower than the target temperature.
- An image forming apparatus having control means for controlling timing is provided.
- an image forming unit that forms an image on a recording material; a fixing unit that fixes an image formed on the recording material; and when image formation is continuously performed on a plurality of predetermined recording materials,
- the operation speed of each of the image forming unit and the fixing unit is controlled according to the type of the recording material.
- an image forming apparatus having control means for controlling the operation speeds of the fixing means and the fixing means to be higher than the operation speed corresponding to the type of recording material.
- an image forming means for forming an image on a recording material; a fixing means for fixing an image formed on the recording material; a detecting means for detecting the temperature of the fixing means; A first control unit that controls a target temperature of the fixing unit according to a plurality of first basis weights in a state where the temperature of the fixing unit is controlled to a first target temperature corresponding to the basis weight of the recording material.
- the start of image formation is delayed until the temperature of the fixing unit rises to the second target temperature corresponding to the basis weight of the recording material, and when the number of image formation is less than a predetermined number, the fixing is performed.
- a predetermined temperature lower than the second target temperature;
- Image forming apparatus is provided with a second control means for starting the image formation at the time of the rise time.
- an image forming means for forming an image on a recording material; a fixing means for heating an image formed on the recording material; the image forming means and the fixing means according to the basis weight of the recording material
- the operation speeds of the image forming unit and the fixing unit are reduced to a second image forming speed and a second fixing speed, which are slower than the first image forming speed and the first fixing speed, respectively.
- Start forming and image A second control unit for starting image formation when the number of sheets formed is less than a predetermined number, with the operation speeds of the image forming unit and the fixing unit being set to the first image forming speed and the first fixing speed, respectively;
- An image forming apparatus is provided.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of the configuration of the image forming apparatus.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a control system of the image forming apparatus.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of the configuration of the axial vertical cross section of the fixing device.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart of control according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of the temperature change of the fixing roller when the processing of thick paper is started from the standby state.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart of control according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory view of the temperature change of the fixing roller when the recording material is switched from thin paper to thick paper.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of the configuration of the image forming apparatus.
- an image forming apparatus 100 includes an image forming unit that functions as an image forming unit (image forming unit) that forms an image on a recording material, and a fixing unit (fixing) that fixes an image formed on the recording material.
- a fixing device functioning as a device.
- the image forming unit accommodates four image forming stations and a mechanism for transferring an image formed by the image forming station to a recording material, that is, an intermediate transfer member and a recording material.
- a recording material cassette, a transport mechanism for transporting the recording material to the secondary transfer unit, and the like are provided.
- This is a tandem intermediate transfer type full-color printer in which image forming stations Pa, Pb, Pc, and Pd of yellow, magenta, cyan, and black are arranged along an intermediate transfer belt 130 as an intermediate transfer member.
- a yellow toner image is formed on the photosensitive drum 3 a and transferred to the intermediate transfer belt 130.
- a magenta toner image is formed on the photosensitive drum 3b and transferred to the intermediate transfer belt 130.
- a cyan toner image and a black toner image are formed on the photosensitive drums 3c and 3d and transferred to the intermediate transfer belt 130.
- the four-color toner images carried on the intermediate transfer belt 130 are transported to the secondary transfer portion T2 and collectively transferred to the recording material P.
- the recording material P is pulled out from the recording material cassette 10a, separated one by one by the separation roller 6a, and fed to the registration roller 12.
- the registration roller 12 sends the recording material P to the secondary transfer portion T2 in time with the toner image on the intermediate transfer belt 130.
- the recording material P on which the four-color toner images are secondarily transferred is separated from the intermediate transfer belt 130 by the curvature and sent to the fixing device 9.
- the fixing device 9 heats and presses the recording material P carrying the toner image to fix the image on the surface of the recording material P. Thereafter, the recording material P is discharged out of the machine body.
- the image forming apparatus 100 can perform continuous printing by repeating operations of paper feeding, resist, image formation, fixing, and paper discharge.
- the image forming stations Pa, Pb, Pc, and Pd are substantially the same except that the toner colors used in the developing devices 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d are different. Therefore, in the following, the yellow image forming station Pa will be described, and for the other image forming stations Pb, Pc, and Pd, “a” at the end of the reference numerals attached to the configurations in the following description is read as “b”, “c”, and “d”. Shall be understood.
- the image forming station Pa surrounds the photosensitive drum 3a and includes a charging roller 2a, an exposure device 5a, a developing device 1a, a transfer roller 24a, and a drum cleaning device 4a.
- the photosensitive drum 3a is formed with an optical semiconductor photosensitive layer on the outer peripheral surface of an aluminum cylinder, and rotates in a direction indicated by an arrow at a predetermined process speed.
- the image forming apparatus 100 can output 80 A4-size full color images per minute at a process speed of 320 mm / sec.
- the charging roller 2a charges the photosensitive drum 3a to a uniform dark negative potential VD.
- the exposure device 5a scans the scanning line image data obtained by developing the yellow separated color image with a rotating mirror, and writes an electrostatic image of the image on the surface of the charged photosensitive drum 3a.
- the developing device 1a supplies toner to the photosensitive drum 3a to develop the electrostatic image into a toner image.
- the transfer roller 24 a presses the intermediate transfer belt 130 to form a toner image transfer portion between the photosensitive drum 3 a and the intermediate transfer belt 130.
- the drum cleaning device 4a rubs the photosensitive drum 3a with a cleaning blade, and collects transfer residual toner attached to the surface of the photosensitive drum 3a that has passed through the transfer portion.
- the intermediate transfer belt 130 is supported around the tension roller 15, the opposing roller 14, and the driving roller 13, and is driven by the driving roller 13 to rotate in the arrow R2 direction.
- the secondary transfer portion T2 is configured by bringing the secondary transfer roller 11 into contact with the intermediate transfer belt 130 supported by the counter roller 14. By applying a DC voltage to the secondary transfer roller 11, the toner image carried on the intermediate transfer belt 130 is secondarily transferred to the recording material P conveyed through the secondary transfer portion T2.
- the belt cleaning device 19 removes toner and paper dust by bringing a cleaning web (nonwoven fabric) into contact with the surface of the intermediate transfer belt 130.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of the control system of the image forming apparatus.
- the control unit 141 serving as a control unit monitors and controls the operation of each unit, and controls the operation of the various devices of the image forming apparatus 100 by controlling the command system between the units. Collectively, image formation is executed.
- the operation panel 142 is an interface for a user to access the image forming apparatus 100, and the user can use the operation panel 142 to display image forming job information (recording material information such as basis weight, image information such as density, and the number of prints). Etc.) is possible.
- image forming job information recording material information such as basis weight, image information such as density, and the number of prints. Etc.
- the image forming apparatus 100 can execute a “mixed job” for continuously printing by switching the type (basis weight) of the recording material.
- the recording material cassettes 10a and 10b can feed plain paper, thin paper, and thick paper as recording materials to the heating nip N.
- the operation panel 142 it is also possible to input the image forming job information to the image forming apparatus 100 from an external personal computer or the like.
- the input information is temporarily stored in a job information holding unit 143 that is a part of the control unit 141, and is used as a control parameter for various operations during job execution. ⁇ Feeding department>
- the registration roller 12 has a rubber roller made of ethylene / propylene rubber and having a diameter of 16 mm on the back side of the recording material, and a metal roller having a diameter of 16 mm is pressed from the recording material surface side with a 1 kg load. ing.
- the rubber roller has an ASKER-C hardness of 40 ° (1 kg load) and a surface roughness Rz of about 20 ⁇ m.
- the registration roller 12 prevents the recording material from skewing by temporarily stopping the recording material P at a conveyance nip formed by a rubber roller and a metal roller, and performs recording by timing the image formation and feeding of the recording material P.
- the image position on the material P is optimized.
- the control unit 141 controls the conveyance and stop of the recording material P when the recording material P is sent to the secondary transfer unit T2 by operating a stepping motor (not shown) to rotate the rubber roller.
- FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram of the configuration of the axial vertical section of the fixing device functioning as fixing means.
- the recording material P passes through the fixing device 9 from right to left in the drawing, and is nipped and conveyed by the nip portion N between the fixing roller 51 on the image surface side and the pressure roller 52 on the non-image surface side.
- the toner image is fixed on the surface by being heated and pressurized.
- the fixing device 9 forms a heating nip N by pressing the pressure roller 52 against the fixing roller 51 that functions as a heating member whose temperature is controlled to a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point of the toner.
- an elastic layer 51b made of silicon rubber having a thickness of 4 mm is disposed on the outer periphery of a core bar 51a made of a soft steel cylindrical material having an outer diameter of 72 mm, and the surface of the elastic layer 51b is covered with a release layer 51c of a PFA tube having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m. is doing.
- an elastic layer 52b made of silicon rubber having a thickness of 2 mm is disposed on the outer periphery of a core metal 52a made of a soft steel cylindrical material having an outer diameter of ⁇ 76 mm, and the surface of the elastic layer 52b is formed by a release layer 52c of a 30 ⁇ m thick PFA tube. It is covered.
- a 900 W heating element (halogen heater) 201 functioning as a heating means is disposed inside the fixing roller 51.
- a temperature sensor (thermistor) 205 functioning as a detection unit is disposed in contact with the surface on the outlet side of the heating nip N in the center of the fixing roller 51 in the rotation axis direction.
- the temperature control unit 145 controls the power supply to the heating element 201 based on the output of the temperature sensor 205, thereby changing the surface temperature of the fixing roller 51 detected by the temperature sensor 205 to the type (basis weight) of the recording material. The target temperature is adjusted accordingly.
- the fixing device 9 includes a contact / separation mechanism 50 that pressurizes and separates the pressure roller 52 from the fixing roller 51.
- the fixing device 9 waits for an image forming job in a state where the fixing roller 51 and the pressure roller 52 are separated from each other and the fixing roller 51 is temperature adjusted to the target temperature in the standby state.
- the both ends of the cored bar 51a of the fixing roller 51 are rotatably supported by bearings whose height positions are fixed. Both end portions of the cored bar 52 a of the pressure roller 52 are supported via a pressure spring 57 from a pressure frame 56 that can rotate about a rotation shaft 55.
- the control unit 141 controls the contact / separation motor 207 to press and release the pressure roller 52 to switch between the pressure state and the separation state with respect to the fixing roller 51.
- the total load when the pressure roller 52 is pressed by the contact / separation mechanism 50 is about 60 kgf, and a heating nip N having a length of about 10 mm is formed in the transport direction.
- the contact / separation mechanism 50 reduces the heat load when the fixing roller 51 is heated to the standby temperature at the time of activation by the separation of the pressure roller 52, thereby shortening the warm-up time. By separating the pressure roller 52, the fixing roller 51 is not deprived of heat, the warm-up time is shortened, and the power consumption of the fixing device 9 is also reduced. In addition, the contact / separation mechanism 50 improves the jam handling performance by the user by separating the pressure roller 52 when the recording material P is jammed. ⁇ Comparative example>
- the toner image on the recording material is formed by expanding the nip portion in the conveyance direction, increasing the thermal conductivity of the heating member, or increasing the heating efficiency or power efficiency so as to reduce energy loss.
- Productivity is improved by securing the amount of heat to be continuously fixed.
- the target temperature of the temperature adjustment of the fixing roller 51 is changed between thin paper and thick paper, or uncoated paper and coated paper, thereby improving compatibility with various types of recording materials.
- the optimum amount of heat differs in terms of image properties (toner offset property, image gloss, etc.) and transportability (wrinkles, paper wave, fixing separation, etc.) depending on the type of recording material.
- the target temperature for temperature adjustment of the roller 51 is switched to an optimum temperature corresponding to the type of recording material.
- the conveyance speed passing through the fixing device is switched to a lower speed than usual in order to increase the integrated heat amount supplied at the fixing nip portion.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart of control in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory view of the temperature change of the fixing roller when the image formation of thick paper is started from the standby state.
- the image forming station Pa includes a photosensitive drum 3a which is an example of a rotatable photosensitive member on which an image is formed.
- the fixing device 9 which is an example of an image heating device includes a fixing roller which is an example of a rotatable image heating member that contacts and heats an image formed on a recording material.
- the fixing roller 51 which is an example of an image heating member, heats the image surface of the recording material.
- a pressure roller 52 which is an example of a pressure member, presses against the fixing roller 51 to form a nip portion of the recording material.
- a temperature sensor 205 as an example of a detection unit detects the fixing roller 51 and outputs temperature information.
- the registration roller 12 as an example of a feeding unit feeds the recording material to the nip portion of the fixing device 9 through the secondary transfer portion T2.
- the contact / separation mechanism 50 contacts and separates the fixing roller 51 and the pressure roller 52.
- the control unit 141 which is an example of the contact / separation control unit, controls the contact / separation mechanism 50 to adjust the temperature of the fixing roller 51 to the second temperature while the pressure roller 52 is separated, and the recording material is fed. Immediately before the pressing, the pressure roller 52 is pressed to form a nip portion.
- Control unit 141 which is an example of a control unit, a temperature control unit, and a feeding control unit, controls sheet feeding unit 10 based on temperature information while controlling fixing roller 51 to maintain a predetermined temperature.
- the recording material is fed to the nip portion when the fixing roller 51 rises to the first temperature.
- the start of image formation is delayed until the temperature of the fixing roller 51 rises to the first temperature.
- the recording material is fed to the nip portion at the timing when the fixing roller 51 rises to a second temperature lower than the first temperature.
- the aforementioned image formation start timing on the photoreceptor 3a is uniquely determined from the paper arrival timing to the fixing nip portion and the process speed.
- image formation is started in a predictive manner so that the recording material on which the image is formed at the timing when the fixing roller 51 rises to the second temperature reaches the fixing nip portion.
- image formation is started predictably so that the toner image is transferred to the recording material at the timing when the fixing roller 51 rises to the second temperature.
- image exposure on the photosensitive drum 3a is started at a timing when the fixing roller 51 rises to the second temperature.
- the control unit 141 refers to the table in Table 1 based on the recording material type and the number of printed sheets temporarily stored in the job information holding unit 143. Thereby, the conveyance speed, the fixing temperature adjustment target temperature, and the paper feed permission temperature described below are determined.
- Table 1 shows a table of conveyance speed, temperature adjustment target temperature, and paper feed permission temperature for each type of recording material in the first embodiment.
- the target temperature of thin paper 52 to 63 [g / m 2 ] is 130 ° C., and the process speed is 320 [mm / sec].
- the target temperature of plain paper 64 to 105 [g / m 2 ]) is 150 ° C., and the process speed is 320 [mm / sec].
- the target temperature of thick paper 1 106 to 128 [g / m 2 ]) is 160 ° C., and the process speed is 320 [mm / sec].
- the target temperature of thick paper 2 129 to 157 [g / m 2 ]) is 170 ° C., and the process speed is 320 [mm / sec].
- the target temperature of thick paper 3 (158 to 209 [g / m 2 ]) is 180 ° C., and the process speed is 320 [mm / sec].
- the target temperature of the thick paper 4 (210 to 256 [g / m 2 ]) is 160 ° C., and the process speed is 160 [mm / sec].
- the image forming apparatus 100 uses a member having a relatively large heat capacity for the fixing roller 51, it takes time for the initial temperature rise (warm-up). For this reason, standby temperature adjustment is controlled even when a normal printing operation is not being performed so that the temperature can be shifted to the target temperature for temperature adjustment in a short time after receiving a print signal.
- the target temperature for standby temperature adjustment is 140 ° C. so that the fastest printing can be performed on thin paper (52 to 63 [g / m 2 ]) and plain paper (64 to 105 [g / m 2 ]) as an initial setting. .
- the standby temperature can be changed from the operation unit 142 to set the target temperature for temperature adjustment.
- a user who frequently uses thick paper and uses a lot of thick paper can change the setting to 150 ° C., 160 °, 170 °, or the like through the operation unit 142.
- the paper feed permission temperature is a trigger for starting image formation by operating the paper feed unit 10 after the control unit 141 outputs a job start signal and simultaneously switching the target temperature for temperature adjustment as described above. This is the temperature of the fixing roller 51 to be used.
- the sheet feeding operation control unit 144 in the control unit 141 operates the sheet feeding unit 10 when the temperature detected by the fixing roller 51 by the temperature sensor 205 exceeds the sheet feeding permission temperature.
- the control unit 141 has a plurality of tables to be referred to so as to select the paper feed permission temperature according to the number of prints (A4 converted value) of the job.
- the paper feed permission temperature is lowered from 120 ° C. to 110 ° C.
- the paper feed permission temperature is lowered from 140 ° C. to 130 ° C.
- the paper feed permission temperature is lowered from 150 ° C. to 140 ° C.
- the paper feed permission temperature is lowered from 160 ° C. to 150 ° C.
- the paper feed permission temperature is lowered from 170 ° C. to 160 ° C.
- the paper feed permission temperature is lowered from 150 ° C. to 140 ° C.
- control unit 141 when the control unit 141 accepts execution of an image forming job during standby in a standby state, it starts preparation for image formation (S1).
- the control unit 141 receives an image forming job for printing 100 sheets of A4 size thick paper 3 (158 to 209 [g / m 2 ]) on one side (S1).
- the control unit 141 refers to the table in Table 1 based on the recording material information and the print number information by the job information holding unit 143, and determines the job conveyance speed, the fixing temperature adjustment target temperature A ° C, and the paper feed permission temperature B ° C. Determine (S2). Based on Table 1, the control unit 141 determines that the conveyance speed is constant, the target temperature for adjusting the temperature of the fixing roller 51 is 180 ° C., and the paper feed permission temperature is 170 ° C. (S2).
- the control unit 141 starts an operation at a predetermined conveyance speed in various places (image forming unit, fixing device, etc.) in the apparatus (S3).
- the fixing temperature controller 145 of the controller 141 starts the temperature increase of the fixing roller 51 by controlling the heating element 201 based on the temperature information from the temperature sensor 205 (S4).
- the heating element 201 is operated from the standby temperature control 140 ° C. toward the target temperature 180 ° C. for adjusting the temperature of the thick paper 3. As a result, the temperature of the fixing roller 51 starts to rise.
- the control unit 141 determines the feeding of the recording material P (thick paper 3) based on the current temperature of the fixing roller 51 (S5). Since the paper feed permission temperature is 170 ° C., image formation is waited until the temperature detected by the fixing roller 51 by the temperature sensor 205 exceeds 170 ° C. (S6). When the fixing roller 51 is heated and the temperature rises (S 4 to S 6), and the temperature of the fixing roller 51 becomes 171 ° C.> paper feed permission temperature 170 ° C., the control unit 141 supplies the paper to the paper feed unit 10. A paper operation signal is transmitted (S7).
- the control unit 141 then performs a continuous printing operation with the target temperature for temperature adjustment set to 180 ° C. (S8).
- control unit 141 determines that the job is finished (Y in S9), the control unit 141 returns the target temperature for the temperature adjustment of the fixing roller 51 to the standby temperature (S10), and ends the series of operations (S11).
- the temperature transition of the surface of the fixing roller 51 in the operation flow of Example 1 was observed.
- the surface temperature of the fixing roller 51 needs to be 150 ° C. or higher in order to stably fix the toner image carried on the recording material of the thick paper 3. Further, the surface temperature of the fixing roller 51 decreases to a level at which a balance between power supply and demand can be achieved as continuous sheet passing advances.
- Example 1 in which four image forming jobs of A4 size thick paper 3 are executed from the standby state, the detection temperature of the fixing roller 51 reaches the paper feed permission temperature of 170 ° C. Image formation is started when the temperature reaches 160.degree. This is because when the number of prints of the image forming job is a small number, it is not necessary to start the job after the temperature has been sufficiently increased due to the small temperature drop of the fixing roller 51. After the start of image formation, heat is removed by the recording material of the thick paper 3 and the surface temperature of the fixing roller 51 is lowered. However, the image forming job is finished before the temperature drops below 150 ° C. necessary for the thermal fixing of the toner image. . Therefore, the time from the reception of the image forming job to the end of the image formation is shortened as compared with the case where the image formation is waited until the sheet feed permission temperature of Comparative Example 1 indicated by the broken line reaches 170 ° C.
- the temperature adjustment standby time can be shortened by optimally changing the paper feed permission temperature in accordance with the print number information of the job held in advance.
- the necessary and minimum temperature adjustment standby time can be obtained.
- the media switching downtime can be shortened as much as possible. Thereby, the downtime at the time of media (recording material) switching can be shortened as much as possible.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart of control according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is an explanatory view of the temperature change of the fixing roller when the recording material is switched from thin paper to thick paper.
- the optimum temperature adjustment standby time is determined according to the type of recording material and the number of prints in one image forming job started from the standby state.
- an optimum temperature adjustment standby time is determined.
- the control unit 141 heats the thin paper, which is an example of the first type of recording material, and raises the temperature of the fixing roller 51 as compared with the thin paper, so that the second type of recording is performed.
- the heat treatment of the thick paper 3 which is an example of the material can be executed.
- the control unit 141 controls the sheet feeding unit 10 based on the temperature information.
- the control unit 141 feeds the recording material to the nip portion when the fixing roller 51 rises to the first temperature.
- the control unit 141 feeds the recording material to the nip portion at a timing when the fixing roller 51 rises to a second temperature lower than the first temperature. .
- Table 2 shows a media table of the conveyance speed, the target temperature for temperature adjustment, and the paper feed permission temperature in Example 2.
- the conveying speed of the recording material and the target temperature for temperature adjustment are set equal to those in Table 1 of Example 1.
- the paper feed permission temperature is set in consideration of the target temperature difference of the job temperature adjustment before and after the switching of the recording material in addition to the number of prints of the succeeding job as in the first embodiment.
- the target temperature difference is ⁇ 20 ° C. (less than ⁇ 30 ° C.), so the number of thick paper 3 jobs is five (A4 equivalent value).
- Allowable paper feed temperature is determined based on the above or below. However, when switching from thin paper (130 ° C.) to thick paper 3 (180 ° C.), the target temperature difference for temperature adjustment is ⁇ 50 ° C. ( ⁇ 30 ° C. or more), so the number of thick paper 3 jobs is three (A4 equivalent value) or more.
- the feed permission temperature is determined based on whether the value is less than or equal to.
- the control unit 141 switches the recording material to the A4 size thick paper 3 after the continuous image formation of 100 sheets of A4 size thin paper, and forms two continuous images.
- the mixed loading job is executed.
- the control unit 141 accepts switching of the recording material to the thick paper 3 during the continuous image formation of the preceding thin paper in the mixed job (S1).
- the control unit 141 refers to the table in Table 2 based on the recording material information before and after the switching and the number of subsequent job prints, and adjusts the conveyance speed and temperature adjustment of the subsequent job.
- a target temperature A ° C. and a paper feed permission temperature B ° C. are determined (S2).
- the control unit 141 refers to the table in Table 2 and sets the conveyance speed of the subsequent job: constant speed, the target temperature for temperature adjustment: 180 ° C., and the paper feed permission temperature 160 ° C.
- the subsequent control (S3 to S10) is the same flow as described in the first embodiment, and after the necessary and minimum temperature adjustment standby time has passed, the paper feeding operation and the printing operation of the subsequent job are executed.
- the control unit 141 accepts further switching of the recording material during the feeding operation and the printing operation of the subsequent job (S3 to S10), the above setting and standby are executed for the new subsequent job (S2). ), The subsequent job is executed (S3 to S10).
- the temperature transition of the surface of the fixing roller 51 when the above mixed job was executed in the operation flow of Example 2 was observed.
- the passing of the thick paper 3 is started at 160 ° C. before the specified 180 ° C. after 7 seconds.
- the temperature of the fixing roller 51 is decreased by passing the thick paper 3
- the printing of the thick paper 3 is finished before the temperature of the surface of the fixing roller 51 falls below 150 ° C. because the number of printed sheets of the thick paper 3 is small.
- the surface temperature of the fixing roller 51 rises, and thereafter, the heating of the fixing roller 51 is stopped to cause a temperature drop.
- the optimum sheet feeding permission is determined from the difference in the recording material type before and after the switching and the information on the number of prints after the switching. Determine the temperature.
- the waiting time for temperature adjustment can be optimized to contribute to improving the total productivity of the image forming apparatus 100.
- the control of the second embodiment improves the media mixed productivity, that is, shortens the downtime as much as possible when the recording material is switched.
- the downtime associated with the switching of the recording material in the mixed job is reduced as much as possible.
- the target temperature for fixing roller temperature adjustment was uniformly set when the number of image formations accompanied by an increase in temperature control target temperature was less than 5 (3).
- the target temperature for fixing roller temperature adjustment is lowered as the number of images formed is reduced, thereby further reducing the waiting time for image formation.
- a control unit 141 which is an example of a control unit or a conveyance speed control unit controls the paper feeding unit 10 based on temperature information.
- the second temperature is set lower as the number of heat-treated sheets is smaller.
- the recording material is fed to the nip portion at a timing when the temperature of the fixing roller 51 rises to a uniform first temperature higher than any second temperature.
- the first temperature is a temperature required for fixing the toner image on the recording material when the temperature of the fixing roller 51 at the time when the heating of the fixing roller 51 and the heat removal by the recording material are balanced in the continuous image formation becomes a constant temperature. It is set to be equal to or greater than the lower limit value.
- the second temperature is set to a temperature at which the lower limit of the temperature necessary for fixing the toner image on the recording material may be interrupted when continuous image formation is performed for the number of sheets or more.
- the control unit 141 sets the operation speeds of the image forming unit and the image heating apparatus, which are examples of the image forming speed, to the first image forming speed and the first image heating speed, respectively. And
- the control unit 141 performs the second image formation in which the operation speeds of the image forming unit and the image heating device are slower than the first image forming speed and the first image heating speed, respectively. The speed and the second image heating speed are controlled.
- the control unit 141 continuously forms images on the plurality of first type recording materials, and then continuously forms images on the plurality of second type recording materials. At that time, when the number of the second type of recording materials is equal to or larger than the predetermined number, the operation speeds of the image forming unit and the image heating apparatus are decreased to the second image forming speed and the second image heating speed, respectively. However, when the number of the second type recording materials is less than the predetermined number, the operation speeds of the image forming unit and the image heating apparatus are maintained at the first image forming speed and the first image heating speed, respectively.
- the image forming speed corresponds to the “process speed” that is the operating speed of the photoreceptor 3 and the intermediate transfer belt 130 and the “fixing speed” that is the speed at which the recording material P passes through the fixing device 9.
- “process speed” and “fixing speed” are both set to the same speed.
- the peripheral speeds of the photoreceptor 3a and the intermediate transfer belt 130 are set to be equal.
- changing the operation speed of the image forming means means that the peripheral speeds of the photosensitive member and the intermediate transfer belt are changed from slightly different peripheral speeds before the change to slightly different peripheral speeds after the change. Means.
- the present invention can be similarly applied.
- the recording material may be conveyed so that a loop is formed on the recording material P between the secondary transfer unit and the fixing device.
- the fixing speed is set to be about 1 to 3% slower than the process speed.
- the “conveying speed” described in this embodiment means both of them, and the present invention can be applied regardless of the presence or absence of the speed difference.
- the controller 141 reduces the rotation speed of the fixing roller 51 and then nips.
- the recording material is fed to the department. If the number of heat-treated sheets 4 is less than the predetermined number, the recording material is fed to the nip portion without changing the rotation speed of the fixing roller 51.
- Table 3 shows a media table of the conveyance speed, the target temperature for temperature adjustment, and the paper feed permission temperature in Example 4.
- the settings of the conveyance speed, the temperature adjustment target temperature, and the paper feed permission temperature in Example 3 are basically the same as in Table 2 of Example 2.
- whether or not to switch the conveyance speed in the subsequent job of the thick paper 4 is determined according to the number of prints of the subsequent job.
- the recording material is continuously switched from A4 size cardboard 1 (160 ° C., 320 [mm / sec]) to A4 size cardboard 4 (160 ° C., 160 [mm / sec]).
- the control unit 141 waits for completion of image formation of the preceding job when the number of printed sheets of the thick paper 4 is 5 or more in terms of A4 size.
- the conveyance speed of the intermediate transfer belt (130: FIG. 1) is switched from constant speed to half speed. This is because when the number of printed sheets is large, the temperature of the fixing roller 51 is greatly decreased in the continuous image formation of the thick paper 4 having a large heat absorption amount, and it is necessary to reduce the conveying speed in order to increase the amount of heat supplied per sheet.
- the control unit 141 executes the subsequent job of the thick paper 4 while maintaining the constant speed without switching the conveyance speed. Even if the thick paper 4 has a large heat absorption amount, when the number of sheets is small, even if the conveyance speed remains constant, the succeeding job is completed after the start of image formation and before the surface temperature of the fixing roller 51 is sufficiently lowered. This is because there is no need to switch the conveyance speed. That is, for the same reason as in the first and second embodiments, the waiting time can be shortened not only by the temperature adjustment factor but also by the conveyance speed switching factor.
- the control unit 141 determines whether or not the conveyance speed is switched (S3) when the type of the recording material in the mixed job is switched (S2). When it is determined that there is “Yes” (Y in S3), the control unit 141 performs a transfer speed switching operation (S12).
- control unit 141 shifts to the temperature control (S4) without switching the conveyance speed when it is not necessary (N in S3), and starts the subsequent job at the same conveyance speed.
- the transfer speed switching time can be omitted.
- Example 3 Verified the control effect of Example 3.
- an experiment was performed in the image forming apparatus 100 to switch from continuous image formation of 100 sheets of A4 size thick paper 1 to formation of 2 continuous images of A4 size thick paper 4. Then, when Example 3 was not applied, it took about 15 seconds to switch the conveyance speed when the recording material was switched.
- the mixed job can be executed without any problem even if the image forming is performed at the same conveyance speed without switching the conveyance speed.
- image quality fixing property, glossiness, quality
- the number of prints of subsequent jobs is a small number, select the optimal feeding permission temperature (temperature at which recording material starts to be fed from the recording material cassette) or the conveyance speed based on the preceding and following recording material information By doing so, the minimum necessary media switching time can be obtained.
- the productivity of the image forming apparatus 100 can be improved.
- the first to fourth embodiments according to the present invention have been described in detail. However, the present invention is not limited to such an example, and the present invention can be similarly applied to the following modified examples.
- the heating member and the pressure member may be a belt member or a roller member. At least one of the heating member and the pressure member may be formed of a seamless belt.
- a fixing device provided with a contact / separation mechanism so that the nip portion is detachable has been put into practical use.
- the heating method of the fixing member is not limited to the halogen lamp heater, and other methods such as induction heating may be used.
- the image forming method of the image forming apparatus a method of forming a color image using a single photosensitive member or a recording material conveying belt for transferring an image from the photosensitive member to a recording material while adsorbing and conveying the recording material is used.
- the method you used is also acceptable.
- the printer has been described as an example.
- the present invention can be implemented in various applications such as a copying machine, a FAX, and a multifunction machine having a plurality of these functions.
- an image forming apparatus capable of appropriately performing image formation while shortening the waiting time as much as possible.
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Abstract
Description
図2は画像形成装置の制御系のブロック図である。
図3は定着装置の軸垂直断面の構成の説明図である。
図4は実施例1の制御のフローチャートである。
図5はスタンバイ状態から厚紙を処理開始した際の定着ローラの温度変化の説明図である。
図6は実施例2の制御のフローチャートである。
図7は薄紙から厚紙へ記録材を切り替えた際の定着ローラの温度変化の説明図である。
<画像形成装置>
中間転写体としての中間転写ベルト130に沿ってイエロー、マゼンタ、シアン、ブラックの画像形成ステーションPa、Pb、Pc、Pdを配列したタンデム型中間転写方式のフルカラープリンタである。
<制御部>
<給送部>
<定着装置>
<比較例>
(1)薄紙(52~63[g/m2])の目標温度は130℃、プロセススピードは320[mm/sec]である。
(2)普通紙(64~105[g/m2])の目標温度は150℃、プロセススピードは320[mm/sec]である。
(3)厚紙1(106~128[g/m2])の目標温度は160℃、プロセススピードは320[mm/sec]である。
(4)厚紙2(129~157[g/m2])の目標温度は170℃、プロセススピードは320[mm/sec]である。
(5)厚紙3(158~209[g/m2])の目標温度は180℃、プロセススピードは320[mm/sec]である。
(6)厚紙4(210~256[g/m2])の目標温度は160℃、プロセススピードは160[mm/sec]である。
(1)薄紙の場合、給紙許可温度を120℃から110℃に低下させる。
(2)普通紙の場合、給紙許可温度を140℃から130℃に低下させる。
(3)厚紙1の場合、給紙許可温度を150℃から140℃に低下させる。
(4)厚紙2の場合、給紙許可温度を160℃から150℃に低下させる。
(5)厚紙3の場合、給紙許可温度を170℃から160℃に低下させる。
(6)厚紙4の場合、給紙許可温度を150℃から140℃に低下させる。
以上、本発明に係る実施例1~4ついて詳細に説明したが、このような例だけに限らず、次のような変形例であっても同様に本発明を適用することが可能である。
Claims (18)
- 記録材に画像を形成する画像形成手段;
記録材に形成された画像を定着する定着手段;
前記定着手段の温度を検出する検出手段;
複数の所定の記録材に連続して画像を形成するとき、画像形成枚数が所定枚数以上の場合には前記定着手段の温度が第1の温度に上昇するまで画像形成の開始を遅延させるとともに、画像形成枚数が所定枚数未満の場合には前記定着手段の温度が前記第1の温度よりも低い第2の温度に上昇した時点で画像形成が開始されるように、前記検出手段の出力に応じて画像形成開始タイミングを制御する制御手段を有する画像形成装置。 - 前記制御手段は、複数の所定の記録材に連続して画像を形成するとき、画像形成枚数が所定枚数未満の場合、画像形成枚数が少ないほど前記第2の温度をより低い温度に変更する請求項1に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記定着手段は記録材に形成された画像に接触して加熱する加熱部材を有し、前記制御手段は前記検出手段により検出された前記加熱部材の温度に応じて画像形成開始タイミングを制御する請求項1に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記画像形成手段は画像が形成される感光体を有し、前記制御手段は前記検出手段の出力に応じて前記感光体への画像形成開始タイミングを制御する請求項1に記載の画像形成装置。
- 記録材に画像を形成する画像形成手段;
記録材に形成された画像を定着する定着手段;
前記定着手段の温度を検出する検出手段;
複数の所定の記録材に連続して画像を形成するとき、画像形成枚数が所定枚数以上の場合には前記定着手段の温度が記録材の種類に応じた目標温度に上昇するまで画像形成の開始を遅延させるとともに、画像形成枚数が所定枚数未満の場合には前記定着手段の温度が前記目標温度よりも低い所定の温度に上昇した時点で画像形成が開始されるように、前記検出手段の出力に応じて画像形成開始タイミングを制御する制御手段を有する画像形成装置。 - 前記制御手段は、複数の所定の記録材に連続して画像を形成するとき、画像形成枚数が所定枚数未満の場合、画像形成枚数が少ないほど前記所定の温度をより低い温度に変更する請求項5に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記定着手段は記録材に形成された画像に接触して加熱する加熱部材を有し、前記制御手段は前記検出手段により検出された前記加熱部材の温度に応じて画像形成開始タイミングを制御する請求項5に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記画像形成手段は画像が形成される感光体を有し、前記制御手段は前記検出手段の出力に応じて前記感光体への画像形成開始タイミングを制御する請求項5に記載の画像形成装置。
- 記録材に画像を形成する画像形成手段;
記録材に形成された画像を定着する定着手段;
複数の所定の記録材に連続して画像形成を行うとき、画像形成枚数が所定枚数以上の場合には前記画像形成手段及び前記定着手段のそれぞれの動作速度を記録材の種類に応じて制御するとともに、画像形成枚数が所定枚数未満の場合には前記画像形成手段及び前記定着手段のそれぞれの動作速度を記録材の種類に応じた動作速度よりも速い速度に制御する制御手段を有する画像形成装置。 - 前記画像形成手段は画像が形成される回転可能な感光体を有し、前記定着手段は記録材に形成された画像に接触して加熱する回転可能な加熱部材を有し、前記制御手段は前記画像形成手段の動作速度として前記感光体の周速を制御するとともに前記定着手段の動作速度として前記加熱部材の周速を制御する請求項9に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記制御手段は、所定の坪量未満の記録材に画像形成を行う場合には前記画像形成手段及び前記定着手段のそれぞれの動作速度を第1の画像形成速度及び第1の定着速度とし、所定の坪量以上の記録材に画像形成を行う場合には前記画像形成手段及び前記定着手段のそれぞれの動作速度を前記第1の画像形成速度及び第1の定着速度よりも遅い第2の画像形成速度及び第2の定着速度となるように制御する請求項9に記載の画像形成装置。
- 記録材に画像を形成する画像形成手段;
記録材に形成された画像を定着する定着手段;
前記定着手段の温度を検出する検出手段;
記録材の坪量に応じて前記定着手段の目標温度を制御する第1の制御手段;
前記定着手段の温度が記録材の坪量に応じた第1の目標温度に制御された状態において複数の第1の坪量の記録材に連続して画像を形成した後、引き続いて前記第1の坪量よりも大きい複数の第2の坪量の記録材に連続して画像を形成するとき、画像形成枚数が所定枚数以上の場合には前記定着手段の温度が記録材の坪量に応じた第2の目標温度に上昇するまで画像形成の開始を遅延させるともに、画像形成枚数が所定枚数未満の場合には前記定着手段の温度が前記第2の目標温度よりも低い所定の温度に上昇した時点で画像形成を開始させる第2の制御手段を有する画像形成装置。 - 前記第2の制御手段は、第2の種類の記録材に対する画像形成枚数が所定枚数未満の場合には画像形成枚数が少ないほど前記所定の温度をより低い温度に変更する請求項12に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記定着手段は記録材に形成された画像に接触して加熱する加熱部材を有し、前記第2の制御手段は前記検出手段により検出された前記定着部材の温度に応じて画像形成開始タイミングを制御する請求項12に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記画像形成手段は画像が形成される感光体を有し、前記第2の制御手段は前記検出手段の出力に応じて前記感光体への画像形成開始タイミングを制御する請求項12に記載の画像形成装置。
- 記録材に画像を形成する画像形成手段;
記録材に形成された画像を加熱する定着手段;
記録材の坪量に応じて前記画像形成手段及び前記定着手段の動作速度を制御する第1の制御手段;
前記画像形成手段及び前記定着手段の動作速度をそれぞれ第1の画像形成速度及び第1の定着速度とした状態で複数の第1の坪量の記録材に連続して画像を形成した後、引き続いて前記第1の坪量よりも大きい複数の第2の坪量の記録材に連続して画像を形成するとき、画像形成枚数が所定枚数以上の場合には前記画像形成手段及び前記定着手段の動作速度をそれぞれ前記第1の画像形成速度及び第1の定着速度よりも遅い第2の画像形成速度及び第2の定着速度へ低下させてから画像形成を開始させるとともに、画像形成枚数が所定枚数未満の場合には前記画像形成手段及び前記定着手段の動作速度をそれぞれ前記第1の画像形成速度及び第1の定着速度としたまま画像形成を開始させる第2の制御手段を有する画像形成装置。 - 前記画像形成手段は画像が形成される回転可能な感光体を有し、前記定着手段は記録材に形成された画像に接触して加熱する回転可能な加熱部材を有し、前記制御手段は前記画像形成手段の動作速度として前記感光体の周速を制御するとともに前記定着手段の動作速度として前記加熱部材の周速を制御する請求項16に記載の画像形成装置。
- 前記第2の制御手段は前記感光体への画像形成開始タイミングを制御する請求項16に記載の画像形成装置。
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DE112013002211.7T DE112013002211B4 (de) | 2012-04-27 | 2013-04-26 | Bilderzeugungsvorrichtung |
CN201380033157.8A CN104395840A (zh) | 2012-04-27 | 2013-04-26 | 图像形成设备 |
GB1420985.2A GB2516591B (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2013-04-26 | Image forming apparatus |
US14/520,490 US20150037055A1 (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2014-10-22 | Image forming apparatus |
US14/986,868 US9459566B2 (en) | 2012-04-27 | 2016-01-04 | Image forming apparatus controlling the operation speed of each of an image forming portion and a fixing portion thereof when an image formation process is continuously performed for a plurality of sheets |
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JP2012103002A JP5955084B2 (ja) | 2012-04-27 | 2012-04-27 | 画像形成装置 |
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SG174346A1 (en) | 2009-03-19 | 2011-11-28 | Millipore Corp | Removal of microorganisms from fluid samples using nanofiber filtration media |
JP6219811B2 (ja) | 2011-04-01 | 2017-10-25 | イー・エム・デイー・ミリポア・コーポレイシヨン | ナノファイバー含有複合材構造体 |
JP6412693B2 (ja) * | 2014-01-29 | 2018-10-24 | 株式会社東芝 | 定着装置、画像形成装置及び画像形成方法 |
JP6089322B2 (ja) * | 2014-02-27 | 2017-03-08 | シャープ株式会社 | 画像形成装置及び該装置の起動方法 |
JP6272134B2 (ja) | 2014-05-20 | 2018-01-31 | キヤノン株式会社 | 定着装置 |
JP6278832B2 (ja) | 2014-05-21 | 2018-02-14 | キヤノン株式会社 | 画像形成装置 |
JP6305208B2 (ja) * | 2014-05-23 | 2018-04-04 | キヤノン株式会社 | 定着装置及び画像形成装置 |
SG11201706726TA (en) | 2015-04-17 | 2017-09-28 | Emd Millipore Corp | Method of purifying a biological materia of interest in a sample using nanofiber ultrafiltration membranes operated in tangential flow filtration mode |
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- 2013-04-26 WO PCT/JP2013/062864 patent/WO2013162066A1/ja active Application Filing
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2014
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US20160116867A1 (en) | 2016-04-28 |
JP5955084B2 (ja) | 2016-07-20 |
DE112013002211B4 (de) | 2022-11-03 |
CN104395840A (zh) | 2015-03-04 |
GB2516591B (en) | 2019-02-06 |
GB201420985D0 (en) | 2015-01-07 |
DE112013002211T5 (de) | 2015-01-08 |
US9459566B2 (en) | 2016-10-04 |
GB2516591A (en) | 2015-01-28 |
CN107390490A (zh) | 2017-11-24 |
JP2013231803A (ja) | 2013-11-14 |
US20150037055A1 (en) | 2015-02-05 |
CN107390490B (zh) | 2020-06-26 |
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