US20180275402A1 - Holographic waveguide light field displays - Google Patents

Holographic waveguide light field displays Download PDF

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Publication number
US20180275402A1
US20180275402A1 US15/543,013 US201615543013A US2018275402A1 US 20180275402 A1 US20180275402 A1 US 20180275402A1 US 201615543013 A US201615543013 A US 201615543013A US 2018275402 A1 US2018275402 A1 US 2018275402A1
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waveguide
light
grating
image
array
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Milan Momcilo Popovich
Jonathan David Waldern
Alastair John Grant
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DigiLens Inc
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DigiLens Inc
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Assigned to DIGILENS, INC. reassignment DIGILENS, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GRANT, ALASTAIR JOHN, POPOVICH, MILAN MOMCILO, WALDERN, JONATHAN DAVID
Publication of US20180275402A1 publication Critical patent/US20180275402A1/en
Assigned to DIGILENS INC. reassignment DIGILENS INC. CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ASSIGNEE PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 043653 FRAME 0592. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE ASSIGNEE, CURRENTLY LISTED AS "DIGILENS, INC.", SHOULD BE "DIGILENS INC.". Assignors: POPOVICH, MILAN MOMCILO, GRANT, ALASTAIR JOHN, WALDERN, JONATHAN DAVID
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B27/0103—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising holographic elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/0093—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 with means for monitoring data relating to the user, e.g. head-tracking, eye-tracking
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G02B27/0172—Head mounted characterised by optical features
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/48—Laser speckle optics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0013—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide
    • G02B6/0015—Means for improving the coupling-in of light from the light source into the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G02B6/0016—Grooves, prisms, gratings, scattering particles or rough surfaces
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0033—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide
    • G02B6/0035—Means for improving the coupling-out of light from the light guide provided on the surface of the light guide or in the bulk of it
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0065—Manufacturing aspects; Material aspects
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/0001—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems
    • G02B6/0011—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings specially adapted for lighting devices or systems the light guides being planar or of plate-like form
    • G02B6/0075—Arrangements of multiple light guides
    • G02B6/0076—Stacked arrangements of multiple light guides of the same or different cross-sectional area
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0101—Head-up displays characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0123—Head-up displays characterised by optical features comprising devices increasing the field of view
    • G02B2027/0125—Field-of-view increase by wavefront division
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/017—Head mounted
    • G02B27/0172—Head mounted characterised by optical features
    • G02B2027/0174—Head mounted characterised by optical features holographic
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0179—Display position adjusting means not related to the information to be displayed
    • G02B2027/0185—Displaying image at variable distance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
    • G02B27/01—Head-up displays
    • G02B27/0179—Display position adjusting means not related to the information to be displayed
    • G02B2027/0187—Display position adjusting means not related to the information to be displayed slaved to motion of at least a part of the body of the user, e.g. head, eye

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a display device, and more particularly to a light field display based on holographic waveguides.
  • Light field displays convert the phase distribution of a wavefront into angular distribution of light rays allowing the correction perception of a 3D scene.
  • the light field is essentially a set of image surfaces distributed within a viewing volume. The number of surfaces required depends on the application but in some cases can be as few as four.
  • Traditionally light field displays have used arrays of lens to project a phase distribution recorded into a photographic emulsion or spatial light modulator.
  • a more recent approach to light field displays is one disclosed in United States Patent Application No. US2014/0003762 by Macnamara entitled MULTIPLE DEPTH PLANE THREE-DIMENSIONAL DISPLAY USING WAVEGUIDE REFLECTOR ARRAY PROJECTOR.
  • Waveguide displays are the key to provide high optical performance in a compact, transparent display.
  • a light field display comprising: at least one laser emitter; an optical modulator for modulating light from the laser emitter with video information; an electronically controllable beam focus modulator; an array of electronically addressable beam scanning elements for projecting the image-modulated light over a field of view wherein each element scans the light around an average direction vector; an electrically controllable beam focus modulator; at least one waveguide and at least one eye tracker.
  • the waveguide comprises at least one transparent substrate, an input grating for coupling image light into a TIR path and an output grating for extracting light from the waveguide for viewing.
  • the beam focus modulator focuses the light onto an eye accommodation surface determined using the eye tracker.
  • the beam scanning element addressed at any time is the one with an average direction vector most closely corresponding to the gaze direction determined using the eye tracker.
  • the array of beam scanning elements includes elements for high resolution foveal image scanning and elements for low resolution peripheral image scanning.
  • separate waveguides are provided for red, green and blue image light.
  • the eye tracker is a waveguide device.
  • the elements of the scanner array are movable fibers, movable gratings, or micro mirrors.
  • the beam focus modulator is a lens formed in an adaptive polymer, a lens formed by a liquid crystal layer combined with a diffractive or refractive element, a spatial light modulator or a fluidic lens.
  • separate left and right eye trackers are provided.
  • the light field display incorporates a GRIN waveguide.
  • the laser array contains at least one red, at least one green and at least one blue die.
  • the output grating is configured as a tessellated array of switchable gratings.
  • the grating is a holographic grating recorded in a Bragg Grating, a surface relief grating or a switchable Bragg grating recorded in a HPDLC material, a uniform modulation HPDLC material or a reverse mode HPDLC material.
  • the light field display further comprises a waveguide despeckler.
  • a waveguide light field display comprises: an input image generator providing image light projected over a field of view; at least one imaging waveguide, the imaging waveguide comprising an input grating for coupling image light into a TIR path and an output grating for extracting light from the imaging waveguide to form an intermediate image; a diffuser disposed in proximity to the intermediate image; and a lens array having a focal surface disposed in proximity to the diffuse layer for forming a viewable image.
  • separate imaging waveguides are provided for red, green and blue image light.
  • a waveguide eye tracker is disposed as a layer on top of the imaging waveguide.
  • the image generator comprises a microdisplay and a collimating lens.
  • the image generator is a laser scanner.
  • output grating is a two dimensional array of selectively switching grating elements.
  • the light field display further comprises a waveguide despeckler.
  • At least one of the gratings is a holographic grating recorded in a Bragg Grating, a surface relief grating or a switchable Bragg grating recorded in a HPDLC material, a uniform modulation HPDLC material or a reverse mode HPDLC material.
  • FIG. 1A is a schematic view of a holographic waveguide light field display in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 1B is a schematic view showing the image field formed by holographic waveguide light field display in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 1C is a schematic view of a scanner module use in a holographic waveguide light field display in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 2A is a cross section view of a monochrome light field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 2B is a cross section view of a detail of a monochrome light field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 2C is a plan view of a detail of a monochrome light field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 2D is a plan view of a microdisplay panel used in a monochrome light field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 2E is a plan view of a detail of a monochrome light field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 3A is a cross section view of a color light field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 3B is a plan view of a detail of color light field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 3C is a cross section view of a detail of a color light field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 3D is a plan view of a microdisplay panel used in a color light field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 3E is a plan view of a detail of a color light field display using a holographic lens array in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 4 is a general architecture for a light field display based on GRIN waveguide and diffractive waveguide optics in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic side view of a GRIN waveguide in embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a general architecture for a light field display based on GRIN waveguide and diffractive waveguide optics in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 7 is a general architecture for a light field display based on GRIN waveguide and diffractive waveguide optics in one embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 A waveguide light field display according to the principles of the invention is shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the apparatus comprises a stack of waveguide layer generally indicated by 130 , each layer containing an input grating 131 a fold grating 132 and an output grating 133 .
  • the input grating has high efficiency for maximum light in-coupling efficiency.
  • output grating is a lossy grating for extracting light uniformly out of the waveguide along the beam path.
  • the fold grating deflects light substantially in the plane of the waveguide.
  • Input images are provided by a scanning module 137 comprising the laser array 138 which contains multiple red, green, blue die.
  • the intensities of the beams are modulated with image information by the video modulator 139 .
  • a beam focus modulator 140 controls the instantaneous beam divergence or accommodation of each beam.
  • a scanner array device 141 scans the focus-adjusted beams 1230 providing a multiplicity of ray directions in 3D space as indicated by 1231 . Each ray direction corresponds to a unique viewing direction as perceived by a person viewing the display.
  • the scanning module operates under the control of an eye tracker which supplies instantaneous eye gaze direction vector and accommodation state.
  • the eye tracker is waveguide devices represented by the layer 143 .
  • the data links from the eye tracker waveguide to the eye tracker processing module 142 and from the eye tracker processing module to the scanning module are indicated by 144 , 145 .
  • the eye tracker is based on one of the embodiments of PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2014/000197 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WAVEGUIDE EYE TRACKER by Popovich et al.
  • the scanning module may also include a laser despeckler.
  • the despeckler is an electro optical device and specifically a waveguide SBG device based on the embodiments of PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2013/000500 entitled WAVEGUIDE FOR HOMOGENIZING ILLUMINATION, and U.S. Pat. No.
  • the gratings in different layers may be staggered or rotated as indicted by the laterally displace input gratings 134 - 136 .
  • the gratings may be switching (SBGs) or non-switching.
  • SBGs switching
  • the inventors believe that a passive solution is achievable by controlling the wavelength and beam angle diversity of the scanning input beams we can create Bragg-separated paths through the waveguides, thus minimising the risk of crosstalk and re-coupling.
  • the design variables are the grating K-vectors and the fibre output beam vectors.
  • the scanning module further comprises a microlens array in front of the laser module for beam expansion.
  • the output image provided by the display is shown in FIG. 1B .
  • the image 1237 which is represented in field of view space comprises tiles including a high resolution tile 1238 corresponding to the detected gaze direction of the viewer's eye and low resolution tiles such as 1239 .
  • This type of image rendering scheme is commonly referred to, in computer graphics, as foveated rendering the goal being to reducing image processing latency by concentrating detail in small field of view region corresponding to the human eye's foveal field.
  • the scanner array device 141 is shown in more detail in FIG. 1C which represents the output surfaces of the array and shows the output ray directions at different array elements.
  • the scanner array comprises discrete 3D scanning elements such as 146 which sweep collimated (focus adjusted) beams over an angular range around a defined direction vector 1236 , each scanner element having a unique direction vector.
  • scanner elements can be switched between high and low resolution scanning correspond to foveal and background resolution in the final image.
  • the scanner resolution can be controlled to provide a larger number of resolutions steps from foveal resolution to a very low background resolution thereby providing a better match to the eye's resolution response curve.
  • each scanner element operates on red, green and blue light sequentially.
  • the scanner array comprises an array of optical fibers having optical axes translated or rotated by one or more mechanical transducers according to the teachings of United States Patent Application No. US2014/0003762 by Macnamara.
  • the scanner array comprises an array of gratings having surface normal translated or rotated by one or more mechanical transducers.
  • the scanner array comprises an array of microlens having their optical axes translated or rotated by one or more mechanical transducers.
  • the scanner array is provided by time-varying diffractive structures written into a spatial light modulator array.
  • the scanner array is provided by a micro electro mechanical mirror array. Other schemes for providing a beam scanning array are to be found in the literature of optical scanners and optical radar systems.
  • At least one grating in at least one of the layers is a multiplexed grating operating on more than one wavelength or image field of view range. That is the two or more gratings having prescription covering different wavelength bands or angular bands are combined in holographic layer. Multiplexing offers potential for a significant reduction in the number of waveguide layers required. A key prerequisite for multiplexing is a high refractive index modulation.
  • the gratings are recorded in uniform modulation liquid crystal-polymer gratings such as the ones disclosed in United State Patent Application Publication No.: US2007/0019152 by Caputo et al and PCT Application No.: PCT/EP2005/006950 by Stumpe et al. both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • Uniform modulation gratings are characterized by high refractive index modulation (and hence high diffraction efficiency) and low scatter. The latter is a key factor in reducing the number of waveguide layers.
  • FIG. 1 can provide 100° ⁇ 50° field of view light field display using four waveguide layers each providing a pupil expanded 25° ⁇ 50° tile. This applies to a monochrome display. If we assume that reasonable colour gamut can be provided by have separate waveguides for red and blue/green the number of layers is increased by ⁇ 2. However, multiplexing (in angular or colour space) decreases the number of layers by ⁇ 2.
  • the output gratings are tessellated in the manner disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/869,866 entitled HOLOGRAPHIC WIDE ANGLE DISPLAY Accommodation control is a key component of a practical light field display. It can be implemented in several different ways.
  • the beam focus modulator 140 is based on the approach disclosed in US2014/0003762 by Macnamara of using a miniature deformable membrane mirror before it is raster-scanned and projected to the viewer's eyes.
  • accommodation control a dynamic research field and there are several other approaches that may be considered for use with the present invention including fluidic lenses, adaptive polymers, liquid crystal lenses, and hybrid LC-diffractive refractive lens systems.
  • Liquid crystal lens accommodation control is based on a mixture of liquid-crystal molecules and smaller monomers placed between two glass substrates coated with a layer of conducting indium tin oxide. A concave glass lens is then placed on top of one of the substrates. Without applying any voltage, the liquid-crystal/monomer is uniformly distributed throughout the substrates. After applying a voltage across the two substrates, however, the liquid-crystal molecules move to either end of the gap, where the electric field is higher, while the monomers move toward the middle, where the electric field is lower. Thus, the refractive index can be varied across the device allowing it to function as a lens.
  • Exemplary liquid crystal lenses are manufactured by OKO Technologies (Delft, The Netherlands. Fluidic lenses comprise a transparent optical fluid encapsulated within a flexible lens membrane and substrate (top). Upon compression of the lens body, the shape of the flexible lens membrane is modified, which results in an adjustment of the focal length of the lens (bottom). Exemplary electro active polymer lenses have been developed by the University of Central Florida (Orlando, Fla., USA; www.ucf.edu). In one embodiment the beam focus modulator 140 may also be used to provide dynamic aberration correction (if the aberrations can be defined a priori).
  • FIG. 2 provides a monochrome light field display.
  • FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B are cross sectional views of portions of the display.
  • FIGS. 2C-2E are plan views.
  • the display comprises an input waveguide 150 coupled to a microdisplay panel 151 on a backplane 152 .
  • the input waveguide contains a polarization-selective grating beamsplitter 153 the microdisplay, a waveguide despeckler 15 and a further grating 155 for in-coupling light from a source which may be a laser or LED die 156 on a backplane 157 .
  • FIG. 2B shows the light path from the source to the microdisplay as indicated by the rays 1250 - 1252 and the path of the reflected light 1253 from the microdisplay panel.
  • the grating 153 is polarization selection: in the case of a SBG high diffraction efficiency is obtained for P-polarization.
  • the waveguide 160 contains fold grating comprising elements such as 161 , an output grating array comprising elements such as 162 - 163 and input grating 165 .
  • fold grating comprising elements such as 161
  • an output grating array comprising elements such as 162 - 163 and input grating 165 .
  • the waveguide also contains a thin beamsplitter homogenizer layer for vertical and horizontal homogenization.
  • the input grating has high efficiency for maximum light in-coupling efficiency.
  • output grating is a lossy grating for extracting light uniformly out of the waveguide along the beam path.
  • the fold grating deflects light substantially in the plane of the waveguide.
  • the elements of the two arrays are switching gratings (SBGs).
  • the output grating array is overlaid by a holographic diffuser layer 166 , holographic microlens array 167 and an eye tracker comprising separated waveguides for illumination 168 and detection 169 .
  • the holographic diffuser and microlens array are each recorded in a layer of HPDLC material sandwiched between transparent substrates.
  • the microdisplay is of high resolution, ideally at least 2000 ⁇ 4000 pixels. Referring to FIG. 2E at any time on element of the fold grating array, for example 161 and one element of the adjacent row of output array elements, for example one of 162 - 163 , is in its active (that is, diffracting) state.
  • the microdisplay displays image information corresponding to a particular field of view region or tile.
  • the active element diffracts the image light out of the waveguide 160 to form an image region on the holographic diffuser.
  • the output gratings have lens power for focusing the image light onto the diffuser.
  • the microdisplay is illuminated by a parallel beams formed by collimated optics disposed between the source and waveguide. The subsequent beam propagation from source to microdisplay and from microdisplay to the holographic diffuser is in collimated space with the image formed on the holographic diffuser having a resolution substantially equal to that of the microdisplay.
  • an afocal magnifier is disposed along the optical path between the source and holographic diffuser to provide a larger effective pixel size on the holographic diffuser.
  • FIG. 3 addresses the problem of implementing the embodiment of FIG. 2 in a full colour light field display.
  • the embodiment of FIG. 3 provides a color light field display.
  • FIG. 3A and FIG. 3C are cross sectional views of portions of the display.
  • FIG. 3B and FIGS. 3D-3E are plan views.
  • the display comprises an input waveguide 170 coupled to a microdisplay panel 171 on a backplane 176 .
  • the input waveguide contains red, green and blue polarization-selective grating beamsplitters 171 A- 171 C the microdisplay 171 , red green and blue waveguide despecklers 172 - 174 and red, green and blue gratings 175 A- 175 C for in-coupling light from a source which may be a laser or LED die 177 R- 177 G on a backplane 178 .
  • FIG. 3C shows the light path from the source to the microdisplay and the path of the reflected light from the microdisplay panel as indicated by the rays 1266 - 1267 .
  • the waveguide 180 comprises separate layers one of which as shown in plan view in FIG.
  • 3E contains fold grating comprising elements such as 203 , an output grating array comprising elements such as 204 and an input grating divided into the three regions 202 A- 202 C.
  • a 1 ⁇ 3 fold grating array and a 3 ⁇ 3 output grating array are used.
  • the waveguide also contains a thin beamsplitter homogenizer layer for vertical and horizontal homogenization.
  • the input grating has high efficiency for maximum light in-coupling efficiency.
  • output grating is a lossy grating for extracting light uniformly out of the waveguide along the beam path.
  • the elements of the two arrays are switching gratings (SBGs).
  • the output grating array is overlaid by red, green and blue holographic diffuser layers 1193 - 195 , and red, green and blue holographic microlens arrays 190 - 192 and an eye tracker comprising separated waveguides for illumination 198 and detection 199 .
  • the holographic diffuser and microlens array are each recorded in a layer of HPDLC material sandwiched between transparent substrates.
  • the microdisplay is of high resolution, ideally at least 2000 ⁇ 4000 pixels. Referring to FIG. 3E at any time one element of the fold grating array, for example 203 and one element of the adjacent row of output array elements is in its active (that is, diffracting) state.
  • the microdisplay displays image information corresponding to a particular field of view region or tile.
  • the information is displayed in colour bands as illustrated in FIG. 3B which shows the illumination regions on the microdisplay 171 A- 171 C correspond to the illumination color bands 175 A- 175 C.
  • the region 171 A displays red information and is illumination by light from the illumination source region 175 A.
  • the red image light enters the waveguide 180 in the input grating region 202 A which transmits the light into the fold grating where the active grating element 203 transmits the image to an active grating element in an adjacent row of the output grating.
  • the region 205 A of this element is illuminated by red image light which is deflected out of the waveguide into the holographic diffuser/holographic lens array stack.
  • this above process is repeated cyclically for red, green and blue light, that is, only one color propagates at any time with each of the regions labeled A-C being illuminated by red, green and blue light.
  • a more efficient process is to present red blue and green image information simultaneously.
  • the illuminator provides red illumination in region 175 A, green in 175 B and blue in 175 C while the microdisplay simultaneously display red image information in region 171 A, green in 171 B and blue in 171 C.
  • the active element of the output grating array then simultaneously outputs red image light in region 205 A, green in 205 B and blue in 205 C.
  • the active element of the output grating array diffracts the image light out of the waveguide 180 to form red green and blue image region on the red green and blue holographic diffuser.
  • the output gratings have lens power for focusing the image light onto the diffuser.
  • the microdisplay is illuminated by a parallel beams formed by collimated optics disposed between the source and waveguide. The subsequent beam propagation from source to microdisplay and from microdisplay to the holographic diffuser is in collimated space with the image formed on the holographic diffuser having a resolution substantially equal to that of the microdisplay.
  • an afocal magnifier is disposed along the optical path between the source and holographic diffuser to provide a larger effective pixel size on the holographic diffuser.
  • a light field display comprises an image generator 280 and a waveguide device 281 comprising multiple waveguide layers. Each layer contains at least one GRIN structure and at least one diffractive structure. Each waveguide layer provides a portion of the total field of view of the display.
  • the display forms a light field as represented by the rays 1301 - 1303 and the image surfaces 1304 - 1306 .
  • the image generator may comprise a microdisplay panel or a scanner.
  • the above described embodiments may be used in conjunction with the GRIN embodiments disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/125,066 entitled OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE DISPLAYS FOR INTEGRATION IN WINDOWS filed on 12 Jan. 2015.
  • the GRIN embodiments may be used to relay image light from the image generator around a curved waveguide up to the grating waveguide devices.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic side view of a GRIN waveguide 290 in embodiment of the invention comprising a curved GRIN substrate 291 having a curved output surface structure 292 and an input surface structure 293 which is in proximity to an intermediate focal surface.
  • First and second ray paths through the GRIN medium are generally indicated by 1310 and 1311 .
  • the light beams refracted out of the output surface are generally indicated by 1312 , 1313 .
  • the waveguide forms a series of image surfaces 1314 - 16 .
  • the input surface structure 293 may be a microlens array formed using discrete refractive elements or a diffractive or holographic lens array.
  • the input surface structure may comprise several layers.
  • the output surface structure 292 may comprise a grating located on the output surface, within the GRIN waveguide or in a separate layer disposed in proximity to the output surface.
  • a light field display according to the principles of the invention comprises an image generator 260 and a waveguide device 261 in which are combined at least one GRIN structure and at least one grating structure.
  • the display forms a light field as represented by the rays 1282 - 1284 and the image surfaces 1285 - 1287 .
  • the image generator may comprise a microdisplay panel or a scanner as disclosed above.
  • a light field display according to the principles of the invention comprises an image generator 270 and a waveguide device 271 comprising a GRIN image relay waveguide and a grating.
  • the display forms a light field as represented by the rays 1292 - 1294 and the image surfaces 1295 - 1297 .
  • the image generator may comprise a microdisplay panel or a scanner.
  • GRIN optics reproduces the optical properties of spherical lenses by gradual varying the refractive index of a material.
  • the lens properties result from a radially varying index. Since the optical properties rely on the index distraction the input and output faces of a GRIN lens may be planar.
  • GRIN lenses are manufactured by using various methods including neutron irradiation, chemical vapor deposition, ion exchange and partial polymerization, in which an organic monomer is partially polymerized using UV light at varying intensities. By precisely varying their refractive index, gradient index lenses are able to continuously bend light within the lens.
  • Gradient index lenses can be positive (converging) or negative (diverging).
  • GRIN lenses are capable of high quality imaging as demonstrated by their successful application in endoscopes.
  • GRIN waveguides several key advantages over TIR waveguides as used in the above-cited related patent applications.
  • the first one is the GRIN eliminates the problem of banding.
  • a major design challenge in waveguide optics is coupling the image content into the waveguide efficiently and in such a way the waveguide image is free from chromatic dispersion and brightness non uniformity.
  • To overcome chromatic dispersion and to achieve the best possible collimation it is desirable to use lasers.
  • lasers and other narrow band sources such as LEDs suffer from the problem of pupil banding artifacts which manifest themselves as output illumination non uniformity. Banding artifacts are formed when the collimated pupil is replicated (expanded) in a TIR waveguide.
  • the light beams diffracted out of the waveguide each time the beam interacts with the grating have gaps or overlaps. This leads to an illumination ripple.
  • the degree of ripple is a function of field angle, waveguide thickness, and aperture thickness. The effects are therefore most noticed in narrowband (e.g. laser) illumination sources. Banding can be smoothed by dispersion with broadband sources such as LEDs. However, current LEDs do not provide enough light output for waveguide displays.
  • a second major benefit of GRIN waveguides is that the guided beams do not interact with the faces of the waveguide making the waveguides immune to external contaminants. Additional optical layers may be applied without interfering with the wave guiding.
  • the third major benefit of GRIN is that curved waveguides can be engineered much more easily than with TIR waveguides.
  • a light field display according to the principles of the invention may be configured in many different ways including as a wearable display, a heads up display (HUD) or a head down display (HDD).
  • the invention is applicable to displays of any size.
  • a display according to the principles of the invention may include a waveguide despeckler based on principles disclosed in PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2013/000500 entitled WAVEGUIDE FOR HOMOGENIZING ILLUMINATION, and U.S. Pat. No. 8,224,133 entitled LASER ILLUMINATION DEVICE both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
  • any of the above-described embodiments may be implemented using plastic substrates using the materials and processes disclosed in PCT Application No.: PCT/GB2012/000680, entitled IMPROVEMENTS TO HOLOGRAPHIC POLYMER DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES.
  • the switchable gratings are recorded in a reverse mode HPDLC material in which the diffracting state of the switchable grating occurs when an electric field is applied across the electrodes.
  • An eye tracker based on any of the above-described embodiments may be implemented using reverse mode materials and processes disclosed in the above PCT application.
  • the method of fabricating the switchable gratings and the ITO electrodes used in any of the above-described embodiments of the invention may be based on the process disclosed in the PCT Application No. US2006/043938, entitled METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PROVIDING A TRANSPARENT DISPLAY.
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