DE69229751T2 - Aufweitbare Stents - Google Patents
Aufweitbare StentsInfo
- Publication number
- DE69229751T2 DE69229751T2 DE69229751T DE69229751T DE69229751T2 DE 69229751 T2 DE69229751 T2 DE 69229751T2 DE 69229751 T DE69229751 T DE 69229751T DE 69229751 T DE69229751 T DE 69229751T DE 69229751 T2 DE69229751 T2 DE 69229751T2
- Authority
- DE
- Germany
- Prior art keywords
- stent
- cylindrically shaped
- shaped elements
- adjacent
- elements
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
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- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S623/00—Prosthesis, i.e. artificial body members, parts thereof, or aids and accessories therefor
- Y10S623/901—Method of manufacturing prosthetic device
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S623/00—Prosthesis, i.e. artificial body members, parts thereof, or aids and accessories therefor
- Y10S623/902—Method of implanting
- Y10S623/903—Blood vessel
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S623/00—Prosthesis, i.e. artificial body members, parts thereof, or aids and accessories therefor
- Y10S623/92—Method or apparatus for preparing or treating prosthetic
- Y10S623/921—Blood vessel
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49995—Shaping one-piece blank by removing material
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- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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- Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
- Vascular Medicine (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Media Introduction/Drainage Providing Device (AREA)
- Prostheses (AREA)
Description
- Diese Erfindung betrifft aufweitbare Endoprothesenvorrichtungen, allgemein Stents genannt, die zur Implantation in ein Körperlumen eines Patienten, wie etwa ein Blutgefäß, ausgelegt sind, um diese durchgängig zu halten. Diese Vorrichtungen sind bei der Behandlung arteriosklerotischer Stenose in Blutgefäßen sehr nützlich.
- Stents sind allgemein rohrförmige Vorrichtungen, mit der Funktion, einen Abschnitt eines Blutgefäßes oder eines anderen anatomischen Lumens offen zu halten. Besonders geeignet sind sie zum Stützen und Zurückhalten einer abgetrennten Arterienauskleidung, die den Fluiddurchtritt durch dieses verhindern kann.
- Weitere Details herkömmlicher Stents finden sich im U.S.-Patent 3,868,956 (Alfidi et al.); U.S.-Patent 4,512,338 (Balko et al.); U.S.-Patent 4,553,545 (Maass et al.); U.S.-Patent 4,733,665 (Palmaz); U.S.-Patent 4,762,128 (Rosenbluth); U.S.-Patent 4,800,882 (Gianturco); U.S.-Patent 4,856,516 (Hillstead); und U.S.-Patent 4,886,062 (Wiktor).
- Es sind verschiedene Mittel beschrieben worden, um Stents einzuführen und zu implantieren. Ein häufig beschriebenes Verfahren zum Einführen eines Stents zu einer gewünschten intraluminalen Stelle umfaßt das Anbringen eines aufweitbaren Stents an einem aufweitbaren Element, wie etwa einem Ballon, der am distalen Ende eines intravaskularen Katheters vorgesehen ist, Vorschieben des Katheters zur gewünschten Stelle in dem Körperlumen des Patienten, Aufpumpen des Ballons an dem Katheter, um den Stent in einen permanent aufgeweiteten Zustand aufzuweiten, und dann Entleeren des Ballons und Entfernen des Katheters. Eine der Schwierigkeiten, die bei der Verwendung herkömmlicher Stents auftraten, war es die radiale Festigkeit, die zum Offenhalten eines Körperlumens erforderlich ist, beizubehalten, während gleichzeitig die Längsflexibilität des Stents beibehalten wird, um das Einführen desselben zu erleichtern.
- Was gebraucht wurde und bisher nicht zur Verfügung stand, ist ein Stent, der einen hohen Grad an Flexibilität hat, so daß er durch verschlungene Wege hindurchgeschoben werden kann und leicht aufgeweitet werden kann und trotzdem die mechanische Festigkeit besitzt, um das Körperlumen, in das es aufgeweitet wird, offen zu halten.
- Eine herkömmliche Vorrichtung, die in gewisser Weise auf dieses Problem gerichtet ist, ist in der US-A-4,994,071 beschrieben. Der beschriebene Stent umfaßt einen Rumpfabschnitt, der aus einer Serie allgemein parallel orientierter Schleifen aufgebaut ist, die durch eine Serie von Halb-Spannverbindungen verbunden sind, die sich entlang einer axialen Dimension erstrecken. In Kombination bildet die Schleifenserie ein allgemein zylindrisches Gitter oder eine Matrix.
- Die vorliegende Erfindung ist auf einen aufweitbaren Stent gerichtet, der entlang seiner Längsachse relativ flexibel ist, um das Einführen durch verschlungene Körperlumina zu erleichtern, der jedoch im aufgeweiteten Zustand radial steif und stabil genug ist, um ein Körperlumen, wie etwa eine Arterie, durchgängig zu halten, wenn er darin implantiert ist.
- Nach einem ersten Aspekt der vorliegenden Erfindung wird ein längs flexibler Stent angegeben, umfassend: eine Mehrzahl zylindrisch geformter Elemente mit einem Wellenmuster von Gipfeln und Tälern, wobei die zylindrisch geformten Elemente in der radialen Richtung unabhängig auf weitbar sind und allgemein auf einer gemeinsamen Längsachse ausgerichtet sind, so daß, außer an einem Ende des Stents, jedes zylindrisch geformte Element zwei benachbarte, in entgegengesetzte Axialrichtungen mit Abstand angeordnete zylindrisch geformte Elemente aufweist, wobei das Wellenmuster jedes der zylindrisch geformten Elemente außer Phase mit dem Wellenmuster jedes der benachbarten zylindrischen geformten Elemente ist und jedes der zylindrisch geformten Elemente mit einem der benachbarten zylindrisch geformten Elemente an einer Stelle verbunden ist, die von der Stelle, an der das zylindrisch geformte Element mit dem andern der benachbarten zylindrisch geformten Elemente verbunden ist, in Umfangsrichtung versetzt ist.
- Somit umfaßt der Stent in einer bevorzugten Ausführung der Erfindung eine Mehrzahl radial aufweitbarer zylindrischer Elemente, die in ihrer Fähigkeit, sich auszudehnen und relativ zueinander zu verbiegen, relativ unabhängig sind. Die einzelnen radial aufweitbaren zylindrischen Elemente des Stents sind bevorzugt so dimensioniert, daß sie in Längsrichtung kürzer sind als ihre eigenen Durchmesser. Verbindungselemente oder Stege erstrecken sich zwischen benachbarten zylindrischen Elementen und sorgen für eine erhöhte Stabilität und sind bevorzugt so positioniert, daß sie ein Verdrehen des Stents beim Aufweiten desselben verhindern. Die sich ergebende Stentstruktur ist eine Serie radial aufweitbarer zylindrischer Elemente, die in Längsrichtung mit ausreichend engem Abstand angeordnet sind, daß kleine Abtrennungen in der Wand eines Körperlumens in Position gegen die Gefäßwand zurückgedrückt werden können, jedoch nicht so eng, daß sie die Längsflexibilität des Stents beeinträchtigen.
- Die einzelnen zylindrischen Elemente können sich ein wenig relativ zu benachbarten zylindrischen Elementen drehen, ohne wesentlich verformt zu werden, was kumulativ einen Stent ergibt, der entlang seiner Länge und um seine Längsachse herum flexibel ist, der jedoch in der radialen Richtung immer noch sehr steif ist, um einem Kollabieren zu widerstehen.
- Ein Merkmale der Erfindung aufweisender Stent kann leicht zur gewünschten Stelle des Lumens eingeführt werden, indem man ihn an einem aufweitbaren Element eines Einführkatheters anbringt, beispielsweise einem Ballon, und die Katheter-Stentanordnung durch das Körperlumen zum Implantationsort führt. Es sind eine Vielzahl von Mitteln verfügbar, um den Stent an dem aufweitbaren Element an dem Katheter zu sichern, um ihn zur gewünschten Stelle zu führen. Gegenwärtig bevorzugt ist es, den Stent auf den Ballon zu komprimieren. Andere Mittel zum Sichern des Stents an dem Ballon beinhalten das Vorsehen von Rippen oder Krägen an dem aufpumpbaren Element, um eine Querbewegung zu begrenzen, oder die Verwendung bioresorbierbarer temporärer Klebstoffe.
- Die aufweitbaren zylindrischen Elemente, die den erfindungsgemäßen Stent bilden, haben allgemein ein im Umfang wellenförmiges Muster, z. B. ein Serpentinenmuster. Der Querschnitt der Wellenkomponente des zylindrischen Elements ist relativ klein und hat bevorzugt ein Aspektverhältnis von etwa zwei zu eins bis etwa 0,5 zu eins. Als besonders geeignet erwies sich ein Aspektverhältnis von eins zu eins. Die offene Netzstruktur des Stents ermöglicht die Perfusion von Blut über einen großen Abschnitt der Arterienwand, was die Heilung und die Reparatur einer beschädigten Arterienauskleidung erleichtern kann.
- Das radiale Aufweiten des aufweitbaren Zylinders verformt dessen Wellenmuster ähnlich Änderungen in einer Wellenform, infolge der Abnahme der Amplitude und Frequenz der Wellenform.
- Die zylindrischen Strukturen des Stents werden beim Aufweiten plastisch verformt (außer bei NiTi-Legierungen), so daß der Stent in seinem aufgeweiteten Zustand verbleibt, und daher müssen sie im aufgeweiteten Zustand relativ steif sein, um bei Verwendung deren Kollaps zu verhindern. Mit superelastischen NiTi-Legierungen tritt die Aufweitung auf, wenn die Kompressionsbelastung gelöst wird, um eine Phasenumwandlung von Austenit zurück zu Martensit und im Ergebnis das Aufweiten des Stents zu ermöglichen.
- Die länglichen Elemente, die benachbarte zylindrische Elemente miteinander verbinden, sollten im Querschnitt den Querabmessungen der Wellenkomponenten der aufweitbaren zylindrischen Elemente ähnlich sein. Die Verbindungselemente können in einer einheitlichen Struktur mit den aufweitbaren zylindrischen Elementen aus dem gleichen Zwischenprodukt gebildet werden, wie etwa einem Rohrelement, oder sie können unabhängig hergestellt werden und durch geeignete Mittel miteinander verbunden werden, wie etwa durch Schweißen oder durch mechanisches Sichern der Enden der Verbindungselemente an den Enden der aufweitbaren zylindrischen Elemente. Bevorzugt werden alle Verbindungselemente eines Stents an entweder den Gipfeln oder den Tälern der Wellenstruktur der zylindrischen Elemente verbunden, welche den Stent bilden. Auf diese Weise kommt es zu keiner Verkürzung des Stents beim Aufweiten.
- Die Anzahl und die Stelle der Elemente, die benachbarte zylindrische Elemente miteinander verbinden, kann geändert werden, um die gewünschte Längsflexibilität in der Stentstruktur sowohl im nicht aufgeweiteten als auch im aufgeweiteten Zustand zu entwickeln. Diese Eigenschaften sind wichtig, um eine Änderung der natürlichen Physiologie des Körperlumens, in das der Stent implantiert ist, zu minimieren und um die Dehnbarkeit des Körperlumens, das von innen von dem Stent gestützt wird, beizubehalten. Allgemein gesagt, je größer die Längsflexibilität des Stents, desto leichter und sicherer kann er zum Implantationsort geführt werden.
- In einer gegenwärtig bevorzugten Anordnung wird der Stent bequem und leicht hergestellt durch Beschichten eines rostfreien Stahl-Hyporohrs mit einem Material, das chemischer Ätzung widersteht, und dann Entfernen von Abschnitten der Beschichtung, um Abschnitte des darunterliegenden Rohrs freizulegen, die zu entfernen sind, um die gewünschte Stentstruktur zu entwickeln. Die freigelegten Abschnitte des Rohrs werden durch chemisches Ätzen von der Rohraußenseite her entfernt, wobei der beschichtete Abschnitt des Rohrmaterials in dem gewünschten Muster der Stentstruktur verbleibt. Der Ätzprozeß entwickelt glatte Öffnungen in der Rohrwand ohne Grate oder andere Artefakte, die bei mechanischen oder Laserbearbeitungsprozessen von den hier in Rede stehenden klein bemessenen Produkten charakteristisch sind. Ferner macht ein computergesteuerter Lasermusterbildungsprozeß zum Entfernen der chemikalienbeständigen Beschichtung photolithographische Techniken geeignet zur Herstellung dieser kleinen Produkte. Bei der Herstellung einer Maske in extrem kleinen Größen, die zur Herstellung der kleinen Stents der Erfindung erforderlich sind, wäre eine außerordentlich schwierige Aufgabe. Es können mehrere Stents aus einem Abschnitt eines Hyporohrs gebildet werden durch Wiederholen des Stentmusters und Vorsehen kleiner Stege oder Laschen zur Verbindung der Stents. Nach dem Ätzprozeß können die Stents durch Trennen der kleinen Stege oder Laschen, die diese verbinden, getrennt werden.
- Andere Merkmale und Vorteile der vorliegenden Erfindung werden aus der folgenden detaillierten Beschreibung der Erfindung in Verbindung mit den beigefügten Beispielzeichnungen näher ersichtlich. Jedoch wird darauf verwiesen, daß Fig. 10 die einzige Figur ist, die einen Stent mit den Merkmalen von Anspruch 1 zeigt.
- Fig. 1 ist eine teilgeschnittene Seitenansicht eines Stents, der an einem Einführkatheter angebracht und innerhalb einer beschädigten Arterie angeordnet ist.
- Fig. 2 ist eine teilgeschnittene Seitenansicht, ähnlich der in Fig. 1 gezeigten, wobei der Stent innerhalb einer beschädigten Arterie aufgeweitet ist und die beschädigte Auskleidung gegen die Arterienwand drückt.
- Fig. 3 ist eine teilgeschnittene Seitenansicht mit Darstellung des aufgeweiteten Stents innerhalb der Arterie nach dem Zurückziehen des Einführkatheters.
- Fig. 4 ist eine Perspektivansicht eines Stents im nicht aufgeweiteten Zustand, wobei ein Ende des Stens in Explosionsansicht gezeigt ist, um Details davon darzustellen.
- Fig. 5 ist eine Draufsicht eines abgeflachten Abschnitts eines Stents, die das Wellenmuster des in Fig. 4 gezeigten Stents darstellt.
- Fig. 6 ist eine schematische Darstellung einer Anordnung zum selektiven Entfernen einer auf das Rohr aufgetragenen Beschichtung bei der Herstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Stents.
- Fig. 7 bis 9 sind Perspektivansichten mit schematischer Darstellung verschiedener Konfigurationen der Anordnung der Verbindungselemente zwischen den radialen aufweitbaren zylindrischen Elementen des Stents.
- Fig. 10 ist eine Draufsicht eines abgeflachten Abschnitts eines Stents, in dem die Wellenmuster abwechselnder aufweitbarer zylindrischer Elemente außer Phase sind.
- Fig. 1 zeigt einen Stent 10, der an einem Einführkatheter 11 angebracht ist. Der Stent umfaßt allgemein eine Mehrzahl radial aufweitbarer zylindrischer Elemente 12, die allgemein koaxial angeordnet und durch Elemente 13 miteinander verbunden sind, die zwischen benachbarten zylindrischen Elementen angeordnet sind. Der Einführkatheter 11 weist einen aufweitbaren Abschnitt oder Ballon 14 auf, um den Stent 10 innerhalb einer Arterie 15 aufzuweiten. Wie in Fig. 1 gezeigt, weist die Arterie 15 eine abge trennte Auskleidung 16 auf, die einen Abschnitt des Arteriendurchtritts verschlossen hat.
- Der Einführkatheter 11, an dem der Stent 10 angebracht ist, gleicht im wesentlichen einen herkömmlichen Ballondilatationskatheter, der bei angioplastischen Prozeduren verwendet wird. Der Ballon 14 kann aus geeigneten Materialien hergestellt sein, wie etwa Polyethylen, Polyethylen-terephthalat, Polyvinylchlorid, Nylon und Ionomere wie etwa SurlynTM, hergestellt von der Polymer Products Divison der DuPont Company. Es können auch andere Polymere verwendet werden. Damit der Stent 10 während des Einführens zum Ort der Beschädigung innerhalb der Arterie 15 am Ballon 14 positioniert bleibt, ist der Stent 10 auf den Ballon komprimiert. Vorgesehen sein kann eine zurückziehbare Schutzeinführhülse 20, wie sie in der US-A- 5,507,768 beschrieben ist, mit dem Titel "Stent Delivery System for use with Body Lumens in treating Endo-Arterial Prosthesis", um weiter sicherzustellen, daß der Stent an dem aufweitbaren Abschnitt des Einführkatheters 11 positioniert bleibt um ein Abschaben des Körperlumens durch die offene Oberfläche des Stents 10 während des Einführens zu der gewünschten arteriellen Stelle zu verhindern. Es können auch andere Mittel zum Sichern des Stents 10 auf dem Ballon 14 verwendet werden, wie etwa das Vorsehen von Krägen oder Rippen an den Enden des Arbeitsabschnitts, d. h. des zylindrischen Abschnitts des Ballons.
- Jedes radial aufweitbare zylindrische Element 12 des Stents 10 kann unabhängig aufgeweitet werden. Daher kann der Ballon 14 eine aufgepumpte Form aufweisen, die nicht zylindrisch ist, z. B. verjüngt, um das Implantieren des Stents 10 in einer Vielzahl von Körperlumenformen zu erleichtern.
- In einer bevorzugten Ausführung erfolgt das Einführen des Stents 10 in der folgenden Weise. Der Stent 10 wird zuerst auf dem aufpumpbaren Ballon 14 am distalen Ende des Einführkatheters 11 angebracht. Der Ballon 14 wird leicht aufgepumpt, um den Stent 10 an der Außenseite des Ballons zu sichern. Die Katheter-Stentanordnung wird innerhalb des Gefäßsystems des Patienten in einer herkömmlichen Seldinger-Technik durch einen Führungskatheter (nicht gezeigt) eingeführt. Ein Führungsdraht 18 wird durch den beschädigten Arterienabschnitt mit der abgelösten oder abgetrennten Auskleidung 16 geschoben, und dann wird die Katheter-Stentanordnung auf einem Führungsdrat 16 innerhalb der Arterie 15 vorgeschoben, bis sich der Stent 10 direkt unter der abgelösten Verkleidung 16 befindet. Der Ballon 14 des Katheters wird aufgeweitet, wodurch der Stent 10 gegen die Arterie 15 aufgeweitet wird, wie in Fig. 2 dargestellt. Obwohl in der Zeichnung nicht gezeigt, wird die Arterie 15 bevorzugt ein wenig durch das Aufweiten des Stents aufgeweitet, um den Stent 10 bewegungssicher sitzen zu lassen oder anderweitig zu fixieren. Unter bestimmten Umständen muß bei der Behandlung von stenotischen Abschnitten einer Arterie die Arterie beträchtlich aufgeweitet werden, um den Durchtritt von Blut oder anderem Fluid hindurch zu erleichtern.
- Der Stent 10 dient zum Offenhalten der Arterie 15 nach dem Zurückziehen des Katheters 11, wie in Fig. 3 gezeigt. Wegen der Herstellung des Stents 10 aus einem langgestreckten Rohrelement ist die Wellenkomponente der zylindrischen Elemente des Stents 10 im Querschnitt relativ flach, so daß, wenn der Stent aufgeweitet ist, die zylindrischen Elemente in die Wand der Arterie 15 hineingedrückt werden und infolgedessen den Blutfluß durch die Arterie 15 nicht stören. Die zylindrischen Elemente 12 des Stents 10, die in die Wand der Arterie 15 hineingedrückt sind, werden evtl. mit gewachsenen Endothelzellen überdeckt, was die Störung des Blutflusses weiter minimiert. Der Wellenabschnitt der zylindrischen Abschnitte 12 ergibt gute Haftcharakteristiken, um die Stentbewegung innerhalb der Arterie zu verhindern. Ferner bilden die zylindrischen Elemente 12, die mit regelmäßigen engen Abständen angeordnet sind, eine gleichmäßige Stütze für die Wand der Arterie 15, und demzufolge sind sie gut geeignet, um kleine Klappen oder Abtrennungen in der Wand der Arterie 15 hochzudrücken und in Position zu halten, wie in den Fig. 2 und 3 gezeigt.
- Fig. 4 ist eine vergrößerte Perspektivansicht des in Fig. 1 gezeigten Stents 10, wobei ein Ende des Stents in Explosionsansicht gezeigt ist, um im größeren Detail die Anordnung der Verbindungselemente 13 zwischen benachbarten radial aufweitbaren zylindrischen Elementen 12 darzustellen. Jedes Paar der Verbindungselemente 13 an einer Seite eines zylindrischen Elements 12 ist bevorzugt so angeordnet, daß der Stent eine maximale Flexibilität erreicht. In der in Fig. 4 gezeigten Anordnung besitzt der Stent 10 drei Verbindungselemente 13 zwischen benachbarten radial aufweitbaren zylindrischen Elementen 12, mit einem Abstand von 120 Grad. Jedes Paar von Verbindungselementen 13 an einem Ende eines zylindrischen Elements 12 ist radial um 60 Grad von dem Paar an der anderen Seite des zylindrischen Elements versetzt. Das Abwechseln der Verbindungselemente ergibt einen Stent, der in im wesentlichen alle Richtungen längs flexibel ist. Es sind verschiedene Konfigurationen für die Anordnung der Verbindungselemente möglich und verschiedene Beispiele sind schematisch in den Fig. 7 bis 9 dargestellt. Wie jedoch zuvor erwähnt, sollten alle Verbindungselemente eines einzelnen Stents entweder an den Gipfeln oder Tälern der Wellenstrukturelemente gesichert sein, um ein Verkürzen des Stents beim Aufweiten desselben zu verhindern.
- Fig. 9 zeigt einen Stent, bei dem drei Verbindungselemente 13 zwischen radial aufweitbaren zylindrischen Elementen 12 angeordnet sind. Die Verbindungselemente 13 sind radial um den Umfang des Stents mit einem Abstand von 120 Grad verteilt. Die Anordnung von vier oder mehr Verbindungselementen zwischen benachbarten zylindrischen Elementen 12 ergibt allgemein eine Zunahme jener Eigenschaften, die oben für zwei und drei Verbindungselemente diskutiert sind.
- Fig. 10 zeigt eine Stentstruktur, bei der die zylindrischen Elemente in Serpentinenmustern, jedoch außer Phase mit benachbarten zylindrischen Elementen angeordnet sind. Das jeweilige Muster und die Anzahl der Wellen pro Längeneinheit um den Umfang des zylindrischen Elements 12, oder die Amplitude der Wellen, sind so gewählt, daß sie bestimmte mechanische Anforderungen für den Stent, wie etwa die radiale Steifigkeit, erfüllen.
- Die Anzahl der Wellen kann variieren, um die Anordnung von Verbindungselementen 13 an den Gipfeln der Wellen aufzunehmen, wie in Fig. 10 gezeigt.
- Der Stent 10 der vorliegenden Erfindung kann auf vielerlei Weise hergestellt werden. Jedoch ist das bevorzugte Verfahren der Herstellung des Stents, ein dünnwandiges Rohrelement zu beschichten, wie etwa ein rostfreies Stahl-Hyporohr, mit einem Material, das gegen chemische Ätzmittel beständig ist, und dann Entfernen von Abschnitten der Beschichtung zum Freilegen des darunterliegenden Hyporohrs, das entfernt werden soll, wobei jedoch beschichtete Abschnitte des Hyporohrs in dem gewünschten Muster für den Stent verbleiben, so daß beim nachfolgenden Ätzen die freiliegenden Abschnitte des metallischen Rohrs entfernt werden, wobei jedoch die den Stent bildenden Abschnitte des metallischen Rohrs, relativ unberührt bleiben. Der beschichtete Abschnitt des metallischen Rohrs hat die gewünschte Form für den Stent. Bei einem Ätzverfahren braucht man keine Grate und Dellen entfernen, was bei herkömmlichen oder Laserbearbeitungsprozessen normalerweise vorkommt. Bevorzugt wird das ätzbeständige Material mittels eines maschinengesteuerten Lasers entfernt, wie schematisch in Fig. 6 dargestellt.
- Auf einen Rohrabschnitt wird eine Beschichtung aufgetragen, die im gehärteten Zustand gegen chemische Ätzmittel beständig ist. "Blue Photoresist", hergestellt von der Shipley Company in San Jose, California, ist ein Beispiel einer im Handel erhältlichen geeigneten photolithograpischen Beschichtung.
- Die Beschichtung wird bevorzugt durch elektrophoretische Abscheidung aufgetragen.
- Um sicherzustellen, daß das Oberflächenfinish ausreichend gleichmäßig ist, ist eine der zum elektrochemischen Polieren verwendeten Elektroden eine ringröhrenförmige Elektrode, die um den Mittelabschnitt des Rohrelements herum angeordnet wird.
- Das Rohr kann aus jedem geeigneten biokompatiblen Material hergestellt sein, wie etwa rostfreiem Stahl, Titan, Tantal, superelastischen NiTi-Legierungen und sogar hochfesten thermoplastischen Polymeren. Der Stentdurchmesser ist sehr klein, so daß das Rohr, aus dem er hergestellt wird, notwendigerweise auch einen kleinen Durchmesser haben muß. Typischerweise hat der Stent einen Außendurchmesser in der Größenordnung von etwa 1,5 mm (0,06 Zoll) im nicht aufgeweiteten Zustand, dem gleichen Außendurchmesser des Hyporohrs, aus dem er hergestellt wird, und kann auf einen Außendurchmesser von 2,5 mm (0,1 Zoll) oder mehr aufgeweitet werden. Die Wanddicke des Hyporohrs beträgt etwa 0,076 mm (0,003 Zoll). Falls der Stent aus Kunststoff ist, muß er innerhalb des Arterienorts erwärmt werden, wo der Stent aufgeweitet wird, um das Aufweiten des Stents zu erleichtern. Im aufgeweiteten Zustand wird er gekühlt, um seinen aufgeweiteten Zustand zu halten. Der Stent kann bequem erwärmt werden durch Erwärmen des Fluids innerhalb des Ballons oder durch direktes Erwärmen des Ballons durch ein geeignetes System, wie es etwa in der US- A-5,114,423 mit dem Titel "Dilation Catheter Assembly with Heated Balloon" offenbart ist.
- Der Stent kann auch aus Materialien wie etwa superelastischen NiTi-Legierungen hergestellt sein, wie sie etwa in der US-A-5,411,476 mit dem Titel "Super-Elastic Guiding Member for Advancing Catheter" beschrieben sind.
- In diesem Fall würde der Stent in voller Größe hergestellt, jedoch auf dem Ballon des Einführkatheters auf einen kleinen Durchmesser verformt (z. B. komprimiert), um die Übertragung zu einem gewünschten Ort im Lumen zu erleichtern. Die durch die Verformung ausgeübte Spannung überführt den Stent von einer Martensitphase in eine Austenitphase, und beim Lösen der Kraft, wenn der Stent den gewünschten Ort im Lumen erreicht hat, ermöglicht sie die Aufweitung des Stents durch Rückumwandlung in die Martensitphase.
- Zu Fig. 6. Das beschichtete Rohr 21 wird in ein drehbares Spannfutter 22 einer maschinengesteuerten Vorrichtung 23 eingesetzt, um das Rohr 21 relativ zu einem Laser 24 zu positionieren. Entsprechend maschinencodierten Anweisungen wird das Rohr 21 relativ zu dem Laser 24, der ebenfalls maschinengesteuert ist, gedreht und längs bewegt. Der Laser entfernt selektiv die ätzbeständige Beschichtung auf dem Rohr durch Abtragung, und es wird ein derartiges Muster gebildet, daß die Oberfläche des Rohrs, die durch einen nachfolgenden chemischen Ätzprozeß entfernt werden soll, freigelegt wird. Die Oberfläche des Rohrs bleibt daher mit dem jeweiligen Muster des fertigen Stents beschichtet.
- Ein gegenwärtig bevorzugtes System zum Entfernen der Beschichtung auf dem Rohr umfaßt die Verwendung eines 80 Watt CO&sub2;-Lasers, wie etwa Coherent Modell 44, im Pulsmodus (0,3 ms Pulslänge); 48 mA Taststrom und 48 W Tastleistung bei einer Durchschnittsleistung von 0,75 W; bei 100 Hz, Anorad FR = 10; 1680 Pa; (12, 5 Torr); ohne Hilfsgas. Es wird Niederdruckluft durch den Feinfokuskopf geleitet, um sicherzustellen, daß kein Dampf die Linse berührt. Die Hilfsgasstromanordnung an der Lasereinheit kann entfernt werden, um den Feinfokuskopf näher an das Spannfutter heranzubringen. Der optimale Brennpunkt liegt auf der Oberfläche des Rohrs. Gehärtete Photoresistbeschichtung absorbiert leicht die Energie der CO&sub2;-Wellenlänge, so daß sie leicht mit dem Laser entfernt werden kann. Ein beschichtetes 1,5 mm (0,06 Zoll) rostfreies Stahlrohr einer Länge von 9,1 cm (4 Zoll) ist bevorzugt, und aus dem Rohrabschnitt lassen sich vier Stents mit Mustern versehen. Drei Laschen oder Stege zwischen den Stents ergeben gute Handhabungscharakteristiken für das Rohr nach dem Ätzprozeß.
- Der Musterbildungsprozeß der Resistbeschichtung auf dem Stent ist automatisiert, außer das Einsetzen und Herausnehmen des Rohrabschnitts. Wieder zu Fig. 6. Dies kann beispielsweise unter Verwendung eines gegenüberstehenden CNC-Spannfuttes 22 zum axialen Drehen des Rohrabschnitts geschehen, in Verbindung mit dem CNC X/Y-Tisch 25 zum axialen Bewegen des Rohrabschnitts relativ zu einem maschinengesteuerten Laser, wie beschrieben. Der gesamte Raum zwischen den Futtern kann unter Verwendung der CO&sub2; Laseranordnung des vorstehenden Beispiels mit Muster versehen werden. Das Programm zum Steuern der Vorrichtung ist von der jeweils verwendeten Konfiguration und dem Muster in der abzutragenden Beschichtung abhängig, ist jedoch ansonsten konventionell.
- Dieser Prozeß ermöglicht die Anwendung gegenwärtiger photolithographischer Techniken bei der Herstellung der Stents. Da es gegenwärtig keinen praktischen Weg gibt, einen rohrförmigen photoresistbeschichteten Teil kleiner Größe zu maskieren und freizulegen, der zur Herstellung intravaskularer Stents erforderlich ist, erübrigen die vorstehenden Schritte den Bedarf nach herkömmlichen Maskierungstechniken.
- Nachdem die Beschichtung somit selektiv abgetragen ist, wird das Rohr aus dem Spannfutter 22 entfernt. Dann wird Wachs, wie etwa ThermoCote N- 4, bevorzugt bis kurz über seinen Schmelzpunkt erwärmt und unter Vakuum oder Druck in das Rohr eingeführt. Nachdem sich das Wachs durch Kühlung verfestigt hat, wird es erneut bis unter seinen Schmelzpunkt erwärmt, damit es weich werden kann, und es wird eine rostfreie Stahlwelle kleinen Durchmessers in das weiche Wachs eingesetzt, um eine Stütze zu erzeugen. Das Rohr wird dann in herkömmlicher Weise chemisch geätzt. Nach dem Trennen der die Stents verbindenden Laschen wird etwaige Oberflächenrauhigkeit oder Debris von den Laschen entfernt. Die Stents werden bevorzugt elektrochemisch poliert in einer sauren wäßrigen Lösung, wie etwa einer Lösung von ELECTRO-GLO #300, erhältlich bei ELECTRO-GLO CO., Inc. in Chicago, II., das ist ein Gemisch von Schwefelsäure, Carboxylsäuren, Phosphaten, Korrosionshemmstoffen und einem bioabbaubaren oberflächenaktiven Mittel. Die Badtemperatur wird auf etwa 43 bis 57ºC gehalten (etwa 110 bis 135ºF) und die Stromdichte beträgt etwa 0,06 bis 2,3 Ampere/cm² (etwa 0,4 bis etwa 1,5 Ampere pro Quadratzoll). Die Kathoden- zu Anodenfläche sollte zumindest etwa zwei zu eins betragen. Bei Bedarf können die Stents weiterbehandelt werden, beispielsweise durch Auftragen einer biokompatiblen Beschichtung.
- Obwohl die Erfindung hierin anhand ihrer Verwendung als intravaskularer Stent dargestellt und beschrieben wurde, ist für den Fachmann ersichtlich, daß der Stent auch in anderen Fällen verwendet werden kann, wie etwa zum Aufweiten von Prostataharnleitern im Falle von Prostatahyperplasie. Es können andere Modifikationen und Verbesserungen erfolgen, ohne vom Umfang der Erfindung abzuweichen.
Claims (11)
1. Längsflexibler Stent (10), umfassend eine Mehrzahl zylindrisch
geformter Elemente (12) mit einem Wellenmuster von Gipfeln und
Tälern, wobei die zylindrisch geformten Elemente (12) in der radialen
Richtung unabhängig aufweitbar sind und allgemein auf einer
gemeinsamen Längsachse ausgerichtet sind, so daß, außer an einem Ende
des Stents (10), jedes zylindrisch geformte Element (12) zwei
benachbarte, in entgegengesetzte Axialrichtungen mit Abstand
angeordnete zylindrisch geformte Elemente (12) aufweist, wobei das
Wellenmuster jedes der zylindrisch geformten Elemente (12) außer
Phase mit dem Wellenmuster jedes der benachbarten zylindrisch
geformten Elemente (12) ist und jedes der zylindrisch geformten
Elemente (12) mit einem der benachbarten zylindrisch geformten
Elemente (12) an einer Stelle verbunden ist, die von der Stelle, an der
das zylindrisch geformte Element (12) mit dem andern der
benachbarten zylindrisch geformten Elemente (12) verbunden ist, in
Umfangsrichtung versetzt ist.
2. Stent (10) nach Anspruch 1, wobei die zylindrisch geformten
Elemente (12) dazu ausgelegt sind, nach dem Aufweiten derselben ihren
aufgeweiteten Zustand zu behalten.
3. Stent (10) nach Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2, wobei die radial
aufweitbaren zylindrisch geformten Elemente (12) im nicht
aufgewei
teten Zustand eine axiale Länge haben, die kleiner ist als ihr
Durchmesser.
4. Stent (10) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei jedes
radial aufweitbare zylindrisch geformte Element (12) aus einem
Strukturelement gebildet ist, das im Querschnitt ein Aspektverhältnis
von weniger als zwei zu eins hat.
5. Stent (10) nach Anspruch 4, wobei das Strukturelement aus einem
biokompatiblen Material gebildet ist, gewählt aus der Gruppe,
bestehend aus rostfreiem Stahl, Wolfram, Tantal, superelastischen NiTi-
Legierungen und thermoplastischen Polymeren.
6. Stent (10) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei der
Umfangsversatz der Stellen, an denen die zylindrisch geformten
Elemente (12) miteinander verbunden sind, gleich groß ist.
7. Stent (10) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei
benachbarte zylindrisch geformte Elemente (12) an bis zu vier Stellen
miteinander verbunden sind.
8. Stent (10) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei der
Stent (10) aus einem einzigen Rohrstück (21) gebildet ist.
9. Stent (10) nach Anspruch 11, wobei benachbarte zylindrisch
geformte Elemente (12) an den Gipfeln oder Tälern der
Wellenstrukturelemente miteinander verbunden sind.
10. Stent (10) nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Stent (10) mit einer
biokompatiblen Beschichtung beschichtet ist.
11. Satz, umfassend:
(a) einen langgestreckten Stent-Einführkatheter (11) mit einem
proximalen Ende und einem distalen Ende und einem aufweitbaren
Element (14) an dem distalen Ende; und
(b) einen längsflexiblen Stent (10), der dazu ausgelegt ist,
verschiebbar an dem aufweitbaren Element (14) des Katheters (11)
angebracht zu werden und der eine Mehrzahl zylindrisch geformter
Elemente (12) mit einem Wellenmuster von Gipfeln und Tälern
umfaßt, wobei die zylindrisch geformten Elemente (12) in der radialen
Richtung unabhängig aufweitbar sind und allgemein auf einer
gemeinsamen Längsachse ausgerichtet sind, so daß, außer an einem Ende
des Stents (10), jedes zylindrisch geformte Element (12) zwei
benachbarte, in entgegengesetzte Axialrichtungen mit Abstand
angeordnete zylindrisch geformte Elemente (12) aufweist, wobei das
Wellenmuster jedes der zylindrisch geformten Elemente (12) außer
Phase mit dem Wellenmuster jedes der benachbarten zylindrisch
geformten Elemente (12) ist und jedes der zylindrisch geformten
Elemente (12) mit einem der benachbarten zylindrisch geformten
Elemente (12) an einer Stelle verbunden ist, die von der Stelle, an der
das zylindrisch geformte Element (12) mit dem andern der
benachbarten zylindrisch geformten Elemente (12) verbunden ist, in
Umfangsrichtung versetzt ist.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US78355891A | 1991-10-28 | 1991-10-28 | |
US783558 | 1991-10-28 |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
DE69229751D1 DE69229751D1 (de) | 1999-09-09 |
DE69229751T2 true DE69229751T2 (de) | 1999-12-02 |
DE69229751T3 DE69229751T3 (de) | 2005-06-23 |
Family
ID=25129650
Family Applications (6)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE69233738T Expired - Lifetime DE69233738D1 (de) | 1991-10-28 | 1992-10-27 | Aufweitbare Stents |
DE69229751T Expired - Lifetime DE69229751T3 (de) | 1991-10-28 | 1992-10-27 | Aufweitbare Stents |
DE0540290T Pending DE540290T1 (de) | 1991-10-28 | 1992-10-27 | Aufweitbare Stents und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung. |
DE69224262T Revoked DE69224262T2 (de) | 1991-10-28 | 1992-10-27 | Aufweitbare Stents |
DE0734699T Pending DE734699T1 (de) | 1991-10-28 | 1992-10-27 | Expandierbarer Stent sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung desselben |
DE69231786T Expired - Lifetime DE69231786T2 (de) | 1991-10-28 | 1992-10-27 | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines expandierbaren Stents |
Family Applications Before (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE69233738T Expired - Lifetime DE69233738D1 (de) | 1991-10-28 | 1992-10-27 | Aufweitbare Stents |
Family Applications After (4)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
DE0540290T Pending DE540290T1 (de) | 1991-10-28 | 1992-10-27 | Aufweitbare Stents und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung. |
DE69224262T Revoked DE69224262T2 (de) | 1991-10-28 | 1992-10-27 | Aufweitbare Stents |
DE0734699T Pending DE734699T1 (de) | 1991-10-28 | 1992-10-27 | Expandierbarer Stent sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung desselben |
DE69231786T Expired - Lifetime DE69231786T2 (de) | 1991-10-28 | 1992-10-27 | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines expandierbaren Stents |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (23) | US5421955B1 (de) |
EP (5) | EP0540290B1 (de) |
JP (1) | JP2645203B2 (de) |
CA (2) | CA2380683C (de) |
DE (6) | DE69233738D1 (de) |
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1992
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- 1992-09-29 CA CA2079417A patent/CA2079417C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-10-23 JP JP4286331A patent/JP2645203B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-10-27 DE DE69233738T patent/DE69233738D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-10-27 EP EP92309822A patent/EP0540290B1/de not_active Revoked
- 1992-10-27 DE DE69229751T patent/DE69229751T3/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-10-27 DE DE0540290T patent/DE540290T1/de active Pending
- 1992-10-27 EP EP96201402A patent/EP0734699B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-10-27 EP EP00122970A patent/EP1068842B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-10-27 EP EP07015343A patent/EP1878405A3/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1992-10-27 DE DE69224262T patent/DE69224262T2/de not_active Revoked
- 1992-10-27 EP EP97202436A patent/EP0807424B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-10-27 DE DE0734699T patent/DE734699T1/de active Pending
- 1992-10-27 DE DE69231786T patent/DE69231786T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1994
- 1994-03-17 US US08214402 patent/US5421955B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-07-28 US US08/281,790 patent/US5514154A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1995
- 1995-11-13 US US08/556,516 patent/US5603721A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1997
- 1997-01-14 US US08/783,097 patent/US5735893A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-01-14 US US08/783,033 patent/US5728158A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-03-24 US US08/823,434 patent/US5766238A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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1998
- 1998-04-06 US US09/055,582 patent/US6066168A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-05-26 US US09/084,797 patent/US6066167A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-08-17 US US09/135,222 patent/US6056776A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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1999
- 1999-06-01 US US09/323,637 patent/US6629991B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-06-01 US US09/323,642 patent/US6626933B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-06-01 US US09/323,783 patent/US6620193B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2000
- 2000-04-28 US US09/561,098 patent/US6309412B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-11-16 US US09/715,415 patent/US6511504B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2000-11-16 US US09/716,847 patent/US6432133B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2001
- 2001-02-08 US US09/779,078 patent/US6596022B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-02-23 US US09/792,598 patent/US20010037146A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2001-06-25 US US09/891,834 patent/US6485511B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2003
- 2003-05-01 US US10/427,514 patent/US6908479B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-05-01 US US10/427,796 patent/US6689159B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2003-07-24 US US10/626,083 patent/US20040098080A1/en not_active Abandoned
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2005
- 2005-04-22 US US11/112,143 patent/US7513907B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2009
- 2009-04-03 US US12/418,495 patent/US20090188889A1/en not_active Abandoned
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