JP2010057495A - 生物学的物質の迅速な検出及び特定の方法 - Google Patents
生物学的物質の迅速な検出及び特定の方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
【解決手段】生物学的物質に由来する核酸の保存配列領域へハイブリダイズして、該生物学的物質をユニークに特定する可変配列領域を纏めて扱うプライマー。核酸増幅と分子量決定の組み合わせにより、細菌、ウイルス、等を含む未知の生物学的物質を検出して特定する方法。この結果が「塩基組成シグネチャー」であり、次いで、これを塩基組成シグネチャーのデータベースに対して合致させ、それにより該生物学的物質を特定する方法。
【選択図】なし
Description
核酸単離とPCR
1つの態様においては、質量スペクトル法によるBCS決定に先立って、標準法を使用して核酸を生物から単離し、PCRにより増幅する。核酸は、例えば、細菌細胞の界面活性剤溶解、遠心分離、及びエタノール沈殿により単離する。核酸単離法は、例えば、「分子生物学の最新プロトコール」(Ausubel et al.)と「分子クローニング:実験マニュアル」(Sambrook et al.)に記載されている。次いで、下記のような介在可変配列を含有する核酸の保存領域へ結合するプライマーを用いた、PCRのような標準法を使用してこの核酸を増幅する。
質量スペクトル法
FTICR計測化:FTICR機器は、7テスラの活性遮蔽超伝導磁石、改良式Bruker Daltonics Apex II 70eイオン光軸部分、及び真空チャンバに基づく。この分光計にはLEAP PAL自動サンプラーとハイスループットスクリーニングアプリケーション用のカスタム流体制御システムがインターフェースで連結している。サンプルは、約1サンプル/分の速度で96穴若しくは384穴マイクロタイタープレートから直接分析する。Bruckerデータ取得プラットフォームには、自動サンプラーを制御する実験室で組み立てた補助NTデータステーションが追加され、精密化タンデムMS実験用に複雑なrf−励起波形(周波数掃引、濾波ノイズ、保存波形逆フーリエ変換(SWIFT)、等)を産生することが可能な任意波形発生装置を含有する。20〜30マー型のオリゴヌクレオチドに典型的な性能特性には、100,000(FWHM)より大きい質量解像力、低ppm質量測定誤差、及び50と5000m/zの間の機能可能なm/z範囲が含まれる。
生物学的物質の特定
表1は、9を超えるプライマーセットと約30の生物についての算出分子量のデータベースの小さな見本を示す。プライマーセットは、rRNAアライメントから導いた。rRNAコンセンサスアライメントからの領域の例を図1A〜1Cに示す。矢印の付いた線は、PCR用の識別力のあるプライマー対が設計される領域の例である。このプライマー対は、細菌の配列データベース(現在、10,000超の生物)において95%より多く保存されている。介在領域は長さ及び/又は組成において変化していて、それにより各生物の塩基組成「シグネチャー」(BCS)を提供する。増幅領域の全長が約80〜90未満になるようにプライマー対を選択した。各プライマー対のラベルは、このコンセンサス図の増幅領域の初めと終わりの塩基番号を表す。
Bacillus anthracis と Bacillus cereus からの領域のBCS
B. anthracis(A14G9C14T9)と、CからAへの塩基変化を有する B. cereus(A15G9C13T9)からの保存バチルス領域を合成し、ESI−TOF MSにかけた。この結果を図7に示す。ここでは、本発明の方法を使用して、この2つの領域が明瞭に識別されている(MW=14072.26対14096.29)。
追加の生物学的物質の特定
本発明の他の実施例においては、表4に示すように、表2に示す3つの16Sプライマーセット(16S_971、16S_1228、又は16S_1294)の1つを使用して、病原体 Vibrio cholera(コレラ菌)を、ΔM>600Daの Vibrio parahemolyticus(腸炎ビブリオ)から識別することができる。このリストにある2つのマイコプラズマ種(M. genitalium と M. pneumoniae)も、3つのマイコバクテリアと同様に、互いから識別することができる。増幅産物の直接の質量測定が多数の生物を特定して識別することを可能にするのに対し、塩基組成シグネチャーの測定は、近縁生物に対して劇的に高められた解像力を提供する。質量の差異に基づくだけではほとんど互いに識別し得ない Bacillus anthracis と Bacillus cereus のような場合においては、組成分析又は断片化パターンを使用して、この差異を分割する。2つの生物間の一塩基差異は異なる断片化パターンを生じ、B. anthracis の20位にある不明瞭/未特定の塩基Nの存在にもかかわらず、この2つの生物を特定することができる。
sspE56マーの較正付きESI−TOF MS
PCR産物のESI−MS試験において、内部質量標準を使用して得ることができる質量測定精度を図8に示す。質量標準は、B. anthracis 胞子コートタンパク質sspEからの56マーPCR産物を含有する溶液へ加えた20マーホスホロチオエートオリゴヌクレオチドであった。予測されるPCR産物の質量により、B. thuringiensis や B. cereus のようなバチルス属の他の種から B. anthracis が識別される。
B. anthracis ESI−TOF合成16S_1228二重鎖
B. anthracis 16SrRNA遺伝子のヌクレオチド1228領域からの予測される前向き及び逆向きPCR産物の合成類似体をそれぞれ5μM含有する水溶液から、ESI−TOF MSスペクトルを入手した。この結果(図9)は、前向き及び逆向き鎖の分子量を正確に決定し、この2つの鎖を容易に識別できることを示す。[M−21H+]21-と[M−20H+]20-の荷電状態を示す。
合成 B. anthracis 16S_1337 46塩基対二重鎖のESI−FTICR−MS
B. anthracis 16SrRNA遺伝子のヌクレオチド1337領域からの予測される前向き及び逆向きPCR産物の合成類似体をそれぞれ5μM含有する水溶液から、ESI−FTICR−MSスペクトルを入手した。この結果(図10)は、この方法によりこれら鎖の分子量を識別できることを示す。[M−16H+]16-〜[M−10H+]10-の荷電状態を示す。挿入図は、単一の13C置換により異なるピーク間の質量差異からイオンの荷電状態を決定することを可能にする、FTICR−MS機器により実現可能となる解像を強調する。
B. anthracis のsaspB遺伝子からの56マーオリゴヌクレオチドの内部質量標準を伴うESI−TOF MS
内部質量標準を含有する B. anthracis のsaspB遺伝子からの合成56マーオリゴヌクレオチド(5μM)について、1.7μL/分のESIで、サンプル消費の関数としてESI−TOF MSスペクトルを入手した。この結果(図11)は、より多くのスキャンが合計されるほどノイズに対するシグナルが向上すること、そして標準と生成物が100スキャン後には見えることを示す。
トリブチルアンモニウム(TBA)−トリフルオロ酢酸(TFA)緩衝液を用いる内部標準のESI−TOF MS
5mM TBA−TFA緩衝液を溶液へ加えた後で、20マーホスホロチオエート質量標準のESI−TOF−MSスペクトルを入手した。この緩衝液は、オリゴヌクレオチドから電荷を奪い、最も豊富な荷電状態を[M−8H+]8-から[M−3H+]3-へシフトさせる(図12)。
Claims (48)
- 未知の生物学的物質(bioagent)を特定する方法であって:
a)前記生物学的物質からの核酸を、前記核酸の諸配列へハイブリダイズする少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーに接触させる工程であって、前記諸配列が該生物学的物質の可変核酸配列に隣接している工程;
b)増幅産物を産生するために前記可変核酸配列を増幅する工程;
c)前記増幅産物の分子量を決定する工程;及び
d)前記分子量を、複数の既知生物について工程a)〜c)を行うことによって得られる増幅産物の1又はそれを越える分子量と比較する工程であって1つの合致が前記未知の生物学的物質を特定する工程
を含んでなる方法。 - 前記少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーがハイブリダイズする前記諸配列が高度に保存されている、請求項1の方法。
- 前記増幅工程がポリメラーゼ連鎖反応を含んでなる、請求項1の方法。
- 前記増幅工程が、リガーゼ連鎖反応又は鎖追出増幅を含んでなる、請求項1の方法。
- 前記生物学的物質が、細菌、ウイルス、細胞、又は胞子である、請求項1の方法。
- 前記核酸がリボソームRNAである、請求項1の方法。
- 前記核酸が、RNアーゼP又はRNA依存性RNAポリメラーゼをコードする、請求項1の方法。
- 前記増幅産物が分子量決定に先立ってイオン化される、請求項1の方法。
- さらに、前記生物学的物質から核酸を単離する工程を、前記少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーと前記核酸を接触させる工程に先立って含んでなる、請求項1の方法。
- 異なるオリゴヌクレオチドプライマー対を使用して工程a)〜d)を行い、そしてその結果を、工程(d)におけるものとは異なる複数の既知生物について工程a)〜c)を行うことによって得られる増幅産物の1又はそれを越える分子量と比較する工程をさらに含んでなる、請求項1の方法。
- 前記1又はそれを越える分子量が分子量のデータベース中に含有される、請求項1の方法。
- 前記増幅産物が、エレクトロスプレーイオン化、マトリックス介助レーザーデソープション、又は高速原子衝突によりイオン化される、請求項1の方法。
- 前記分子量が質量スペクトル法により決定される、請求項1の方法。
- 前記質量スペクトル法が、フーリエ変換イオンサイクロトロン共鳴質量スペクトル法(FT−ICR−MS)、イオントラップ、四重極、磁気セクター、飛行時間型(TOF)、Q−TOF、及び三重の四重極からなる群から選択される、請求項13の方法。
- アデノシン、チミジン、グアノシン、又はシチジンとは異なる分子量を有する、アデニン、チミジン、グアノシン、又はシチジンの類似体の存在下で、工程b)を行う工程をさらに含んでなる、請求項1の方法。
- 前記オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーが、前記プライマー内の各トリプレットの1及び2位に塩基類似体を含み、前記塩基類似体が、天然塩基に比較して高められた親和性でその相補体へ結合する、請求項1の方法。
- 前記プライマーが、前記プライマー内の各トリプレットの3位にユニバーサル塩基を含む、請求項16の方法。
- 前記塩基類似体が、2,6−ジアミノプリン、プロピンT、プロピンG、フェノキサジン類、及びG−クランプからなる群から選択される、請求項16の方法。
- 前記ユニバーサル塩基が、イノシン、グアニジン、ウリジン、5−ニトロインドール、3−ニトロピロール、dP、dK、及び1−(2−デオキシ−β−D−リボフラノシル)−イミダゾール−4−カルボキサミドからなる群から選択される、請求項16の方法。
- 未知の生物学的物質を特定する方法であって:
a)前記生物学的物質からの核酸を、前記核酸の諸配列へハイブリダイズする少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーに接触させる工程であって、前記諸配列が可変核酸配列に隣接している工程;
b)増幅産物を産生するために前記可変核酸配列を増幅する工程;
c)前記増幅産物の塩基組成を決定する工程;及び
d)前記塩基組成を、複数の既知生物について工程a)〜c)を行うことによって得られる増幅産物の1又はそれを越える塩基組成と比較する工程であって1つの合致が前記未知の生物学的物質を特定する工程
を含んでなる方法。 - 前記少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーがハイブリダイズする前記諸配列が高度に保存されている、請求項20の方法。
- 前記増幅工程がポリメラーゼ連鎖反応を含んでなる、請求項20の方法。
- 前記増幅工程が、リガーゼ連鎖反応又は鎖追出増幅を含んでなる、請求項20の方法。
- 前記生物学的物質が、細菌、ウイルス、細胞、又は胞子である、請求項20の方法。
- 前記核酸がリボソームRNAである、請求項20の方法。
- 前記核酸が、RNアーゼP又はRNA依存性RNAポリメラーゼをコードする、請求項20の方法。
- 前記増幅産物が塩基組成決定に先立ってイオン化される、請求項20の方法。
- さらに、前記生物学的物質から核酸を単離する工程を、前記少なくとも1対のオリゴヌクレオチドプライマーに前記核酸を接触させる工程に先立って含んでなる、請求項20の方法。
- 異なるオリゴヌクレオチドプライマー対を使用して工程a)〜d)を行い、そしてその結果を、工程(d)におけるものとは異なる複数の既知生物について工程a)〜c)を行うことによって得られる増幅産物の1又はそれを越える塩基組成と比較する工程をさらに含んでなる、請求項20の方法。
- 前記1又はそれを越える塩基組成シグネチャーが塩基組成シグネチャーのデータベースに含有される、請求項20の方法。
- 前記増幅産物が、エレクトロスプレーイオン化、マトリックス介助レーザーデソープション、又は高速原子衝突によりイオン化される、請求項20の方法。
- 前記塩基組成シグネチャーが質量スペクトル法により決定される、請求項20の方法。
- 前記質量スペクトル法が、フーリエ変換イオンサイクロトロン共鳴質量スペクトル法(FT−ICR−MS)、イオントラップ、四重極、磁気セクター、飛行時間型(TOF)、Q−TOF、及び三重の四重極からなる群から選択される、請求項32の方法。
- アデノシン、チミジン、グアノシン、又はシチジンとは異なる分子量を有する、アデニン、チミジン、グアノシン、又はシチジンの類似体の存在下で、工程b)を行う工程をさらに含んでなる、請求項20の方法。
- 前記オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーが、前記プライマー内の各トリプレットの1及び2位に塩基類似体を含み、前記塩基類似体が、天然塩基に比較して高められた親和性でその相補体へ結合する、請求項20の方法。
- 前記プライマーが、前記プライマー内の各トリプレットの3位にユニバーサル塩基を含む、請求項35の方法。
- 前記塩基類似体が、2,6−ジアミノプリン、プロピンT、プロピンG、フェノキサジン類、及びG−クランプからなる群から選択される、請求項35の方法。
- 前記ユニバーサル塩基が、イノシン、グアニジン、ウリジン、5−ニトロインドール、3−ニトロピロール、dP、dK、及び1−(2−デオキシ−β−D−リボフラノシル)−イミダゾール−4−カルボキサミドからなる群から選択される、請求項36の方法。
- ある個体において単ヌクレオチド多型性を検出する方法であって:
a)前記個体から核酸を単離する工程;
b)前記潜在多型性を含んでなる領域に隣接している前記核酸の領域へハイブリダイズする諸オリゴヌクレオチドプライマーに前記核酸を接触させる工程;
c)増幅産物を産生するために前記領域を増幅する工程;
d)前記増幅産物の分子量を決定する工程;及び
e)前記分子量を、前記多型性を有することが分かっている個体における前記領域の分子量と比較する工程であって前記分子量が同一であるならば前記個体が前記多型性を有する工程
を含んでなる方法。 - 前記多型性がある疾患に関連している、請求項39の方法。
- 前記多型性が血液型抗原である、請求項39の方法。
- 前記増幅工程がポリメラーゼ連鎖反応である、請求項39の方法。
- 前記増幅工程が、リガーゼ連鎖反応又は鎖追出増幅である、請求項39の方法。
- 前記増幅産物が質量決定に先立ってイオン化される、請求項39の方法。
- 前記増幅産物が、エレクトロスプレーイオン化、マトリックス介助レーザーデソープション、又は高速原子衝突によりイオン化される、請求項39の方法。
- 前記諸プライマーが諸保存配列へハイブリダイズする、請求項39の方法。
- 前記分子量が質量スペクトル法により決定される、請求項39の方法。
- 前記質量スペクトル法が、フーリエ変換イオンサイクロトロン共鳴質量スペクトル法(FT−ICR−MS)、イオントラップ、四重極、磁気セクター、飛行時間型(TOF)、Q−TOF、及び三重の四重極からなる群から選択される、請求項47の方法。
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