WO2011145309A1 - 半導体チップおよびその製造方法 - Google Patents
半導体チップおよびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011145309A1 WO2011145309A1 PCT/JP2011/002684 JP2011002684W WO2011145309A1 WO 2011145309 A1 WO2011145309 A1 WO 2011145309A1 JP 2011002684 W JP2011002684 W JP 2011002684W WO 2011145309 A1 WO2011145309 A1 WO 2011145309A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a semiconductor chip and a manufacturing method thereof.
- the present invention relates to a device using a hexagonal semiconductor such as silicon carbide or gallium nitride having anisotropy in mechanical properties.
- Si silicon
- SiN gallium nitride
- a power semiconductor device is a semiconductor element used for a large current with a high breakdown voltage, and is desired to have a low loss.
- silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN) have a dielectric breakdown voltage that is about an order of magnitude higher than that of silicon (Si), so the depletion layer at the pn junction and the Schottky junction is made thinner. Also has the feature that the reverse breakdown voltage can be maintained. Therefore, when SiC or GaN is used, the device can be thinned and the doping concentration can be increased. Therefore, a power semiconductor device having a low on-resistance, a high breakdown voltage, and a low loss can be formed.
- SiC and GaN can operate stably even at a high temperature as compared with Si. Because of such characteristics, use of hexagonal semiconductor materials such as SiC and GaN is expected.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram schematically showing a planar configuration of a semiconductor device formed on the semiconductor wafer 103.
- a plurality of semiconductor devices 101 are arranged on a semiconductor wafer 103.
- Each semiconductor device 101 has a dimension of several mm square.
- a margin region having a width of about 50 ⁇ m is provided between the semiconductor devices 101, for example.
- Cutting lines 102a and 102b are provided in the cutting area. By cutting the semiconductor wafer 103 along the cutting lines 102a and 102b, the semiconductor devices 101 are separated from each other to form semiconductor chips. If there is no shape restriction, the first side 101a and the second side 101b of the normal semiconductor device 101 are substantially equal, and the planar shape of the semiconductor device 101 is square.
- the inventor of the present application uses a 4H-SiC substrate as the semiconductor wafer 103 to form a 3.6 mm square metal-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistor (hereinafter abbreviated as MISFET) type semiconductor.
- MISFET metal-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistor
- a chip was produced.
- the semiconductor chip was assembled using the package assembly conditions A, B, and C.
- the package assembly conditions A, B, and C are conditions in which reliability is sufficiently guaranteed in the case of a MISFET type semiconductor chip using Si.
- the package assembly uses a solder or the like to electrically connect and fix the semiconductor chip to the metal lead frame, and after forming aluminum wires or the like as the electrical wiring required for the lead frame and the semiconductor chip, A step of sealing a semiconductor chip having an insulating protective film with an epoxy resin material;
- a polyimide material called JCR Joint Coating Resin
- JCR Joint Coating Resin
- the temperature cycle test under the same conditions as the Si device reliability evaluation test (lower limit: ⁇ 65 ° C./upper limit: 150 ° C.) was performed on the semiconductor chip after package assembly.
- the results of this temperature cycle test are shown in FIG.
- a Si device assembled under the package assembly conditions A, B, and C even if a 300-cycle test is performed, almost no defects are generated.
- FIG. 20 in the case of a semiconductor chip using 4H—SiC, under package assembly condition A, a defect of less than 20% occurs in 100 cycles. Even under the package assembly condition B, defects start to occur around 100 cycles.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes the linear expansion coefficient of SiC. From Non-Patent Document 1, it can be seen that the value of the linear expansion coefficient varies depending on the crystal orientation. Non-Patent Document 2 describes the linear expansion coefficient of GaN. Further, Patent Document 1 discloses anisotropy due to crystal plane orientation of thermal conductivity in SiC.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a method of forming a heat-resistant ceramic material by growing a CVD free-standing film structure made of SiC or the like and then performing a heat treatment at a temperature equal to or higher than a recrystallization temperature. By this heat treatment, the orientation of crystal grains becomes random, and the anisotropy of mechanical strength is suppressed. However, generally, when the orientation of crystal grains becomes random, the carrier mobility in the crystal greatly decreases. Therefore, it is considered difficult to apply the method of Patent Document 2 as it is to a method for producing SiC used as a semiconductor device.
- SiC or GaN When SiC or GaN is used, it can operate more stably than Si in a high temperature environment. Therefore, a device using SiC or GaN is designed on the assumption that it is used in a wider temperature range than Si. The wider the temperature range that is assumed to be used, the greater the influence of thermal deformation and stress due to the temperature difference ( ⁇ T) in the usage environment. Therefore, in order to improve the reliability of semiconductor devices such as SiC and GaN, it is extremely important to make the thermal deformation and strain uniform due to the temperature difference ( ⁇ T) in the use environment and to reduce the stress.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and its main purpose is to suppress thermal deformation of semiconductor chips caused by temperature differences in the use environment, cracks due to stress, deformation of electrodes, and the like. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a highly reliable semiconductor chip using a hexagonal semiconductor and a manufacturing method thereof.
- the semiconductor chip of the present invention is a semiconductor chip including a hexagonal semiconductor layer, and the semiconductor layer is substantially on the first side and the first side when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the semiconductor layer.
- the amount of thermal deformation in the direction in which the first side extends and the extension of the second side have a quadrangular shape having the first side and a second side having a different linear expansion coefficient.
- the amount of thermal deformation in the direction is substantially equal.
- the semiconductor layer further includes an insulating film provided so as to cover at least a part of the main surface of the semiconductor layer and having isotropic mechanical properties.
- a metal film having isotropic mechanical properties is further provided.
- the metal film is aluminum or copper or an alloy thereof.
- the semiconductor layer is silicon carbide.
- the semiconductor layer is gallium nitride.
- the main surface of the semiconductor layer has an inclination of ⁇ 10 ° or more and 10 ° or less from the (0001) plane.
- the semiconductor layer is a layer formed on the main surface of the single crystal substrate and made of the same material as the single crystal substrate.
- the length of the first side is Lx
- the length of the second side is Ly
- the amount of thermal deformation in the direction in which the first side extends is ⁇ Lx
- the direction in which the second side extends Assuming that the amount of thermal deformation at ⁇ Ly is 0.8 ⁇ ⁇ Lx / ⁇ Ly ⁇ 1.2.
- an angle formed between the extending direction of the first side and the ⁇ 11-20> direction is less than 15 degrees, and the first side is longer than the second side.
- the linear expansion coefficient in the extending direction of the first side is smaller than the linear expansion coefficient in the extending direction of the second side, and the first side is longer than the second side.
- 1.05 ⁇ Lx / Ly ⁇ 1.6 is established where the length of the first side is Lx and the length of the second side is Ly.
- the semiconductor layer is silicon carbide, and the length of the first side is Lx, and the length of the second side is Ly. 1.1 ⁇ Lx / Ly ⁇ 1.6 Is established.
- the semiconductor layer is gallium nitride, and 1.05 ⁇ Lx / Ly ⁇ 1.2 where Lx is the length of the first side and Ly is the length of the second side. Is established.
- the insulating film is made of an insulator containing silicon nitride.
- the insulating film has a thickness of 1.5 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the semiconductor layer is a part of any one of a pn junction diode, a Schottky junction diode, a metal-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistor, a metal-semiconductor field effect transistor, and a junction field effect transistor. It is.
- the semiconductor device of the present invention includes the semiconductor chip of the present invention and a resin that covers at least a part of the semiconductor chip.
- the method for manufacturing a semiconductor chip according to the present invention is a method for manufacturing a semiconductor chip having a hexagonal semiconductor layer, the step (a) of forming a semiconductor device on a wafer including the semiconductor layer, And a step (b) of forming a semiconductor chip including the semiconductor device by cutting out toward the second direction and the second direction, and in the step (b), the extending direction of the first side of the semiconductor chip
- the length in the first direction and the length in the second direction are determined so that the amount of thermal deformation in the semiconductor chip is substantially equal to the amount of thermal deformation in the direction in which the second side of the semiconductor chip extends.
- the amount of thermal deformation in the extending direction of the first side and the amount of thermal deformation in the extending direction of the second side of the hexagonal semiconductor layer having mechanical property anisotropy are substantially equal.
- the difference in stress applied to the four corners of the semiconductor layer becomes smaller than in the prior art.
- transformation of an electrode, etc. can be suppressed.
- a highly reliable semiconductor chip can be realized.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a ⁇ 11-20> direction and a ⁇ 1-100> direction in a hexagonal semiconductor. It is a schematic diagram for demonstrating the length of 2 sides of a semiconductor chip. It is sectional drawing which shows typically the structure of the semiconductor device 1 of embodiment.
- FIG. 2A is a plan view showing the semiconductor chip 21
- FIG. 2B is a plan view showing the semiconductor device 1
- FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional view showing the semiconductor device 1. It is a figure which shows typically the simplified crystal structure seen from the c-axis (0001) plane of the hexagonal semiconductor, and the rotation angle 30 with respect to each crystal direction.
- (A) And (b) is a graph which shows the result of having measured the linear expansion coefficient of the ⁇ 11-20> direction and the ⁇ 1-100> direction in a 4H-SiC chip, respectively.
- (A) and (b) are graphs showing the results of measurement of Young's modulus in the ⁇ 11-20> direction and the ⁇ 1-100> direction, respectively, in a 4H—SiC chip.
- (A) And (b) is a graph which shows the change of a linear expansion coefficient and a Young's modulus at the time of rotating the 1st edge
- (A) And (b) is a graph which shows the change of a linear expansion coefficient and a Young's modulus at the time of rotating the 1st edge
- (A) shows the relationship between the dimensional ratio of two orthogonal sides (x, y axes) of a semiconductor chip and the thermal deformation amount ratio ( ⁇ Lx / ⁇ Ly) in 4H—SiC and GaN (Wurtzite) using the finite element method. It is a graph which shows the result analyzed by this.
- (B) shows the relationship between the dimensional ratio of two orthogonal sides (x and y axes) of the semiconductor chip and the effect on the equivalent stress (maximum value) at the chip corner in 4H—SiC and GaN (Wurtzite). It is a graph which shows the result of having analyzed the relationship by the finite element method. It is a graph which shows the relationship between the rotation angle 30 and the optimal X / Y dimension ratio (Lx / Ly) of a semiconductor chip. It is sectional drawing which shows the structure of another semiconductor device 1 of embodiment. It is sectional drawing which shows the modification of DMISFET shown in FIG. It is sectional drawing which shows the modification of trench type MISFET shown in FIG.
- FIG. 1A is a plan view showing a semiconductor chip 21 of the present embodiment.
- the semiconductor chip 21 has a quadrangular shape having a first side 1A and a second side 1B substantially orthogonal to the first side 1A when viewed from a direction perpendicular to the upper surface of the semiconductor chip 21.
- the semiconductor chip 21 has a semiconductor layer such as an SiC layer, an insulating film formed on the semiconductor layer, and a metal layer such as an electrode.
- the semiconductor layer has a hexagonal crystal structure having anisotropy in mechanical properties, whereas the insulating film and the metal layer have isotropic mechanical properties.
- the first side 1A and the second side 1B of the semiconductor chip 21 correspond to the first side and the second side of the semiconductor layer, respectively.
- the first side 1A and the second side 1B are designed so as to be orthogonal to each other, the first side 1A and the second side 1B in the manufacturing process of the semiconductor chip.
- the angle formed is deviated from 90 degrees.
- the angle formed between the first side 1A and the second side 1B is preferably 85 degrees to 95 degrees.
- the amount of thermal deformation in the extending direction of the first side 1A is substantially equal to the amount of thermal deformation in the extending direction of the second side 1B.
- the amount of thermal deformation of the first side 1A and the amount of thermal deformation of the second side 1B are, for example, deformation amounts when the temperature is changed from room temperature (25 ° C.) to 150 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C. is there.
- the lengths of the first side 1A and the second side 1B are set as follows. By adjusting, the amount of thermal deformation in the direction in which the first side 1A extends can be made closer to the amount of thermal deformation in the direction in which the second side 1B extends.
- the first side 1A may extend in the ⁇ 11-20> direction, or may extend in a direction inclined from ⁇ 11-20>.
- the angle formed by the extending direction of the first side 1A and the ⁇ 11-20> direction is less than 15 degrees.
- the ⁇ 11-20> direction refers to [11-20], [-12-10], [-2110], which have an angle of 60 ° to each other in a hexagonal semiconductor, as shown in FIG.
- the [1-120], [1-210], and [2-1-10] directions are collectively represented.
- the ⁇ 1-100> direction refers to [01-10], [-1100], [-1010], [0-110], [1-100] in a hexagonal semiconductor. ]
- [10-10] directions collectively.
- the [11-20] direction is represented as ⁇ 11-20> and the [ ⁇ 1100] direction is represented as ⁇ 1-100> for ease of explanation.
- the meaning of “the ⁇ 11-20> direction and the ⁇ 1-100> direction are orthogonal to each other” means that one direction is selected from one equivalent plurality of directions expressed as a set as described above. After the definition, the direction orthogonal thereto is selected from a plurality of other equivalent directions expressed as a set.
- the semiconductor chip 21 warps and the semiconductor chip 21 is supported at the corners of the semiconductor chip 21.
- the amount of change in the length of the first side 1A and the amount of change in the length of the second side 1B in the semiconductor layer are substantially equal, they are added to the four corners of the semiconductor chip 21.
- the difference in stress is smaller than before. Thereby, it is suppressed that a crack arises in a semiconductor layer when stress is added to a specific corner.
- the stress generated between the insulating film whose size changes isotropically with changes in temperature becomes more uniform than in the prior art. Thereby, it is suppressed that a crack arises also in an insulating film.
- the stress generated in the metal layer such as an electrode in contact with the semiconductor layer is the same as that of the insulating film. It becomes more uniform than before. Thereby, deformation of the electrode is suppressed. From the above, a highly reliable semiconductor device can be realized.
- the difference in the amount of thermal deformation between the first side 1A (length is Lx) and the second side 1B (length is Ly) of the semiconductor chip 21 is within 20%. Is preferred. That is, it is preferable that the thermal deformation amount ratio value ( ⁇ Lx / ⁇ Ly) satisfies 0.8 ⁇ ⁇ Lx / ⁇ Ly ⁇ 1.2. When the first and second sides 1A and 1B satisfy this condition, cracks in the semiconductor device 1 and the protective film on the semiconductor device 1, deformation of the electrodes, and the like can be suppressed.
- the length Lx of the first side 1A and the length Ly of the second side 1B mean the distance between two opposing two sides that define a rectangle, as shown in FIG. As shown in FIG. 3, even when the four corners of the rectangle are rounded or a part of the side is chipped or cut, such rounded corners or chipped parts are not considered as side lengths. .
- the lengths Lx and Ly of the two sides of the semiconductor chip 21 can be easily measured by observing the cut wafer of the semiconductor chip 21 using a microscope having a scale.
- the crystal orientation can be analyzed using an X-ray diffractometer. When the chip is cleaved, it is cleaved along the crystal direction, so that the crystal orientation can be known from the cleavage plane (or cleavage direction). For example, the cleavage direction in a 4H—SiC (0001) substrate is ⁇ 11-20>.
- the first side 1A and the first side 1A The length ratio (Lx / Ly) to the side 1B of 2 is more preferably 1.05 ⁇ Lx / Ly ⁇ 1.6. More preferably, 1.3 ⁇ Lx / Ly ⁇ 1.4 in the case of SiC and 1.1 ⁇ Lx / Ly ⁇ 1.15 in the case of GaN. This will be described in detail later with reference to FIG.
- the first side 1A When the first side 1A is inclined from the ⁇ 11-20> direction (when the angle between the first side 1A and the ⁇ 11-20> direction is greater than 5 degrees and less than 15 degrees), the first The length ratio (Lx / Ly) between the side 1A and the second side 1B is determined according to the angle of inclination. This will be described in detail later with reference to FIG.
- the semiconductor chip 21 is provided with the semiconductor device 1 and a remaining margin 20a having a width N provided around the semiconductor device 1 (four directions as viewed from the direction perpendicular to the upper surface of the semiconductor chip 21).
- the semiconductor device 1 includes an element such as a MISFET and a guard ring region.
- the boundary between the semiconductor device 1 and the remaining margin 20a is defined by the first side 1a of the semiconductor device 1 and the second side 1b substantially orthogonal to the first side 1a.
- the first side 1a may be substantially parallel to the ⁇ 11-20> direction, or may extend in a direction inclined from the ⁇ 11-20> direction.
- the second side 1b is substantially perpendicular to the first side 1a, and when the first side 1a is substantially parallel to the ⁇ 11-20> direction, the second side 1b has a crystal orientation ⁇ 1- 100>.
- the semiconductor layer provided on the semiconductor chip 21 is usually a layer epitaxially grown on the substrate. A part of the substrate may remain under the semiconductor layer or may be removed.
- FIG. 1A is obtained by cutting a semiconductor wafer.
- FIG. 1B is a plan view showing a part of the semiconductor wafer 3a of the present embodiment. As shown in FIG. 1B, the semiconductor devices 1 are arranged in a matrix (matrix) on the semiconductor wafer 3a of the present embodiment.
- a cutting line 2a substantially parallel to the ⁇ 11-20> direction and a cutting line 2b substantially perpendicular to the cutting line 2a ( ⁇ 1-100> direction) are arranged.
- the cutting line 2a is disposed in a region between the first sides 1a of the two adjacent semiconductor devices 1 substantially in parallel with the first side 1a.
- the cutting line 2b is disposed in a region between the second sides 1b of the two adjacent semiconductor devices 1 substantially in parallel with the second side 1b.
- a marginal region 20 is disposed between the first side 1a and the cutting line 2a and between the second side 1b and the cutting line 2b.
- the margin area 20 is provided with a width Z in both the ⁇ 11-20> direction and the ⁇ 1-100> direction.
- the semiconductor chip 21 shown in FIG. 1A can be obtained by cutting the semiconductor wafer 3a along the cutting lines 2a and 2b.
- cutting by dicing or the like.
- the cutting lines 2a and 2b are substantially orthogonal in view of the cutting yield (number of chips taken).
- a margin area 20 having a width Z is provided between adjacent semiconductor devices 1.
- the width of the remaining cutting margin 20a is N.
- the length Lx of the first side 1A of the semiconductor chip 21 is a value obtained by adding the width N of the cut margin 20a at both ends to the length lx of the first side 1a of the semiconductor device 1.
- the length Ly of the second side 1B of the semiconductor chip 21 is a value obtained by adding the width N of the margin 20a at both ends to the length ly of the second side 1b of the semiconductor device 1.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a partial cross section (cross section taken along the line AB) in the semiconductor device 1 shown in FIG.
- a double injection type MISFET (Double-implanted MISFET: hereinafter abbreviated as DMISFET) region 18 having a vertical power MISFET structure and a FLR (Field Limited Ring) region 19 serving as a termination guard ring are defined.
- DMISFET Double injection type MISFET
- FLR Field Limited Ring
- the DMISFET of the present embodiment is a first conductivity type silicon carbide substrate 3, and is formed on the main surface of silicon carbide substrate 3 and has a lower dopant concentration than silicon carbide substrate 3.
- Buffer layer 4 made of conductive silicon carbide, and drift epitaxial formed on the main surface of buffer layer 4 and made of first conductive silicon carbide having a dopant concentration lower than that of buffer layer 4 A layer (hereinafter abbreviated as a drift epi layer) 5.
- the main surface of the drift epitaxial layer 5 of this embodiment may be a (0001) plane, or a plane (off-cut plane) having an inclination of ⁇ ° ( ⁇ 10 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 10) from the (0001) plane. There may be. This is because the crystal orientation exposed on the first side 1A and the second side 1B of the semiconductor chip 21 is substantially the same regardless of whether the main surface of the drift epi layer 5 is the (0001) plane or the off-cut plane. is there.
- a body region 6 of the second conductivity type is formed on the surface layer of the drift epi layer 5 in the DMISFET region 18.
- a first conductivity type source region 7 and a second conductivity type contact region 8 are arranged in the body region 6. Although not shown, the source region 7 surrounds the contact region 8 when viewed from the direction perpendicular to the substrate.
- a source ohmic electrode 13 is provided on the contact region 8 and the source region 7 located around the contact region 8.
- the source ohmic electrode 13 is formed of, for example, an alloy layer containing nickel, silicon and carbon or an alloy layer containing titanium, silicon and carbon.
- channel channel a channel epitaxial layer (hereinafter referred to as channel channel) made of silicon carbide is formed on the drift epi layer 5 sandwiched between the two body regions 6, and the body region 6 and the source region 7 on both sides thereof. (Abbreviated as an epi layer) 9 is formed. A portion of the channel epi layer 9 located on the body region 6 functions as a MISFET channel.
- a gate insulating film 10 made of, for example, a silicon oxide film is provided on the channel epi layer 9.
- a gate electrode 11 made of, for example, polysilicon is provided on the gate insulating film 10.
- the gate insulating film 10 is not limited to a silicon oxide film, and may be a silicon oxynitride film or the like.
- a pad electrode 15 made of, for example, aluminum or an alloy layer thereof is provided.
- a plurality of second-conductivity-type semiconductor ring regions 6R formed simultaneously with the body region 6 are provided on the surface layer of the drift epi layer 5 in the FLR region 19.
- the semiconductor ring region 6R is provided in a ring shape surrounding the periphery of the DMISFET region 18 when viewed from the direction perpendicular to the substrate.
- the semiconductor ring region 6R is covered with an insulating film 10a formed at the same time as the gate insulating film 10.
- the gate electrode 11 and the gate insulating film 10 in the DMISFET region 18 and the insulating film 10 a in the FLR region 19 are covered with the interlayer insulating film 12.
- the interlayer insulating film 12 is made of, for example, silicon oxide.
- a protective insulating film 16 is formed on the pad electrode 15.
- a back electrode 17 is formed on the back surface of the silicon carbide substrate 3.
- the back electrode 17 has, for example, a laminated structure of titanium / nickel / silver in order from the silicon carbide substrate 3 side.
- a drain / ohmic electrode 14 is formed between the back electrode 17 and the back surface of the silicon carbide substrate 3.
- the drain / ohmic electrode 14 is made of, for example, an alloy layer of nickel, silicon and carbon or an alloy layer of titanium, silicon and carbon.
- the first conductivity type is n-type.
- the silicon carbide substrate 3 is an n-type SiC semiconductor substrate (n + SiC substrate), and the buffer layer 4 is n-type.
- the ⁇ layer and the drift epi layer 5 are n ⁇ layers.
- the body region 6 is a p ⁇ layer, the source region 7 is an n + layer, and the contact region 8 is a p + layer.
- “+” and “ ⁇ ” are symbols representing the relative dopant concentration of n-type or p-type. The more “+”, the higher the density, and the more “ ⁇ ”, the lower the density.
- the channel epi layer 9 of the present embodiment is an insulating layer (or substantially an insulating layer) and may be referred to as an “i layer” or a “channel epi i layer”. However, the channel epi layer 9 may be a low-concentration first conductivity type (n ⁇ ) layer, and the impurity concentration of the channel epi layer 9 may change in the depth direction.
- Silicon carbide substrate 3 is made of hexagonal silicon carbide.
- the thickness of silicon carbide substrate 3 is, for example, 250 to 350 ⁇ m, and the concentration of silicon carbide substrate 3 is, for example, 8E18 cm ⁇ 3 .
- 8E18cm -3 is the meaning of 8 ⁇ 10 18 cm -3, or less, in the present specification, there is a case where the same notation for the concentration.
- Buffer layer 4 and drift epi layer 5 are SiC layers formed by epitaxial formation on the main surface of silicon carbide substrate 3.
- the concentration of the buffer layer 4 is, for example, 6E16 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the thickness of the drift epi layer 5 is, for example, 4 to 15 ⁇ m, and the concentration thereof is, for example, 5E15 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the thickness of the body region 6 (that is, the depth from the upper surface of the drift epitaxial layer 5) is, for example, 0.5 to 1.0 ⁇ m, and the impurity concentration of the body region 6 is, for example, 1.5E18 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the thickness of the source region 7 (that is, the depth from the upper surface of the drift epi layer 5) is, for example, 0.25 ⁇ m, and the impurity concentration of the source region 7 is, for example, 5E19 cm ⁇ 3 .
- the contact layer (p + layer) 8 has a thickness of 0.3 ⁇ m, for example, and a concentration of 2E20 cm ⁇ 3 , for example.
- JFET junction field effect transistor
- the channel epi layer 9 is an SiC layer epitaxially grown on the drift epi layer 5, and the thickness of the channel epi layer 9 is, for example, 30 nm to 150 nm.
- the length (width) of the channel region is, for example, 0.5 ⁇ m.
- the gate insulating film 10 is made of, for example, SiO 2 (silicon oxide film), and the thickness thereof is, for example, 70 nm.
- the gate electrode 11 is made of, for example, poly-Si (polysilicon) and has a thickness of, for example, 500 nm.
- the thickness of the source / ohmic electrode 13 and the drain / ohmic electrode 14 is, for example, 50 nm to 100 nm.
- nickel and silver or nickel and gold may be deposited as the back electrode 17.
- FIG. 5A is a plan view showing the semiconductor chip 21.
- the semiconductor chip 21 is composed of the semiconductor device 1 and the remainder 20a.
- the semiconductor chip 21 has a size of 3.7 mm square, for example.
- the directions of two orthogonal sides in the semiconductor chip 21 are denoted as x and y.
- x is an angle parallel to the ⁇ 11-20> direction or inclined by an angle of less than 15 degrees from the ⁇ 11-20> direction.
- y is an angle parallel to the ⁇ 1-100> direction or inclined by an angle of less than 15 degrees in the ⁇ 1-100> direction.
- the semiconductor device 1 includes a semiconductor element 40 and a peripheral end portion 41 such as a guard ring as shown in FIG.
- the peripheral end 41 may not exist.
- a schematic cross-sectional view of the semiconductor device 1 is shown in FIG.
- the semiconductor device 1 includes a semiconductor element 40, an insulating film 44 that protects a part of the semiconductor element 40, and a wiring electrode 42 provided on the surface of the semiconductor element 40.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram for explaining the relationship between the first side 1A and the second side 1B of the semiconductor chip 21 and the crystal structure.
- FIG. 6 schematically shows a configuration of a hexagonal semiconductor viewed from the c-axis ⁇ 0001> direction.
- the hexagonal semiconductor shown in FIG. 6 is SiC
- the atom (molecule (Si—C bond)) shown in black is the reference atom (molecule)
- the atom shown in white is bonded to the reference atom (molecule).
- An angle between the first side 1A (x axis) of the semiconductor chip 21 and the ⁇ 11-20> direction is defined as a rotation angle 30.
- the rotation angle 30 is 0 degree.
- a second side 1B (y axis) is arranged in a direction substantially orthogonal to the first side 1A.
- the linear expansion coefficient and Young's modulus of the 4H-SiC semiconductor chip were measured using a 3D stereo measurement technique using a high-precision CCD camera called DIC (Digital Image Correlation) to obtain the reference physical property values. did.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B show the results of measuring the linear expansion coefficient in the ⁇ 11-20> direction (x axis) and the ⁇ 1-100> direction (y axis) in the 4H-SiC chip A.
- FIG. It is a graph.
- the linear expansion coefficient in the ⁇ 11-20> direction is 3.06 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 / ° C.
- the linear expansion coefficient in the ⁇ 1-100> direction is 4.73 ⁇ . 10 ⁇ 6 / ° C.
- the linear expansion coefficient in the ⁇ 1-100> direction is 1.5 times or more larger than the linear expansion coefficient in the ⁇ 11-20> direction.
- FIGS. 8A and 8B are graphs showing the results of measuring Young's modulus in the ⁇ 11-20> direction and the ⁇ 1-100> direction in the 4H-SiC chips B and C.
- FIG. 8A and 8B the Young's modulus in the ⁇ 11-20> direction was 454 GPa and the Young's modulus in the ⁇ 1-100> direction was 601 GPa. In this result, the Young's modulus in the ⁇ 1-100> direction is 1.3 times greater than the Young's modulus in the ⁇ 11-20> direction. From the above results, it was confirmed that 4H—SiC had different mechanical properties (linear expansion coefficient, Young's modulus) depending on the crystal orientation.
- 9A and 9B show the linear expansion coefficient and Young's modulus of the first side 1A (x axis) and the second side 1B (y axis) when the rotation angle 30 shown in FIG. 6 is changed. It is a graph which shows the calculation result which examined the influence of No .. The calculation here was based on the physical property values of FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 (the state where the rotation angle 30 is 0 degree).
- the linear expansion coefficient of the x-axis increases from 0 degrees to 30 degrees and decreases from 30 degrees to 60 degrees.
- the linear expansion coefficient of the y-axis decreases from 0 degrees to 30 degrees and increases from 30 degrees to 60 degrees.
- the linear expansion coefficients of the x-axis and y-axis are equal to each other at 15 degrees and 45 degrees.
- the Young's modulus shown in FIG. 9B also shows the same tendency as the linear expansion coefficient shown in FIG. That is, the linear expansion coefficient and Young's modulus of 4H—SiC are both greater on the y-axis than on the x-axis when the rotation angle 30 is less than 15 degrees.
- the rotation angle 30 When the rotation angle 30 is 15 degrees, the x-axis value and the y-axis value are equal. When the rotation angle 30 is greater than 15 degrees and less than 45 degrees, the x-axis value is larger than the y-axis value. When the rotation angle 30 is 45 degrees, the x-axis value and the y-axis value become equal again. When the rotation angle 30 exceeds 45 degrees, the y-axis value becomes larger than the x-axis value. Note that the values of the linear expansion coefficient and Young's modulus of the x axis when the rotation angle 30 is 30 degrees are equal to the values of the linear expansion coefficient and Young's modulus of the y axis when the rotation angle 30 is 0 degrees. Yes.
- 10A and 10B show the linear expansion of the first side 1A (x axis) and the second side 1B (y axis) when the rotation angle 30 is changed using GaN (Wurtzite). It is a graph which shows the calculation result which examined the influence of a coefficient and Young's modulus. In addition, it calculated using the value described in the nonpatent literature 2 as a reference
- FIG. 11A is a graph showing the results of calculating the thermal deformation amount ratio of the x-axis and y-axis of the 4H—SiC and GaN semiconductor chips by simulation.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 11A indicates the value of the length (Lx) of the first side 1A with respect to the length (Ly) of the second side 1B of the semiconductor chip.
- the rotation angle 30 was set to 0 degree.
- the measured values are used as the physical properties of 4H—SiC, and the physical properties of GaN are used.
- Literature values were used as values.
- 4H—SiC simulation results are indicated by white circles, and GaN simulation results are indicated by white triangles.
- the result (black circle) which measured the amount of thermal deformation was also shown for reference.
- the protective film (insulating film) that shows isotropic mechanical properties, resin, solder, and wires are omitted, and it consists of a semiconductor substrate and semiconductor layer that shows anisotropy in mechanical properties. The calculation was performed assuming a semiconductor chip. In addition, the calculation was performed assuming that the temperature of the semiconductor substrate in the operating state of the device was 150 ° C. Even a chip having an insulating film such as silicon nitride is considered to have a tendency similar to the simulation result.
- both the SiC semiconductor chip and the GaN semiconductor chip have a chip X / Y dimension ratio (Lx / Ly) of 1.0, that is, the lengths of the first side and the second side of the semiconductor chip.
- the thermal deformation amount ratio X / Y ( ⁇ Lx / ⁇ Ly) is smaller than 1.0.
- the thermal deformation ratio X / Y increases as the chip X / Y dimensional ratio (Lx / Ly) increases.
- the chip X / Y dimension ratio (Lx / Ly) is set to It can be seen that it may be larger than 1.0, that is, the length of the first side should be larger than the length of the second side.
- the chip X / Y size ratio (Lx / Ly) is 1.1 to 1.6
- the chip X / Y size ratio (Lx / Ly) is 1.
- the thermal deformation ratio X / Y ( ⁇ Lx / ⁇ Ly) is about 0.8 to 1.2. From this result, although the tendency is slightly different between SiC and GaN, the amount of thermal deformation of the x-axis and y-axis when the chip X / Y dimensional ratio (Lx / Ly) is 1.05 times or more and 1.6 times or less. Are almost equal, and the strain becomes uniform.
- the operating temperature was assumed to be 150 ° C.
- the linear expansion coefficient of SiC is a constant value within the range of 0 ° C. to 300 ° C. Therefore, for example, when the temperature is changed from room temperature (25 ° C.) to 150 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C., it is considered that the same tendency as in the graph of FIG.
- a chip using SiC is operated at a normal operating temperature (for example, 100 ° C. or more and 200 ° C. or less), it is considered that the same tendency as in FIG. A similar trend is also expected when GaN chips are used at normal operating temperatures.
- FIG. 11B is a graph showing the result of calculating the equivalent stress (maximum) value at the corner of the 4H—SiC and GaN semiconductor chip by simulation.
- the chip X / Y size ratio (Lx / Ly) was used as a parameter, as in the simulation whose result is shown in FIG.
- the horizontal axis of FIG. 11B indicates the chip X / Y dimensional ratio (Lx / Ly).
- the measured value is used as the physical property value of 4H—SiC
- the literature value is used as the physical property value of GaN, similarly to the result shown in FIG. It was.
- the protective film insulating film that shows isotropic mechanical properties, resin, solder, and wires are omitted, and it consists of a semiconductor substrate and semiconductor layer that shows anisotropy in mechanical properties. The calculation was performed assuming a semiconductor chip. Further, the calculation was performed assuming that the temperature of the semiconductor substrate in the operating state of the device was 150 ° C.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the relationship between the rotation angle 30 of the first side 1A from the ⁇ 11-20> direction and the optimum X / Y dimension ratio (Lx / Ly) of the semiconductor chip.
- the X / Y dimensions Lx and Ly of the semiconductor chip are defined by dimensions at room temperature (25 ° C.).
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 12 indicates the rotation angle 30, and the vertical axis indicates the optimum X / Y dimension ratio (Lx / Ly) of the semiconductor chip.
- the optimum X / Y dimension ratio (Lx / Ly) is a dimension when the amount of thermal deformation in the x direction and the y direction becomes equal. As shown in FIG.
- the value of the vertical axis becomes maximum when the rotation angle 30 is 0 degree and 60 degrees, and the value of the vertical axis becomes 1 when the rotation angle 30 is 15 degrees.
- a similar tendency is shown in that the value on the vertical axis is minimized when the angle 30 is 30 degrees.
- the maximum and minimum values on the vertical axis are different between SiC and GaN.
- FIG. 4 shows a DMISFET as a semiconductor element.
- the semiconductor element of the present invention is not limited to this.
- a trench type MISFET or the like may be used.
- FIG. 13 is a sectional view showing a trench MISFET using 4H—SiC.
- the trench MISFET of this embodiment includes a first conductivity type silicon carbide substrate 3 and a drift epi layer 5 formed on the main surface of the silicon carbide substrate 3.
- a buffer layer 4 having an impurity concentration between these two layers may be formed between silicon carbide substrate 3 and drift epi layer 5.
- a body region 6 of the second conductivity type is formed on the surface layer of the drift epi layer 5.
- a first conductivity type source region 7 and a second conductivity type contact region 8 are disposed.
- the body region 6 and the source region 7 are separated by a trench 31.
- the trench 31 is provided through the body region 6 and the source region 7, and the bottom surface of the trench 31 is disposed in the drift epi layer 5.
- a source ohmic electrode 13 is provided on the contact region 8 and the source region 7 located around the contact region 8.
- the source ohmic electrode 13 is formed of, for example, an alloy layer containing nickel, silicon and carbon or an alloy layer containing titanium, silicon and carbon.
- a channel epi layer 9 made of silicon carbide is formed on the source region 7 around the source ohmic electrode 13 and on the surface of the trench 31. A portion of the channel epi layer 9 that is in contact with the body region 6 functions as a channel of the MISFET.
- a gate insulating film 10 made of, for example, a silicon oxide film is provided on the channel epilayer 9.
- a gate electrode 11 made of, for example, polysilicon is provided on the gate electrode 11 and the gate insulating film 10.
- an interlayer insulating film 12 made of, for example, silicon oxide is provided on the gate electrode 11 and the gate insulating film 10.
- a pad electrode 15 made of, for example, aluminum or an alloy layer thereof is provided on the source / ohmic electrode 13 and the interlayer insulating film 12.
- a protective insulating film 16 made of an insulator containing silicon nitride is provided on the pad electrode 15.
- the thickness of the interlayer insulating film 12 and the thickness of the protective insulating film 16 are preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 1.5 ⁇ m or more, respectively.
- a back electrode 17 is formed on the back surface of the silicon carbide substrate 3.
- the back electrode 17 has, for example, a laminated structure of titanium / nickel / silver in order from the silicon carbide substrate 3 side, and a drain / ohmic electrode is provided between the back electrode 17 and the back surface of the silicon carbide substrate 3. 14 is formed.
- the drain / ohmic electrode 14 is formed of, for example, an alloy layer containing nickel, silicon and carbon or an alloy layer containing titanium, silicon and carbon.
- the semiconductor element of this embodiment may have the following configuration.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view showing a modified example of the DMISFET shown in FIG.
- the channel epitaxial layer 9 shown in FIG. 4 is not formed. Since the other configuration is the same as that of FIG. 4, the description thereof is omitted.
- FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view showing a modified example of the trench type MISFET shown in FIG.
- the channel epi layer 9 shown in FIG. 13 is not formed.
- Other configurations are the same as those in FIG.
- FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a Schottky barrier diode.
- n ⁇ layer 5 a is arranged on n + type silicon carbide substrate 3.
- a p-type region (or high resistance region) 6a functioning as a guard ring is formed on the surface layer of n ⁇ layer 5a.
- p type region 6 a is arranged to surround n ⁇ layer 5 a.
- a Schottky electrode 50 is formed on a region surrounded by the p-type region 6a in the surface layer of the n ⁇ layer 5a.
- n ⁇ layer 5a and the Schottky electrode 50 form a Schottky junction.
- a part of Schottky electrode 50 overlaps with p-type region 6a when viewed from a direction perpendicular to silicon carbide substrate 3.
- a pad electrode 15 is formed on the Schottky electrode 50.
- the pad electrode 15 is covered with a protective insulating film 16.
- FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view showing the structure of a pn junction diode.
- the pn junction diode shown in FIG. 17 has, for example, a mesa structure.
- n + type silicon carbide substrate 3 On n + type silicon carbide substrate 3, n ⁇ layer 5b is provided. n - the end region 51 of the layer 5b is removed by dry etching or the like, n - step 52 is formed on the top surface of the layer 5b. This step 52 constitutes a “mesa structure”.
- a p-type region 6 c is formed in the surface layer of the n ⁇ layer 5 b in the element region 53.
- the n ⁇ layer 5 and the p-type region 6 c form a pn junction and determine the breakdown voltage structure of the pn junction diode.
- a p-type contact electrode 54 is formed on the p-type region 6c.
- a pad electrode 15 is formed on the p-type contact electrode 54.
- a p-type guard ring region 6b is formed in the surface layer of the n ⁇ layer 5b in the termination region 51.
- An oxide film 55 is formed on the side surface of the step 52 and the p-type guard ring region 6b.
- a protective insulating film 16 is formed on the oxide film 55.
- the wiring electrode may be a low-resistance metal, such as copper or an alloy thereof.
- This embodiment can be used for other termination structures such as a RESURF structure.
- Insulated gate bipolar transistors insulated gate bipolar transistors, IGBTs
- metal-semiconductor field effect transistors MESFETs
- junction field effect transistors junction field effect transistors, etc.
- the present embodiment can also be suitably used for other hexagonal semiconductor materials of SiC and GaN, and semiconductor materials of other crystal structures having mechanical properties anisotropy.
- the semiconductor chip 21 of this embodiment may be sealed with a resin and connected to the outside by a wire, a bonding pad, or the like. An example will be described below.
- FIG. 18 is a perspective view showing a semiconductor device (semiconductor package) 61 having the semiconductor chip 21 of the present embodiment.
- the semiconductor device 61 includes a support member 63, a semiconductor chip 21, a sealing resin 64, and external terminals 63a, 63b, and 63c.
- the support member 63 is made of a metal material such as an alloy containing copper and supports the semiconductor chip 21.
- the external terminals 63a, 63b, and 63c are also formed from a metal material such as an alloy containing copper.
- the support member 63 and the external terminals 63a, 63b, and 63c are generally called lead frames.
- the semiconductor chip 21 includes a semiconductor element having a desired function as a semiconductor device, such as a MISFET, a pn junction diode, and a Schottky barrier diode, as will be described below.
- FIG. 18 shows a case where the semiconductor element included in the semiconductor chip 21 is a transistor, and therefore includes three external terminals 63a, 63b, and 63c. When the semiconductor element is a diode, there are two external terminals. Further, the number of external terminals may be four or more.
- the sealing resin 64 covers at least a part of the support member 63 and the entire semiconductor chip 21 supported by the support member 63.
- the sealing resin 64 may cover the entire support member 63 and the semiconductor chip 21.
- the sealing resin 64 is formed from a known sealing resin material used for a semiconductor package such as an epoxy resin.
- a JCR may be provided between the semiconductor chip 21 supported by the support member 63 and the sealing resin 64.
- the measurement of the amount of thermal deformation of the semiconductor chip was performed by removing the resin sealing the semiconductor chip and removing the semiconductor chip from the lead frame. Can be done in the state.
- the amount of thermal deformation of the semiconductor chip can be obtained, for example, by measuring the amount of deformation of the semiconductor chip when the temperature is changed from room temperature (25 ° C.) to 150 ° C. ⁇ 5 ° C. using a DIC camera.
- the present invention is suitably used for various semiconductor devices having anisotropy of mechanical properties.
- SiC which is a hexagonal semiconductor, or a diode or transistor using a GaN substrate.
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Abstract
Description
1a、1b 第1、第2の辺
1A、1B 第1、第2の辺
2a、2b 切削線
3a 半導体ウェハ
20 切りしろ領域
20a 切りしろ残り
21 半導体チップ
3 炭化珪素基板
4 バッファ層
5 ドリフトエピ層
6 ボディ領域
7 ソース領域
8 コンタクト領域
9 チャネルエピ層
10 ゲート絶縁膜
11 ゲート電極
12 層間絶縁膜
13 ソース・オーミック電極
14 ドレイン・オーミック電極
15 パッド用電極
16 保護絶縁膜
17 裏面電極
18 半導体素子領域(DMISFET領域)
19 ガードリング(FLR)領域
30 <11-20>方向に対する回転角
31 トレンチ
50 ショットキー電極
51 終端領域
52 段差
53 素子領域
54 p型コンタクト電極
55 酸化膜
61 半導体デバイス
63 支持部材
63a、63b、63c 外部端子
64 封止樹脂
Claims (19)
- 六方晶系の半導体層を備える半導体チップであって、
前記半導体層に垂直な方向からみて、前記半導体層は、第1の辺と、前記第1の辺に実質的に直交し、前記第1の辺と線膨張係数の異なる第2の辺とを有する四角形の形状を有し、
前記第1の辺の延びる方向の熱変形量と、前記第2の辺の延びる方向の熱変形量とが実質的に等しい半導体チップ。 - 前記半導体層の主面の少なくとも一部を覆うように設けられ、等方的な機械的物性を有する絶縁膜をさらに備える請求項1に記載の半導体チップ。
- 等方的な機械的物性を有する金属膜をさらに備える請求項1または2に記載の半導体チップ。
- 前記金属膜は、アルミニウムもしくは銅またはそれらの合金である請求項3に記載の半導体チップ。
- 前記半導体層は炭化珪素である請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の半導体チップ。
- 前記半導体層は窒化ガリウムである請求項1から4のいずれかに記載の半導体チップ。
- 前記半導体層の主面が、(0001)面から-10°以上10°以下の傾きを有する請求項1から6のいずれかに記載の半導体チップ。
- 前記半導体層は、単結晶基板の主面上に形成された、前記単結晶基板と同一材料により構成される層である請求項1から7のいずれかに記載の半導体チップ。
- 前記第1の辺の長さをLx、前記第2の辺の長さをLy、前記第1の辺の延びる方向における熱変形量をΔLx、前記第2の辺の延びる方向における熱変形量をΔLyとすると、下記式が成立する請求項1から8のいずれかに記載の半導体チップ。
0.8≦ΔLx/ΔLy≦1.2 - 前記第1の辺の延びる方向と<11-20>方向とのなす角が15度未満であり、前記第1の辺が前記第2の辺よりも長い請求項1から9のいずれかに記載の半導体チップ。
- 前記第1の辺の延びる方向の線膨張係数は前記第2の辺の延びる方向の線膨張係数よりも小さく、前記第1の辺は前記第2の辺よりも長い請求項1から9のいずれかに記載の半導体チップ。
- 前記第1の辺の長さをLx、前記第2の辺の長さをLyとすると、下記式が成立する請求項10に記載の半導体チップ。
1.05≦Lx/Ly≦1.6 - 前記半導体層は炭化珪素であって、
前記第1の辺の長さをLx、前記第2の辺の長さをLyとすると、下記式が成立する請求項10に記載の半導体チップ。
1.1≦Lx/Ly≦1.6 - 前記半導体層は窒化ガリウムであって、
前記第1の辺の長さをLx、前記第2の辺の長さをLyとすると、下記式が成立する請求項10に記載の半導体チップ。
1.05≦Lx/Ly≦1.2 - 前記絶縁膜は、シリコン窒化物を含む絶縁体から形成されている請求項2に記載の半導体チップ。
- 前記絶縁膜の膜厚が1.5μm以上5μm以下である請求項13に記載の半導体チップ。
- 前記半導体層は、pn接合型ダイオード、ショットキー接合型ダイオード、金属-絶縁体-半導体電界効果トランジスタ、金属-半導体電界効果トランジスタおよび接合型電界効果トランジスタのうちのいずれかの一部である請求項1から16のいずれかに記載の半導体チップ。
- 請求項1から17のいずれかに記載の半導体チップと、
前記半導体チップの少なくとも一部を覆う樹脂とを備える、半導体デバイス。 - 六方晶系の半導体層を備える半導体チップの製造方法であって、
前記半導体層を含むウェハに半導体装置を形成する工程(a)と、
前記ウェハを第1の方向および第2の方向に向って切り出して、前記半導体装置を含む半導体チップを形成する工程(b)とを備え、
前記工程(b)では、前記半導体チップにおける前記第1の辺の延びる方向の熱変形量と、前記半導体チップにおける前記第2の辺の延びる方向の熱変形量が実質的に等しくなるように、前記第1の方向の長さおよび前記第2の方向の長さを決定する、半導体チップの製造方法。
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US20120138951A1 (en) | 2012-06-07 |
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CN102473599A (zh) | 2012-05-23 |
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US8399962B2 (en) | 2013-03-19 |
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