US20030147922A1 - Vaccine against streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides - Google Patents

Vaccine against streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides Download PDF

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US20030147922A1
US20030147922A1 US10/228,666 US22866602A US2003147922A1 US 20030147922 A1 US20030147922 A1 US 20030147922A1 US 22866602 A US22866602 A US 22866602A US 2003147922 A1 US2003147922 A1 US 2003147922A1
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polysaccharide
protein
mpl
streptococcus pneumoniae
vaccine
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Carine Capiau
Marguerite Deschamps
Pierre Desmons
Craig Laferriere
Jan Poolman
Jean-Paul Prieels
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GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA
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SmithKline Beecham Biologicals SA
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Priority claimed from GBGB9906437.0A external-priority patent/GB9906437D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB9909077.1A external-priority patent/GB9909077D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB9909466.6A external-priority patent/GB9909466D0/en
Priority claimed from GBGB9916677.9A external-priority patent/GB9916677D0/en
Application filed by SmithKline Beecham Biologicals SA filed Critical SmithKline Beecham Biologicals SA
Priority to US10/228,666 priority Critical patent/US20030147922A1/en
Publication of US20030147922A1 publication Critical patent/US20030147922A1/en
Priority to US11/240,193 priority patent/US20060093626A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/12—Viral antigens
    • A61K39/155—Paramyxoviridae, e.g. parainfluenza virus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/09—Lactobacillales, e.g. aerococcus, enterococcus, lactobacillus, lactococcus, streptococcus
    • A61K39/092—Streptococcus
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    • A61K39/02—Bacterial antigens
    • A61K39/102—Pasteurellales, e.g. Actinobacillus, Pasteurella; Haemophilus
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    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
    • A61K47/646—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent the entire peptide or protein drug conjugate elicits an immune response, e.g. conjugate vaccines
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    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
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    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55505—Inorganic adjuvants
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    • A61K2039/555—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by a specific combination antigen/adjuvant
    • A61K2039/55511—Organic adjuvants
    • A61K2039/55572—Lipopolysaccharides; Lipid A; Monophosphoryl lipid A
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    • A61K2039/70—Multivalent vaccine
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S424/00—Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
    • Y10S424/831—Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions involving capsular polysaccharide of bacterium, e.g. polyribosyl ribitol phosphate

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to bacterial polysaccharide antigen vaccines, their manufacture and the use of such polysaccharides in medicines.
  • A vaccines comprising a pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen, typically a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate antigen, formulated with a protein antigen from Streptococcus pneumoniae and optionally a Th1 inducing adjuvant;
  • B specific, advantageous pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates adjuvanted with a Th1 adjuvant;
  • C bacteria polysaccharide conjugates in general conjugated to protein D from H. influenzae.
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacteria responsible for considerable morbidity and mortality (particularly in the young and aged), causing invasive diseases such as pneumonia, bacteremia and meningitis, and diseases associated with colonisation, such as acute Otitis media.
  • the rate of pneumococcal pneumonia in the U.S. for persons over 60 years of age is estimated to be 3 to 8 per 100,000. In 20% of cases this leads to bacteremia, and other manifestations such as meningitis, with a mortality rate close to 30% even with antibiotic treatment.
  • Pneumococcus is encapsulated with a chemically linked polysaccharide which confers serotype specificity.
  • a chemically linked polysaccharide which confers serotype specificity.
  • the capsule is the principle virulence determinant for pneumococci, as the capsule not only protects the inner surface of the bacteria from complement, but is itself poorly immunogenic.
  • Polysaccharides are T-independent antigens, and can not be processed or presented on MHC molecules to interact with T-cells. They can however, stimulate the immune system through an alternate mechanism which involves cross-linking of surface receptors on B cells.
  • Polysaccharide antigen based vaccines are well known in the art. Four that have been licensed for human use include the Vi polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi , the PRP polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae , the tetravalent meningococcal vaccine composed of serotypes A, C, W135 and Y, and the 23-Valent pneumococcal vaccine composed of the polysaccharides corresponding to serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33 (accounting for at least 90% of pneumococcal blood isolates).
  • the 23-valent unconjugated pneumococcal vaccine has shown a wide variation in clinical efficacy, from 0% to 81% (Fedson et al. (1994) Arch Intern Med. 154: 2531-2535). The efficacy appears to be related to the risk group that is being immunised, such as the elderly, Hodgkin's disease, splenectomy, sickle cell disease and agammaglobulinemics (Fine et al. (1994) Arch Intern Med. 154:2666-2677), and also to the disease manifestation.
  • the 23-valent vaccine does not demonstrate protection against pneumococcal pneumonia (in certain high risk groups such as the elderly) and otitis media diseases.
  • the present invention provides such an improved vaccine.
  • Aluminium-based adjuvants are examples of the carrier class of adjuvant which works through the “depot effect” it induces. Antigen is adsorbed onto its surface and when the composition is injected the adjuvant and antigen do not immediately dissipate in the blood stream—instead the composition persists in the local environment of the injection and a more pronounced immune response results.
  • carrier adjuvants have the additional known advantage of being suitable for stabilising antigens that are prone to breakdown, for instance some polysaccharide antigens.
  • 3D-MPL is an example of a non-carrier adjuvant. Its full name is 3-O-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (or 3 De-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A or 3-O-desacyl-4′ monophosphoryl lipid A) and is referred to as 3D-MPL to indicate that position 3 of the reducing end glucosamine is de-O-acylated. For its preparation, see GB 2220211 A. Chemically it is a mixture of 3-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A with 4, 5 or 6 acylated chains. It was originally made in the early 1990's when the method to 3-O-deacylate the 4′-monophosphoryl derivative of lipid A (MPL) led to a molecule with further attenuated toxicity with no change in the immunostimulating activity.
  • MPL 4′-monophosphoryl derivative of lipid A
  • 3D-MPL has been used as an adjuvant either on its own or, preferentially, combined with a depot-type carrier adjuvant such as aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate or oil-in-water emulsions.
  • a depot-type carrier adjuvant such as aluminium hydroxide, aluminium phosphate or oil-in-water emulsions.
  • antigen and 3D-MPL are contained in the same particulate structures, allowing for more efficient delivery of antigenic and immunostimulatory signals.
  • Studies have shown that 3D-MPL is able to further enhance the immunogenicity of an alum-adsorbed antigen [Thoelen et al. Vaccine (1998) 16:708-14; EP 689454-B1].
  • Such combinations are also preferred in the art for antigens that are prone to adsorption (for instance, bacterial polysaccharide conjugates), where adsorption onto alum tends to stabilise the antigen.
  • Precipitated aluminium-based adjuvants are mostly used as they are the only adjuvants that are currently used in licensed human vaccines. Accordingly, vaccines containing 3D-MPL in combination with aluminium-based adjuvants are favoured in the art due to their ease of development and speed of introduction onto the market.
  • MPL non 3-deacylated
  • MPL has been evaluated as an adjuvant with several monovalent polysaccharide-conjugate vaccine antigens.
  • Coinjection of MPL in saline enhanced the serum antibody response for four monovalent polysaccharide conjugates: pneumococcal PS 6B-tetanus toxoid, pneumococcal PS 12-diphtheria toxoid, and S. aureus type 5 and S. aureus type 8 conjugated to Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A [Schneerson et al. J. Immunology (1991) 147:2136-2140]. The enhanced responses were taught as being antigen-specific.
  • MPL in an oil-in-water emulsion consistently enhanced the effect of MPL in saline due to the presence of MPL and antigen in the same particulate structure, and was considered to be the adjuvant system of choice for optimal delivery of other polysaccharide conjugate vaccines.
  • Devi et al. [Infect. Immun. (1991) 59:3700-7] evaluated the adjuvant effect of MPL (non 3-deacylated) in saline on the murine antibody response to a TT conjugate of Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide.
  • MPL non 3-deacylated
  • TT conjugate of Cryptococcus neoformans capsular polysaccharide.
  • the adjuvant effect of MPL with polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein conjugates appears to be composition-dependent. Again, the incorporation of MPL in a suitable slow-release delivery systems (for instance using a carrier adjuvant) provides a more durable adjuvant effect and circumvents the problem of timing and delayed administration.
  • the present inventors have found that for certain pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates, the immunogenicity of the vaccine composition is significantly greater when the antigen is formulated with 3D-MPL alone rather than with 3D-MPL in conjunction with a carrier adjuvant (such as an aluminium-based adjuvant). Furthermore the observed improvement is independent of the concentration of 3D-MPL used, and whether the particular conjugates are in a monovalent composition or whether they are combined to form a polyvalent composition.
  • polysaccharide antigen based vaccines are well known in the art.
  • the licensed polysaccharide vaccines mentioned above have different demonstrated clinical efficacy.
  • the Vi polysaccharide vaccine has been estimated to have an efficacy between 55% and 77% in preventing culture confirmed typhoid fever (Plotkin and Cam, (1995) Arch Intern Med 155: 2293-99).
  • the meningococcal C polysaccharide vaccine was shown to have an efficacy of 79% under epidemic conditions (De Wals P, et al. (1996) Bull World Health Organ. 74: 407-411).
  • the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine has shown a wide variation in clinical efficacy, from 0% to 81% (Fedson et al. (1994) Arch Intern Med. 154: 2531-2535) As mentioned above, it is accepted that the protective efficacy of the pneumococcal vaccine is more or less related to the concentration of antibody induced upon vaccination.
  • Examples of these highly immunogenic carriers which are currently commonly used for the production of polysaccharide immunogens include the Diphtheria toxoid (DT or the CRM197 mutant), Tetanus toxoid (TT), Keyhole Limpet Haemocyanin (KLH), and the purified protein derivative of Tuberculin (PPD).
  • KLH is known as potent immunogen and has already been used as a carrier for IgE peptides in human clinical trials. However, some adverse reactions (DTH-like reactions or IgE sensitisation) as well as antibody responses against antibody have been observed.
  • the present invention provides a new carrier for use in the preparation of polysaccharide/polypeptide-based immunogenic conjugates, that does not suffer from the aforementioned disadvantages.
  • the present invention provides a protein D (EP 0 594 610 B1) from Haemophilus influenzae, or fragments thereof, as a carrier for polysaccharide based immunogenic compositions, including vaccines.
  • a protein D EP 0 594 610 B1
  • This carrier is particularly advantageous in combination vaccines.
  • the present invention provides a vaccine composition, comprising at least one Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide antigen (preferably conjugated) and a Streptococcus pneumoniae protein antigen or immunologically functional equivalent thereof, optionally with a Th1 adjuvant (an adjuvant inducing a Th1 immune response).
  • a Th1 adjuvant an adjuvant inducing a Th1 immune response.
  • both a pneumococcal protein and Th1 adjuvant are included.
  • the compositions of the invention are particularly suited in the treatment of elderly pneumonia.
  • Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines may not be able to protect against pneumonia in the elderly population for which the incidence of this disease is very high.
  • the key defense mechanism against the pneumococcus is opsonophagocytosis (a humoral B-cell/neutrophil mediated event caused by the production of antibodies against the pneumococcal polysaccharide, the bacterium eventually becoming phagocytosed), however parts of the involved opsonic mechanisms are impaired in the elderly, i.e. superoxide production by PMN (polymorphonuclear cells), other reactive oxygen species production, mobilization of PMN, apoptosis of PMN, deformability of PMN.
  • Antibody responses may also be impaired in the elderly.
  • the present inventors have found that by simultaneously stimulating the cell mediated branch of the immune system (for instance T-cell meditated immunity) in addition to the humoral brach of the immune system (B-cell mediated), a synergy (or cooperation) results which is capable of enhancing the clearance of pneumococci from the host.
  • T-cell meditated immunity for instance T-cell meditated immunity
  • B-cell mediated humoral brach of the immune system
  • both arms of the immune system may synergise in this way if a pneumococcal polysaccharide (preferably conjugated) is administered with a pneumococcal protein (preferably a protein expressed on the surface of pneumococci, or secreted or released, which can be processed and presented in the context of Class II and MHC class I on the surface of infected mammalian cells).
  • a pneumococcal protein can trigger cell mediated immunity by itself
  • the inventors have also found that the presence of a Th1 inducing adjuvant in the vaccine formulation helps this arm of the immune system, and surprisingly further enhances the synergy between both arms of the immune system.
  • the present invention also provides an antigenic composition comprising one or more pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates adjuvanted with 3D-MPL and substantially devoid of aluminium-based adjuvants, wherein at least one of the pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates is significantly more immunogenic in compositions comprising 3D-MPL in comparison with compositions comprising 3D-MPL in conjunction with an aluminium-based adjuvant.
  • compositions comprising conjugates of one or more of the following pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides: serotype 4, 6B, 18C, 19F, and 23F.
  • each of the polysaccharides are surprisingly more immunogenic in compositions comprising 3D-MPL alone compared with compositions comprising 3D-MPL and an aluminium-based adjuvant.
  • a antigenic composition comprising the Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide serotype 4, 6B, 18C, 19F or 23F conjugated to an immunogenic protein and 3D-MPL adjuvant, wherein the composition is substantially devoid of aluminium-based adjuvants.
  • the present invention provides a combination antigenic composition substantially devoid of aluminium-based adjuvants and comprising 3D-MPL adjuvant and two or more pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates chosen from the group consisting of: serotype 4; serotype 6B; serotype 18C; serotype 19F; and serotype 23F.
  • the present invention provides a polysaccharide conjugate antigen comprising a polysaccharide antigen derived from a pathogenic bacterium conjugated to protein D from Haemophilus influenzae or a protein D fragment thereof.
  • the invention provides polyvalent vaccine compositions where one or more of the polysaccharide antigens are conjugated to protein D.
  • the present invention provides an improved vaccine particularly for the prevention or amelioration of pnemococcal infection of the elderly (and/or infants and toddlers).
  • a patient is considered elderly if they are 55 years or over in age, typically over 60 years and more generally over 65 years.
  • a vaccine composition suitable for use in the elderly (and/or Infants and toddlers) comprising at least one Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide antigen and at least one Streptococcus pneumoniae protein antigen.
  • the present invention provides a vaccine (suitable for the prevention of pneumonia in the elderly) comprising at least one Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide antigen and at least one Streptococcus pneumoniae protein antigen and a Th1 adjuvant.
  • a vaccine composition comprising a pneumococcal polysaccharide antigen and a Th1 adjuvant.
  • the Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine of the present invention will comprise polysaccharide antigens (preferably conjugated), wherein the polysaccharides are derived from at least four serotypes of pneumococcus.
  • the four serotypes include 6B, 14, 19F and 23F. More preferably, at least 7 serotypes are included in the composition, for example those derived from serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F.
  • At least II serotypes are included in the composition, for example the composition in one embodiment includes capsular polysaccharides derived from serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F (preferably conjugated).
  • at least 13 polysaccharide antigens are included, although further polysaccharide antigens, for example 23 valent (such as serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19A, 19F, 20, 22F, 23F and 33F), are also contemplated by the invention.
  • serotypes 8 and 12F are advantageously included to form a 15 valent vaccine
  • serotypes 6A and 19A are advantageously included to form a 13 valent vaccine.
  • “immunologically functional equivalent” is defined as a peptide of protein comprising at least one protective epitope from the proteins of the invention. Such epitopes are characteristically surface-exposed, highly conserved, and can elicit an bactericidal antibody response in a host or prevent toxic effects.
  • the functional equivalent has at least 15 and preferably 30 or more contiguous amino acids from the protein of the invention.
  • fragments, deletions of the protein such as transmembrane deletion variants thereof (ie the use of the extracellular domain of the proteins), fusions, chemically or genetically detoxified derivatives and the like can be used with the proviso that they are capable of raising substantially the same immune response as the native protein.
  • Preferred proteins of the invention are those pneumococcal proteins which are exposed on the outer surface of the pneumococcus (capable of being recognised by a host's immune system during at least part of the life cycle of the pneumococcus), or are proteins which are secreted or released by the pneumococcus.
  • the protein is a toxin, adhesin, 2-component signal tranducer, or lipoprotein of Streptococcus pneumoniae , or immunologically functional equivalents thereof.
  • Particularly preferred proteins to be included in such a combination vaccine include but are not limited to: pneumolysin (preferably detoxified by chemical treatment or mutation) [Mitchell et al. Nucleic Acids Res. Jul. 11, 1990; 18(13): 4010 “Comparison of pneumolysin genes and proteins from Streptococcus pneumoniae types 1 and 2.”, Mitchell et al. Biochim Biophys Acta Jan. 23, 1989; 1007(1): 67-72 “Expression of the pneumolysin gene in Escherichia coli : rapid purification and biological properties.”, WO 96/05859 (A.
  • the proteins used in the present invention are preferably selected from the group pneumolysin, PsaA, PspA, PspC, CbpA or a combination of two or more such proteins.
  • the present invention also encompasses immunologically functional equivalents of such proteins (as defined above).
  • the protein can help to induce a T-cell mediated response against pneumococcal disease—particularly required for protection against pneumonia—which cooperates with the humoral branch of the immune system to inhibit invasion by pneumococci, and to stimulate opsonophagocytosis.
  • a Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine comprising a pneumococcus polysaccharide conjugate vaccine comprising polysaccharide antigens derived from at least four serotypes, preferably at least seven serotypes, more preferably at least eleven serotypes, and at least one, but preferably two, Streptococcus pneumoniae proteins.
  • one of the proteins is Pneumolysin or PsaA or PspA or CbpA (most preferably detoxified pneumolysin).
  • a preferred combination contains at least pneumolysin or a derivative thereof and PspA.
  • polysaccharides per se are poor immunogens.
  • polysaccharides may be conjugated to protein carriers, which provide bystander T-cell help. It is preferred, therefore, that the polysaccharides utilised in the invention are linked to such a protein carrier.
  • examples of such carriers which are currently commonly used for the production of polysaccharide immunogens include the Diphtheria and Tetanus toxoids (DT, DT CRM197 and TT respectively), Keyhole Limpet Haemocyanin (KLH), OMPC from N. meningitidis , and the purified protein derivative of Tuberculin (PPD).
  • the present invention provides in a preferred embodiment a new carrier for use in the preparation of polysaccharide-based immunogen constructs, that does not suffer from these disadvantages.
  • the preferred carrier for the pneumococcal polysaccharide based immunogenic compositions (or vaccines) is protein D from Haemophilus influenzae (EP 594610-B), or fragments thereof. Fragments suitable for use include fragments encompassing T-helper epitopes. In particular a protein D fragment will preferably contain the N-terminal 1 ⁇ 3 of the protein.
  • a further preferred carrier for the pneumococcal polysaccharide is the pneumococcal protein itself (as defined above in section “Pneumococcal Proteins of the invention”).
  • the vaccines of the present invention are preferably adjuvanted.
  • Suitable adjuvants include an aluminium salt such as aluminium hydroxide gel (alum) or aluminium phosphate, but may also be a salt of calcium, iron or zinc, or may be an insoluble suspension of acylated tyrosine, or acylated sugars, cationically or anionically derivatised polysaccharides, or polyphosphazenes.
  • the adjuvant be selected to be a preferential inducer of a TH1 type of response to aid the cell mediated branch of the immune response.
  • Th1-type cytokines tend to favour the induction of cell mediated immune responses to a given antigen, whilst high levels of Th2-type cytokines tend to favour the induction of humoral immune responses to the antigen.
  • Th1 and Th2-type immune response are not absolute. In reality an individual will support an immune response which is described as being predominantly Th1 or predominantly Th2.
  • TH1 and TH2 cells different patterns of lymphokine secretion lead to different functional properties. Annual Review of Immunology, 7, p145-173).
  • Th1-type responses are associated with the production of the INF- ⁇ and IL-2 cytokines by T-lymphocytes.
  • Th1-type immune responses are not produced by T-cells, such as IL-12.
  • Th2-type responses are associated with the secretion of IL4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10.
  • Suitable adjuvant systems which promote a predominantly Th1 response include, Monophosphoryl lipid A or a derivative thereof, particularly 3-de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A, and a combination of monophosphoryl lipid A, preferably 3-de-O-acylated monophosphoryl lipid A (3D-MPL) together with an aluminium salt.
  • An enhanced system involves the combination of a monophosphoryl lipid A and a saponin derivative, particularly the combination of QS21 and 3D-MPL as disclosed in WO 94/00153, or a less reactogenic composition where the QS21 is quenched with cholesterol as disclosed in WO 96/33739.
  • a particularly potent adjuvant formulation involving QS21, 3D-MPL and tocopherol in an oil in water emulsion is described in WO 95/17210, and is a preferred formulation.
  • the vaccine additionally comprises a saponin, more preferably QS21.
  • the formulation may also comprises an oil in water emulsion and tocopherol (WO 95/17210).
  • the present invention also provides a method for producing a vaccine formulation comprising mixing a protein of the present invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, such as 3D-MPL.
  • Unmethylated CpG containing oligonucleotides (WO 96/02555) are also preferential inducers of a Th1 response and are suitable for use in the present invention.
  • compositions of the invention comprise one or more conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharides, one or more pneumococcal proteins and a Th1 adjuvant.
  • the induction of a cell mediated response by way of a pneumococcal protein (as described above) and the cooperation between both arms of the immuen system may be aided using such a Th-1 adjuvant, resulting in a particularly effective vaccine against pneumococcal disease in general, and, importantly, against pneumococcal pneumonia in the elderly.
  • an immunogen or vaccine as herein described for use in medicine.
  • a composition comprising a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate and a Th1 adjuvant (preferably 3D-MPL) which is capable of seroconverting or inducing a humoral antibody response against the polysaccharide antigen within a population of non-responders.
  • a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate and a Th1 adjuvant (preferably 3D-MPL) which is capable of seroconverting or inducing a humoral antibody response against the polysaccharide antigen within a population of non-responders.
  • a Th1 adjuvant preferably 3D-MPL
  • the present inventors have found that a combination of a conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide (which is prone to low response in a particular population) with a Th1 adjuvant (see “Th1 adjuvants of the invention” above) can surprisingly overcome this non-responsiveness.
  • a conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide which is prone to low response in a particular population
  • Th1 adjuvants of the invention see “Th1 adjuvants of the invention” above
  • 3D-MPL should be used, and most preferably 3D-MPL devoid of aluminium-based adjuvant (which provides a better response still).
  • the present invention thus provides such compositions, and further provides a method of treating non-responders to pneumococcal polysaccharides by administering such compositions, and still further provides a use of a Th1 adjuvant in the manufacture of a medicament comprising conjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide antigens, in the treatment against (or protection from) pneumococcal disease in individuals which are non-responsive to the polysaccharide antigen.
  • a method of preventing or ameliorating pneumonia in an elderly human comprising administering a safe and effective amount of a vaccine, as described herein, comprising a Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide antigen and either a Th1 adjuvant, or a pneumococcal protein (and preferably both), to said elderly patient.
  • a vaccine as described herein, comprising a Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide antigen and either a Th1 adjuvant, or a pneumococcal protein (and preferably both), to said elderly patient.
  • a method of preventing or ameliorating otitis media in Infants or toddlers comprising administering a safe and effective amount of a vaccine comprising a Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide antigen and either a Streptococcus pneumoniae protein antigen or a Th1 adjuvant (and preferably both), to said Infant or toddler.
  • polysaccharide antigen is present as a polysaccharide protein conjugate.
  • the vaccine preparations of the present invention may be used to protect or treat a mammal susceptible to infection, by means of administering said vaccine via systemic or mucosal route.
  • administrations may include injection via the intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intradermal or subcutaneous routes; or via mucosal administration to the oral/alimentary, respiratory, genitourinary tracts.
  • Intranasal administration of vaccines for the treatment of pneumonia or otitis media is preferred (as nasopharyngeal carriage of pneumococci can be more effectively prevented, thus attenuating infection at its earliest stage).
  • the amount of conjugate antigen in each vaccine dose is selected as an amount which induces an immunoprotective response without significant, adverse side effects in typical vaccines. Such amount will vary depending upon which specific immunogen is employed and how it is presented. Generally, it is expected that each dose will comprise 0.1-100 ⁇ g of polysaccharide, preferably 0.1-50 ⁇ g, preferably 0.1-10 ⁇ g, of which 1 to 5 ⁇ g is the most preferable range.
  • the content of protein antigens in the vaccine will typically be in the range 1-100 ⁇ g, preferably 5-50 ⁇ g, most typically in the range 5-25 ⁇ g.
  • Optimal amounts of components for a particular vaccine can be ascertained by standard studies involving observation of appropriate immune responses in subjects. Following an initial vaccination, subjects may receive one or several booster immunisations adequately spaced.
  • Vaccine preparation is generally described in Vaccine Design (“The subunit and adjuvant approach” (eds Powell M. F. & Newman M. J.) (1995) Plenum Press New York). Encapsulation within liposomes is described by Fullerton, U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,877.
  • the term “pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates of the invention” describes those conjugates of Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides which are more immunogenic in compositions comprising 3D-MPL in comparison with compositions comprising 3D-MPL in conjunction with an aluminium-based adjuvant (for example, conjugates of serotype 4; serotype 6B; serotype 18C; serotype 19F; or serotype 23F).
  • the term “substantially devoid of aluminium-based adjuvants” describes a composition which does not contain sufficient aluminium-based adjuvant (for example aluminium hydroxide, and, particularly, aluminium phosphate) to cause any decrease in the immunogenicity of a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate of the invention in comparison to an equivalent composition comprising 3D-MPL with no added aluminium-based adjuvant.
  • the antigenic composition should contain adjuvant that consists essentially of 3D-MPL.
  • Quantitities of aluminium-based adjuvant added per dose should preferably be less than 50 ⁇ g, more preferably less than 30 ⁇ g, still more preferably less than 10 ⁇ g, and most preferably there is no aluminium-based adjuvant added to the antigenic compositions of the invention.
  • the determination of whether a pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate is significantly more immunogenic in compositions comprising 3D-MPL in comparison with compositions comprising 3D-MPL in conjunction with an aluminium-based adjuvant should be established as described in Example 2.
  • the ratio of GMC IgG concentration (as determined in Example 2) between compositions comprising 3D-MPL alone versus an equivalent composition comprising 3D-MPL in conjunction with aluminium phosphate adjuvant should be more than 2, preferably more than 5, more preferably more than 7, still more preferably more than 9, and most preferably more than 14.
  • Examples of such carriers which may be used include the Diphtheria, Diphtheria mutant, and Tetanus toxoids (DT, CRM197 and TT respectively), Keyhole Limpet Haemocyanin (KLH), the purified protein derivative of Tuberculin (PPD), and OMPC of Neisseria meningitidis.
  • KLH Keyhole Limpet Haemocyanin
  • PPD purified protein derivative of Tuberculin
  • OMPC of Neisseria meningitidis.
  • protein D from Haemophilus influenzae (EP 0 594 610-B), or fragments thereof (see section C) is used as the immunogenic protein carrier for the pneumococcal polysaccharides of the invention.
  • the antigenic composition of the invention comprises pneumococcal polysaccharide serotype (PS) 4 conjugated to an immunogenic protein and formulated with 3D-MPL adjuvant, where the composition is substantially devoid of aluminium-based adjuvant.
  • the antigenic composition comprises PS 6B, 18C, 19F, or 23F, respectively, conjugated to an immunogenic protein and formulated with 3D-MPL adjuvant, where the composition is substantially devoid of aluminium-based adjuvant.
  • a combination antigenic composition comprising two or more pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates from the group PS 4, PS 6B, PS 18C, PS19F, and PS 23F formulated with 3D-MPL adjuvant, where the composition is substantially devoid of aluminium-based adjuvant.
  • a preferred aspect of the invention provides a combination antigenic composition comprising one or more pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates of the invention in combination with one or more further pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates, where the composition is formulated with 3D-MPL adjuvant, but is substantially devoid of aluminium-based adjuvant.
  • combination antigenic compositions which contain at least one and preferably 2, 3, 4 or all 5 of the PS 4, 6B, 18C, 19F, or 23F pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates, and in addition any combination of other pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugates, which are formulated with 3D-MPL adjuvant but substantially devoid of aluminium-based adjuvant.
  • the Streptococcus pneumoniae combination antigenic composition of the present invention will comprise polysaccharide conjugate antigens, wherein the polysaccharides are derived from at least four, seven, eleven, thirteen, fifteen or twenty-three serotypes (see “ Streptococcus pneumoniae Polysaccharide Antigens of the Invention” above for preferred combinations of serotypes depending on the disease to be treated).
  • the antigenic compositions of the invention are preferably used as vaccine compositions to prevent (or treat) pneumococcal infections, particularly in the elderly and infants and toddlers.
  • Further embodiments of the present invention include: the provision of the above antigenic compositions for use in medicine; a method of inducing an immune response to a Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide conjugate, comprising the steps of administering a safe and effective amount of one of the above antigenic compositions to a patient; and the use of one of the above antigenic compositions in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention (or treatment) of pneumococcal disease.
  • the antigenic compositions (and vaccines) hereinbefore described are lyophilised up until they are about to be used, at which point they are extemporaneously reconstituted with diluent. More preferably they are lyophilsed in the presence of 3D-MPL, and are extemporaneously reconstituted with saline solution.
  • Lyophilising the compositions results in a more stable composition (for instance it prevents the breakdown of the polysaccharide antigens).
  • the process is also surprisingly responsible for a higher antibody titre still against the pneumococcal polysaccharides. This has been shown to be particularly significant for PS 6B conjugates.
  • Another aspect of the invention is thus a lyophilised antigenic composition comprising a PS 6B conjugate adjuvanted with 3D-MPL and substantially devoid of aluminium-based adjuvants.
  • the present invention provides a protein D from Haemophilus influenzae , or fragments thereof, as a carrier for polysaccharide based immunogenic composition, including vaccines. Fragments suitable for use include fragments encompassing T-helper epitopes. In particular protein D fragment will preferably contain the N-terminal 1 ⁇ 3 of the protein.
  • Protein D is an IgD-binding protein from Haemophilus influenzae (EP 0 594 610 B1) and is a potential immunogen.
  • Polysaccharides to be conjugated to Protein D contemplated by the present invention include, but are not limited to the Vi polysaccharide antigen against Salmonella typhi , meningococcal polysaccharides (including type A, C, W135 and Y, and the polysaccharide and modified polysaccharides of group B meningococcus), polysaccharides from Staphylococcus aureus, polysaccharides from Streptococcus agalactae , polysaccharides from Streptococcus pneumoniae, polysaccharides from Mycobacterium e.g.
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (such as mannophosphoinisitides trehaloses, mycolic acid, mannose capped arabinomannans, the capsule therefrom and arabinogalactans), polysaccharide from Cryptococcus neoformans , the lipopolysaccharides of non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae , the capsular polysaccharide from Haemophilus influenzae b, the lipopolysaccharides of Moraxella catharralis , the lipopolysaccharides of Shigella sonnei , the lipopeptidophosphoglycan (LPPG) of Trypanosoma cruzi , the cancer associated gangliosides GD3, GD2, the tumor associated mucins, especially the T-F antigen, and the sialyl T-F antigen, and the HIV associated polysaccharide that is structurally related to the T-F antigen.
  • mannophosphoinisitides trehalose
  • the polysaccharide may be linked to the carrier protein by any known method (for example, by Likhite, U.S. Pat. No. 4,372,945 and by Armor et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,757).
  • CDAP conjugation is carried out (WO 95/08348).
  • the cyanylating reagent 1-cyano-dimethylaminopyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP) is preferably used for the synthesis of polysaccharide-protein conjugates.
  • the cyanilation reaction can be performed under relatively mild conditions, which avoids hydrolysis of the alkaline sensitive polysaccharides. This synthesis allows direct coupling to a carrier protein.
  • the polysaccharide is solubilized in water or a saline solution.
  • CDAP is dissolved in acetonitrile and added immediately to the polysaccharide solution.
  • the CDAP reacts with the hydroxyl groups of the polysaccharide to form a cyanate ester.
  • the carrier protein is added. Amino groups of lysine react with the activated polysaccharide to form an isourea covalent link.
  • the invention provides a method of producing polysaccharide protein D conjugates comprising the steps of activating the polysaccharide and linking the polysaccharide to the protein D.
  • an immunogenic composition (or vaccine) formulation for the prevention of Streptococcus pneumoniae infections.
  • the Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine of the present invention will comprise protein D polysaccharide conjugates, wherein the polysaccharide is derived from at least four, seven, eleven, thirteen, fifteen or 23 serotypes. See above “ Streptococcus pneumoniae Polysaccharide Antigens of the Invention” for preferred combinations of serotypes depending on the disease to be treated.
  • Neisseria meningitidis vaccine in particular from serotypes A, B, C W-135 and Y.
  • Neisseria meningitidis is one of the most important causes of bacterial meningitis.
  • the carbohydrate capsule of these organisms can act as a virulence determinant and a target for protective antibody. Carbohydrates are nevertheless well known to be poor immunogens in young children.
  • the present invention provides a particularly suitable protein carrier for these polysaccharides, protein D, which provides T-cell epitopes that can activate a T-cell response to aid polysaccharide antigen specific B-cell proliferation and maturation, as well as the induction of an immunological memory.
  • the present invention also contemplates combination vaccines which provide protection against a range of different pathogens.
  • a protein D carrier is surprisingly useful as a carrier in combination vaccines where multiple polysaccharide antigens are conjugated.
  • epitope suppression is likely to occur if the same carrier is used for each polysaccharide.
  • WO 98/51339 presented compositions to try to minimise this interference by conjugating a proportion of the polysaccharides in the composition onto DT and the rest onto TT.
  • protein D is particularly suitable for minimising such epitopic suppression effects in combination vaccines.
  • One or more polysaccharides in a combination may be advantageously conjugated onto protein D, and preferably all antigens are conjugated onto protein D within such combination vaccines.
  • a preferred combination includes a vaccine that affords protection against Neisseria meningitidis C and Y (and preferably A) infection wherein the polysaccharide antigen from one or more of serotypes Y and C (and most preferably A) are linked to protein D.
  • Haemophilus influenzae polysaccharide based vaccine (PRP conjugated with preferably TT, DT or CRM197, or most preferably with protein D) may be formulated with the above combination vaccines.
  • the vaccines of the invention can be formulated with, or administered separately, but at the same time with the well known ‘trivalent’ combination vaccine comprising Diphtheria toxoid (DT), tetanus toxoid (TT), and pertussis components [typically detoxified Pertussis toxoid (PT) and filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) with optional pertactin (PRN) and/or agglutinin 1+2], for example the marketed vaccine INFANRIX-DTPaTM (SmithKlineBeecham Biologicals) which contains DT, TT, PT, FHA and PRN antigens, or with a whole cell pertussis component for example as marketed by SmithKlineBeecham Biologicals s.a
  • the combined vaccine may also comprise other antigen, such as Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Polio virus antigens (for instance inactivated trivalent polio virus—IPV), Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane proteins, non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae proteins, N.meningitidis B outer membrane proteins.
  • HsAg Hepatitis B surface antigen
  • Polio virus antigens for instance inactivated trivalent polio virus—IPV
  • Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane proteins non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae proteins
  • N.meningitidis B outer membrane proteins such as HBsAg
  • Polio virus antigens for instance inactivated trivalent polio virus—IPV
  • Moraxella catarrhalis outer membrane proteins such as non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae proteins, N.meningitidis B outer membrane proteins.
  • Examples of preferred Moraxella catarrhalis protein antigens which can be included in a combination vaccine are: OMP106 [WO 97/41731 (Antex) & WO 96/34960 (PMC)]; OMP21; LbpA & LbpB [WO 98/55606 (PMC)]; ThpA & TbpB [WO 97/13785 & WO 97/32980 (PMC)]; CopB [Helminen M E, et al. (1993) Infect. Immun. 61:2003-2010]; UspA1/2 [WO 93/03761 (University of Texas)]; and OmpCD.
  • non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae antigens which can be included in a combination vaccine (especially for the prevention of otitis media) include: Fimbrin protein [(U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,608—Ohio State Research Foundation)] and fusions comprising peptides therefrom [eg LB1(f) peptide fusions; U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,464 (OSU) or WO 99/64067]; OMP26 [WO 97/01638 (Cortecs)]; P6 [EP 281673 (State University of New York)]; TbpA and TbpB; Hia; Hmw1,2; Hap; and D15.
  • Fimbrin protein (U.S. Pat. No. 5,766,608—Ohio State Research Foundation)] and fusions comprising peptides therefrom [eg LB1(f) peptide fusions; U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,464 (OSU)
  • Preferred Peadiatric vaccines contemplated by the present invention are:
  • N. meningitidis C polysaccharide conjugate and Haemophilus influenzae b polysaccharide conjugate optionally with N. meningitidis A and/or Y polysaccharide conjugate, provided that at least one polysaccharide antigen, and preferably all are conjugated to protein D.
  • the present invention provides an immunogenic composition comprising a Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide—protein D conjugate and a Streptococcus pneumoniae protein antigen.
  • the polysaccharide—protein D conjugate antigens of the present invention are preferably adjuvanted in the vaccine formulation of the invention.
  • Suitable adjuvants include an aluminium salt such as aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) or aluminium phosphate, but may also be a salt of calcium, iron or zinc, or may be an insoluble suspension of acylated tyrosine, or acylated sugars, cationically or anionically derivatised polysaccharides, or polyphosphazenes.
  • the adjuvant be selected to be a preferential inducer of a Th1 type of response.
  • Th1 adjuvants see “Th1 adjuvants of the invention” above.
  • an immunogen or vaccine as herein described for use in medicine.
  • Protein D is also advantageously used in a vaccine against otitis media, as it is in itself an immunogen capable of producing B-cell mediated protection against non-typeable H. influenzae (ntHi). ntHi may invade host cells, and evade the B-cell mediated effects induced by the protein antigen.
  • the present inventors have surprisingly found a way of increasing the effectiveness of protein D (either by itself or as a carrier for a polysaccharide) as an antigen for an otitis media vaccine. This is done by adjuvanting the protein D such that a strong Th1 response is induced in the subject such that the cell mediated arm of the immune system is optimised against protein D.
  • a lyophilised composition comprising protein D and a Th1 adjuvant (preferably 3D-MPL) which is reconstituted shortly before administration.
  • the invention thus also provides such compositions, a process for making such compositions (by lyophilising a mixture comprising protein D and a Th1 adjuvant), and a use of such a composition in the treatment of otitis media.
  • Th1 adjuvants of the invention preferably 3D-MPL
  • the present invention is therefore applicable to any immunogen to which a stronger Th1 immune response is required.
  • immunogens comprise bacterial, viral and tumour protein antigens, as well as self proteins and peptides.
  • the 11-valent candidate vaccine includes the capsular polysaccharides serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F which were made essentially as described in EP 72513. Each polysaccharide is activated and derivatised using CDAP chemistry (WO 95/08348) and conjugated to the protein carrier. All the polysaccharides are conjugated in their native form, except for the serotype 3 (which was size-reduced to decrease its viscosity).
  • Protein Carrier [0151]
  • the protein carrier selected is the recombinant protein D (PD) from Non typeable Haemophilus influenzae , expressed in E. coli.
  • PD recombinant protein D
  • Protein D is highly conserved among H. influenzae of all serotypes and non-typeable strains.
  • the vector pHIC348 containing the DNA sequence encoding the entire protein D gene has been obtained from Dr. A. Forsgren, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Malmö General Hospital, Malmö, Sweden.
  • the DNA sequence of protein D has been published by Janson et al. (1991) Infect. Immun. 59: 119-125.
  • the expression vector pMG1 is a derivative of pBR322 (Gross et al., 1985) in which bacteriophage ⁇ derived control elements for transcription and translation of foreign inserted genes were introduced (Shatzman et al., 1983). In addition, the Ampicillin resistance gene was exchanged with the Kanamycin resistance gene.
  • the E. coli strain AR58 was generated by transduction of N99 with a P1 phage stock previously grown on an SA500 derivative (galE::TN10, lambdaKil ⁇ cI857 ⁇ H1).
  • N99 and SA500 are E. coli K12 strains derived from Dr. Martin Rosenberg's laboratory at the National Institute of Health.
  • the DNA encoding the protein has been cloned into the expression vector pMG 1.
  • This plasmid utilises signals from lambdaphage DNA to drive the transcription and translation of inserted foreign genes.
  • the vector contains the promoter PL, operator OL and two utilisation sites (NutL and NutR) to relieve transcriptional polarity effects when N protein is provided (Gross et al., 1985).
  • Vectors containing the PL promoter are introduced into an E. coli lysogenic host to stabilise the plasmid DNA. Lysogenic host strains contain replication-defective lambdaphage DNA integrated into the genome (Shatzman et al., 1983).
  • the chromosomal lambdaphage DNA directs the synthesis of the cI repressor protein which binds to the OL repressor of the vector and prevents binding of RNA polymerase to the PL promoter and thereby transcription of the inserted gene.
  • the cI gene of the expression strain ARS8 contains a temperature sensitive mutant so that PL directed transcription can be regulated by temperature shift, i.e. an increase in culture temperature inactivates the repressor and synthesis of the foreign protein is initiated. This expression system allows controlled synthesis of foreign proteins especially of those that may be toxic to the cell (Shimataka & Rosenberg, 1981).
  • the AR58 lysogenic E. coli strain used for the production of the protein D carrier is a derivative of the standard NIH E. coli K12 strain N99 (F ⁇ su ⁇ galK2, lacZ ⁇ thr ⁇ ). It contains a defective lysogenic lambdaphage (galE::TN10, lambdaKil ⁇ cI857 ⁇ H1). The Kil ⁇ phenotype prevents the shut off of host macromolecular synthesis. The cI857 mutation confers a temperature sensitive lesion to the cI repressor. The ⁇ H1 deletion removes the lambdaphage right operon and the hosts bio, uvr3, and ch1A loci.
  • the AR58 strain was generated by transduction of N99 with a P1 phage stock previously grown on an SA500 derivative (galE::TN10, lambdaKil ⁇ cI857 ⁇ H1).
  • the introduction of the defective lysogen into N99 was selected with tetracycline by virtue of the presence of a TN10 transposon coding for tetracyclin resistance in the adjacent galE gene.
  • the pMG 1 vector which contains the gene encoding the non-structural S1 protein of Influenzae virus (pMGNSI) was used to construct pMGMDPPrD.
  • the protein D gene was amplified by PCR from the pHIC348 vector (Janson et al. 1991) with PCR primers containing NcoI and XbaI restriction sites at the 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively.
  • the NcoI/XbaI fragment was then introduced into pMGNS1 between NcoI and XbaI thus creating a fusion protein containing the N-terminal 81 amino acids of the NS1 protein followed by the PD protein.
  • This vector was labeled pMGNS1PrD.
  • the protein D does not contain a leader peptide or the N-terminal cysteine to which lipid chains are normally attached. The protein is therefore neither excreted into the periplasm nor lipidated and remains in the cytoplasm in a soluble form.
  • the final construct pMG-MDPPrD was introduced into the AR58 host strain by heat shock at 37° C. Plasmid containing bacteria were selected in the presence of Kanamycin. Presence of the protein D encoding DNA insert was demonstrated by digestion of isolated plasmid DNA with selected endonucleases.
  • the recombinant E. coli strain is referred to as ECD4.
  • Expression of protein D is under the control of the lambda P L promoter/ O L Operator.
  • the host strain AR58 contains a temperature-sensitive cI gene in the genome which blocks expression from lambda P L at low temperature by binding to O L . Once the temperature is elevated cI is released from O L and protein D is expressed. At the end of the fermentation the cells are concentrated and frozen.
  • the extraction from harvested cells and the purification of protein D was performed as follows.
  • the cell culture homogenate is clarified by centrifugation and cell debris are removed by filtration.
  • the filtered lysate is applied to a cation exchange chromatography column (SP Sepharose Fast Flow).
  • SP Sepharose Fast Flow SP Sepharose Fast Flow
  • impurities are retained on an anionic exchange matrix (Q Sepharose Fast Flow).
  • PD does not bind onto the gel and can be collected in the flow through.
  • the protein D containing ultrafiltration retentate is finally passed through a 0.2 ⁇ m membrane.
  • the activation and coupling conditions are specific for each polysaccharide. These are given in Table 1. Native polysaccharide (except for PS3) was dissolved in NaCl 2M or in water for injection. The optimal polysaccharide concentration was evaluated for all the serotypes.
  • CDAP CDAP/PS ratio 0.75 mg/mg PS
  • 0.2M triethylamine was added to obtain the specific activation pH.
  • the activation of the polysaccharide was performed at this pH during 2 minutes at 25° C.
  • Protein D (the quantity depends on the initial PS/PD ratio) was added to the activated polysaccharide and the coupling reaction was performed at the specific pH for 1 hour. The reaction was then quenched with glycine for 30 minutes at 25° C. and overnight at 4° C.
  • conjugates were purified by gel filtration using a Sephacryl 500HR gel filtration column equilibrated with 0.2M NaCl.
  • the carbohydrate and protein content of the eluted fractions was determined.
  • the conjugates were pooled and sterile filtered on a 0.22 ⁇ m sterilizing membrane.
  • the PS/Protein ratios in the conjugate preparations were determined.
  • the level of “free” residual protein D was determined by using a method with SDS treatment of the sample.
  • the conjugate was heated 10 min at 100° C. in presence of SDS 0.1% and injected on a SEC-HPLC gel filtration column (TSK 3000-PWXL).
  • SEC-HPLC gel filtration column TSK 3000-PWXL
  • the molecular size was performed on a SEC-HPLC gel filtration column (TSK 5000-PWXL).
  • the protein conjugates can be adsorbed onto aluminium phosphate and pooled to form the final vaccine.
  • the rats were immunised with an 11 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine comprising the following polysaccharide serotypes conjugated onto protein D: 1, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, 23F.
  • the concentrated, adsorbed monovalents were prepared according to the following procedure. 50 ⁇ g AlPO 4 (pH 5.1) was mixed with 5 ⁇ g conjugated polysaccharides for 2 hours. The pH was adjusted to pH 5.1 and the mixture was left for a further 16 hours. 1500 mM NaCl was added to make up the salt concentration to 150 mM. After 5 minutes 5 mg/mL 2-phenoxyethanol was added. After a further 30 minutes the pH was adjusted to 6.1, and left for more than 3 days at 4° C.
  • the eleven concentrated, adsorbed PS-PD monovalents were mixed at the correct ratio.
  • the complement of AlPO 4 was added as the diluent A.
  • 3D-MPL was added either as an aqueous solution (non adsorbed, Way 1 see below) or as the diluent B or C (3D-MPL adsorbed on AlPO 4 at 2 doses, Way 2, see below).
  • 3D-MPL was added to the combined adsorbed conjugates as an aqueous suspension. It was mixed to the undecavalent for 10 minutes at room temperature and stored at 4° C. until administration.
  • 3D-MPL was preadsorbed onto AlPO 4 before addition to the combined adsorbed conjugates (diluent B and C).
  • diluent B and C combined adsorbed conjugates
  • 1 ml of diluent an aqueous suspension of 3D-MPL (250 or 561 ⁇ g) was mixed with 1 mg of AlPO 4 in NaCl 150 mM pH 6.3 for 5 min at room temperature. This solution was diluted in NaCl pH 6.1/phenoxy and incubated overnight at 4 ° C.
  • the ELISA was performed to measure rat IgG using the protocol derived from the WHO Workshop on the ELISA procedure for the quantitation of IgG antibody against Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular polysaccharides in human serum. In essence, purified capsular polysaccharide is coated directly on the microtitre plate. Serum samples are pre-incubated with the cell-wall polysaccharide common to all pneumococcus (substance C) and which is present in ca. 0.5% in pneumococcal polysaccharides purified according to disclosure (EP 72513 B1). Jackson ImmunoLaboratories Inc. reagents were employed to detect bound murine IgG. The titration curves were referenced to internal standards (monoclonal antibodies) modeled by logistic log equation. The calculations were performed using SoftMax Pro software. The maximum absolute error on these results expected to be within a factor of 2. The relative error is less than 30%.
  • Opsonic titres were determined for serotypes 3, 6B, 7F, 14, 19F and 23F using the CDC protocol ( Streptococcus pneumoniae Opsonophagocytosis using Differentiated HL60 cells, version 1.1) with purified human PMN and baby rabbit complement. Modification included the use of in-house pneumococcal strains, and the phagocytic HL60 cells were replaced by purified human neutrophils PMN (there is a high degree of correlation between these phagocytic cells). In addition, 3 mm glass beads were added to the microtitre wells to increase mixing, and this allowed reduction of the phagocyte:bacteria ratio which was recommended to be 400.
  • Table 11 shows that when 3D-MPL and 3D-MPL/AlPO 4 compositions are compared (comparing the process of formulation, and the dose of 3D-MPL), 5 of the polysaccharide conjugates are significantly improved, in terms of immunogenicity, when formulated with just 3D-MPL rather than 3D-MPL plus AlPO 4 : PS 4, PS 6B, PS 18C, PS 19F, and PS 23F.
  • peroxydase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (Jackson) diluted 5000 ⁇ in PBS/ Tween-20 0.05% were incubated (100 ⁇ l/well) for 30 minutes at 20° C. under agitation. After washing, plates were incubated for 15 min at room temperature with 100 ⁇ l/well of revelation buffer (OPDA 0.4 mg/ml and H 2 O 2 0.05% in 100 mM pH 4.5 citrate buffer). Revelation was stopped by adding 50 ⁇ l/well HCl 1N. Optical densities were read at 490 and 620 nm by using Emax immunoreader (Molecular Devices). Antibody titre were calculated by the 4 parameter mathematical method using SoftMaxPro software.
  • This assay was done for measuring the ability of serum antibodies to inhibit the pneumolysin (PLY) hemolytic activity.
  • serum samples were treated 2 ⁇ as follows: they were mixed with 1 equal volume of chloroform and then incubated for 45 minutes under agitation. Supernatants were collected after centrifugation for 10 minutes at 1000 rpm. Cholesterol-cleared sera were diluted (serial 2-fold dilutions in 1 mM dithiothreitol. 0.01% BSA, 15 mM TRIS, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5) in 96 well microplates (Nunc).
  • Recombinant native pneumolysin was dialyzed against Phosphate 50 mM NaCl 500 mM pH 7.6 buffer. All following steps were done at 39.5° C. under episodic agitation.
  • Tween-80 10% (1/250 v/v), N-acetyl tryptophan 57.4 mM pH 7.6 (3/100 v/v), glycin 2.2 M in Phosphate buffer (1/100 v/v) and formaldehyde 10% in Phosphate buffer (3/100 v/v) were added into PLY solution.
  • formaldehyde 10% was added again, at 3/100 and 2/100 v/v ratio, respectively.
  • FIGS. 1A and 1B show ELISA IgG and HemoLysis Inhibition titers (HLI) measured in post-III sera.
  • compositions containing pneumolysin it may be preferable to use chemically detoxified pneumolysin rather than mutationally detoxified pneumolysin. This is because detoxified mutants obtained to date still have residual toxin activity—chemically detoxifed pneumolysin does not. It is therefore considered another aspect of the invention that, in general, compositions comprising pneumolysin (or pneumolysin mutants) that has been chemically detoxified for use in a vaccine, should be adjuvanted with a Th1 adjuvant, preferably 3D-MPL. Such compositions are provided by the invention.
  • a method of increasing the immune response of chemically-detoxifed pneumolysin within an immunogenic composition comprising the steps of adding a Th1 adjuvant (preferably 3D-MPL) to the composition, is also envisaged.
  • Groups of 12 female 4 week-old OF1 mice were immunized subcutaneously at days 0 and 14 with formulations containing A: 50 ⁇ g AlPO4; B: 0.1 ⁇ g PS/serotype of PD-conjugated 11-valent polysaccharide vaccine+50 ⁇ g AlPO4; or C: 0.1 ⁇ g PS/serotype of PD-conjugated 11-valent polysaccharide vaccine+10 ⁇ g PdB (provided by J. Paton, Children's Hospital, North Sydney, Australia)+50 ⁇ g AlPO4+5 ⁇ g 3D-MPL (supplied by Ribi Immunochem). Challenge was done at day 21 as described above.
  • Antibody titers were then compared to bacteria colony numbers measured in lungs of the corresponding animals collected at 6 hours post-challenge. R 2 were calculated on Log/Log linear regressions.
  • Vaccine Groups Four groups of 16 mice were passively immunised (i.p.) on day ⁇ 1 with 100 ⁇ l of undiluted rat anti-polysaccharide antisera according to the groups detailed below. (total 64 mice) IgG Concentration in Group Specificity Antisera G1 ⁇ -PS-6B 5 ⁇ g/ml. G2 ⁇ -PS-6B 2 ⁇ g/ml. G3 ⁇ -PS-6B 0.75 ⁇ g/ml. G4 Control 0 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Organism S. pneumoniae N1387 (serotype 6) was harvested from trypticase soy agar plates (TSA) supplemented with 5% horse blood and suspended in 6 ml of PBS. Immediately prior to infection, 1 ml bacterial suspension was diluted into 9 ml of cooled molten nutrient agar (BBL) and kept at 41° C. Mice received approx 6.0 log10 cfu/mouse in a volume 50 ul.
  • TSA trypticase soy agar plates
  • BBL cooled molten nutrient agar
  • mice were anesthetized as described above and infected with S. pneumoniae N1387 (50 ⁇ l cooled bacterial suspension) by intra-bronchial instillation via non-surgical intra-tracheal intubation. This method was described by Woodnut and Berry (Antimicrob. Ag. Chemotherap. 43: 29 (1999)).
  • mice/group On day 3 post infection, 8 mice/group were sacrificed by CO2 overdose and lungs were excised and homogenized in 1 ml PBS. Tenfold serial dilutions were prepared in PBS to enumerate viable bacterial numbers. Samples were inoculated (20 ⁇ l) in triplicate onto TSA plates supplemented with 5% horse blood and incubated overnight at 37° C. prior to evaluation. Further sets of mice were sacrificed on day 7 and sampled as above.
  • Animals 128 male CD-1 mice (6 weeks old at old at immunisation, 10 weeks old at infection) from Charles River, St. Constant, Quebec. Canada. Animals weighed approx 20 gm at 6 weeks and 38 g at 10 weeks.
  • PdB/AlPO4 (10/50) 100 ⁇ l i.p. ⁇ -PS 1-4 100 ⁇ l s.c.
  • PdB/MPL/AlPO4 100 ⁇ l i.p. ⁇ -PS (10/5/50) 1-5 100 ⁇ l s.c.
  • MPL/AlPO4 5/50
  • 100 ⁇ l i.p. ⁇ -PS 1-6 100 ⁇ l s.c. MPL/AlPO4 (5/50) None
  • mice were anesthetized (3% isoflurane plus 1 L/min O2).
  • Bacterial inocula were prepared by harvesting growth of S. pneumoniae N1387 (serotype 6) from trypticase soy agar plates (TSA) supplemented with 5% horse blood and suspending in 6 ml of PBS.
  • a ten-fold dilution (1 ml plus 9 ml) was prepared in cooled molten nutrient agar (kept at 41° C.) immediately prior to infection.
  • Mice were infected by intra-bronchial instillation via intra-tracheal intubation and received approximately 6.0 log10 cfu/mouse in a volume of 50 ⁇ l. This method was described by Woodnut and Berry (Antimicrob. Ag. Chemotherap. 43: 29 (1999)).
  • the outcome measure for comparison of treatment was the number of bacteria in the lungs at 3 and 7 day post infection. Results are presented as group means with standard deviations. Statistical analysis was performed using the Students t-test where a P value of ⁇ 0.05 was considered significant.
  • Bacterial numbers in all groups were approx 2 logs lower at 8 days than at 3 days. indicating that the infection was resolving.
  • group 1-4 had all three elements, PdB, 3D-MPL and passively administered anti-polysaccharide antibody. This conclusion is supported by the mortality rate. Group 1-4 had only 2/8 deaths compared to 5/10 for groups 1-5 and 1-3.
  • mice were immunised intramuscularly. Injections of the groups listed in the following table were performed on days 0 and 21. Test bleeds were obtained on day 35, (14 days after the second dose). TABLE Immunisation Schedule for 1-year-old Balb/c mice immunised with clinical lots of pneumococcal-polysaccharide Protein D conjugate vaccine.
  • mice 1 Pneumovax-23 Buffer 20 2.5 mcg 2a 11-valent Pn-PD Buffer 20 0.1 mcg 2b 11-valent Pn-PD 11-valent Pn-PD 20 0.1 mcg 0.1 mcg 3a 11-valent Pn-PD + MPL Buffer 20 0.1 mcg + 5 mcg 3b 11-valent Pn-PD + MPL 11-valent Pn-PD + MPL 20 0.1 mcg + 5 mcg 0.
  • the sera were tested by ELISA for IgG antibodies to the pneumococcal polysaccharides following the CDC/WHO consensus protocol, that is, after neutralisation of the sera with cell-wall polysaccharide.
  • the ELISA was calibrated to give antibody concentrations in mcg/ml using serotype specific IgG1 monoclonal antibodies.
  • Group 1 shows the effect of immunisation with plain polysaccharides, which normally induce only IgM in animals. Most IgG levels are below the threshold of detection; nevertheless, balb/c mice were able to make IgG to a few pneumococcal polysaccharides, notably serotypes 3, 19F and 14.
  • a dosage-dependent response (group 4 vs group 2) was observed only for serotypes 7F and 19F, but these observations were not statistically significant.
  • a greater response was observed after two doses (b groups vs a groups) for serotypes 3, 6B, 7F and 19F, and PD, and these observations were statistically significant in many cases with all 3 formulations.
  • mice used in the experiment were non-responsive to PS 23 (plain or conjugated). Interestingly although antibody levels against the polysaccharide remained low regardless of the vaccine composition used, many more mice responded to PS 23 when 3D-MPL was used as the adjuvant (the seroconversion being significantly higher).
  • Th1 adjuvants particularly 3D-MPL
  • a method of relieving non-responsiveness with the aforementioned composition using the two dose administration scheme described above is yet another aspect.
  • the source of group C polysaccharide is the strain C11 of N. meningitidis . This is fermented using classical fermentation techniques (EP 72513).
  • the dry powder polysaccharides used in the conjugation process are identical to Mencevax (SB Biologicals s.a.).
  • the surface growth is then re-suspended in sterilized fermentation medium and inoculated with this suspension on one Roux bottle containing Mueller Hinton medium supplemented with yeast extract dialysate (10%, v/v) and sterile glass beads. After incubation of the Roux bottle during 23 to 25 hrs at 36° C. in a water saturated air incubator, the surface growth is re-suspended in 10 ml sterile fermentation medium and 0.2 to 0.3 ml of this suspension are inoculated onto 12 other Mueller Hinton medium Roux bottles.
  • This suspension is then aseptically transferred into the fermenter using sterile syringes.
  • the fermentation of meningococcus is performed in fermenters contained in a clean room under negative pressure.
  • the fermentation is generally completed after 10-12 hrs corresponding to approximately 10 10 bacteria/ml (i.e. the early stationary phase) and detected by pH increase.
  • the entire broth is heat inactivated (12 min at 56° C.) before centrifugation. Before and after inactivation, a sample of the broth is taken and streaked onto Mueller Hinton medium petri dishes.
  • the purification process is a multi-step procedure performed on the entire fermentation broth.
  • the inactivated culture is clarified by centrifugation and the supernatant is recovered.
  • CTAB Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide/CTAB, CETAVLON R
  • CTAB forms insoluble complexes with polyanions such as polysaccharides, nucleic acid and proteins depending on their pI. Following ionic controlled conditions, this method can be used to precipitate impurities (low conductivity) or polysaccharides (high conductivity).
  • the polysaccharides included in clarified supernatant are precipitated using a diatomaceous earth (CELITE R 545) as matrix to avoid formation of insoluble inert mass during the different precipitations/purifications.
  • CELITE R 545 diatomaceous earth
  • Step 1 PSC-CTAB complex fixation on CELITE R 545 and removal of cells debris, nucleic acids and proteins by washing with CTAB 0.05%.
  • Step 2 Elution of PS with EtOH 50%. The first fractions which are turbid and contain impurities and LPS are discarded. The presence of PS in the following fractions is verified by floculation test.
  • Step 3 PS-CTAB complex re-fixation on CELITE R 545 and removal of smaller nucleic acids and proteins by CTAB 0.05% washing.
  • Step 4 Elution of PS with EtOH 50%. The first turbid fractions are discarded. The presence of PS in the following fractions is verified by floculation test.
  • the eluate is filtered and the filtrate containing crude polysaccharide collected.
  • the polysaccharide is precipitated from the filtrate by adding ethanol to a final concentration of 80%.
  • the polysaccharide is then recovered as a white powder, vaccum dried and stored at ⁇ 20° C.
  • CDAP conjugation technology was preferred to the classical CNBr activation and coupling via a spacer to the carrier protein.
  • the polysaccharide is first activated by cyanylation with 1-cyano-4-dimethylamino-pyridinium tetrafluoroborate (CDAP).
  • CDAP is a water soluble cyanylating reagent in which the electrophilicity of the cyano group is increased over that of CNBr, permitting the cyanylation reaction to be performed under relatively mild conditions.
  • the polysaccharide can be directly coupled to the carrier protein through its amino groups without introducing any spacer molecule.
  • the unreacted estercyanate groups are quenched by means of extensive reaction with glycine.
  • the total number of steps involved in the preparation of conjugate vaccines is reduced and most importantly potentially immunogenic spacer molecules are not present in the final product.
  • Activation of polysaccharides with CDAP introduces a cyanate group in the polysaccharides and dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) is liberated.
  • DMAP dimethylaminopyridine
  • the cyanate group reacts with NH2-groups in the protein during the subsequent coupling procedure and is converted to a carbamate.
  • CDAP solution 100 mg/ml freshly prepared in acetonitrile is added to reach a CDAP/PS (w/w) ratio of 0.75.
  • the PS-PD conjugate is purified in a cold room by gel permeation chromatography on a S400HR Sephacryl gel to remove small molecules (including DMAP) and unconjugated PD: Elution—NaCl 150 mM pH 6.5: Monitoring—UV 280 nm, pH and conductivity.
  • PS-PD conjugates are eluted first followed by free PD and finally DMAP.
  • DMAP Downlinking Agent
  • Fractions containing conjugate as detected by DMAB (PS) and ⁇ BCA (protein) are pooled.
  • the pooled fractions are sterile filtered (0.2 ⁇ m)
  • AlPO4 is washed with NaCl 150 mM and centrifuged (4 ⁇ );
  • the pellet is then resuspended in NaCl 150 mM then filtrated (100 ⁇ m);
  • the filtrate is heat sterilized.
  • This washed AlPO 4 is referred to as WAP (washed autoclaved phosphate).
  • the PSC-PD conjugate bulk is adsorbed on AlPO4 WAP before the final formulation of the finished product.
  • AlPO 4 WAP was stirred with PSC-PD for 5 minutes at room temperature. The pH was adjusted to 5.1, and the mixture was stirred for a further 18 hours at room temperature. NaCl solution was added to 150 mM, and the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes at room temperature. 2-phenoxyethanol was added to 5 mg/mL and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes at room temperature, then adjusted to pH 6.1.
  • mice were bled on days 14 (14 Post I), 28 (14 Post II) and 42 (28 Post II).
  • Geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of polysaccharide C specific antibodies measured by ELISA were expressed in ⁇ g IgG/ml using purified IgG as reference.
  • Bactericidal antibodies were measured on pooled sera and titres expressed as the reciprocal of the dilution able to kill 50% of bacteria, using the N. meningitidis C11 strain in presence of baby rabbit complement.
  • the dose-response obtained shows a plateau from the 2.5 ⁇ g dose.
  • Results indicate that there is a good booster response between 14 Post I and 14 Post II.
  • Antibody levels at 28 Post II are at least equivalent to those at 14 Post II.
  • Bactericidal antibody titres are concordant with ELISA concentrations and confirm the immunogenicity of the PSC-PD conjugate.
  • PSC-PD conjugate induces an anamnestic response demonstrating that PSC, when conjugated, becomes a T cell dependent antigen.
  • Anti-PSC antibody concentrations measured by ELISA correlate well with bactericidal antibody titres showing that antibodies induced by the PSC-PD conjugate are functional against N. meningitidis serogroup C.
  • the CDAP chemistry appears to be a suitable method for making immunogenic PSC-PD conjugates.
  • a dry powder of polysaccharide A is dissolved for one hour in NaCl 0.2 M solution to a final concentration of 8 mg/ml. pH is then fixed to a value of 6 with either HCl or NaOH and the solution is thermoregulated at 25° C. 0.75 mg CDAP/mg PSA (a preparation to 100 mg/ml acetonitrile) is added to the PSA solution. After 1.5 minutes without pH regulation, NaOH 0.2 M is added to obtain a pH of 10. 2.5 minutes later, protein D (concentrated to 5 mg/ml) is added according to a PD/PSA ratio of approximately 1. A pH of 10 is maintained during the coupling reaction period of 1 hour.
  • PSA polysaccharide A
  • mice were used as animal model to test the immunogenicity of the conjugates.
  • the conjugates were adsorbed either onto AlPO 4 or Al(OH) 3 (10 ⁇ g of PS onto 500 ⁇ g of Al 3+ ) or not adsorbed.
  • the mice were injected as followed: 2 injections at two week intervals (2 ⁇ g PS/injection).
  • the formulation is also important. AlPO 4 appears to be the most appropriate adjuvant in this model.
  • the conjugates induce a boost effect which is not observed when polysaccharides are injected alone.
  • Conjugates of N. meningitidis A and C were obtained with a final PS/protein ratio of 1 and 0.6-0.7 (w/w) respectively. Free PS and free carrier protein were below 10% and 15% respectively. Polysaccharide recovery is higher than 70%. Conjugates of PSA and PSC obtainable by the above improved (optimised) CDAP process (regardless of the carrier protein, but preferably protein D) is thus a further aspect of the invention.
  • H. influenzae b is one of the major causes of meningitis in children under 2 years old.
  • the capsular polysaccharide of H. influenzae (PRP) as a conjugate onto tetanus toxoid is well known (conjugated by chemistry developed by J. Robbins).
  • CDAP is an improved chemistry. The following is account of optimal CDAP conditions found for conjugating PRP, preferably to PD.
  • the 3 most critical parameters to optimise the quality of the end product are: the initial ratio of polysaccharide/protein; the initial concentration of polysaccharide; and the coupling pH.
  • a reaction cube was thus designed with the above 3 conditions as the three axes.
  • the ratio of the final ratio PS/protein with respect to the initial ratio is a measure of the efficiency of coupling.
  • pH does not effect the ratio of ratios.
  • the initial ratio does (1.75 at low initial ratio, 1.26 at high initial ratios).
  • the final ratio depends on the initial ratio and the [PS]. The most sizeable final ratios are obtained with a combination high initial ratios and high [PS]. The effect of pH on the final ratio is not as significant as a weak [PS].
  • Protein D as an Antigen How Its Protective Efficacy Against Non-typeable H. influenzae Can Be Improved by Formulating It with 3D-MPL
  • mice Female Balb/c Mice (10 per group) were immunized (intramuscularly) with the eleven valent pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein D conjugate vaccine for a first time at the age of 20 weeks (D0) and received a second immunization two weeks later (D14). Blood was collected 7 days after the second immunization. Antibody titres against protein D were measured in terms of the quantity of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b type antibodies.
  • Freeze-dried undecavalent vaccines (without AlPO 4 ) were prepared by combining the conjugates with 15.75% lactose, stirring for 15 minutes at room temperature, adjusting the pH to 6.1 ⁇ 0.1, and lyophilising (the cycle usually starting at ⁇ 69° C., gradually adjusting to ⁇ 24° C. over 3 hours, then retaining this temperature for 18 hours, then gradually adjusting to ⁇ 16° C. over 1 hour, then retaining this temperature for 6 hours, then gradually adjusting to +34° C. over 3 hours, and finally retaining this temperature over 9 hours).

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