WO2004079457A1 - トナー、トナーの製造方法、二成分現像剤及び画像形成方法 - Google Patents
トナー、トナーの製造方法、二成分現像剤及び画像形成方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004079457A1 WO2004079457A1 PCT/JP2004/000348 JP2004000348W WO2004079457A1 WO 2004079457 A1 WO2004079457 A1 WO 2004079457A1 JP 2004000348 W JP2004000348 W JP 2004000348W WO 2004079457 A1 WO2004079457 A1 WO 2004079457A1
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- toner
- molecular weight
- average molecular
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- wax
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G9/00—Developers
- G03G9/08—Developers with toner particles
- G03G9/087—Binders for toner particles
- G03G9/08775—Natural macromolecular compounds or derivatives thereof
- G03G9/08782—Waxes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/01—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes for producing multicoloured copies
- G03G2215/0103—Plural electrographic recording members
- G03G2215/0119—Linear arrangement adjacent plural transfer points
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/20—Details of the fixing device or porcess
- G03G2215/2003—Structural features of the fixing device
- G03G2215/2016—Heating belt
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
- G03G2215/00—Apparatus for electrophotographic processes
- G03G2215/20—Details of the fixing device or porcess
- G03G2215/2003—Structural features of the fixing device
- G03G2215/2016—Heating belt
- G03G2215/2025—Heating belt the fixing nip having a rotating belt support member opposing a pressure member
- G03G2215/2032—Heating belt the fixing nip having a rotating belt support member opposing a pressure member the belt further entrained around additional rotating belt support members
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a copier, a laser printer, a plain paper fax, a color PPC, a color laser printer, a color fax, a toner used in a multifunction machine thereof, a method for producing a toner, a two-component developer, and an image forming method. is there.
- an image carrier (hereinafter referred to as a photoreceptor) is charged by corona discharge by a charging charger, and then the latent images of each color are irradiated as light signals onto the photoreceptor to form an electrostatic latent image.
- An image is formed with the first color, for example, yellow toner, and the latent image is visualized.
- a transfer member charged in a polarity opposite to that of the yellow toner is brought into contact with the photoreceptor, and an image of the yellow toner formed on the photoreceptor is transferred.
- the photoreceptor is cleaned after removing the toner remaining during transfer, and is then discharged to complete the development and transfer of the first color toner.
- a tandem color process that has a secondary transfer process that collectively transfers images to a transfer medium such as a paper bar head projector (OHP) at once, or directly to paper or paper without using a transfer body.
- a transfer medium such as a paper bar head projector (OHP) at once, or directly to paper or paper without using a transfer body.
- OHP paper bar head projector
- the low melting point component of the toner adheres to the carrier surface due to heat generated by collision between particles, friction or mechanical collision such as collision between particles and a developing unit, friction, etc. Spent vents are likely to occur, lowering the chargeability of the carrier and hindering the life of the developer.
- Patent Document 1 proposes a carrier in which a fluorine-substituted alkyl group is introduced into a silicone resin of a coating layer for a positively charged toner.
- Patent Document 2 proposes a coating carrier containing conductive carbon and a cross-linked fluorine-modified silicone resin, assuming that the developing capability is high in a high-speed process and does not deteriorate over a long period of time. I have. Utilizing the excellent charging characteristics of silicone resin and imparting characteristics such as slipperiness, releasability and water repellency with a fluorine-substituted alkyl group, it is hard to cause abrasion, peeling, cracks, etc. However, wear, peeling, cracks, etc.
- a toner for electrostatic charge development used in an electrophotographic method generally includes a resin component as a binder resin, a coloring component comprising a pigment or a dye, a plasticizer, a charge controlling agent, and further, It is constituted by an additive component such as a release agent, depending on the case.
- a resin component a natural or synthetic resin is used alone or in a suitable mixture. Then, the above additives are premixed at an appropriate ratio, heated and kneaded by heat melting, pulverized finely by an airflow collision plate method, and classified into fine powder to complete a toner base.
- a toner matrix is prepared by a chemical polymerization method. Thereafter, an external additive such as hydrophobic silica is externally added to the toner matrix to complete the toner.
- an external additive such as hydrophobic silica is externally added to the toner matrix to complete the toner.
- the toner is composed of only a toner, but a two-component developer can be obtained by mixing the toner with a carrier composed of magnetic particles.
- toner production methods using various polymerization methods different from the kneading and pulverization methods are being studied.
- a toner is prepared by a suspension polymerization method, even if it is desired to control the particle size distribution of the toner, it cannot be out of the range of the kneading and pulverizing method, and in many cases, further classification operation is required.
- the toner obtained by these methods has a problem that the shape of the toner is substantially spherical, so that the cleaning ability of the toner remaining on the photoreceptor or the like is extremely poor, and the image quality reliability is impaired.
- a method for preparing a toner using an emulsion polymerization method includes forming aggregated particles in a dispersion liquid containing at least resin particles and preparing an aggregated particle dispersion liquid, and dispersing resin fine particles in the aggregated particle dispersion liquid.
- the resin fine particle dispersion liquid is added and mixed to adhere the resin fine particles to the aggregated particles to form the adhered particles.
- a step of heating and fusing the adhered particles includes forming aggregated particles in a dispersion liquid containing at least resin particles and preparing an aggregated particle dispersion liquid, and dispersing resin fine particles in the aggregated particle dispersion liquid.
- the resin fine particle dispersion liquid is added and mixed to adhere the resin fine particles to the aggregated particles to form the adhered particles.
- a step of heating and fusing the adhered particles includes heating and fusing the adhered particles.
- Patent Document 3 At least a resin particle dispersion obtained by dispersing resin particles in a polar dispersant and a colorant particle dispersion obtained by dispersing colorant particles in a polar dispersant are mixed.
- the release agent contains at least one ester composed of at least one of a higher alcohol having 12 to 30 carbon atoms and a higher fatty acid having 12 to 30 carbon atoms, and It is disclosed that when the resin particles include at least two kinds of resin particles having different molecular weights, the resin particles are excellent in fixing property, color developing property, transparency, color mixing property and the like.
- Release agents include low molecular weight polyolefins such as polyethylene, polypropylene and polybutene; silicones, fatty acid amides such as oleic acid amide, erlic acid amide, ricinoleic acid amide, stearic acid amide and the like; carnauba wax Vegetable waxes such as rice wax, candelilla wax, wood wax, jojoba oil, etc .; animal waxes such as beeswax; Various mineral and petroleum waxes and their properties are disclosed.
- Dispersion of the release agent has a large effect on the agglomeration during mixing and agglomeration due to the thermal characteristics such as the polarity and melting point of the wax used. Furthermore, in order to realize oil-less fixing without using oil at the time of fixing, a configuration is adopted in which a specific wax is added in a large amount. Then, it is difficult to fuse with resins having different melting points, softening points, and viscoelasticity, and to maintain a uniform state during fusion by heating. In particular, by using a release agent having a constant acid value and functional group, it is possible to achieve both oil-less fixing, reduced capri during development, and transfer efficiency.
- Patent Literature 1 Patent No. 280 01 507
- Patent Literature 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-203324
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H10-10980
- Patent Document 4 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H10-10-3133
- the present invention it is possible to realize an oil-less fixing that maintains a high OHP transmissivity and prevents aging, without applying an oil, and achieves a long life without toner spent on a carrier.
- the present invention also provides a toner, a two-component developer, and an image forming method capable of preventing hollowing and scattering at the time of transfer and obtaining high transfer efficiency.
- the toner of the present invention is a toner composed of aggregated particles including at least resin particles, pigment particles, and wax particles, wherein a surface of the toner is formed with a molten film of the resin, and the wax is It is at least one selected from A and B below.
- Iodine value is 25 or less, saponification value is 30 to 300, absorption by DSC method.
- the method for producing a toner according to the present invention includes the steps of: (a) dispersing the first resin particles with a dispersant in an aqueous medium; and (a) having the same polarity as the dispersant of the first resin particle dispersion.
- Acid value 1-80 mgKOHZg obtained by reaction of alkyl alcohol with unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or its anhydride, and unsaturated hydrocarbon-based resin.
- Endothermic peak temperature (melting point) by DSC method is 50-120.
- ° C wax at least A wax particle dispersion liquid (c 2) and a dispersant (d) having the same polarity as the dispersant of the wax particle dispersion liquid are blended and aggregated to form aggregate particles.
- the molten particles are heated for a certain period of time to generate molten particles, and the molten particles and a resin particle dispersion in which the second resin particles are dispersed by the dispersant (e) are mixed and adhered. It is characterized in that a molten film of the resin particles is formed.
- the two-component developer of the present invention is a two-component developer including a toner composed of aggregated particles containing at least resin particles, pigment particles, and wax particles, and a two-component developer composed of a carrier.
- a molten film is formed, and the wax is A: ester wax having an iodine value of 25 or less, a saponification value of 30 to 300, and an endothermic peak temperature (melting point) of 50 to 100 ° C by DSC method
- B carbon number of 4 to 3 Acid value obtained by the reaction of an alkyl alcohol of 0 with an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or its anhydride, and an unsaturated hydrocarbon wax, 1 to 80 mg KOH / g, endothermic peak temperature by DSC method (melting point ) Is at least one selected from the group consisting of 50 to 120 waxes, wherein the surface of the core material of the carrier contains magnetic particles at least coated with a fluorine-modified silicone resin containing an aminosilane coupling
- the first image forming method of the present invention includes a plurality of toner image forming stations including at least an image carrier, a charging unit for forming an electrostatic latent image on the image carrier, and a toner carrier.
- the electrostatic latent image formed on the carrier is a toner comprising aggregated particles including at least resin particles, pigment particles, and box particles, and a surface of the toner is provided with a molten film of the resin.
- the wax is
- A An ester wax having an iodine value of 25 or less, a saponification value of 30 to 300, and an endothermic peak temperature (melting point) of 5 o to 10 ⁇ according to the DSC method.
- a primary transfer process for transferring the toner image obtained by visualizing the image to the transfer member by bringing an endless transfer member into contact with the image bearing member is sequentially and sequentially executed, and A transfer toner image formed on the transfer body, and then a secondary transfer process for transferring the multi-layer toner image formed on the transfer body to a transfer medium at a time.
- a second image forming method of the present invention includes a plurality of toner image forming stations including at least an image carrier, a charging unit for forming an electrostatic latent image on the image carrier, and a toner carrier.
- the electrostatic latent image formed on the carrier is a two-component developer made up of a toner consisting of aggregated particles containing at least resin particles, pigment particles and wax particles, and a two-component developer made of a carrier, wherein the wax has an A: iodine value. Is less than 25, the saponification value is 30 to 300, the endothermic peak temperature (melting point) by DSC method is 50 to 100 ° C, and B is an alkyl alcohol having 4 to 30 carbon atoms.
- the acid value obtained by the reaction of an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or its anhydride with an unsaturated hydrocarbon wax is 1 to 80 mg KOHZ g, and the endothermic peak temperature (melting point) by DSC method is 5 0 ⁇ 120 ° C wax, at least 1 selected from
- the carrier core material is visualized using a two-component developer containing magnetic particles at least coated with a fluorine-modified silicone resin containing an aminosilane coupling agent, and the electrostatic latent image is visualized.
- the primary transfer process of transferring the converted toner image to the transfer member by bringing an endless transfer member into contact with the image carrier is sequentially performed, and a multi-layer transfer toner image is formed on the transfer member.
- a transfer system configured to form an image, and then to perform a secondary transfer process of collectively transferring the multilayer toner image formed on the transfer body to a transfer medium, wherein the transfer process includes: The distance from the first primary transfer position to the second primary transfer position, or the distance from the second primary transfer position to the third primary transfer position, or the third primary transfer position to the fourth primary transfer position
- the transfer process includes: The distance from the first primary transfer position to the second primary transfer position, or the distance from the second primary transfer position to the third primary transfer position, or the third primary transfer position to the fourth primary transfer position
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of an image forming apparatus used in one embodiment of the present invention.
- ⁇ FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of a fixing unit used in one embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a box dispersion device according to an embodiment.
- Figure 4 is a plan view of the same device as seen from above.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic process diagram showing a manufacturing method according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6A is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) photograph (1500 times) of the toner of the toner base particles obtained in one example of the present invention
- FIG. 6B is obtained in another example of the present invention
- 5 is a TEM photograph of the toner of the obtained toner base particles (magnification: 12,000).
- the present invention provides a toner for developing an electrostatic image with a small particle diameter having high charging characteristics, environmental dependency, cleaning properties, transferability, and a sharp particle size distribution, and a two-component developer, Further, the present invention provides an image forming method capable of forming a high-quality and highly reliable color image without scattering of toner and fogging.
- Wax A wax is added to the toner of the present invention.
- the purpose of the addition is to improve the electrophotographic properties other than fixing, such as not only improving the offset property at the time of fixing, but also preventing the occurrence of hollow or reverse transfer at the time of transfer, and preventing the occurrence of capri or scattering at the time of development. It is necessary to be.
- the present inventors have studied various types of waxes.As a result, it was difficult to finely disperse low-molecular-weight polyolefin waxes such as polyethylene and polypropylene in a liquid at the time of preparing a dispersion. The amount of wax tends to be large.
- Fatty acid amide waxes such as oleic acid amide, erlic acid amide, and stearic acid amide can be finely dispersed in a liquid when preparing a dispersion, but are liable to re-agglomerate over time and are difficult to handle. There was. The waxes of paraffin wax, microcrystalline phosphorus wax and fish tropsch wax are difficult to disperse in a liquid when forming a dispersion, and the amount of free wax during the aggregation reaction tends to be large.
- a wax having an iodine value of 25 or less and a saponification value of 30 to 300 was added to the toner in an amount of 1 to 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.
- repulsion due to toner charge action during toner-multilayer transfer is alleviated, and lowering of transfer efficiency, dropout of characters during transfer, and reverse transfer can be suppressed.
- the occurrence of vents on the carrier can be suppressed, and the life of the developer can be extended.
- the handling in the developing unit is improved, and the uniformity of the image at the back and front of the development is improved. I do. Further, generation of development memory can be reduced.
- the preferable addition amount of the wax is 5 to 20 parts by weight, more preferably 10 to 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. If the amount is less than 5 parts by weight, it is difficult to obtain the effect of improving the fixing property, and if it is more than 20 parts by weight, there is a problem in storage stability.
- the iodine value of the wax is more than 25, the cohesiveness of the mixture in an aqueous system is deteriorated, the uniform dispersibility is reduced, and color turbidity tends to occur.
- the amount of suspended matter increases and remains in the toner, filming of the photoconductor or the like occurs.
- the repulsion due to the charge action of the toner is not easily reduced. It is highly environmentally dependent and changes the chargeability of the material during long-term continuous use, hindering image stability. Also, current image memory is likely to occur.
- the binder resin preferably has an acid value in the range of 1 to 4 OmgKOH / g.
- the acid value of the binder resin is less than 1 mgKOH / g, the repulsion due to the charge action of the toner during the multi-layer transfer of the toner is difficult to be alleviated.
- the acid value exceeds 4 O mgKOH / g, environmental resistance deteriorates and fogging tends to increase.
- Those having a melting point of 50 to 100 ° C by the DSC method are preferred. More preferred Iodine value is 15 or less, saponification value is 50-250, melting point by DSC method is 65-90 ° C, more preferably iodine value is 5 or less, saponification value is 70-200, DSC It has a melting point of 65 to 85 by the method.
- a material having a volume increase rate of 2 to 30% when the temperature changes by 10 ° C. at a temperature equal to or higher than the melting point is preferable.
- the toner changes from a solid to a liquid, it expands rapidly, and when fused by the heat of fixing, the adhesion between the toners is further strengthened, the fixing property is further improved, and the mold is released from the fixing roller. And the offset resistance is improved. If it is smaller than 2, the effect is small, and if it is larger than 30, the dispersibility during kneading tends to decrease.
- the loss on heating of the wax at 220 ° C. is preferably 8% by weight or less.
- the weight loss on heating exceeds 8% by weight, the glass transition point of the toner is lowered and the storage stability of the toner is impaired. It adversely affects development characteristics and causes bleeding and photoreceptor filming.
- the wax has a molecular weight characteristic in gel permeation chromatography (GPC), a number average molecular weight of 100 to 500, a weight average molecular weight of 200 to 1 000, a ratio of weight average molecular weight to number average molecular weight (weight average molecular weight
- the z-number average molecular weight is 1.0 1 to 8; the ratio of the Z-average molecular weight to the number-average molecular weight (Z-average molecular weight Z number-average molecular weight) is 1.02 to; L 0, molecular weight 5 X 10 2 to 1 it is good preferable to have at least one molecular weight maximum peak in the region of X 1 0 4.
- the number average molecular weight is 500 to 450
- the weight average molecular weight is 600 to 900
- the ratio of the weight average molecular weight to the number average molecular weight is 1.01.
- the ratio of Z average molecular weight to number average molecular weight is 1.02 ⁇ 9, more preferably the number average molecular weight is 700 ⁇ 400, and the weight average molecular weight is 8 0 to 800, ratio of weight average molecular weight to number average molecular weight (weight average molecular weight Z number average molecular weight) is 1.0 to 6, ratio of Z average molecular weight to number average molecular weight (Z average molecule (Z number average molecular weight) is 1.02 to 8.
- the storage stability tends to deteriorate.
- the undling property in the developing device is reduced, and the uniformity of the toner concentration tends to be hindered. Also, photoconductor filming of the toner tends to occur.
- Number average molecular weight is greater than 500, weight average molecular weight is greater than 1000, ratio of weight average molecular weight to number average molecular weight (weight average molecular weight z number average molecular weight) is greater than 8, Z average If the ratio between the molecular weight and the number average molecular weight (Z-average molecular weight, Z-number average molecular weight) is greater than 10 and the maximum molecular weight peak is located in a range larger than the 1 ⁇ 10 4 region, the release effect is weakened. Fixing properties such as fixability and anti-offset properties tend to decrease.
- wax materials such as meadowfoam oil, carnauba wax derivative, jojoba oil, wood wax, beeswax, ozokerite, carnauba wax, canderia wax, ceresin wax and rice wax are preferable, and derivatives thereof. Are also preferably used. It is also possible to use one kind or a combination of two or more kinds.
- carnauba wax having a melting point of 76 to 90 ° C by the DSC method candelilla wax having a melting point of 66 to 80 ° C, hydrogenated jojoba oil having a melting point of 64 to 78 ° C, 6
- Even more preferred is at least one or two or more waxes selected from the group consisting of hydrogenated meadowfoam oil at 4 to 78 ° C or rice wax at 74 to 90 ° C.
- the saponification value is the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to saponify 1 g of a sample. It is the sum of the acid value and the ester value.
- KOH potassium hydroxide
- To determine the value of the hydration reagent saponify the sample in an alcohol solution of about 0.5 N hydroxylation medium, and then titrate the excess hydroxylation medium with 0.5 N hydrochloric acid.
- the iodine value is a value obtained by converting the amount of halogen absorbed into a sample to the iodine when the halogen is applied to the sample and expressing it in grams per 100 g of the sample:
- the amount of iodine absorbed in 100 g of fat It is the number of grams, and the larger the value, the higher the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids in the sample.
- a wax obtained by a reaction with an unsaturated hydrocarbon wax or a wax obtained by a reaction of a fluoroalkyl alcohol with an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof and an unsaturated hydrocarbon wax can also be suitably used.
- the weight average molecular weight is 100000 to 600
- the Z average molecular weight is 1500 to 900
- the ratio of the weight average molecular weight to the number average molecular weight Is 1.1 To 3. 8
- Z ratio of the average molecular weight to number average molecular weight Z-average molecular weight Z number average molecular weight 1. 5 ⁇ 6.
- the weight average molecular weight is 100 to 500,000
- the Z average molecular weight is 1700 to 800
- the ratio of the weight average molecular weight to the number average molecular weight is 1. 1 to 2.
- Z average molecular weight and the ratio of the number average molecular weight is 1. 5 ⁇ 4.
- the weight average molecular weight is from 1000 to 2500
- the Z average molecular weight is from 900 to 300
- the ratio of the weight average molecular weight to the number average molecular weight is 1.2. at least realm of ⁇ 1. 8, Z ratio of the average molecular weight to number average molecular weight (Z average molecular weight / number average molecular weight) 1. 7 ⁇ 2.
- the release of the wax is hardly generated, and the mixed resin is easily dispersed. Also, even if a fluorine-based or silicone-based member is used for the fixing roller, the offset of the halftone image can be prevented.
- the generation of the paste can be suppressed together with the oil-less fixing, the life of the developer can be prolonged, and the uniformity in the developing device can be achieved. Performance can be maintained, and generation of development memory can be suppressed.
- charging stability during continuous use can be obtained, and compatibility between fixability and development stability can be achieved. If the carbon number of the alkyl of the PEX is less than 4, the releasing effect is weakened, and the separating properties and the high-temperature non-offset properties are reduced. If the alkyl has more than 30 carbon atoms, the cohesiveness with the resin will be poor and the dispersibility will be low.
- the toner tends to have a reduced charge amount during long-term use. If the acid value is higher than 80 mg KOH / g, the moisture resistance will decrease and the fog under high humidity tends to increase.
- the melting point When the melting point is lower than 50 ° C., the storage stability of the toner decreases. When the melting point is higher than 12 ° C, the releasing effect is weakened, the non-offset temperature range is narrowed, and it is difficult to reduce the particle size of the particles generated when emulsified and dispersed particles are formed.
- the toughness decreases and photoreceptor filming occurs during long-term use.
- Weight average molecular weight is less than 1000, Z average molecular weight is less than 1500, weight average molecular weight / number average molecular weight is less than 1.1, Z average molecular weight Z number average molecular weight is 1. If the peak is smaller than 5 and the maximum molecular weight peak is located in a range smaller than 1 ⁇ 10 3 , the storage stability of the toner is reduced, and filming occurs on the photoreceptor and the intermediate transfer member. Also, the handleability in the developing unit is reduced, and the uniformity of the toner concentration is reduced. In addition, development memory is easily generated. The particle size distribution of the emulsified and dispersed particles during the generation of high shearing force due to high-speed rotation becomes broad.
- the weight average molecular weight is greater than 600, the Z average molecular weight is greater than 900, the weight average molecular weight / number average molecular weight is greater than 3.8, and the Z average molecular weight / number average molecular weight is 6.0. If it is larger than 5 and the maximum molecular weight peak is located in a range larger than the 3 ⁇ 10 4 region, the releasing effect is weakened and the fixing offset property is reduced. Particles of generated particles when producing emulsified dispersed particles It becomes difficult to reduce the diameter. It is difficult to form a mixed dispersion state.
- Alcohols are octanol (C 8 H 17 OH), dodecanol (C 12 H 25 ⁇ H), stearyl alcohol (C 18 H 37 OH), nonacosanol (C 29 H 59 OH), and pennodecanol (C 15 H 31 OH) ) And the like having an alkyl chain having a carbon number of 4 to 30 can be used.
- the amines N-methylhexylamine, nonylamine, stearylamine, nonadecylamine and the like can be preferably used.
- fluoroalkyl alcohol 1-methoxy- (perfluoro-2-methyl-1-propene), hexafluoroacetone, 3-perfluorooctyl-1,2-epoxypropane and the like can be preferably used.
- unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or its anhydride maleic acid, maleic anhydride, itaconic acid, itaconic anhydride, citraconic acid, citraconic anhydride and the like can be used alone or in combination. Of these, maleic acid and maleic anhydride are more preferred.
- unsaturated hydrocarbon wax ethylene, propylene, sodium olefin and the like can be preferably used.
- the unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or its anhydride is polymerized by using an alcohol or an amine, and then this is polymerized in the presence of dicrum peroxide penta-sulfyl peroxy-isopropyl monophenol. It can be obtained by adding it to a synthetic hydrocarbon wax.
- the addition amount is preferably 1 to 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. If the amount is less than 1 part by weight, the releasing effect is hardly obtained. If it exceeds 20 parts by weight, not only does the fluidity of the toner decrease, but even if it is added more, the effect is not improved due to saturation.
- the wax is heated in distilled water, melted, a polar dispersant is added thereto, and the wax is dispersed using a dispersing means. At this time, the melting point of the wax If it is high, it can be melted by heating under high pressure to form a dispersion.
- the wax has a specific polar group
- laurylamine hydrochloride or ammonium stearate hydrochloride as the cationic surfactant.
- a fine dispersion can be produced, and when producing agglomerate particles by an agglutination reaction, it is possible to form particles having less wax release and a uniform and narrow particle size distribution.
- polyvinyl alcohol or a water-soluble polymer component of a water-soluble cellulose in addition to laurylamine hydrochloride or ammonium stearate hydrochloride, an effect of increasing the stability of dispersion can be obtained.
- a dispersing means it is possible to prepare a dispersion having a median diameter of 0.2 to 0.3 m using a homogenizer, but as a means for producing a fine dispersion having a median diameter of 0.2 m or less, fixed It is obtained by emulsifying and dispersing by the action of high shear force generated by the rotating body rotating at high speed through the body and a constant gap of about 0.1 to 10 mm.
- a strong shearing force acts on the aqueous system, and an emulsified dispersion having a fine particle diameter can be obtained.
- the dispersion can be formed by a treatment time of about 30 s to 5 min.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic perspective view of a box stirring and dispersing apparatus 40 according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 4 is a plan view of the apparatus 40.
- This device is a water-cooled jacket type, in which 41 is an outer tank, into which cooling water is injected through a line 47, and discharged from a line 48 to cool the entire device.
- Reference numeral 42 denotes a weir plate for damping the liquid to be treated, which is provided with a hole in the center, from which the treated liquid is sequentially taken out through a line 45.
- a rotating body 43 rotates at a high speed and is fixed to a shaft 46 and rotates at a high speed. A hole of about 1 to 5 mm is drilled on the side of the rotating body, Movement is possible.
- the volume of the tank is 120 ml, and the liquid to be treated is injected about one half of that.
- the speed MAX of the rotating body can be up to 50 mZ s.
- the diameter of the rotating body is 52 mm and the inner diameter of the tank is 56 mm.
- 4 4 is a raw material inlet for continuous processing. Sealed for high pressure treatment or batch type.
- Examples of the resin fine particles of the toner of the exemplary embodiment include a thermoplastic binder resin.
- styrenes such as styrene, parachlorostyrene, and ⁇ -methylstyrene; and acrylic monomers such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, ⁇ -propyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, 2-ethyl acrylate, and the like.
- Methacrylic monomers such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, ⁇ -propyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate; and acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, sodium styrene sulfonate Monoethylenically unsaturated acid monomers such as acrylonitrile and methyl acrylonitrile; vinyl ethers such as vinyl methyl ether and vinyl isobutyl ether; vinyl methyl ketone, vinyl ethyl ketone and vinyl isopro Vinyl such as vinyl ketone Ketones; homopolymers such as monomers such as olefins such as ethylene, propylene and butadiene; copolymers combining two or more of these monomers; or mixtures thereof; furthermore, epoxy resins and polyesters Resin, polyurethane resin, polyamide resin, cellulosic resin, polyether resin, etc., non-Biel
- vinyl resins are particularly preferable.
- a resin particle dispersion can be easily prepared by emulsion polymerization or seed polymerization using an ionic surfactant or the like.
- the vinyl Examples of the terpolymer include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, cinnamic acid, fumaric acid, vinylsulfonic acid, ethyleneimine, vinyl pyridine Monomer.
- the resin particles preferably contain the vinyl monomer as a monomer component.
- a vinyl polymer acid is more preferable from the viewpoint of easiness of a reaction for forming a vial resin.
- a dissociable vinyl-based monomer having a lipoxyl group as a dissociating group such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, cinnamic acid, and fumaric acid is particularly preferable in terms of controlling the degree of polymerization and the glass transition point. .
- the median diameter of the resin particles is usually 1 m or less, and preferably from 0.01 to 1. If the median diameter exceeds 1 m, the particle size distribution of the finally obtained toner for developing an electrostatic image becomes wider, or loose particles are generated, which tends to cause deterioration in performance and reliability. On the other hand, when the median diameter is within the above range, there is no disadvantage, the uneven distribution between toners is reduced, the dispersion in the toner is improved, and the dispersion in performance and reliability is reduced.
- the median diameter can be measured by using, for example, HORIBA, Ltd. LA920.
- the content of the resin particles in the resin particle dispersion is usually 5 to 60% by weight, and preferably 10 to 40% by weight.
- the content of the resin particles in the aggregated particle dispersion when the aggregated particles are formed may be 50% by weight or less, and preferably about 2 to 40% by weight.
- the molecular weights of resins, waxes and toners are values measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using several types of monodisperse polystyrene as standard samples.
- GPC system is HPLC81 20 series, The system is TSKgel super HM-H H4000 / H3000 / H2000 (7.8 thigh, 150mmX3), eluent THF (tetrahydrofuran), flow rate 0.6ml zmin, sample concentration 0.1%, injection volume 20L, detector For RI, measurement temperature of 40 ° C, pre-measurement treatment, dissolve the sample in THF, filter with a 0.45 m filter, and measure the resin component after removing additives such as silicide.
- the measurement condition is a condition in which the molecular weight distribution of the target sample is included in a range where the logarithm of the molecular weight and the count number in a calibration curve obtained from several types of monodisperse polystyrene standard samples are linear.
- the measurement conditions are conditions in which the molecular weight distribution of the target sample is included in a range in which the logarithm of the molecular weight and the count number in a calibration curve obtained from several kinds of monodisperse polystyrene standard samples are linear.
- the softening point of the binder resin by Shimadzu Corporation constant load extrusion type capillary rheometer Flow Tester (CFT 500), by heating while plunger samples 1 cm 3 at a temperature rise rate of 6 ° CZ content of about 9 . applying a load of 8 X 1 0 5 N / m 2,. diameter lmm, extruded from a die of length 1 mm, from the relationship between the heating temperature characteristics in relation to the piston stroke and the temperature of the plunge yer The temperature at which the piston stroke starts to rise is the outflow start temperature (T fb), and the difference between the minimum value of the curve and the outflow end point is calculated as 1Z2. Melting temperature (soft Tm).
- the glass transition point of the resin was raised to 10 ° C, left at that temperature for 3 minutes, and cooled to room temperature at a rate of 10 ° C / min.
- the heat history was measured by raising the temperature at a rate of 10 ° C / min, the extension of the baseline below the glass transition point and the distance from the rising part of the peak to the peak apex were measured. The temperature at the point of intersection with the tangent line indicating the maximum slope.
- a differential calorimeter DSC150 of Shimadzu Corporation was used for the melting point of the endothermic peak due to DSC. The temperature was raised to 200 at 5 ° C / min, kept for 5 minutes, rapidly cooled to 10 ° C, left for 15 minutes, then heated at 5 ° CZmin, and the endothermic (melting) peak was determined. The amount of sample to be charged into the cell was 1 Omg ⁇ 2 mg.
- the resin particle dispersion is prepared by subjecting a vinyl monomer to emulsion polymerization or seed polymerization in an ionic surfactant to produce a homopolymer or copolymer of a vinyl monomer (Biel resin).
- a dispersion is prepared by dispersing the above resin particles in an ionic surfactant.
- a dispersion apparatus known per se such as a rotary shearing homogenizer, a pole mill having a medium, a sand mill, and a dyno mill can be used.
- the resin in the resin particles is a resin other than the homopolymer or copolymer of the vinyl monomer
- the resin may be used. Is dissolved in an oily solvent, and this solution is dispersed in water together with an ionic surfactant and a polymer electrolyte using a disperser such as a homogenizer, and then the oily solvent is evaporated by heating or reducing the pressure.
- a dispersion liquid in which resin particles made of a resin other than the vinyl resin are dispersed in the ionic surfactant is prepared.
- 2, 2'-azo as polymerization initiator Bis (2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile), 2,2, -azobisisobutyronitrile, 1,1'-azobis (cyclohexane-1-carbonitrile), 2 ; .2'-azobis-14-methoxy-2-,
- An azo or diazo polymerization initiator such as 4-dimethylvaleronitrile and azobisisobutyronitrile can be used.
- the colorant particle dispersion is prepared by dispersing the colorant particles with an ionic surfactant using a disperser such as a homogenizer.
- Pex particle dispersions can be made into dispersions by the methods described above.
- the wax is dissolved in an oily solvent, and the solution is dispersed in water and fine particles together with an ionic surfactant and a polymer electrolyte using a disperser such as a homogenizer, and then the oily solvent is evaporated by heating or reducing the pressure. Can also be obtained.
- the colorant particle dispersion is prepared by dispersing the colorant particles with a polar dispersant using the above-described dispersion means.
- the wax particle dispersion is prepared by heating a wax in distilled water, melting the wax, adding a polar dispersant thereto, and dispersing the wax using the above-described dispersion means. At this time, if the melting point of the wax is high, the wax can be melted by heating under high pressure to form a dispersion.
- the wax is dissolved in an oily solvent, and this solution is dispersed in water with an ionic surfactant or a polymer electrolyte using a dispersing machine such as a homogenizer, and then the oily solvent is evaporated by heating or reducing the pressure. Gain by doing.
- aggregate particles of first resin fine particles, colorant fine particles and wax particles are formed in water.
- the polarity of the dispersant contained in the first resin particle dispersion and the polarity of the dispersant contained in the colorant particle dispersion include a dispersant having the same polarity, and the wax particles are dispersed. Contained in liquid As for the polarity of the dispersant to be used, a dispersant having a polarity opposite to that of the dispersant used for the resin and the colorant is used.
- a dispersant having a polarity opposite to that of the dispersant used for the first resin and the colorant is additionally used alone.
- a dispersant having a polarity opposite to that of the dispersant used for the first resin and the colorant is additionally used alone.
- the aggregated particles are heated for a certain period of time in an aqueous system with mixing and stirring to produce molten particles.
- the heating is preferably performed at a temperature not lower than the glass transition point of the resin and not higher than the glass transition point by not less than 20 ° C. ⁇ Here, the step of mixing and aggregating these dispersions described above. It is possible to cause coagulation by adding a coagulant or adjusting the pH in the above procedure.However, when the above-mentioned specific wax is used, coagulation cannot be performed stably, and the coagulation does not remain in an aqueous system. Tend to.
- the second resin when the second resin is further adhered to the molten particles generated by heating in an aqueous system for a certain period of time to form a coated state, an inorganic salt is added and adhered and fused,
- the coating can be made uniform.
- the volume average particle diameter of the molten particles formed here is controlled to be about the same as or slightly smaller than the volume average particle diameter of the toner to be obtained as a final product.
- the particle size to be set / changed can be controlled by the amount of the dispersant added, the stirring speed, the treatment, and the temperature.
- the shape of the toner can be controlled from an irregular shape to a spherical shape. When heated at high temperature for a long time, the toner becomes more spherical.
- the dispersion average particle diameter of the wax particles at this time is 0.05 to 0.3.
- particles of 0.2 m or less are 65% by number or more, and particles exceeding 0.5 m are 10% by number or less.
- the load will increase during dispersion and the productivity will decrease. If the number of particles exceeding 0.5 m is more than 10% by number and the number of particles less than 0.2 m is less than 65% by number, uniform dispersion during mixing and aggregation is hindered. Further, the amount of wax released when the second resin is adhered and melted increases. Filming on the photosensitive material, increase in the amount of vent to the carrier, the handling in development deteriorates, and the memory performance in development decreases.
- a resin fine particle dispersion obtained by dispersing the second resin fine particles in the above-described molten particle dispersion is added to and mixed with the molten particle dispersion, and the resin fine particles are mixed and adhered to the molten particles.
- the resin particles by adding an inorganic metal salt as a coagulant Adhesion can be performed early and production speed can be increased.
- the pH is preferably in the range of 7 to 10. The second resin particles can be adhered and melted without causing secondary aggregation of the molten particles.
- the inorganic metal salt examples include polyaluminum hydroxide, magnesium sulfate, magnesium chloride, zinc sulfate, ferric chloride, aluminum chloride, and aluminum chloride.
- polyvalent metal salts are preferred.
- an aluminum compound is preferable. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Thereby, the generation of fine particles can be suppressed, and the particle size distribution of the obtained toner can be sharpened.
- the temperature in the aqueous system is changed to the first resin particles contained in the molten particles while gently stirring with a mixer or the like. It is preferable to perform the treatment at a temperature lower than the glass transition point of the particles for 30 minutes to 2 hours. As a result, the molten particles and the second resin particles easily adhere to each other, and as a result, the formed particles are easily stabilized.
- the process is performed at a temperature of from the glass transition temperature of the second resin particles adhered in an aqueous system to the glass transition temperature of the resin + 40 for 30 minutes to 3 hours,
- the second resin melts and the molten film is firmly fixed on the surface of the molten particles.
- the toner can be obtained through an optional washing step, solid-liquid separation step, and drying step.
- the separation method in the solid-liquid separation step is not particularly limited, and a known filtration method such as a suction filtration method and a pressure filtration method is preferable from the viewpoint of productivity.
- the drying method in the drying step is not particularly limited, and from the viewpoint of productivity, a known drying method such as a flash jet drying method, a fluidized drying method, and a vibration type fluidized drying method is preferably used.
- the polar dispersant examples include an aqueous medium containing a polar surfactant.
- the aqueous medium examples include water such as distilled water and ion-exchanged water, and alcohols. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the content of the polar surfactant in the polar dispersant cannot be specified unconditionally, and can be appropriately selected according to the purpose.
- Examples of the polar surfactant include sulfate surfactants, sulfonates, phosphates, soaps, and other anionic surfactants, amine salts, quaternary ammonium salts, and other cationic surfactants.
- Specific examples of the anionic surfactant include sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium dodecylsulfate, sodium alkylnaphthalenesulfonate, sodium dialkylsulfosuccinate, and the like.
- Specific examples of the cationic surfactant include-. Alkylbenzenedimethylammonium chloride, alkyltrimethylammonium chloride, distearylammonium chloride, and the like. These may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- these polar surfactants and non-polar surfactants can be used in combination.
- the nonpolar surfactant e.g., polyethylene glycol-based, alkylphenol ethylene oxide-added-based, such as nonionic surfactants polyhydric alcohol, and the like c
- the charge control agent examples include particles such as a quaternary ammonium salt compound, a nigric acid-based compound, a dye composed of a complex of aluminum, iron, and chromium, and a triphenylmethane-based pigment.
- a vinyl copolymer of an acrylic sulfonic acid polymer and a styrene monomer and an acrylic acid monomer having a sulfonic acid group as a polar group is preferable.
- a copolymer with acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid is preferable. The properties can be demonstrated. When used in combination with the carrier described above, the handleability in the developing device is improved, and the uniformity of the toner density is improved. Further, generation of development memory can be suppressed.
- a metal salt of a salicylic acid derivative represented by the following formula (1) is used.
- R 1 and R 4 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or an aromatic ring which may have a substituent, and R 2 and R 3 represent An optionally substituted aromatic ring, and X represents an alkali metal.
- a metal salt of a benzylic acid derivative represented by the following chemical formula (2) is used.
- R 1 , R 2 and R 3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group or an aryl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and Y represents a group consisting of zinc, nickel, cobalt, copper and chromium. Indicate at least one selected.
- the addition amount is preferably 0.5 to 5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin. More preferably, it is 1 to 4 parts by weight, further preferably 3 to 4 parts by weight. If the amount is less than 0.5 parts by weight, the effect of the charging action is lost. If the amount is more than 5 parts by weight, color turbidity in a single color image becomes conspicuous. (5) Pigment
- coloring agent used in the present embodiment examples include carpump rack, iron black, graphite, niguchishin, metal complex of azo dye C.I.Vigment 'Yellow 1, 3, 74, Acetyl acetate amide monoazo yellow pigments such as 9 7 98 etc., C.I.Acetate acetate arylamide disazo yellow pigments such as C.I. Solvent Yellow 1 9, 77, 79, C.I. Disperse 'Yellow 1 64, especially preferably C. I. Pigment Yellow 9
- Red dyes such as 49, 52, 58, 8 and the like, and blue dyes and pigments of phthalocyanine and derivatives thereof such as C.I. Pigment Blue 15: 3 etc. are blended in one kind or two or more kinds.
- the addition amount is preferably 3 to 8 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.
- the median diameter of each particle is usually 1 m or less, preferably 0.01-1; am.
- the median diameter exceeds 1 m, the particle size distribution of the toner for developing an electrostatic image finally obtained is widened, or free particles are generated, and the performance and reliability are likely to be reduced.
- the median diameter is within the above-mentioned range, there are no disadvantages, and uneven distribution between toners is reduced, dispersion in the toner is improved, and variations in performance and reliability are advantageously reduced.
- the median diameter can be measured using, for example, a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (LA920) manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.
- the external additive is subjected to a hydrophobic treatment as required.
- silicone oil-based material to be treated with the sily force those shown in (Chemical Formula 3) ⁇ are preferable.
- R 2 is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms
- R 3 is an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, a halogen-modified alkyl group, a phenyl group or a substituted phenyl group
- R 1 is a C 1 to C 3 alkyl group.
- An alkyl group or an alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, m and n each represent an integer of 1 or more and 100 or less.
- dimethyl silicone oil methyl hydrogen silicone oil, methyl phenyl silicone oil, cyclic dimethyl silicone oil, epoxy-modified silicone oil, propyloxyl-modified silicone oil, carpinol-modified silicone oil, methacryl-modified silicone oil, mercapto-modified silicone Oil, polyether-modified silicone oil, methylstyryl-modified silicone oil, alkyl-modified silicone oil, fluorine-modified silicone oil, amino-modified silicone oil, chlorophenyl-modified silicone oil It is preferably used.
- SH200, SH510, SF230, SH203, BY16-823, BY16-855B, etc. manufactured by Toray Dow Corning Silicone Co., Ltd. may be mentioned.
- Processing is inorganic fine powder Powder and a material such as silicone oil using a mixer such as a Henschel mixer, spraying a silicone oil-based material onto silica, or dissolving or dispersing a silicone oil-based material in a solvent. After mixing with the powder, there is a method in which the solvent is removed to make the powder. It is preferable that 1 to 20 parts by weight of the silicone oil-based material is added to 100 parts by weight of the inorganic fine powder.
- silane coupling agents include dimethyldichlorosilane, trimethylchlorosilane, 7-yldimethylchlorosilane, hexamethyldisilazane, arylphenyldichlorosilane, benzylmethylchlorosilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, and T-methylbenzene. Cryoxypropyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriacetoxysilane, divinylchlorosilane, dimethylvinylchlorosilane and the like.
- the silane coupling agent treatment is a dry treatment in which a vaporized silane coupling agent is reacted with a cloud of fine powder by stirring or the like, or a wet treatment in which a silane coupling agent in which the fine powder is dispersed in a solvent is dropped. Processed by the method.
- the inorganic fine powder having a positive electrode chargeability is treated with aminosilane, an amino-modified silicone oil represented by formula (4), or an epoxy-modified silicone oil.
- R 1 and R 6 are hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 primes, an alkoxy group, or an aryl group
- R 2 is an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or a phenylene group
- R 3 is a nitrogen heterocycle
- R 4 and R 5 are hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or an aryl group
- m is a number of 1 or more
- n and q are positive integers including 0, and n + 1 is 1. These are positive numbers.
- a combination of treatment with hexamethyldisilazane / dimethyldichlorosilane or another silicone oil it is preferable to treat with at least one of dimethyl silicone oil, methylphenyl silicone oil and alkyl-modified silicone oil.
- silica or titanium oxide fine powder obtained by surface-treating one or two or more of them is more preferable.
- fatty acids and fatty acid metal salts examples include caprylic acid, capric acid, pendecylic acid, lauric acid, mystyric acid, parimitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, montanic acid, laxeric acid, oleic acid, erlic acid, Sorbic acid, linoleic acid and the like. Among them, fatty acids having 15 to 20 carbon atoms are preferred.
- Examples of the metal constituting the fatty acid metal salt include aluminum, zinc, calcium, magnesium, lithium, sodium, lead, and barium. Among them, aluminum, zinc, and sodium are preferable. Particularly Jisutea aluminum phosphate (A1 (0H) (C 17 H 35 COO) 2), or monostearate Sana Ruminiumu (Al (OH) 2 (C 17 H 35 COO)) difatty acid aluminum such as aluminum mono fatty acid Is preferred. Having an OH group can prevent overcharging and suppress poor transcription. In addition, it is considered that the processability with inorganic fine powder such as silicide is improved during the treatment. In addition, the handling of small-sized toner particles can be improved, and both high image quality and improved transferability can be achieved in development and transfer.
- the latent image can be reproduced more faithfully. Then, the transfer can be performed without deteriorating the transfer rate of the toner particles at the time of transfer. Also, in tandem transfer, retransfer can be prevented, and the occurrence of voids can be suppressed. Furthermore, a high image density can be obtained even if the development amount is reduced.
- the anti-svent property can be further improved, the handling property in the developing device can be improved, and the uniformity of the toner concentration can be improved. In addition, generation of development memory can be suppressed.
- an inorganic fine powder having an average particle diameter of 6 nm to 200 nm is externally added to 1.5 to 5.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner base particles. If the average particle diameter is smaller than 6 nm, the floating of toner particles and the filming on the photoreceptor are likely to occur. The occurrence of reverse transfer during transfer cannot be suppressed. If it is larger than 200 nm, the fluidity of the toner deteriorates. If the amount is less than 1.5 parts by weight, the fluidity of the toner deteriorates. The occurrence of reverse transcription during transcription cannot be suppressed. If the amount is more than 5.5 parts by weight, silica floating and filming on the photoreceptor are likely to occur. High temperature offset property is deteriorated.
- the inorganic fine powder having an average particle diameter of 6 nm to 20 nm is 0.5 to 2.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner base particles, and 30 ⁇ ! It is preferable that the inorganic fine powder having a particle size of 200 to 200 nm is externally added to the toner base particles in an amount of 1.0 to 3.5 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the toner base particles.
- the ignition loss of the inorganic fine powder having an average particle diameter of 6 nm to 20 nm is 1.5 to 25 wt%
- the ignition loss of the inorganic fine powder having an average particle diameter of 30 nm to 200 nm is It is preferably 0.5 to 23 wt%.
- the ignition loss of the siri force By specifying the ignition loss of the siri force, more margin can be secured for reverse transfer, dropout, and scattering during transfer.
- the use in combination with the above-mentioned carrier or wax can further improve the anti-sventing property, improve the handling in the developing device, and increase the uniformity of the toner concentration. Also, generation of development memory can be suppressed.
- the loss on ignition for an average particle diameter of 6 nm to 20 nm is less than 1.5 wt%, the transfer margin for reverse transcription and hollowing out becomes narrow. If it exceeds 25 wt%, the surface treatment will be uneven and charging will vary.
- the ignition loss is 1.5 to 20 wt%, more preferably 5 to 19 wt%.
- the average particle diameter is 30 nm to 20011111 and the loss on ignition is less than 0.5 wt%, the transfer margin for reverse transfer and hollowing will be narrow. If it exceeds 23 wt%, the surface treatment will be uneven, and charging will vary.
- the ignition loss is 1.5 to 18 wt%, more preferably 5 to 16 wt%.
- a positively chargeable inorganic fine powder having an average particle diameter of 6 nm to 200 nm and a loss on ignition of 0.5 to 25 wt% is further added to 0.5 to 100 parts by weight of the toner base particles. 1.5 parts by weight may be externally added.
- the effect of adding the positively chargeable inorganic fine powder is to prevent the toner from being overcharged during long-term continuous use, and to further extend the life of the developer. Further, an effect of suppressing scattering at the time of transfer due to overcharging can be obtained. Also, venting to the carrier can be prevented. If the amount is less than 0.5 parts by weight, it is difficult to obtain the effect. If the amount exceeds 1.5 parts by weight, the fog in the development will increase.
- Loss on drying (%) Loss on drying (g) Z sample weight (g) X I 00
- For ignition loss place approximately 1 g of the sample in a magnetic crucible that has been dried, allowed to cool, and precisely weighed in advance, and precisely weighed. Ignite for 2 hours in an electric furnace set at 500. Desike-Allow to cool for 1 hour in the evening, then weigh it accurately and calculate from the following formula.
- the treated inorganic fine powder preferably has a water adsorption of 1 wt% or less. It is preferably at most 0.5 wt%, more preferably at most 0.11%, and even more preferably at most 0.05 wt%. If the content is more than l wt%, the chargeability will decrease and filming will occur on the photoreceptor during durability.
- the water adsorption amount was measured with a continuous vapor adsorption device (BELSSORP18: Nippon Bell Co., Ltd.).
- the degree of hydrophobicity 0.2 g of the product to be tested is taken up in 50 ml of distilled water charged in a 250 ml beaker. At the tip, drop a medium from a burette immersed in the liquid until the total amount of inorganic fine powder is wet. At this time, the mixture is constantly stirred slowly with a magnetic stirrer.
- the volume average particle diameter of the toner base particles containing the binder resin, the colorant and the wax is 3 to 7 im, preferably 3 to 6.5 m, more preferably 3 to 4.5 m.
- the content of the toner base particles having a particle size of 2.5 to 4 m is 5 to 65% by number, and the particle size of 6.35 to 10.1 m in the volume distribution is 5 to 5 toner base particles It has a particle size distribution of 35% by volume.
- the content of toner base particles having a particle size of 2.52 to 4 m in the number distribution is 15 to 65% by number, and 6.35 to in the volume distribution: particle size of L 0.1 m
- the particle size distribution is such that the toner base particles having a content of 5 to 25% by volume are contained. More preferably, the content of the toner base particles having a particle diameter of 2.52 to 4111 in the number distribution is 25 to 65% by number, and the content of 6.35 to 10.1 xm in the volume distribution is more preferable.
- the toner base particles having a particle size have a particle size distribution of 5 to 15% by volume. It is possible to achieve high-resolution image quality, prevent reverse transfer in tandem transfer, prevent dropouts, and achieve compatibility with oil-less fixing.
- volume average particle size is larger than 7 m, it is impossible to achieve both image quality and transfer. If the volume average particle diameter is smaller than 3 m, it becomes difficult to handle the toner particles in development. If the content of the toner base particles having a particle size of 2.5 to 4 m in the number distribution is less than 5% by number, it is impossible to achieve both image quality and transfer. If the content is as high as 65% by number, the hand rigging of the toner base particles in development becomes difficult. 6. When toner base particles having a particle size of 35 to 10.1 m are contained in an amount of more than 35% by volume, it is impossible to achieve both image quality and transfer. If it is less than 5% by volume, the productivity of the toner decreases and the cost increases.
- the coefficient of variation of the volume particle size distribution of the toner base particles is preferably 15 to 32%, and the coefficient of variation of the number particle size distribution is preferably 15 to 35%. More preferably, the variation coefficient of the volume particle size distribution is 15 to 30%, the variation coefficient of the number particle size distribution is 15 to 30%, and still more preferably, the variation coefficient of the volume particle size distribution is 15 to 25. %, The coefficient of variation of the number particle size distribution is 15 to 25%.
- the variation coefficient is obtained by dividing the standard deviation of the toner particle diameter by the average particle diameter. It is based on the particle size measured using a Cole-Yuichi counter (Cole-Yuichi company). The standard deviation is used to measure n particle systems. It is expressed as the square root of the value obtained by dividing the square of the difference from the average value of each measured value by (n-1). In other words, the coefficient of variation indicates the degree of spread of the particle size distribution. If the coefficient of variation of the volume particle size distribution is less than 15% or the coefficient of variation of the number particle size distribution is less than 15%, it is difficult to be productive. This is a cost-up factor.
- the toner will become more cohesive if the particle size distribution becomes broader, and filming on the photoconductor will occur.
- Fine powder in the toner affects the fluidity, image quality, storage stability, filming of photoreceptors, developing rollers, and transcripts, aging characteristics, and transferability, especially multi-layer transferability in a tandem system.
- it affects non-offset properties, glossiness, and translucency in oilless fixing.
- the amount of fine powder has an effect on the compatibility with tandem transfer properties in toners containing a release agent such as wax to achieve oil-less fixing. If the amount of the fine powder is excessive, that is, the content of the toner base particles having a particle size of 2.5 2 to 4 / m is more than 65% by number, the wax which cannot be dispersed becomes more exposed on the toner surface, Filming occurs on the photoconductor, developing roller, and transfer body. In addition, fine powder has a high adhesiveness to the heat roller, and tends to have offset offset. Also, in the tandem method, toner aggregation is likely to be strong, and transfer failure of the second color is likely to occur during multi-layer transfer.
- the particle size distribution is measured using a Coulter Counter TA-]! (Coulter-Counter Co., Ltd.), connected to an interface (manufactured by Nikkaki) that outputs the number distribution and volume distribution, and a personal computer.
- the electrolyte solution was prepared by adding a surfactant (sodium sodium lauryl sulfate) to a concentration of 1%, and about 2 mg of the toner to be measured was added to about 50 ml, and the electrolyte solution in which the sample was suspended was treated with an ultrasonic disperser.
- a surfactant sodium sodium lauryl sulfate
- the degree of compression is calculated from the static bulk density and the dynamic bulk density, and is one of the indicators of toner fluidity.
- the fluidity of the toner is affected by the particle size distribution of the toner, the shape of the toner particles, the type and amount of external additives and wax. If the particle size distribution of the toner is narrow and the amount of fine powder is small, if the surface of the toner has little irregularity and the shape is close to spherical, if the amount of the external additive is large, or if the particle size of the external additive is small, the compression ratio And the fluidity of the toner increases.
- the degree of compression is preferably 5 to 40%. More preferably, it is 10 to 30%. It is possible to achieve both oilless fixing and evening multi-layer transfer. If it is less than 5%, the fixing property is reduced, and particularly the light transmittance is likely to be deteriorated. Toner from the developing roller-scattered easily. Transferability larger than 40% is reduced, tandem dropout occurs, and transfer failure occurs
- a carrier having a coating resin layer made of a fluorine-modified silicone resin containing an aminosilane coupling agent as a carrier core material is preferably used.
- the carrier core material includes an iron powder carrier core material, a ferrite carrier core material, a magnetite carrier core material, and a resin-dispersed carrier core material in which a magnetic material is dispersed in a resin.
- an example of a ferrite-based carrier core material is generally represented by the following formula.
- M is selected from Cu, Zn, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ca, Li, Ti, Ni, Sn, Sr, Al, Ba, Co, Mo, etc. At least one Contains seeds.
- Ferritic Kiyaria core member, the F e 2 0 3 in the main raw material, M is C u, Z n, F e , Mg, Mn, C a, L i, T i, N i, S n, S r
- a mixture of at least one oxide selected from A, Ba, Co, Mo and the like is used as a raw material.
- a method for producing a ferrite-based carrier core material first, an appropriate amount of each of the above-mentioned oxides and the like is blended, ground in a wet ball mill for 10 hours, mixed, and dried, and then dried at 950 ° C. Hold for 4 hours. This is pulverized by a wet ball mill for 24 hours, and further, a polypinyl alcohol, an antifoaming agent, a dispersing agent and the like are added as a binder to make a slurry having a raw material particle diameter of 5 m or less. This slurry is granulated and dried to obtain a granulated product, which is maintained at 130 ° C. for 6 hours while controlling the oxygen concentration, then ground, and further classified into a desired particle size distribution.
- a fluorine-modified silicone resin is used as the resin used in the resin coating layer of the present invention.
- a fluorine-modified silicone resin a crosslinkable fluorine-modified silicone resin obtained by reacting a perfluoroalkyl group-containing organic silicon compound with a polyorganosiloxane is preferable.
- the mixing ratio of the polyorganosiloxane and the organic silicon compound containing a perfluoroalkyl group is such that 100 parts by weight of the polyorganosiloxane is more than 20 parts by weight of the organic silicon compound containing the perfluoroalkyl group in a triple halo or more.
- the polyorganosiloxane preferably shows at least one repeating unit selected from the following (Chem. 5) and (Chem. 6).
- R 1 and R 2 are a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxy group, R, C 4 alkyl or phenyl, R 3 and R 4 each represent an alkyl or phenyl group having 14 carbons, m is an average degree of polymerization, and a positive integer (preferably 2 or more) 500 or less, more preferably 5 to ⁇ 200).
- R 1 and R 2 are each a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a hydroxy group-methoxy group, an alkyl group having 14 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, and R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each a group having 14 carbon atoms.
- perfluoroalkyl group-containing organosilicon compounds examples include CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 S i ( ⁇ CH 3 ) 3 , C 4 F 9 CH 2 CH 2 S i (CH 3 ) (OCH 3) 2, 17 CH 2 CrI 2 S i ( ⁇ 3) 3 C 8 F 17 HH 2 S i ( ⁇ C 2 H 5 ) 3 , (CF 3 ) 2 CF (CF 2 ) 8 CH 2 CH 2 S i
- an aminosilane coupling agent is contained in the coating resin layer.
- Known aminosilane coupling agents may be used.
- Examples of such aminosilane coupling agents include, for example, ⁇ - (2-aminoethyl) aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, r- (2-aminoethyl) aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, octadecylmethyl [3 — (Trimethoxysilyl) propyl] Ammonia chloride (SH 620, SZ 602, AY 43-02: from Toray Dow Corning Silicone Co., Ltd.
- KBM 602, KBM 603, KBE 90 3, KBM 573 (manufactured by Shin-Etsu Silicone Co., Ltd.), etc.
- primary amines are particularly preferred.
- Secondary or tertiary amines substituted with a methyl group, an ethyl group, a phenyl group, etc. have a weak polarity and have little effect on the charge-up characteristics with the toner.
- the leading edge of the silane coupling agent is a primary amine, but in the linear organic group extending from silane.
- amino groups do not contribute to the charge build-up characteristics of the toner, and are adversely affected by moisture at high humidity.Thus, although the most advanced amino groups have the ability to impart charge to the initial toner, At the end of printing, the charging ability is reduced, and the life is eventually shortened.
- aminosilane coupling agent produces an effect similar to a cross-linking agent, improves the degree of cross-linking of the fluorine-modified silicone resin layer that is the base resin, further increases the hardness of the coating resin, and reduces wear and peeling during long-term use. It can improve the resistance to venting, suppress the decrease in charging ability, stabilize charging, and improve durability.
- the surface of the toner to which a low-melting-point wax is added in a certain amount or more is substantially only a resin, so that the chargeability is somewhat unstable.
- a case where the chargeability is weak and the charge rise property is slow is assumed, and the uniformity of the capri and the solid image on the entire surface is reduced.
- the aminosilane coupling agent is used in an amount of 5 to 40% by weight, preferably 10 to 30% by weight, based on the resin. If it is less than 5% by weight, the effect of the aminosilane coupling agent will not be obtained, and if it exceeds 40% by weight, the degree of crosslinking of the resin coating layer will be too high, and the charge-up phenomenon will be easily caused. It may cause the occurrence.
- the resin coating layer can contain conductive fine particles to stabilize charging and prevent charge-up.
- the conductive fine particles include carbon black of oil furnace carbon and acetylene black, semiconductive oxides such as titanium oxide and zinc oxide, powders of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, barium sulfate, aluminum borate, potassium titanate, and the like. Examples thereof include a surface coated with a tin oxide and a pump rack, and a metal coated with a metal.
- the specific resistance is preferably 10 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less.
- the content is preferably 1 to 15% by weight.
- the filler effect will improve the hardness of the resin coating layer, but if the content exceeds 15% by weight, the resin coating layer will be conversely formed. Inhibits adhesion and reduces hardness. Furthermore, an excessive content of conductive fine particles in the full-color developer causes color stain of the toner transferred and fixed on the paper.
- the average particle size of the carrier used in the present invention is preferably from 20 to 70 m.
- the carrier has a high abundance of fine particles in the distribution of the carrier particles, and the carrier per carrier particle has a low magnetization. It becomes easier to develop.
- Ma When the average particle size of the carrier exceeds 70 m, the specific surface area of the carrier particles is reduced, and the toner holding power is weakened. As a result, toner is scattered. The reproduction of the nightclub is bad and not good.
- the method for forming the coating layer on the carrier core material is not particularly limited, and a known coating method, for example, a dipping method in which the carrier core powder is immersed in a coating layer forming solution, A spray method in which the solution is sprayed on the surface of the carrier core, a fluidized bed method in which the carrier core is suspended by the fluidized air and a solution for forming the coating layer is sprayed, and the carrier core is used throughout the day.
- a wet coating method such as a kneader coater method that mixes a solution for forming a coating layer and removes the solvent, a powdered resin and a carrier core material are mixed at a high speed, and the frictional heat is used for the resin.
- a dry coating method of fusing and coating the powder on the surface of the carrier core material may be used.Either of them can be applied, but the method is applicable to the coating of a fluorine-modified silicone resin containing an aminosilane coupling agent in the present invention. Te is a wet coating method is particularly preferably used.
- the solvent used in the coating solution for forming the coating layer is not particularly limited as long as it dissolves the coating resin, and may be selected so as to be compatible with the coating resin used.
- toluene key aromatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexylene, acetone, Quai small emissions such as methyl E chill ketone, tetrahydrofuran, c resin coating amount ethers can be used, such as Jiokisan carrier core material Is preferably from 0.2 to 6.0% by weight, more preferably from 0.5 to 5.0% by weight, still more preferably from 0.6 to 4.0% by weight, and from 0.7 to 3% by weight. .
- the resin coating amount is less than 0.2% by weight, a uniform coating cannot be formed on the carrier surface, and the characteristics of the carrier core material are greatly affected. The effect of the coupling agent cannot be sufficiently exhibited. If it exceeds 6.0% by weight, the coating layer becomes too thick, and the carrier particles tend to be granulated, so that uniform carrier particles tend not to be obtained.
- the means for performing the baking treatment is not particularly limited, and may be either an external heating method or an internal heating method, for example, a fixed or fluid electric furnace, a rotary kiln electric furnace, a burner furnace, or a microwave.
- Baking Regard the baking temperature, the resin coating layer should be treated at a high temperature of 200 to 350 ° C in order to efficiently exhibit the effect of fluorosilicone, which improves the anti-spening properties of the resin coating layer. And more preferably 220 to 280 ° C.
- the processing time is preferably 1.5 to 2.5 hours. If the processing temperature is low, the hardness of the resin film itself decreases. If the processing temperature is too high, the charge will decrease. T (8) Two-component development
- An AC bias is applied between the photoreceptor and the developing roller together with a DC bias.
- the frequency at that time is 1 to 10 kHz
- the AC bias is 1.0 to 2.5 kV (p-p)
- the peripheral speed ratio between the photoconductor and the developing roller is 1: 1.2 to 2. It is preferably 1: 2. More preferably, the frequency is 3.5 to 8 kHz, the AC bias is 1.2 to 2.0 kV (pp), and the peripheral speed ratio between the photosensitive member and the developing roller is 1: 1. 5-1: 1.8. More preferably, the frequency is 5.5 to 7 kHz, the AC bias is 1.5 to 2.0 kV (p-p), and the peripheral speed ratio between the photoconductor and the developing roller is 1: 1.6 to 6 1: 1.8.
- the dots can be faithfully reproduced and the characteristics of the developer can be improved.
- High-quality images and oil-less fixability can both be achieved.
- Charge-up under low humidity can be prevented, and high image density can be obtained even in continuous use. This is thought to be due to the ability to reduce toner adhesion, maintain image density, reduce capri, and faithfully reproduce dots by using a toner and carrier composition that can exhibit high charging properties and an AC bias in combination. It is. If the frequency is lower than 1 kHz, dot reproducibility deteriorates, and halftone reproducibility deteriorates.
- the frequency is higher than 10 kHz, it is not possible to follow the development area and the effect will not appear.
- this frequency range in two-component development using a high-resistance carrier, it works on the reciprocating action between the carrier and the toner rather than between the developing roller and the photoconductor, and has the effect of slightly releasing the toner from the carrier. As a result, dot reproducibility and halftone reproducibility are excellently performed, and high image density can be obtained.
- the AC bias is smaller than 1.0 kV (pp)
- the effect of suppressing the charge-up is not obtained
- the AC bias is larger than 2.5 kV (pp)
- the capri increases.
- peripheral speed ratio between the photoconductor and the developing roller is smaller than 1: 1.2 (the developing roller is slow), it is difficult to obtain an image density.
- peripheral speed ratio between the photoconductor and the developing roller is larger than 1: 2 (the developing roller speed increases), toner scattering increases.
- a plurality of toner image forming stations including a photoconductor, a charging unit, and a toner carrier are provided, and an electrostatic latent image formed on the image carrier is visualized.
- a primary transfer process in which the imaged toner image is transferred to the transfer member by bringing an endless transfer member into contact with the image carrier is sequentially executed, and a multi-layer transfer toner is transferred to the transfer member.
- a transfer position configuration where dl Z v ⁇ 0.65.
- the aim is to balance speed.
- a configuration that increases speed is essential. In order to achieve both miniaturization and printing speed, it is considered that a configuration in which the above value is 0.65 or less is the minimum.
- the time from the first transfer of the yellow toner of the first color to the first transfer of the magenta toner of the second color is extremely short, so that the charge on the transfer member is reduced or transferred.
- the magenta toner is transferred onto the yellow toner, the magenta toner is repelled by the charge action of the yellow toner, causing a reduction in transfer efficiency and dropout of characters during transfer. Occurs.
- the scattering of cyan toner, poor transfer, and omission during transfer occur remarkably.
- toner with a specific particle size is selectively developed during repeated use. If the fluidity of each toner particle is significantly different, the chances of triboelectric charging are different, causing variations in the amount of charge. This leads to deterioration of the device. Therefore, by using the toner or the two-component developer according to the present embodiment, the charge distribution is stabilized, overcharging of the toner is suppressed, and fluctuation in fluidity can be suppressed. As a result, it is possible to prevent a decrease in transfer efficiency, dropout of characters during transfer, and reverse transfer without sacrificing fixing characteristics.
- a cleaner-less process for performing the next charging, exposure, and development processes without a cleaning process step of recovering the toner remaining on the photoreceptor after the transfer process by cleaning is performed. It is suitably used for electrophotographic devices.
- the toner or the two-component developer according to the present embodiment By using the toner or the two-component developer according to the present embodiment, aggregation of the toner is suppressed, overcharging is prevented, charging stability is obtained, and high transfer efficiency can be obtained.
- the toner remaining in the non-image area can be favorably collected by development. Therefore, there is no development memory in which the image pattern before the non-image portion remains.
- the present invention is suitably used for an electrophotographic apparatus having a fixing process of an oilless fixing configuration in which oil is not used as a means for fixing toner.
- the heating means electromagnetic induction heating is a preferable configuration from the viewpoint of shortening the warm-up time and saving energy.
- a configuration using a fixing belt is also preferably used.
- a heat-resistant belt such as a nickel electrode belt or a polyimide belt having heat resistance and flexibility is preferably used.
- Silicone rubber, fluoro rubber, fluororesin is used as a surface layer in order to improve the releasability. This is a configuration using.
- the occurrence of offset can be prevented without using oil, and the highest translucency can be obtained. Further, the overcharging property of the toner can be suppressed, and the toner is prevented from flying due to the charging action with the heating member or the fixing member.
- the toner or two-component developer of the present invention can also be used in the following image forming apparatuses.
- A an ester wax having an iodine value of 25 or less, a saponification value of 30 to 300, and an endothermic peak temperature (melting point) of 50 to 100 according to the DSC method,
- B Acid value of 1 to 80 mgKOH "g” obtained by the reaction of alkyl alcohol having 4 to 30 carbon atoms with unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or its anhydride, and unsaturated hydrocarbon wax, endothermic by DSC method
- An image is formed using a toner which is at least one selected from wax having a peak temperature (melting point) of 50 to 120 ° C.
- An AC bias having a frequency of 1 to 10 kHz and a bias of 1.0 to 2.5 kV (pp) is applied between the photoconductor and the developing roller, together with a DC bias.
- a developing means having a peripheral speed ratio between the body and the developing roller of 1: 1.2 to 1: 2
- a toner comprising aggregated particles containing at least resin particles, pigment particles and wax particles
- a two-component developer consisting of Carrier U, wherein the surface of the toner is a molten film of the resin. Is formed, and the wax is
- A an ester wax having an iodine value of 25 or less, a saponification value of 30 to 300, and an endothermic peak temperature (melting point) of 50 to 100 ° C by the DSC method,
- the image is a toner comprising aggregated particles containing at least resin particles, pigment particles and wax particles, wherein the wax has an A: iodine value of 25 or less, a saponification value of 30 to 300, and an absorption by DSC method.
- a transfer system configured to perform a transfer process of transferring the image to a transfer medium by using a transfer system, wherein the transfer process is performed from a distance from a first transfer position to a second transfer position, or from a second transfer position.
- the distance to the third transfer position or the distance from the third transfer position to the fourth transfer position is d1 (mm) and the peripheral speed of the photoconductor is v (mm / s), dl / v ⁇ 0.6.5 (s ec).
- the latent image is a toner composed of aggregated particles containing at least resin particles, pigment particles and wax particles, and a two-component developing agent composed of a carrier, wherein a surface of the toner is formed with a molten film of the resin. That is, the wax is
- A an ester wax having an iodine value of 25 or less, a saponification value of 30 to 300, and an endothermic peak temperature (melting point) of 50 to 100 ° C by a DSC method
- B a carbon number of 4 to 3
- the acid value obtained from the reaction of an alkyl alcohol of 0 with an unsaturated polycarboxylic acid or its anhydride, and an unsaturated hydrocarbon-based resin has an endothermic peak temperature (melting point) of 1 to 8 O mg KOHZ g DSC method.
- Magnetic particles at least one selected from waxes of 50 to 120 ° C., wherein the surface of the carrier core material is at least coated with a fluorine-modified silicone resin containing an aminosilane coupling agent.
- a transfer system configured to execute a transfer process of sequentially and successively transferring the toner images obtained by visualizing the electrostatic latent image to a transfer medium using a two-component developer including And the transfer process is The distance from the first transfer position to the second transfer position, the distance from the second transfer position to the third transfer position, or the distance from the third transfer position to the fourth transfer position is d 1 (mm), and when the peripheral speed of the photoconductor is v (mm / s), the configuration satisfies the condition of dl Z v ⁇ 0.65 (sec).
- the polarity of the dispersant of the resin particle dispersion and the polarity of the dispersant of the resin particle dispersion have opposite polarities.
- mix a dispersant with the same polarity as the polarity of the dispersant in the wax particle dispersion As a result, the presence of floating wax that is not involved in aggregation in an aqueous system is reduced, the presence of floating pigment is also reduced in pigments, uniform mixing and aggregation are realized, and good color reproducibility is realized.
- a two-component developer combined with a carrier coated with a fluorine-modified silicone resin containing an aminosilane coupling agent prevents offset while maintaining high OHP translucency without applying oil. Oil-free fixation can be achieved, and the life of the carrier can be extended without the need for the sponge of a toner component. In addition, it is possible to prevent dropouts and scattering at the time of transfer and obtain high transfer efficiency.
- Reference numeral 20 denotes an emulsification polymerization tank, which supplies a monomer, an anionic surfactant (emulsifier), a polymerization initiator, ion-exchanged water, and the like from a raw material supply line 21 to perform emulsion polymerization.
- the polymer obtained is resin particles having an average particle size of 0.1 to 0.2 / m.
- Reference numeral 30 denotes a pigment dispersion tank, which supplies pigment, anionic surfactant, and ion-exchanged water from a raw material supply line 31 to obtain pigment dispersed particles having an average particle diameter of 0.1 to 0.2 m.
- Reference numeral 40 denotes a wax dispersion tank described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4, which supplies wax, a cationic surfactant, and ion-exchanged water from a raw material supply line 44 to have an average particle diameter of 0.2 to 0.5. m wax dispersed particles are obtained. When each primary particle is obtained, open the valves 22, 32, and 49, and supply the respective primary raw materials and the cationic surfactant from each supply line 51, 52, 53 to the flocculation tank 50. At a predetermined mixing ratio. These particles are ion-aggregated in water to obtain aggregated particles (secondary particles). At this time, it is important to efficiently incorporate the plex into the aggregate.
- the valve 54 is opened and the aggregated particles are sent from the supply line 61 to the filtration storage tank 60.
- open valve 62 to send aggregated particles from supply line 71 to washing tank 70.
- water is washed
- the valve 72 is opened, and the water is sent from the supply line 73 to the filtration separation tank 60 to separate the aggregated particles from water. Repeat this operation several times.
- the valve 63 is opened to obtain the purified aggregated particle toner. This is dried to make one product.
- a filter glass of the filtration separation tank 60 was a Roto-Glass filter No. 5A (7 m).
- FIG. 6A is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) photograph of a toner M3 particle (tonal magnification of 150,000) finally obtained in the following example. All of the resin is melted and does not remain in the form of particles. The white part at the center is a state in which the resin is trapped inside the resin. The resin and pigment particles are present in a dispersed state on the outside (intermediate layer), and the resin layer is present on the outside (outermost shell layer).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- FIG. 6B is a TEM photograph (12,000 times) of a toner M6 particle finally obtained in the following example. All of the resin is molten and does not remain in the form of particles. The wax particles, the pigment particles, and the resin are present in a mixed and dispersed state, and the resin layer is present on the outer layer. Compared to Fig. 6A, the state where only wax is present in the center is less. This is probably due to the difference in thermal properties and composition of the wax. The volume average particle diameter of the toner is in the range of 3 m or more and 7 m or less.
- Main firing was performed at 1270 ° C. for 6 hours in a 2% atmosphere. Thereafter, the core material was crushed and further classified to obtain a core material of ferrite particles having an average particle diameter of 50 m and a saturation magnetization of 65 emuZg at an applied magnetic field of 300 eel state.
- the (CH 3 ) 2 SiO-unit represented by the following (Chemical Formula 7) is 15.4mo 1%
- the CH 3 Si0 3 / 2 -unit represented by the (Chemical Formula 8) is 84.6mo 1%.
- 25 g of a certain polyorganosiloxane was reacted with 21 g of CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 Si (0CH 3 ) 3 to obtain a fluorine-modified silicone resin.
- This reaction is a demethoxylation reaction, whereby a perfluoroalkyl group-containing organosilicon compound molecule is introduced into the polyorganosiloxane.
- R 1 , R 2 , R 3 R 4 are methyl groups, and m is the average degree of polymerization and is 100.
- Coating was performed on the ferrite particles (10 kg) by stirring the above coating resin solution for 20 minutes using an immersion drying type coating apparatus. Thereafter, baking was performed at 260 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a carrier A1.
- Core material is manufactured in the same process as in Production Example 1 except that CF 3 CH 2 CH 2 S i ( ⁇ CH 3 ) 3 is changed to C s F 7 CH 2 CH 2 S i ( ⁇ CH 3 ) 3. Then, coating was performed, and career A2 was obtained.
- a core material was produced in the same process as in Production Example 1, except that conductive carbon (EC manufactured by Ketjen Black International) was dispersed in a pearl mill in an amount of 5 wt% based on the resin solid content. I got A3.
- conductive carbon EC manufactured by Ketjen Black International
- a core material was produced and coated in the same process as in Production Example 3 except that the amount of the aminosilane coupling agent was changed to 30 g, and a carrier A4 was obtained.
- a core material was produced and coated in the same process as in Production Example 3 except that the amount of the aminosilane coupling agent was changed to 50 g, and a carrier b1 was obtained.
- a coating resin 100 g of straight silicone (SR-241 1 manufactured by Dow Corning Toray Co., Ltd.) in terms of solid content was weighed, and dissolved in 300 cc of toluene solvent. Immersion drying method for 10 kg of the above-mentioned fluoride particles Coating was performed by stirring the above coating resin solution for 20 minutes using a coating apparatus. Thereafter, baking was performed at 210 for 1 hour to obtain a carrier b2.
- the coating resin 100 g of an acrylic-modified silicone resin (KR-9706 manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.) was weighed in terms of solid content and dissolved in a toluene solvent of 300 cc.
- Coating was performed on the ferrite particles (10 kg) by stirring the above coating resin solution for 20 minutes using an immersion drying type coating apparatus. Thereafter, baking was performed at 210 ° C. for 1 hour to obtain a carrier b4.
- Mn indicates a number average molecular weight
- Mw indicates a weight average molecular weight
- Mz indicates a Z average molecular weight
- Tm indicates a softening point
- Tg indicates a glass transition point.
- a monomer solution consisting of 3.6 g was added to 200 ml of ion-exchanged water in 6 ml of anionic surfactant (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd .: Neogen RK), 6 g of dodecanethiol, 12 g of tetrabromide Disperse using 2.4 g of carbon and add potassium persulfate Add 2.4 g of emulsion, and conduct emulsion polymerization at 70 ° C for 6 hours.]
- ⁇ 11 is 3100
- Mw is 25000
- Tm is 1150 ° C
- Tg is A resin particle dispersion R1 in which resin particles having a median diameter of 0.12 ⁇ m at 52 ° C were dispersed was prepared.
- a monomer solution composed of 176 g of styrene, 64 g of n-butyl acrylate, and 3.6 g of acrylic acid was added to 200 ml of ion-exchanged water in an anionic surfactant (manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.).
- an anionic surfactant manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.
- Neogen RK Disperse using 6 g, 12 g of dodecanethiol, 2.4 g of carbon tetrabromide, add 2.4 g of potassium persulfate, and emulsify at 70 ° C for 5 hours.
- a monomer solution consisting of 212 g of styrene, 28 g of n-butyl acrylate, and 3 g of acrylic acid was added to 200 ml of ion-exchanged water in an anionic surfactant (Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) Dispersed using 6 g of neogen RK), 12 g of dodecanethiol, and 2.4 g of carbon tetrabromide, and 2.4 g of potassium persulfate was added thereto, followed by emulsion polymerization at 70 ° C for 5 hours.
- anionic surfactant Dispersed using 6 g of neogen RK), 12 g of dodecanethiol, and 2.4 g of carbon tetrabromide, and 2.4 g of potassium persulfate was added thereto, followed by emulsion polymerization at 70 ° C for 5 hours.
- a resin particle dispersion R3 was prepared, in which resin particles having Mn of 2800, Mw of 23000, Tm of 103, Tg of 62 ° C, and a median diameter of 0.21 m were dispersed. .
- a cationic surfactant (Sanisol B50 manufactured by Kao Corporation) and 60 g of ion-exchanged water were added, and the mixture was stirred at 50 ° in a flask in a heating oil bath. Heat to C and hold for 60 minutes. A collected aggregate particle dispersion was obtained. Observation of the resulting dispersion with a Coulter Counter (Coulter: Multisizer-12) confirmed that particles having a volume average particle size of about 4.1 m were formed. Thereafter, the temperature of the agglomerated particle dispersion was further raised to 55 ° C. and maintained for 1 hour to obtain a molten particle dispersion in which molten particles having a volume average particle diameter of about 4.8 were formed. .
- a cationic surfactant Sud B50 manufactured by Kao Corporation
- toner base particles 0.5 M / L of NaOH was added dropwise to the obtained molten particle dispersion to adjust PH to 7.0'0. Thereafter, the stainless steel flask was sealed, heated to 9 Ot while stirring continuously using a magnetic seal, and held for 2 hours. After cooling, the reaction product (toner base particles) was filtered and washed three times with ion-exchanged water. Thereafter, the obtained toner base particles were dried at 40 ° C. for 6 hours with a fluidized drier to obtain a toner base M1.
- the toner base M2 was prepared in the same manner as in the preparation of the toner base M1 in (6), except that the resin particle dispersion at the time of forming the aggregated particle dispersion was R3 and the box dispersion WA-4 was 70 g. went.
- the first resin particle dispersion R 1 is 210 g
- the colorant particle dispersion is 20 g
- the wax particle dispersion WA _ 1 is 50 g
- ion-exchanged water 110 parts by weight is made of round stainless steel.
- the particles were mixed and dispersed in a flask using a homogenizer (Ultra Lux T50, manufactured by IKA) to prepare a particle dispersion.
- a homogenizer Ultra Lux T50, manufactured by IKA
- To the obtained particle dispersion 2.8 g of a cationic surfactant (Sanisol B50 manufactured by Kao Corporation) and 60 g of ion-exchanged water were added, and the mixture was stirred for 50 minutes in a heating oil bath while stirring the inside of the flask.
- Toner matrix M4 is prepared by adding the first resin particle dispersion at the time of forming the aggregate particle dispersion to RI, the wax particle dispersion to 65 g of WA-2, and adjusting the pH.
- the second resin particle dispersion was carried out in the same manner as in (8) Preparation of toner base M3 except that R3 was changed to R3.
- Toner matrix M5 is prepared by adding the first resin particle dispersion liquid R 2 when the aggregate particle dispersion liquid is formed, the wax particle dispersion liquid WA_3 75 g, and the pH after adjusting the second resin particle dispersion liquid 2.
- R 2 when the aggregate particle dispersion liquid is formed
- WA_3 75 g the wax particle dispersion liquid WA_3 75 g
- the pH after adjusting the second resin particle dispersion liquid 2. was carried out in the same manner as in (8) Preparation of toner base M3 except that R3 was changed to R3.
- Toner base M6 is added after the first resin particle dispersion liquid R 2 and the wax particle dispersion liquid WA-4 85 g after adjusting the pH, when the aggregate particle dispersion liquid is formed.
- a toner base M3 was prepared in the same manner as in (8) except that the second resin particle dispersion was changed to R3.
- the cyan toner is KETBUL E111, a copper phthalocyanine pigment manufactured by Dainippon Ink, the yellow toner is Y180, a yellow pigment manufactured by Clariant, and the black toner is Rikibon Black MA100S, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation. Other than that, it went in the same way as Mazen 1 and Naichi.
- the mother toner m11 was (6) except that the first resin particle dispersion liquid at the time of forming the aggregate particle dispersion liquid was R2, and the wax particle dispersion liquid was 85 g of paraffin wax (mp 80 ° C). ) was performed in the same manner as in the preparation of the toner matrix M1
- the toner matrix m12 was prepared in the same manner as in (6) except that the first resin particle dispersion at the time of forming the aggregate particle dispersion was R2 and the wax particle dispersion was 85 g of polypropylene wax (mp 45 ° C). ) was performed in the same manner as in the preparation of the toner base M1.
- the transfer efficiency was reduced, and a dropout occurred during transfer. Wax photoconductor filming occurred.
- the durability of the developer decreased from around 5 k, and the amount of capri was increased. In fixing, the transmittance became 50% or less.
- a toner base M3 was prepared in the same manner as above except that the cationic dispersion was not added to the particle dispersion in which resin particles, colorant particles, and wax particles were dispersed. Agglomerated particles can not be obtained stably, the particle size distribution becomes broad - Wa X and pigment fine resin to t further adhesion those floating in the water is often seen without aggregation caused aggregation shell could not be uniformly formed.
- Table 4 shows the external additives used in this example. The charge amount was measured by a blow-off method of triboelectric charging with an uncoated ferrite carrier. 25 Under an environment of 5 ° C and 45 RH%, mix 50 g of carrier and 0.1 g of silica etc. in a 100 m 1 polyethylene container, and rotate vertically at a speed of 100 m in 11 for 5 minutes, After stirring for 30 minutes, 0.3 g was collected and blown with nitrogen gas 1.96 ⁇ 10 4 (Pa) for 1 minute.
- the value for 5 minutes is -100 to 180; CZg, and the value for 30 minutes is -50 to 600 M CZg.
- a silica with a high charge can perform its function with a small amount of addition.
- Table 5 shows the material composition of the toner used in this example.
- the external additives indicate the amount (parts by weight) based on 100 parts by weight of the toner matrix.
- the external treatment was carried out in a FM20B with a stirring blade ZOSO type, a rotation speed of 2 OO Omin- 1 , a treatment time of 5 min and an input amount of lkg.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of an image forming apparatus for forming a full-color image used in the present embodiment.
- Figure 1 the exterior of the color electrophotographic pudding The case is omitted.
- the transfer belt unit 17 includes a transfer belt 12, a first color (yellow) transfer roller 10Y made of an elastic material, a transfer roller 10Y, a second color (magenta), a transfer port 10 ⁇ , and a third color (cyan).
- a transfer belt 12 a first color (yellow) transfer roller 10Y made of an elastic material
- a transfer roller 10Y a second color (magenta), a transfer port 10 ⁇
- a third color (cyan) 0 C
- fourth color (black) transfer roller 10 K drive roller 11 made of aluminum roller
- second transfer porter 14 made of elastic material
- second transfer driven roller 13 on transfer belt 12
- a belt cleaner blade 16 that cleans the remaining toner image is provided, and a roller 15 is provided at a position facing the cleaner blade.
- the distance from the first color ( ⁇ ) transfer position to the second color ( ⁇ ) transfer position is 35 mm (from the second color (M) transfer position to the third color (C) transfer position, the third color (C) The fourth color from the transfer position (K) The transfer position is the same distance), and the peripheral speed of the photoconductor is 125 mm / s.
- the transfer belt 12 is used by kneading a conductive filler in an insulating polycarbonate resin and forming a film with an extruder.
- a film formed by adding 5 parts by weight of conductive carbon (for example, Ketjen black) to 95 parts by weight of a polycarbonate resin (for example, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical, Iupiron Z300) as an insulating resin is used.
- a polycarbonate resin for example, Mitsubishi Gas Chemical, Iupiron Z300
- coating the full fluororesin on the surface and has a thickness of about 1 00 zm, a volume resistivity 1 0 7 ⁇ 1 0 12 ⁇ ⁇ cm, surface resistance 1 0 7 ⁇ 1 0 12 ⁇ / mouth. It may also improve dot reproducibility.
- the first transfer roller is a carbon conductive urethane foam with an outer diameter of 10 mm.
- La the resistance value, which is 1 0 2 ⁇ 1 0 6 ⁇ .
- the first transfer roller 10 applies 1.0 to 9.8 to the photoconductor 1 via the transfer belt 12.
- the second transfer roller 14 is pressed against the transfer roller 13 via the transfer belt 12 and a transfer medium 19 such as paper or paper.
- the transfer roller 13 is configured to be rotatable following the transfer belt 12.
- the second transfer roller 14 and the opposed transfer roller 13 in the second transfer are pressed against each other with a pressing force of 5.0 to 21.8 ( ⁇ ), and the transfer belt is applied to 19 on a recording material such as paper.
- the toner is transferred. If the resistance value is less than 1 0 2 ⁇ , easy retransfer occurs. 1 0 as large as transfer failure is likely to occur than 6 Omega. If it is smaller than 5.0 ( ⁇ ), the transfer will be poor, and if it is larger than 21.8 ( ⁇ ), the load will be large, and it will be easy to cause zipper.
- image forming units 18 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , 18M, 18C, 18K for yellow ( ⁇ ), magenta ( ⁇ ), cyan (C), and black ( ⁇ ) are used. They are arranged in series.
- Each of the image forming units 18Y, 18M, 18C, 18K, except for the developer contained therein, is made of the same components, so for simplicity of explanation, the image forming unit 18 The description of the unit for other colors is omitted.
- the image forming unit is configured as follows. 1 is a photoconductor, 3 is a pixel laser signal light, and 4 is a developing roller having an outer diameter of 12 mm made of aluminum and having a magnet having a magnetic force of 1200 Gauss inside. They face each other at 3mm and rotate in the direction of the arrow.
- Reference numeral 6 denotes a stirring roller for stirring the toner and the carrier in the developing device and supplying the toner and the carrier to the developing roller.
- the composition is such that the compounding ratio of the carrier and the toner is read by a magnetic permeability sensor (not shown) and supplied from a toner hopper (not shown) as needed.
- Reference numeral 5 denotes a metal magnetic blade that regulates the magnetic layer of the developer on the developing roller.
- the amount of developer is 150 g.
- the gap was set to 0.4 mm. Although a power supply is omitted, a DC of 150 V and an AC voltage of 1.5 kV (pp) at a frequency of 6 kHz are applied to the developing roller 4.
- the peripheral speed ratio between the photosensitive member and the developing roller was set to 1: 1.6.
- the mixing ratio of the toner and the carrier was set to 93: 7, and the amount of the developer in the developing device was set to 150 g.
- Reference numeral 2 denotes a charging roller made of epichlorohydrin rubber having an outer diameter of 12 mm, and a DC bias of -1.2 kV is applied.
- the surface of photoconductor 1 is charged to -600 V. 8 is a cleaner, 9 is a waste toner box, and 7 is a developer.
- the paper is conveyed from below the transfer unit 17, and the paper 19 is fed by a paper feed roller (not shown) to the nip portion where the transfer belt 12 and the second transfer roller 14 are pressed.
- the paper transport path is formed as shown.
- the toner on the transfer belt 12 is transferred to the paper 19 by +100 V applied to the second transfer roller 14, and the fixing roller 201, the pressure roller 202, and the fixing belt 203
- the sheet is conveyed to a fixing section composed of a heating medium port 204 and an induction heater section 205, where it is fixed.
- FIG. 2 shows the fixing process diagram.
- a belt 203 is hung between the fixing roller 201 and the heat roller 204.
- a predetermined weight is applied between the fixing roller 201 and the pressure roller 202, and a nip is formed between the belt 203 and the pressure roller 202.
- An induction heater 205 consisting of a ferrite core 206 and a coil 206 is provided on the outer peripheral surface of the heat roller 204, and a temperature sensor 208 is provided on the outer surface.
- the belt is composed of a base of 30 xm Ni and a layer of 150 m of silicone rubber on top of 30 m of PFA tube.
- the pressure roller 202 is pressed against the fixing roller 201 by a pressure spring 209.
- the recording material 19 having the toner 210 moves along the inner plate 211.
- the fixing hole 201 as a fixing member has a rubber hardness according to JIS standard on the surface of an aluminum hollow metal core 2 13 having a length of 250 mm, an outer diameter of 14 mm and a thickness of 1 mm. (JIS-A) is provided with a 3 mm thick elastic layer 214 made of 20 ° silicone rubber c. A silicone rubber layer 2 15 is formed on this with a thickness of 3 mm and the outer diameter is about 20 mm It has become. It rotates at 125 mm / s by receiving driving force from a driving motor (not shown).
- the heat roller 204 is made of a hollow pipe having a thickness of 1 mm and an outer diameter of 20 mm.
- the surface temperature of the fixing belt was controlled to 170 ° C. by using a thermistor.
- the pressing roller 202 as a pressing member has a length of 250 mm and an outer diameter of 20 mm.
- This is a hollow roller core made of aluminum with an outer diameter of 16 mm and a thickness of 1 mm.
- the surface of the core is made of silicone rubber with a rubber hardness (JIS-A) of 55 degrees in accordance with JIS standards.
- Layer 217 is provided.
- the pressure roller 202 is rotatably installed, and forms a nip width of 5.0 mm with the fixing roller 201 by a spring 209 with a spring load of 147 N on one side. I have.
- the image forming speed of the image forming unit 18 Y (equivalent to the peripheral speed of the photoconductor 1 255 mm / s) and the moving speed of the transfer belt 12 are such that the photoconductor speed is lower than the transfer belt speed by 0. ⁇ 5 to 1 ⁇ Set to be 5% slower.
- the Y signal light 3Y is input to the image forming unit 18Y, and an image is formed by the Y toner.
- the Y toner image is transferred from the photoreceptor 1Y to the transfer belt 12 by the action of the first transfer roller 10Y.
- a DC voltage of +800 V was applied to the first transfer roller 100Y.
- the M signal light 3 M is input to the image forming unit 18 M, and the image is formed by the M toner.
- the toner image is transferred from the photoreceptor 1M to the transfer belt 12 by the action of the first transfer roller 10M simultaneously with the image formation.
- the M toner is transferred onto the first color (Y) toner.
- an image is formed by C (cyan) and K (black) toners, and at the same time as the image is formed, a YMCK toner image is formed on the transfer belt 12 by the action of the first transfer rollers 10C and 10B. Is done. This is the so-called tandem method.
- the transfer belt 12 On the transfer belt 12, four color toner images were superimposed in position and superposed to form a color image. After the transfer of the last B toner image, the four color toner images are simultaneously transferred to paper 19 sent from a paper feed cassette (not shown) by the action of the second transfer roller 14 at the same time. You. At this time, the transfer roller 13 was grounded, and the DC image of +1 kV was applied to the second transfer roller 14, and the toner image transferred to the paper was fixed by the fixing roller pair 201-202. . The paper was then discharged out of the apparatus via a pair of discharge rollers (not shown). The transfer residual toner remaining on the intermediate transfer belt 12 was cleaned by the action of the cleaning blade 16 to prepare for the next image formation.
- Table 6 shows the results of image output using the electrophotographic apparatus shown in Fig. 1.
- Table 6 shows the results of image output using the electrophotographic apparatus shown in Fig. 1.
- the charge amount was measured by the pro-off method of triboelectric charging with a ferrite carrier.
- 0.3 g of a sample for durability evaluation was collected and blown with nitrogen gas 1.96 ⁇ 10 4 (Pa) for 1 minute.
- An image density of 1.3 or more was judged to be acceptable, and Capri, overall solid uniformity, transfer character skipping, reverse transfer, and omission during transfer were judged as good, slightly worse, and at a level with practical problems.
- Sex decreased slightly (level ⁇ ).
- Table 7 shows a non-offset property test of a solid image with an adhesion amount of 1.2 g Z cm 2 or more on OHP paper using a fixing device with a process speed of 10 O mmZ s and an oil-free belt Was.
- the toners of TM1 to TM12 did not cause ⁇ HP jam at the fixing nip portion.
- the plain paper entire base haul one down image, offset 1 2 2 0 0 0 th exactly front surface degradation phenomenon without applying oil belt fixing belt c silicone or fluorine type did not occur until the I can't see it.
- the transmittance and the offset property at high temperature were evaluated.
- the process speed was 10 OmmZs
- the fixing temperature was 180 ° C
- the transmittance was 700 U ⁇ with a spectrophotometer U-320 (Hitachi, Ltd.).
- the results of fixing property, offset resistance and storage stability are shown. Table 7
- Table 7 indicates ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ translucency of 80% or more and high temperature offset temperature of 220 ° C or more. Showed sex. In addition, almost no aggregation was observed even at the storage stability of 60 ° (:, 5 hours. However, the toner of tm11 to tm14 was hardened in the storage stability test, and the non-offset temperature range was also narrow.
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Developing Agents For Electrophotography (AREA)
- Electrostatic Charge, Transfer And Separation In Electrography (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (2)
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JP2005502980A JP4209888B2 (ja) | 2003-01-17 | 2004-01-16 | トナー、トナーの製造方法、二成分現像剤及び画像形成方法 |
US10/542,518 US7413841B2 (en) | 2003-01-17 | 2004-01-16 | Toner, process for producing the same, two-component developing agent and method of image formation |
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JP2003-009462 | 2003-01-17 | ||
JP2003009462 | 2003-01-17 |
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WO2004079457A1 true WO2004079457A1 (ja) | 2004-09-16 |
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PCT/JP2004/000348 WO2004079457A1 (ja) | 2003-01-17 | 2004-01-16 | トナー、トナーの製造方法、二成分現像剤及び画像形成方法 |
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US (1) | US7413841B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4209888B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100365511C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004079457A1 (ja) |
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JP2002341585A (ja) * | 2001-05-14 | 2002-11-27 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | 画像形成装置 |
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US7413841B2 (en) | 2008-08-19 |
JP4209888B2 (ja) | 2009-01-14 |
CN100365511C (zh) | 2008-01-30 |
US20060147828A1 (en) | 2006-07-06 |
CN1739068A (zh) | 2006-02-22 |
JPWO2004079457A1 (ja) | 2006-06-08 |
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