Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
  • C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
  • A61K31/4155—1,2-Diazoles non condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
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  • A61K31/675—Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
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  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
  • C07D213/75—Amino or imino radicals, acylated by carboxylic or carbonic acids, or by sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof, e.g. carbamates
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  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D213/84—Nitriles
  • C07D213/85—Nitriles in position 3
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  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D231/18—One oxygen or sulfur atom
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  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
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  • C07D233/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
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  • C07D239/72—Quinazolines; Hydrogenated quinazolines
  • C07D239/78—Quinazolines; Hydrogenated quinazolines with hetero atoms directly attached in position 2
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  • C07D265/12—1,3-Oxazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D265/14—1,3-Oxazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one six-membered ring
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  • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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  • C07D403/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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  • C07D471/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
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  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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  • C07F9/40—Esters thereof
  • C07F9/4003—Esters thereof the acid moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic
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  • C07F9/6561—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings
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Definitions

• the invention relates generally to compounds with antiviral activity and more specifically with anti-HT properties.
• HTV Human immunodeficiency virus infection and related disease is a major public health problem worldwide.
• protease Pan
• RT reverse transcriptase
• integrase Asante et al (1999) Advances in Virus Research 52:351-369; Wlodawer A (1999) Advances in Virus Research 52:335-350; Esposito et al (1999) Advances in Virus
• RT acts as both an RNA- and a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, to convert the single stranded RNA genome into double stranded DNA. Since virally encoded Reverse Transcriptase (RT) mediates specific reactions during the natural reproduction of the virus, inhibition of HIV RT is an important therapeutic target for treatment of HIV infection and related disease.
• NRTI non-nucleoside RT inhibitors
• Nucleoside RT inhibitors include zidovudine, didanosine (NIH), zalcitabine (NIH), lamivudine (BioChem Pharma Inc) and abacavir (Glaxo Wellcome pic). See Johnson VA (1995) Journal of Infectious Diseases, 171:Suppl 2:S140- S149; Venrura et al (1999) Archives of Virology, 144:513-523; and Venrura et alArchives of Virology 1999, 144 (513-523).
• Approved protease inhibitor drugs include saquinavir (Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Noble et al ( 1996) Drugs, 52: 1 , 93- 112), ritonavir (Abbott
• NNRTI NNRTI RNTI RNTI RNTI RNTI RNTI .
• RNTI NNRTI RNTI RNTI RNTI .
• nevirapine Boehringer Ingelheim Co ⁇ , Grob et al (1992) AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, 8:145-152; Pollard et al (1998) Clinical Therapeutics, 20:1071-1092), delavirdine (Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc, Freimuth WW (1996) Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 394:279-289) and efavirenz (DuPont Pharmaceuticals Co, Adkins et al (1998) Drugs, 56:6, 1055-1066).
• Capravirine is an orally administered NNRTI therapeutic candidate (Brown W. (2000) Current Opinion in Anti-Infective Investigational Drugs 2(3):286-94).
• RT can be inhibited by both nucleoside and non-nucleoside drugs (Venrura et al (1999) Archives of Virology, 144:513-523; Matthee et al (1999) Planta Medica 65:493-506).
• the nucleoside inhibitors act as competitive inhibitors, competing with the natural substrates or as chain terminators (Mayers D (1996) AIDS 10:Suppl 1, S9-S13; Villahermosa et al (1997) Biochemistry, 36:13223-13231; Klarmann et al (2000) Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275:359-366).
• the nucleoside inhibitors, including zidovudine, didanosine and zalcitabine, remain first-line therapies against HIV-1.
• the non-nucleoside inhibitors act by interacting with a non-substrate-binding site on the enzyme, i.e. allosterically (Proudfoot JR (1998) Current Opinion in Therapeutic Patents, 8:8, 971-982; DeClercq E (1998) Antiviral Research 38:3, 153-179; DeClercq E (1999) Farmaco 54:1-2, 26-45; Katlama C (1999) International Journal of Clinical Practice, 103:Suppl 16-20; Pederson et al (1999) Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 10:258-314).
• a non-substrate-binding site on the enzyme i.e. allosterically
• NNRTI drugs have now gained a place in the arsenal of treatments for HIV-1 infection (Spence et al (1995) Science 267:988-993), acting non-competitively by interacting with a specific site on the RT that is near to, but distinct from, the active site where the nucleoside inhibitors bind.
• Several relevant crystal structures of HIV-1 RT complexed with the non- nucleoside inhibitors have been reported, expanding the understanding of how these inhibitors operate (Schafer-W et al (1993) Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 36:726-732).
• Inhibition of HIV RT is an object of the invention.
• Inhibitors of HIV RT are useful to limit the establishment and progression of infection by HIV as well as in diagnostic assays for HIV RT, both of which are further objects of the invention.
• Preparation of compositions capable of inhibiting HIV RT is also an object of the invention.
• HIV RT inhibitors having improved antiviral and pharmacokinetic properties, including enhanced activity against development of HIV resistance, improved oral bioavailability, greater potency and extended effective half-life in vivo.
• New HIV RT inhibitors should be active against mutant HIV strains, have distinct resistance profiles, fewer side effects, less complicated dosing schedules, and orally active.
• a less onerous dosage regimen such as one pill, once per day.
• agents currently administered to a patient parenterally are not targeted, resulting in systemic delivery of the agent to cells and tissues of the body where it is unnecessary, and often undesirable. This may result in adverse drug side effects, and often limits the dose of a drug (e.g., cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer or anti-viral drugs) that can be administered.
• a drug e.g., cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer or anti-viral drugs
• oral administration can result in either (a) uptake of the drug through the cellular and tissue barriers, e.g. blood/brain, epithelial, cell membrane, resulting in undesirable systemic distribution, or (b) temporary residence of the drug within the gastrointestinal tract.
• a major goal has been to develop methods for specifically targeting agents to cells and tissues. Benefits of such treatment includes avoiding the general physiological effects of inappropriate dehvery of such agents to other cells and tissues, such as uninfected cells.
• Intracellular targeting may be achieved by methods and compositions which allow accumulation or retention of biologically active agents inside cells.
• compositions of the invention include new imidazole compounds substituted on a carbon atom of the imidazole ring with a sulfur group, and having at least one phosphonate group. Accordingly, the invention includes compounds having Formula I:
• a 0 is A 1 , A 2 or W 3 .
• Compounds of the invention include at least one A 1 which comprises at least one phosphonate group.
• the invention includes compounds having Formula II:
• Ao is Ai, A 2 or W 3 .
• Formula II includes at least one Ai which comprises at least one phosphonate group.
• a compound or composition of the invention that further comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
• NRTI non-nucleoside RT inhibitors
• PETT-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds • PETT-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds • Pyrazole-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds Urea-PETT-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds Nevaripine-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds Quinazolinone-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds Efavirenz-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds Benzophenone-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds Pyrimidine-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds SJ3366-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds Delavirdine-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds Emivirine-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds • Loviride-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds
• UC781-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds as well as analogs and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, and formulations thereof.
• the activity of HIV reverse transcriptase is inhibited by a method comprising the step of treating a sample suspected of containing HIV RT with a compound or composition of the invention.
• Another aspect of the invention provides a method for inhibiting the activity of HIV RT comprising the step of contacting a sample suspected of containing HIV RT with the composition embodiments of the invention.
• Another aspect of the invention provides a pharmaceutical combination comprising an effective amount of a compound of the invention and a second compound having anti-HIV properties.
• Another aspect of the invention provides a method for the treatment or prevention of the symptoms or effects of an HIV infection in an infected animal, which comprises administering to, i.e. treating said animal with a pharmaceutical combination comprising an effective amount of a compound of the invention and a second compound having anti-HIV properties.
• phosphonate and phosphonate group mean a functional group or moiety within a molecule that comprises at least one phosphorus-carbon bond, and at least one phosphorus-oxygen double bond.
• the phosphorus atom is further substituted with oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen substituents.
• phosphonate and “phosphonate group” include molecules with phosphonic acid, phosphonic monoester, phosphonic diester, phosphonamidate, phosphondiamidate, and phosphonthioate functional groups.
• prodrug refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates the drug substance, i.e. active ingredient, as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), photolysis, and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s).
• a prodrug is thus a covalently modified analog or latent form of a therapeutically-active compound.
• Prodrug moiety means a labile functional group which separates from the active inhibitory compound during metabohsm, systemically, inside a cell, by hydrolysis, enzymatic cleavage, or by some other process (Bundgaard, Hans, “Design and Application of Prodrugs” in Textbook of Drug Design and Development (1991), P. Krogsgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Eds. Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 113-191).
• Enzymes which are capable of an enzymatic activation mechanism with the phosphonate prodrug compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, amidases, esterases, microbial enzymes, phospholipases, cholinesterases, and phosphases. Prodrug moieties can serve to enhance solubility, abso ⁇ tion and lipophilicity to optimize drug dehvery, bioavailability and efficacy.
• the acyloxyalkyl ester was first used as a prodrug strategy for carboxylic acids and then applied to phosphates and phosphonates by Farquhar et al (1983) J. Pharm. Sci. 72: 324; also US Patent Nos. 4816570, 4968788, 5663159 and 5792756.
• acyloxyalkyl ester was used to deliver phosphonic acids across cell membranes and to enhance oral bioavailability.
• a close variant of the acyloxyalkyl ester, the alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester (carbonate), may also enhance oral bioavailability as a prodrug moiety in the compounds of the combinations of the invention.
• Aryl esters of phosphorus groups are reported to enhance oral bioavailability (DeLambert et al (1994) /. Med. Chem. 37: 498). Phenyl esters containing a carboxyUc ester ortho to the phosphate have also been described (Khamnei and Torrence, (1996) J. Med. Chem. 39:4109-4115). Benzyl esters are reported to generate the parent phosphonic acid. In some cases, substituents at the ortho-ox ra-position may accelerate the hydrolysis. Benzyl analogs with an acylated phenol or an alkylated phenol may generate the phenolic compound through the action of enzymes, e.g.
• proesters contain an ethylthio group in which the thiol group is either esterified with an acyl group or combined with another thiol group to form a disulfide. Deesterification or reduction of the disulfide generates the free thio intermediate which subsequently breaks down to the phosphoric acid and episulfide (Puech et al (1993) Antiviral Res., 22: 155-174; Benzaria et al (1996) J. Med. Chem. 39: 4958). Cychc phosphonate esters have also been described as prodrugs of phosphorus- containing compounds (Erion et al, US Patent No. 6312662).
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” refer to a compound that is metabolized in the host, for example hydrolyzed or oxidized, by either enzymatic action or by general acid or base solvolysis, to form an active ingredient.
• Typical examples of prodrugs of the compounds of the invention have biologicaUy labile protecting groups on a functional moiety of the compound.
• Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, esterified, deesterified, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, dephosphorylated, or other functional group change or conversion involving forming or breaking chemical bonds on the prodrug.
• Protecting group refers to a moiety of a compound that masks or alters the properties of a functional group or the properties of the compound as a whole.
• the chemical substructure of a protecting group varies widely.
• One function of a protecting group is to serve as intermediates in the synthesis of the parental drug substance.
• Chemical protecting groups and strategies for protection deprotection are well known in the art. See: “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry", Theodora W. Greene (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. Protecting groups are often utilized to mask the reactivity of certain functional groups, to assist in the efficiency of desired chemical reactions, e.g. making and breaking chemical bonds in an ordered and planned fashion.
• Protection of functional groups of a compound alters other physical properties besides the reactivity of the protected functional group, such as the polarity, Upophilicity (hydrophobicity), and other properties which can be measured by common analytical tools.
• Chemically protected intermediates may themselves be biologically active or inactive.
• Protected compounds may also exhibit altered, and in some cases, optimized properties in vitro and in vivo, such as passage through cellular membranes and resistance to enzymatic degradation or sequestration. In this role, protected compounds with intended therapeutic effects may be referred to as prodrugs.
• Another function of a protecting group is to convert the parental drug into a prodrug, whereby the parental drug is released upon conversion of the prodrug in vivo. Because active prodrugs may be absorbed more effectively than the parental drug, prodrugs may possess greater potency in vivo than the parental drug.
• Protecting groups are removed either in vitro, in the instance of chemical intermediates, or in vivo, in the case of prodrugs. With chemical intermediates, it is not particularly important that the resulting products after deprotection, e.g. alcohols, be physiologically acceptable, although in general it is more desirable if the products are pharmacologicaUy innocuous.
• any reference to any of the compounds of the invention also includes a reference to a physiologically acceptable salt thereof.
• physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention include salts derived from an appropriate base, such as an alkali metal (for example, sodium), an alkaline earth (for example, magnesium), ammonium and
• Physiologically acceptable salts of an hydrogen atom or an amino group include salts of organic carboxyUc acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids; organic sulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids; and inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and sulfamic acids.
• organic carboxyUc acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids
• organic sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids
• PhysiologicaUy acceptable salts of a compound of an hydro y group include the anion of said compound in combination with a suitable cation such as Na + and NX 4 + (wherein X is independently selected from H or a C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl group).
• salts of active ingredients of the compounds of the invention wiU be physiologicaUy acceptable, i.e. they wiU be salts derived from a physiologicaUy acceptable acid or base.
• salts of acids or bases which are not physiologicaUy acceptable may also find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of a physiologicaUy acceptable compound. All salts, whether or not derived form a physiologicaUy acceptable acid or base, are within the scope of the present invention.
• Alkyl is C1-C18 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cycUc carbon atoms. Examples are methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1 -propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3)2), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-methyl-l-propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH3)2), 2-butyl (s-Bu, s- butyl, -CH(CH3)CH2CH3), 2-methyl-2-propyl (t-Bu, t-butyl, -C(CH3)3), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3)),
• Alkynyl is C2-C18 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cycUc carbon atoms with at least one site of unsaturation, i.e. a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond. Examples include, but are not limited to: acetylenic (-C ⁇ CH) and propargyl (-CH 2 C ⁇ CH).
• Alkylene refers to a saturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 1-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkane.
• Typical alkylene radicals include, but are not limited to: methylene (-CH 2 -) 1,2-ethyl (-CH 2 CH2-), 1,3-propyl (-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -), 1,4-butyl (-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -), and the like.
• Alkenylene refers to an unsaturated, branched or straight chain or cycUc hydrocarbon radical of 2-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkene.
• Alkynylene refers to an unsaturated, branched or straight chain or cycUc hydrocarbon radical of 2-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkyne.
• Typical alkynylene radicals include, but are not limited to: acetylene (-C ⁇ C-), propargyl (-CH 2 C ⁇ C-), and 4-pentynyl (-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 C ⁇ CH-).
• Aryl means a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6-20 carbon atoms derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system.
• Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, radicals derived from benzene, substituted benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, and the like.
• Arylalkyl refers to an acycUc alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typicaUy a terminal or sp 3 carbon atom, is replaced with an aryl radical.
• Typical arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethan-l-yl, 2- phenylethen-1-yl, naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethan-l-yl, 2-naphthylethen-l-yl, naphthobenzyl, 2-naphthophenylethan-l-yl and the like.
• the arylaUcyl group comprises 6 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g. the alkyl moiety, including alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups, of the arylalkyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 5 to 14 carbon atoms.
• "Substituted alkyl”, “substituted aryl”, and “substituted arylalkyl” mean alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl respectively, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with a substituent.
• Heterocycle as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation these heterocycles described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocychc Chemistry” (W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocychc Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John WUey & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1960) 82:5566.
• heterocycles include by way of example and not limitation pyridyl, dihydroypyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl (piperidyl), thiazolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, sulfur oxidized tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, thianaphthalenyl, indolyl, indolenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrroUdinyl, 2-pyrroUdonyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, decahydroquinoUny
• carbon bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine, position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine, position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiofuran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole, position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2 or 3 of an aziridine, position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of an isoquinoline.
• carbon bonded heterocycles include 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-pyridyl, 6-pyridyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6-pyridazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5 -pyrimidinyl, 6- pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyrazinyl, 5-pyrazinyl, 6-pyrazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, or 5- thiazolyl.
• nitrogen bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 1 of an aziridine, azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrohdine, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, imidazole, imidazoUdine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 3-pyrazoUne, piperidine, piperazine, indole, indoUne, lH-indazole, position 2 of a isoindole, or isoindoline, position 4 of a mo ⁇ holine, and position 9 of a carbazole, or ⁇ -carboline.
• nitrogen bonded heterocycles include 1-aziridyl, 1-azetedyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 1-imidazolyl, 1- pyrazolyl, and 1-piperidinyl.
• Carbocycle means a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring having 3 to 7 carbon atoms as a monocycle or 7 to 12 carbon atoms as a bicycle.
• Monocychc carbocycles have 3 to 6 ring atoms, still more typicaUy 5 or 6 ring atoms.
• BicycUc carbocycles have 7 to 12 ring atoms, e.g. arranged as a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6] or [6,6] system, or 9 or 10 ring atoms arranged as a bicyclo [5,6] or [6,6] system.
• Examples of monocychc carbocycles include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-l-enyl, l-cyclopent-2-enyl, l-cyclopent-3- enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-l-enyl, l-cyclohex-2-enyl, 1 -cyclohex- 3 -enyl, phenyl, spiryl and naphthyl.
• Linker means a chemical moiety comprising a covalent bond or a chain of atoms that covalently attaches a phosphonate group to a drug.
• Linkers include portions of substituents A 1 and A 3 enumerated in Formula I, or substituents Ai and A 3 enumerated in Formula II, which include moieties such as: repeating units of alkyloxy (e.g. polyethylenoxy, PEG, polymethyleneoxy) and all ylamino (e.g. polyethyleneamino, JeffamineTM); and diacid ester and amides including succinate, succinamide, diglycolate, malonate, and caproamide.
• alkyloxy e.g. polyethylenoxy, PEG, polymethyleneoxy
• ylamino e.g. polyethyleneamino, JeffamineTM
• diacid ester and amides including succinate, succinamide, diglycolate, malonate, and caproamide
• d and 1, D and L, or (+) and (-) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized hght by the compound, with (-) or 1 meaning that the compound is levorotatory.
• a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory.
• these compounds, caUed stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of one another.
• a specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often caUed an enantiomeric mixture.
• a 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate.
• racemic mixture and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
• chiral refers to molecules which have the property of non-superimposabiUty of the mirror image partner, whUe the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are superimpo sable on their mirror image partner.
• stereoisomers refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.
• Diastereomer refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chiraUty and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures of diastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography.
• Enantiomers refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non- superimposable mirror images of one another.
• NRTI Non-Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor
• the compounds of the invention include those with anti-HIV activity.
• the compounds include non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI).
• NRTI non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
• the compounds of the inventions bear a phosphonate group, which may be a prodrug moiety.
• one identifies compounds that may faU within the generic scope of the documents cited under the definition of the term CLC (Capravirine-like compound) but which further comprise a phosphonate group, e.g. a phosphonate diester, phosphonamidate-ester prodrug, or a bis-phosphonamidate-ester (Jiang et al, US 2002/0173490 Al).
• CLC Capravirine-like compound
• A is O, S, or N(R ) and X is O or S.
• the above Formulas are substituted with one or more covalently attached A 0 groups, including simultaneous substitutions at any or aU A 0 .
• a 0 is A 1 , A 2 or W 3 with the proviso that the compound includes at least one A 1 .
• Exemplary embodiments of Formula I include la, lb, Ic, and Id:
• a 1 is:
• a 2 is:
• a 3 is:
• M12b Y 1 is independently O, S, N(R X ), N(O)(R x ), N(OR x ), N(O)(OR x ), or N(N(R X )( R x )).
• Y 2 is independently a bond, O, N(R X ), N(O)(R x ), N(OR x ), N(O)(OR x ), N(N(R X )( R x )), -S(O)M2-, or -S(O)M2-S(O) M2 -.
• R x is independently H, W 3 , a protecting group, or the formula:
• Mla, Mlc, and Mid are independently 0 or 1; M12c is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12; and R y is independently H, W 3 , R 2 or a protecting group.
• R x is a group of the formula:
• mla, mlb, mlc, mid and mle are independently 0 or 1; ml2c is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12;
• R y is H, W 3 , R 2 or a protecting group; provided that: if mla, ml2c, and mid are 0, then mlb, mlc and mle are 0; if mla and ml2c are 0 and mid is not 0, then mlb and mlc are 0; if mla and mid are 0 and ml2c is not 0, then mlb and at least one of mlc and mle are
• R 1 is independently H or alkyl of 1 to 18 carbon atoms.
• R 2 is independently H, R 1 , R 3 or R 4 wherein each R 4 is independently substituted with 0 to 3 R 3 groups.
• R 4 is independently substituted with 0 to 3 R 3 groups.
• the ring may be, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
• the ring may be substituted with 0 to 3 R groups.
• R 3 is R 3a , R 3b , R 3c or R 3d , provided that when R 3 is bound to a heteroatom, then R 3 is
• R 3a is F, Cl, Br, I, -CN, N 3 or -NO 2 .
• R ⁇ is Y 1 .
• R 3c is -R x , -N(R X )(R X ), -SR X , -S(O)R x , -S(O) 2 R x , -S(O)(OR x ), -S(O) 2 (OR x ), -OC(Y')R x , -OC(Y 1 )OR x , -OC(Y , )(N(R x )(R x )), -SC(Y')R X , -SC(Y 1 )OR x ,
• R 3d is -C(Y ! )R X , -C(Y')OR x or -C(Y ! )(N(R X )(R X )).
• R 4 is an alkyl of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, or alkynyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms.
• R 5 is R 4 wherein each R 4 is substituted with 0 to 3 R 3 groups.
• R 5a is independently alkylene of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, alkenylene of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, or alkynylene of 2-18 carbon atoms any one of which alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene is substituted with 0-3 R 3 groups.
• W 3 is W 4 or W 5 .
• W 4 is R 5 , -C(Y 1 )R 5 , -C(Y')W 5 , -SO 2 R 5 , or -SO 2 W 5 .
• W 5 is carbocycle or heterocycle wherein W 5 is independently substituted with 0 to 3 R 2 groups.
• W 3a is W 4a or W 5a .
• W 4a is R 5a , - Y ⁇ R 53 , -C(Y 1 )W 5a , -SO 2 R 5a , or -SO 2 W 5a .
• W 5a is a multivalent substituted carbocycle or heterocycle wherein W 5a may be independently substituted with 0 to 3 R 2 groups, Y 2 and A 3 .
• W 6 is W 3 independently substituted with 1, 2, or 3 A 3 groups.
• M2 is 0, 1 or 2;
• M12a is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12; and M12b is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
• W 5 and W 5a carbocycles and W 5 and W 5a heterocycles may be independently substituted with 0 to 3 R 2 groups.
• W 5 and W 5a may be a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring comprising a mono- or bicychc carbocycle or heterocycle.
• W 5 and W 5a may have 3 to 10 ring atoms, e.g., 3 to 7 ring atoms.
• the W 5 and W 5a rings are saturated when containing 3 ring atoms, saturated or mono-unsaturated when containing 4 ring atoms, saturated, or mono- or di-unsaturated when containing 5 ring atoms, and saturated, mono- or di-unsaturated, or aromatic when containing 6 ring atoms.
• a W 5 or W 5a heterocycle may be a monocycle having 3 to 7 ring members (2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, and S) or a bicycle having 7 to 10 ring members (4 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, and S).
• W 5 heterocychc monocycles may have 3 to 6 ring atoms (2 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected fromN, O, and S); or 5 or 6 ring atoms (3 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from N and S).
• W 5 and W 5a heterocychc bicycles have 7 to 10 ring atoms (6 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S) arranged as a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6], or [6,6] system; or 9 to 10 ring atoms (8 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 2 hetero atoms selected from N and S) arranged as a bicyclo [5,6] or [6,6] system.
• the W 5 and W 5a heterocycle may be bonded to Y 2 through a carbon, nitrogen, sulfur or other atom by a stable covalent bond.
• W 5 and W 5a heterocycles include for example, pyridyl, dihydropyridyl isomers, piperidine, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, s-triazinyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, furanyl, thiofuranyl, thienyl, and pyrrolyl.
• W 5 and W 5a also includes, but is not limited to, examples such as:
• W 5 and W 5a carbocycles and heterocycles may be independently substituted with 0 to 3 R groups, as defined above.
• substituted W and W a carbocycles include:
• substituted phenyl carbocycles include:
• Embodiments of A 1 include: and where one or more Y are a bond, such as:
• Embodiments of A include where M2 is 0, such as:
• W .-5 is a carbocycle such as phenyl or substituted phenyl.
• Such embodiments include:
• Y 2b is O or N(R X ); M12d is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8; and the phenyl carbocycle is substituted with 0 to 3 R 2 groups.
• Such embodiments of A 3 include phenyl phosphonamidate- alanate esters and phenyl phosphonate-lactate esters:
• Embodiments of R X include esters, carbamates, carbonates, thioesters, amides, thioamides, and urea groups:
• Embodiments of A include where W is W , such as:
• a 2 is phenyl, substituted phenyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, pyridyl or substituted pyridyl.
• W 4 may be R 4 , such as isopropyl.
• Such an embodiment of Formula Ic may also include:
• W 5a is a carbocycle or heterocycle and W 5a is optionaUy and independently substituted with 1, 2, or 3 R groups.
• W 5a . may be 3,5-dichlorophenyl
• An embodiment of Formula Ic may include where A 1 is: n is an integer from 1 to 18; A is of the formula:
• Y 2c is O, N(R y ) or S.
• R 1 may be H and n may be 1.
• Embodiments of Formula lb include:
• a 1 comprises a phosphonate group attached to the imidazole nitrogen through a heterocycle linker, such as:
• M12d where Y 2b is O or N(R 2 ); and M12d is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8.
• the A 3 unit may be attached at any of the W 6 carbocycle or heterocycle ring positions.
• Further embodiments of Formula lb include:
• PETT-Uke phosphonate NNRTI compounds include the formulas:
• Pyrazole-Uke phosphonate NNRTI compounds include the formulas:
• Urea-PETT-Uke phosphonate NNRTI compounds include the formulas:
• Nevaripine-Uke phosphonate NNRTI compounds include the formulas:
• Quinazolinone-Uke phosphonate NNRTI compounds include the formulas:
• Efavirenz-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds include the formulas:
• Benzophenone-Uke phosphonate NNRTI compounds include the formulas:
• Pyrimidine-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds include the formulas:
• SJ3366-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds and Emivirine-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds include the formulas:
• Delavirdine-like phosphonate NNRTI compounds include the formulas:
• UC781-Uke phosphonate NNRTI compounds include the formulas:
• Loviride-Uke phosphonate NNRTI compounds include the formulas:
• Formula II compounds include Ila and lib which have the general structures, including:
• Ai is -(X2-(C(R2)(R2))ml-X3)ml-W3, and W3 is substituted with 1 to 3 A3 groups.
• A2 is -(X2-(C(R2)(R2))ml-X3)ml-W3.
• A3 is -(X2-(C(R2)(R2))ml-X3)ml-P(Yl)(YlR6a)(YlR6a).
• X2 and X3 are independently a bond, -O-, -N(R2)-, -N(OR2)-, -N(N(R2)(R2))-, -S-, -SO-, or -SO2-.
• Each Yi is independently O, N(R2), N(OR2), or N(N(R2)(R2)), wherein each Yi is bound by two single bonds or one double bond.
• Rl is independently H or alkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms.
• R2 is independently H, R3 or R4 wherein each R4 is independently substituted with 0 to 3 R3 groups. Alternatively, taken together at a carbon atom, two R2 groups form a ring, i.e. a spiro carbon.
• the ring may be, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
• the ring may be substituted with 0 to 3 R3 groups.
• R3 is independently F, Cl, Br, I, -CN, N3, -NO2, -OR6a, -ORi, -N(Ri)2, -N(Ri)(R 6 b), -N(R6b)2, -SRl, -SR6a, -S(O)Ri, -S(O) 2 Rl, -S(O)OR ⁇ , -S(O)OR6 a , -S(O) ORi, -S(O) 2 OR6a, -C(O)OR ⁇ , -C(O)R6c, -C(O)OR 6a , -OC(O)Ri, -N(RD(C(O)Ri), -N(R6b)(C(O)R ⁇ ), -N(R ⁇ )(C(O)OR ⁇ ), -N(R6b)(C(O)ORD, -C(O)N(R ⁇ ) 2 , -C(O)N(
• R4 is independently alkyl of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, or alkynyl of 2 to 12 carbon atoms.
• R5 is independently R4 wherein each R4 is substituted with 0 to 3 R3 groups.
• R5a is independently alkylene of 1 to 12 carbon atoms, alkenylene of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, or alkynylene of 2-12 carbon atoms any one of which alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene is substituted with 0-3 R3 groups.
• R6a is independently H or an ether- or ester-forming group.
• R6b is independently H, a protecting group for amino or the residue of a carboxyl- containing compound.
• R6c is independently H or the residue of an amino-containing compound.
• W3 is W4 or W5.
• W4 is R5, -C(Yl)R5, -C(Yi)W5, -SO2R5, or -SO2W5.
• W5 is carbocycle or heterocycle wherein W5 is independently substituted with 0 to 3 R2 groups.
• W3 a is W4a or W5 a .
• W 4a is R 5a . -C(Yl)R5a, -C(Yl)W 5a , -SO 2 R5a, or -SO 2 W 5a .
• W5a is carbocycle or heterocycle wherein W5 is independently substituted with 0 to 3
• W6 is independently substituted with 1, 2, or 3 A3 groups.
• ml is independently an integer from 0 to 12, wherein the sum of aU mi's within each individual embodiment of Ai, A2 or A3 is 12 or less; and m2 is independently an integer from 0 to 2.
• Ai is -(C(R2)(R2))ml-W3, wherein W3 is substituted with 1 A3 group;
• A2 is -(C(R2)(R2))ml-W3; and
• A3 is -(C(R2)(R2))ml- P(Yl)(YlR6a)(YlR6 a ).
• Each embodiment of MBF is depicted as a substituted nucleus (Sc) in which the nucleus is designated by a number and each substituent is designated in order by letter or number.
• Tables 1.1 to 1.5 are a schedule of nuclei used in forming the embodiments of Table 100. Each nucleus (Sc) is given a number designation from Tables 1.1 to 1.5, and this designation appears first in each embodiment name. SimUarly, Tables 10.1 to 10.19 and 20.1 to 20.36 Ust the selected Unking groups (Lg) and prodrug (Pd 1 and Pd 2 ) substituents, again by letter or number designation, respectively.
• each named embodiment of Table 100 is depicted by a number designating the nucleus from Table 1.1-1.5, foUowed by a letter designating the linking group (Lg) from Table 10.1-10.19, and two numbers designating the two prodrug groups (Pd 1 and Pd 2 ) from Table 20.1-20.36.
• each embodiment of Table 100 appears as a name having the syntax:
• Each Sc group is shown having a tUda (" ⁇ ").
• the tilda is the point of covalent attachment of Sc to Lg.
• Q 1 is the site of the covalent bond to the nucleus (Sc) and Q 2 is the site of the covalent bond to the phosphorous atom of formula MBF.
• Each prodrug group (Pd 1 and Pd 2 ) are covalently bonded to the phosphorous atom of MBF at the tUda symbol (" ⁇ ").
• Some embodiments of Tables 10.1- 10.19 and 20.1-20.36 may be designated as a combination of letters and numbers (Table 10.1- 10.19) or number and letter (Table 20.1-20.36). For example there are Table 10 entries for
• .236.154 1.1236.157, 1.1.,236.166, 1.1.236.169, 1.1 ,236.172; 1.1.236.175, 1.1.236.240, 1.1. .236.244 1.1237.228, 1.1.,237.229, 1.1237.230, 1.1 ,237.231; 1.1.237.236, 1.1.237.237, 1.1. .237.238 1.1237.239, 1.1.,237.154, 1.1237.157, 1.1 ,237.166; 1.1.237.169, 1.1.237.172 1.1. .237.175; 1.1237.240, 1.1.,237.244, 1.1.238.228, 1.1 ,238.229; 1.1.238.230, 1.1.238.231 1.1.

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