CN1575376A - 利用阻挡层就地回收含烃地层中的烃 - Google Patents
利用阻挡层就地回收含烃地层中的烃 Download PDFInfo
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- CN1575376A CN1575376A CNA028210328A CN02821032A CN1575376A CN 1575376 A CN1575376 A CN 1575376A CN A028210328 A CNA028210328 A CN A028210328A CN 02821032 A CN02821032 A CN 02821032A CN 1575376 A CN1575376 A CN 1575376A
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Images
Classifications
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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- G01V3/18—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging
- G01V3/26—Electric or magnetic prospecting or detecting; Measuring magnetic field characteristics of the earth, e.g. declination, deviation specially adapted for well-logging operating with magnetic or electric fields produced or modified either by the surrounding earth formation or by the detecting device
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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- E21B17/02—Couplings; joints
- E21B17/028—Electrical or electro-magnetic connections
- E21B17/0285—Electrical or electro-magnetic connections characterised by electrically insulating elements
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
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- Y02P30/40—Ethylene production
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S210/00—Liquid purification or separation
- Y10S210/901—Specified land fill feature, e.g. prevention of ground water fouling
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
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Abstract
本发明描述了这样一种方法,其阻止流体移入和/或移出进行就地转换处理的处理区域。利用位于处理区域附近的地层内的阻挡层阻止流体移动。阻止流体移动可发生在就地转换处理之前、之中和/或之后。例如,在阻止流体移动的同时,热量自加热器提供给至少一部分处理区域。阻挡层包括本身存在部分(例如,上盖地层和/或下伏地层)和/或利用致冷剂冷却的安装部分,例如冻结阻挡区。
Description
发明领域
本发明一般涉及用于处理地下地层的方法及系统。以及本发明一般涉及围绕处理区域的用于阻止流体移入或移出该处理区域的阻挡层的结构。
技术背景
自地下(例如,沉积的)地层中获取的烃常常用作能源、原料以及消费品。人们担心可用烃资源会耗尽以及采出烃的综合质量会下降,因此已转向研究能更有效地回收、处理和/或使用可用烃资源的方法。就地处理法可用以移出地下地层中的烃物质。可能需要改变地下地层中烃物质的化学和/或物理特性,以更容易地移除地下地层中的烃物质。该化学和物理变化包括地层内烃物质的就地反应以生成可移动流体、烃物质的成分变化、溶解性变化、密度变化、相位变化和/或粘度变化。该流体可以是但并不限于气体、液体、乳剂、浆液和/或其流动特性类似于液体流的固体颗粒流。
为研究自含烃地层中经济地开采出烃、氢气和/或其它产品的方法及系统,人们已经投出了大量精力。但目前仍然存在许多含烃地层,不能自这些含烃地层中经济地开采出烃、氢气和/或其它产品。因此,仍然需要改进自各种含烃地层中开采出烃、氢气和/或其它产品的方法及系统。
某些含烃地层天生就具有阻止流体移入或移出该含烃地层的地理特征。而某些含烃地层又允许流体移入和/或移出该含烃地层。为经济且对环境有利地使用含烃地层,可能需要阻止流体移入或移出该将要开采出预期产品的含烃地层。
发明概述
在一种实施例中,在地层内就地转换含烃地层(例如,含有煤、油页岩、重烃或其组合的地层)内的烃,以获取较高质量的烃产品、氢气和/或其它产品的混合物。利用热源将部分含烃地层加热至烃可以热解的温度。在一些实施例中,就地自含烃地层中开采出合成气体。
经由开采井移除地层内的烃、氢气及其它地层流体。在某些实施例中,所移除的地层流体为气相。在其它实施例中,所移除地层的流体为液相及气相或者为液相。在热解过程中控制至少一部分地层内的温度和压力,以自该地层内获取改良产品。
在一些实施例中,阻止流体移入和/或移出处理区域。阻止流体移动可发生在就地转换处理之前、之中和/或之后。例如,在阻止流体移动的同时,热量自热源提供给至少一部分处理区域。利用阻挡层阻止流体移入和/或移出地层内的处理区域。阻挡层包括但不限于:本身存在部分和/或安装部分。在某些实施例中,阻挡层为低温区或冻结阻挡层,利用围绕处理区域周边安装的冷冻井形成该低温区或冻结阻挡层。
附图的简要说明
利用以下对优选实施例的详细描述并参照附图,本发明的优点对本领域技术人员而言将变得明显,其中:
图1表示由周边阻挡层形成的处理区域的一种实施例的俯视图。
图2表示用于处理薄富地层(thin rich formation)的一种就地转换处理系统实施例的侧视图。
图3表示一种就地转换处理系统实施例的侧视图。
图4表示一种就地转换处理系统实施例的侧视图,该处理系统具有安装的上周边阻挡层和安装的下周边阻挡层。
图5表示一种处理区域实施例的俯视图,该处理区域由具有弧形部分的周边阻挡层形成,该弧形部分的中心形成等边三角形图案。
图6表示一种处理区域实施例的俯视图,该处理区域由绕一中心点辐射状设置的周边阻挡层形成。
图7表示由双行冷冻井所界定的一种处理区域的一部分的俯视图。
图8表示一种冷冻井的侧视图,在地层内定向钻出这种冷冻井,使得该冷冻井在第一位置进入地层并在第二位置离开地层。
图9表示一种冷冻井的侧视图,该冷冻井形成地层内沿着倾斜含烃层侧面和端面的阻挡层。
图10表示可在就地转换处理过程中使用的一种冷冻井的代表性实施例和一种热源的代表性实施例。
图11表示用于阻止水流的一种冷冻井实施例。
图12表示用于含烃地层的一种冷冻井实施例。
图13表示由两行冷冻井及一行监测井包围的处理区域实施例。
图14表示由一行排水井包围的处理区域实施例。
图15表示由两行排水井包围的处理区域实施例。
尽管附图中以例子形式表示了本发明的特定实施例,并在此详细描述了本发明的特定实施例,但可对本发明作出各种改变以得到各种可供选择的形式。附图并不是等比例的。应认识到的是,附图及其详细说明并不意味着将本发明限定为所公开的特定形式,相反,本发明覆盖了落在所附权利要求书限定的本发明实质与范围内的全部变型、等效方案及可供选择的方案。
优选实施例的详细描述
以下的描述一般涉及对含烃地层(例如,含有煤(包括褐煤、腐泥煤等)、油页岩、碳质页岩、不纯石墨、油母质、沥青、原油、低渗透性母岩内的油母质和原油、重烃、沥青岩、天然矿物蜡的地层,油母质阻碍开采其它烃的地层等)进行处理的系统和方法。对这种地层进行处理以得到较高质量的烃产品、氢气及其它产品。
“烃”是主要由碳原子和氢原子构成的分子。烃还可包括其它成分,例如但不限于卤素、金属元素、氮、氧和/或硫。烃可以是但不限于油母、沥青、焦沥青、原油、天然矿物蜡和石沥青。烃可位于陆地的矿物母岩内或其附近。母岩(matrices)包括但不限于沉积岩、砂层、沉积石英岩、碳酸盐、硅藻土及其它多孔介质。“烃流体”是含有烃的流体。烃流体还夹带包括某些非烃流体(例如,氢气(“H2”)、氮气(“N2”)、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、硫化氢、水及氨水)。
“地层”包括一层或多层含烃层、一层或多层非烃层、上盖地层和/或下伏地层。“上盖地层”和/或“下伏地层”包括一种或多种不同类型的非渗透性物质。例如,上盖地层和/或下伏地层可以包括岩石、页岩、泥岩、或者湿/致密碳酸盐(即,不含烃的非渗透性碳酸盐)。在就地转换处理的几种实施例中,上盖地层和/或下伏地层包括一层或多层含烃层,该含烃层相对不能渗透,且不会受到就地转换处理过程中温度的影响而使该上盖地层和/或下伏地层的含烃层发生明显的特性变化。例如,上盖地层可以包括页岩或泥岩。在某些情况中,上盖地层和/或下伏地层稍微可以渗透。
术语“地层流体”和“采出流体”指自含烃地层中移除的流体,该流体包括热解流体、合成气体、可流动烃及水(蒸汽)。术语“可流动流体”指由于对地层的热处理,可在地层内流动的流体。地层流体包括烃类流体以及非烃类流体。
“热源”指主要通过传导和/或辐射热传递给至少地层的一部分提供热量的任何系统。例如,热源包括电热器,比如绝缘导体、细长件、和/或设置在管道内的导体。热源还包括通过在地层外部或内部燃烧燃料来产生热量的热源,例如表面燃烧器、井底气体燃烧器、无火焰分布燃烧器(flameless distributed combustors)、以及自然分布燃烧器。另外,在某些实施例中设想,利用其它能源供应该提供给一个或多个热源或在该一个或多个热源内生成的热量。该其它能源可直接加热地层、或者将能量供给传递介质而该传递介质直接或间接地加热地层。应认识到的是,给地层提供热量的一个或多个热源可以采用不同的能源。例如,对于某种给定地层,某些热源可供应来自电阻加热器的热量,某些热源可提供来自燃烧器的热量,以及某些热源可提供来自一个或多个其它能源(例如,化学反应、太阳能、风能、生物燃料、或其它可再生能源)的热量。化学反应包括放热反应(例如,氧化反应)。热源包括给加热位置附近的某个区域和/或围绕该加热位置的某个区域提供热量的加热器,例如加热器井。
“加热器”是在井内或井孔区域附近产生热量的任何系统。加热器可以是但不限于电热器、燃烧炉、与地层内的物质或与该地层生成的物质发生反应的燃烧器(例如,自然分布燃烧器)、和/或它们的组合。“热源单元”指形成一种模板的大量热源,重复该模板以在地层内形成一种热源布局。
术语“井孔”指通过在地层内钻孔或将管道插入该地层内而在该地层内形成的孔。井孔具有近似圆形的横截面,但也可具有其它形状的横截面(例如,圆形、椭圆形、正方形、长方形、三角形、狭缝状、或者其它的规则或不规则形状)。如在这里所使用的,当指地层内的孔时,术语“井”和“孔”可与术语“井孔”互换。
“导热性”是物质的一种性质,其表示在恒定状态下,热量在具有给定温度差的物质的两个表面之间流动的速率。
“可冷凝烃”是在25℃以及一个大气绝对压力下可冷凝的烃。可冷凝烃包括碳原子数目大于4的烃的混合物。“不可冷凝烃”是在25℃以及一个大气绝对压力下不可冷凝的烃。不可冷凝烃包括碳原子数目小于5的烃。
“倾斜”指地层向下倾斜或自某个平行于地面的平面起倾斜,假定该平面是平的(即,“水平”面)。“倾角”指地层或类似特征相对于水平面形成的角度。“急剧倾斜”的含烃地层指相对于水平面形成至少20°角的含烃地层。“下倾”指沿着与地层内斜面相平行的方向向下。“上倾”指沿着与地层内斜面相平行的方向向上。“走向”指烃物质垂直于倾斜方向的矿脉或矿脉走向。
“沉陷”指一部分地层相对于初始的地面高度向下移动。
就地转换含烃地层(例如,含有煤、油页岩、重烃、或其组合的地层)内的烃,以得到较高质量烃产品、氢气和/或其它产品的混合物。利用热源加热一部分含烃地层至烃可以热解的温度。经由一个或多个开采井移除地层内的烃、氢气及其它地层流体。利用阻挡层阻止流体(例如,所产生的流体和/或地下水)移入和/或移出进行就地转换处理的一部分地层。可在一个或多个热源给处理区域提供热量之前、之中和/或之后,给部分地层提供阻挡层。例如,可给已预先经过转换处理的一部分地层提供阻挡层。
经过、将要经过或已经过就地转换处理的一定体积的地层被称为处理区域。在某些实施例中,阻挡层限定了处理区域。选择性的,给处理区域的一部分提供阻挡层。阻挡层包括但不限于:本身存在部分(例如,上盖地层和/或下伏地层)、冷冻井、冻结阻挡区、低温阻挡区、水泥浆墙、硫井、排水井、注入井、由地层内生成的凝胶形成的阻挡层、由地层内的盐沉淀形成的阻挡层、由地层内的聚合反应形成的阻挡层、驱使其进入地层内的板状物、或它们的组合。
本身存在的地层部分形成周边阻挡层的一部分,其包括地层中基本不可渗透的层。在某些实施例中,根据需要形成周边阻挡层的安装部分,以限定各个处理区域。在就地转换处理(ICP)中,将井放置在处理区域内。ICP井包括热源、开采井、处理区域排水井、监测井、以及在就地转换过程中采用的其它类型的井。
用于烃的就地转换处理包括给含烃地层的一部分提供热量,以及控制受热部分内的温度、温度升高速率和/或压力。通过改变供应给地层内热源的能量来控制受热部分的温度和/或温度升高速率。
控制含烃地层内的压力和温度就可以控制采出地层流体的性质。例如,通过改变地层内受热部分的选定区域的平均压力和/或平均温度,能够改变采出地层流体的成分和质量。基于流体特性来评估采出流体的质量,该特性例如但不限于API比重、采出地层流体中烯烃的百分比、乙烯对乙烷的比率、氢原子对碳原子的比率、采出地层流体中碳原子数目大于25的烃的百分比、总约当产量(气体和液体)、总流体产量、和/或作为费歇分析法百分比的流体产量。
在一种就地转换处理实施例中,在高温分解过程中提升部分含烃地层的选定区域内的压力至预定压力。该预定压力可在大约2绝对巴至大约72绝对巴的范围内,在某些实施例中,在2绝对巴至36绝对巴的范围内。选择性的,该预定压力可在大约2绝对巴至大约18绝对巴的范围内。在某些就地转换处理实施例中,自压力在大约2绝对巴至大约18绝对巴范围内的地层中,可开采出绝大多数烃流体。在高温分解过程中,该压力可改变或者被改变。改变该压力以改变和/或控制采出地层流体的成分、以控制可冷凝流体相对于不可冷凝流体的百分比、和/或控制采出流体的API比重。例如,减小压力,将采出较多的可冷凝流体组分。可冷凝流体组分含有较高百分比的烯烃。
可利用设置在地层中的热源加热该地层,使得含烃地层受热部分的渗透性基本均匀。基本均匀的渗透性能够阻止地层内的地层流体多路传输,以及可开采受热地层的基本上所有部分。在渗透性基本均匀的地层内,任何选定区域的估定(计算或评估)渗透性与该选定区域的估定平均渗透性相差不超过10倍。
当对含烃地层受热部分内的某个选定区域进行加热时,该选定区域的渗透性将急剧增大。处理前,不可渗透性含烃地层的渗透性可能小于大约0.1毫达西(9.9×10-17m2)。在某些实施例中,热解含烃地层的至少一个部分将使该部分的选定区域内的渗透性提高至大于10毫达西、100毫达西、1达西、10达西、20达西、或50达西左右。该部分的选定区域的渗透性可能提高大约100、1000、10000、100000甚至更大多倍。
图1表示处理区域100的一种实施例,周边阻挡层102围绕该处理区域100。每个处理区域100都是受到或将要受到就地转换处理的一定体积地层。周边阻挡层102包括安装的地层部分以及本身存在的地层部分。本身存在的地层部分形成周边阻挡层的一部分,其包括地层中基本上不可渗透的层。本身存在的周边阻挡层的例子包括上盖地层和下伏地层。可根据需要形成周边阻挡层102的安装部分以限定单独的处理区域100。
在就地转换处理(ICP)中,可将井104放置在处理区域100内。ICP井104包括热源、开采井、处理区域排水井、监测井、以及在就地转换过程中采用的其它类型井。如图1所示,冷冻井106形成围绕处理区域100的低温区108。
不同的处理区域100可共享阻挡层区段,以使需要形成的周边阻挡层102的长度减至最短。周边阻挡层102能阻止流体移入进行就地转换的处理区域100。优选的,周边阻挡层102能阻止地层水流入处理区域100。地层水通常包括水及溶解在水中的物质(例如,盐)。如果在就地转换处理过程中允许地层水流入处理区域100,该地层水可能会增大处理的操作成本,因为需要消耗额外的能量来蒸发该地层水,以及需要额外的流体处理费用来移除、分离和处理自地层中采出的地层流体中的额外水。大量地层水流入处理区域会阻碍热源将部分处理区域100的温度提升至预期温度。
周边阻挡层102能阻止地层流体在就地转换处理过程中非预期地流出处理区域100。相邻处理区域100之间的周边阻挡层102允许在就地转换处理中对相邻处理区域进行不同的处理。例如,第一处理区域进行高温分解,与该第一处理区域相邻的第二处理区域进行合成气体产生,与该第一处理区域和/或第二处理区域相邻的第三处理区域进行就地溶解开采处理。不同处理区域内的操作条件可采用不同的温度、压力、开采率、注热率等。
周边阻挡层102可限定将要利用就地转换方法进行处理的有限体积地层。该有限体积地层已知为处理区域100。界定将要进行处理的有限体积地层,能更易于控制该有限体积内的操作条件。在某些地层中,进行就地转换的含烃层位于可渗透和/或断裂的部分地层内。若没有周边阻挡层102,就地转换过程中采出的地层流体就会流出该进行处理的有限体积地层。地层流体流出该进行处理的有限体积地层会阻碍这样一种能力,即维持该进行处理的部分地层位于预期压力下的能力。因此,利用周边阻挡层102界定将要进行处理的有限体积地层,就可控制该有限体积内的压力。控制经由减压井、开采井和/或热源自处理区域100中移出的流体量,以控制该处理区域内的压力。在某些实施例中,减压井是放置在热源的井孔内部或其附近的多孔井管,该热源具有密封井管,例如无火焰分布燃烧器。采用某些类型的周边阻挡层(例如,冻结阻挡层和水泥浆墙),可控制单个处理区域100内的压力。
地层流体不受控制地流出或移出处理区域100可能对有效维持该处理区域100处于预期温度的能力产生负面影响。周边阻挡层102能阻止高温地层流体移出处理区域100。经由处理区域100的周边阻止流体移动,可将对流热损耗限制为经由开采井自地层中所移除流体和/或所移除流体的热损耗,以控制处理区域内的压力。
在就地转换过程中,供应给地层的热量会导致处理区域100内的裂口扩大。某些裂口可能朝向处理区域100的周边扩散。该扩散的裂口会横穿含水层,从而允许地层水进入处理区域100。进入处理区域100的地层水不允许部分处理区域内的热源将地层温度提升至这样一种温度,该温度远远高于进入地层内地层水的蒸发温度。裂口还允许就地转换过程中采出的地层流体移离处理区域100。
围绕处理区域100的周边阻挡层102可以限制该扩散裂口对就地转换处理的影响。在某些实施例中,周边阻挡层102离处理区域100足够远,以使地层内形成的裂口不至于影响该周边阻挡层的完整性。周边阻挡层102可位于离ICP井104超过10m、40m或70m的地方。在某些实施例中,周边阻挡层102位于处理区域100的附近。例如,由冷冻井106形成的冻结阻挡层可位于热源、开采井或其它井的附近。ICP井104可位于离冷冻井低于1m的地方,但更大的间隔能有利地限制冻结阻挡层对ICP井的影响以及限制地层热量对该冻结阻挡层的影响。
在周边阻挡层的某些实施例中,特别对于天然的周边阻挡层来说,ICP井104可处于周边阻挡层102内或与该周边阻挡层相邻。例如,ICP井104可用于处理烃层110,该烃层110是一种薄富烃层。如图2所示,ICP井可位于与烃层110相邻的上盖地层112和/或下伏地层114内。ICP井104包括加热器-开采井,这种井对地层进行加热并移除该地层内的流体。薄富烃层110的厚度大于0.2m左右且小于8m左右,其富饶度(richness)从大约每公吨205升油至大约每公吨1670升油。上盖地层112和下伏地层114可以是就地转换系统的周边阻挡层102的一部分,该就地转换系统用于处理薄富层110。对上盖地层112和/或下伏地层114的热损耗是可接受的,以开采富烃层110。在用于处理薄富烃层的其它ICP井布置实施例中,ICP井可位于一层或多层薄烃层的内部。
在某些就地转换处理实施例中,周边阻挡层是自密封式的。例如,利用由冷冻井形成的冻结阻挡层附近的地层水,能够冻结并封闭由于地层移动或该地层内裂口而将要破裂的冻结阻挡层。在某些就地转换处理实施例中,能够对地层内裂口的扩散进行监测。如果检测到有朝向处理区域周边扩散的裂口,就调节控制参数(例如,压力或能量输入)以阻止该裂口扩散到围绕的周边阻挡层。
周边阻挡层可用于处理调节措施和/或确保处理区域附近的区域(例如,地下水位或其它的环境敏感区域)基本上不受就地转换处理的影响。可利用就地转换处理对周边阻挡层内部的地层进行处理。周边阻挡层可防止其外侧的地层受到就地转换处理的影响,而该就地转换处理作用在周边阻挡层内部的地层上。周边阻挡层可阻止流体移出处理区域。周边阻挡层可阻止其外侧的温度升高至热解温度。
可采用不同类型的阻挡层来形成围绕就地转换处理区域的周边阻挡层。周边阻挡层可以是但不限于:围绕处理区域的冻结阻挡层、排水井、形成在地层内的水泥浆墙、硫磺胶合剂阻挡层、由地层内生成的凝胶形成的阻挡层、由地层内的盐沉淀形成的阻挡层、由地层内的聚合反应形成的阻挡层、驱使其进入地层内的板状物、或它们的组合。
图3表示一种处理区域100实施例的一部分的侧视图,该处理区域100具有由上盖地层112、下伏地层114以及冷冻井106(图3中仅表示了一个冷冻井106)形成的周边阻挡层102。冷冻井106的一部分以及由该冷冻井形成的周边阻挡层102伸入下伏地层114内。热源116的一部分以及开采井118的一部分经过由冷冻井106形成的低温区108。在某些实施例中,周边阻挡层102可以不伸入下伏地层114内(例如,周边阻挡层可伸入适度靠近下伏地层的烃层110内,或某些烃层可作为周边阻挡层的一部分)。下伏地层114可以是阻止流体移入或移出处理区域100的岩石层。在某些实施例中,部分下伏地层可以是不进行就地转换的含烃物质。
上盖地层112在处理区域100上方延伸。上盖地层112可以包括不进行就地转换的一部分含烃物质。上盖地层112能够阻止流体移入或移出处理区域100。
某些地层包括可渗透或具有裂口的下伏地层114,该裂口允许流体移入或移出处理区域100。部分周边阻挡层102可形成在处理区域100的下方,以阻止就地转换过程中流体移入处理区域和/或阻止地层水流出。
如果含烃物质内存在大量的水,可在形成周边阻挡层之后采用排水井120来移除处理区域内的水。如果含烃物质不含有大量水,可启动热源。该热源能够蒸发地层内的水,并经由开采井移除处理区域的水蒸气。
图4表示部分周边阻挡层102位于处理区域下方的一种处理区域100。该周边阻挡层可以是由冷冻井106形成的冻结阻挡层。在某些实施例中,处理区域下方的周边阻挡层可顺着一种地质岩系(例如,沿着倾斜(dipping)煤层的倾角)前进。
某些地层包括可渗透或具有裂口的上盖地层112,该裂口允许流体移入或移出处理区域100。部分周边阻挡层102可形成在处理区域100的上方,以阻止就地转换过程中流体移入处理区域和/或阻止地层水流出。图4表示了一种就地转换处理实施例,该实施例具有形成在处理区域100上方的部分周边阻挡层102。在某些实施例中,处理区域上方的周边阻挡层可顺着一种地质岩系(例如,沿着倾斜地层的倾角)前进。在某些实施例中,处理区域上方的周边阻挡层可形成位于地层表面处或其附近的地被。这种周边阻挡层使得可对这样一种地层进行处理,该地层内将要处理的烃层靠近地面。
周边阻挡层可具有任何预期形状。在某些实施例中,部分周边阻挡层沿着地质特征和/或地界线前进。在某些实施例中,部分周边阻挡层具有圆形、正方形、长方形或多边形。部分周边阻挡层还可具有不规则形状。与具有相同周长的其它规则多边形相比,环形的周边阻挡层能有利地包围较大区域。例如,对于相等周长而言,环形阻挡层将比正方形阻挡层多包围大约27%的区域。与其它规则形状的周边阻挡层相比,采用环形的周边阻挡层,仅需要较少的井和/或较少的材料来利用该周边阻挡层包围预定区域。在某些实施例中,采用正方形、长方形或其它多边形状的周边阻挡层以适应地界线和/或以容纳热源及开采井的规则井布局。
图5表示在地层内形成处理区域100的一种周边阻挡层实施例的俯视图。该周边阻挡层102的弧形部分的中心位于虚拟等边三角形的顶点上。该虚拟的等边三角形用虚线表示。可在地层内形成第一环形阻挡层102’以限定第一处理区域100’。
可以形成第二阻挡层102”。该第二阻挡层102”与部分第一阻挡层102’一起限定了第二处理区域100”。第二阻挡层102”的弧形部分的半径近似等于第一环形阻挡层102’的半径。这样设置第二阻挡层102”的中心,使得若第二阻挡层形成为一个完整的圆,该第二阻挡层将近似在某个切点处接触第一阻挡层。第二阻挡层102”可具有直线部分122,与使第二阻挡层构成一个圆所需要的周边阻挡层长度相比,该直线部分122使得在相等或更短长度的周边阻挡层情况下能包围更大的区域。在某些实施例中,第二阻挡层102”不具有线性部分,该第二阻挡层在某切点处或某个相切区域处接触第一阻挡层。第二处理区域100”由部分的第一环形阻挡层102’和第二阻挡层102”所界定。第二处理区域100”的面积可大于第一处理区域100’的面积。
邻近第一阻挡层102’和第二阻挡层102”形成第三阻挡层102。第三阻挡层102”可与第一阻挡层102’和第二阻挡层102”连接以界定第三处理区域100。还可形成额外阻挡层,以形成用于对地层预期部分进行处理的处理区域。
图6表示一种阻挡层构造实施例,其中,绕一个中心点辐射状地形成周边阻挡层102。在一种实施例中,地面设施位于由第一阻挡层102’所界定的中央区域124内,利用该地面设施对自地层中除出的开采流体进行处理。地面设施放置在中央区域内,可缩短将地层流体输送至处理设施所需要的总管长。在可供选择的实施例中,ICP井安装在中央区域内,而地面设施位于阻挡层图形的外部。
第一阻挡层102’与第二阻挡层102”之间的地层环可以是处理区域100’。围绕该第二阻挡层102”形成第三阻挡层102。可根据需要扩展阻挡层图案。内部阻挡层与外部阻挡层之间的地层环就是处理区域。如果环面积过大以至于不能作为一个整体处理该环,可形成自内部阻挡层到外部阻挡层的直线部分122,以将该环分割为若干处理区域。在某些实施例中,阻挡环之间的间隔基本上相同。在其它实施例中,阻挡环之间的距离可以变化,以调整由该阻挡层包围的面积。
在就地转换处理的某些实施例中,在形成围绕地层的阻挡层之前、之中和/或之后,移除处理区域的地层水。在形成阻挡层之前、之中和/或之后,在地层内安装热源、开采井和其它ICP井。某些开采井与泵连接,该泵用以移除处理区域的地层水。在其它实施例中,处理区域内形成排水井以移除处理区域的地层水。在加热至热解温度以进行就地转换之前移除处理区域的地层水,可减少将该处理区域内的部分地层加热至热解温度所需要的能量,因为避免了需要首先蒸发该处理区域内的全部地层水。
在就地转换处理的某些实施例中,利用冷冻井形成围绕部分处理区域的低温区。“冷冻井”指地层内的一种井或孔,其用以冷却部分地层。在某些实施例中,这种冷却足以使地层内存在的物质(例如,地层水)冻结。在某些实施例中,这种冷却不能导致冻结;但是,这种冷却通过利用液态流体填充部分孔隙来阻止流体移入或移出处理区域。
在某些实施例中,维持冷冻井于远远低于地层水冻结温度的一个温度。热量可自地层传递给冷冻井,由此形成围绕该冷冻井的低温区。位于低温区内或流入该低温区内的部分地层水会凝固,以形成阻止流体流动的阻挡层。可相互隔开并控制该冷冻井,使得由每个冷冻井形成的低温区与由至少一个相邻冷冻井形成的低温区交迭和连接。
形成低温区的冷冻井区段可仅仅是该冷冻井总长度的一部分。例如,可隔离上盖地层附近的每个冷冻井的一部分,以阻止该冷冻井与上盖地层之间的热传递。冷冻井可沿着地层含烃部分的侧面形成低温区。低温区可沿着将要利用就地转换处理的部分含烃层的上方和/或下方延伸。仅利用部分冷冻井形成低温区,就使得在形成阻挡层以处理地层内较深区域时可以经济地使用该冷冻井。
由冷冻井形成的周边阻挡层与利用其它方法形成的周边阻挡层相比具有几个优点。由冷冻井形成的周边阻挡层可形成在地里较深的位置。由冷冻井形成的周边阻挡层不需要围绕处理区域周边的互连孔。通常水泥浆墙或其它类型的周边阻挡层需要互连孔。由冷冻井形成的周边阻挡层利用热传递而不是物质传递形成。凝胶、聚合物及某些其它类型的周边阻挡层依靠地层内的物质传递来形成该周边阻挡层。地层内的热传递在整个地层内有较小量(通常在某种地层内小于2倍)的变化。地层内的物质传递在整个地层内有较大量(例如,在某种地层内108倍或更大倍数)的变化。由冷冻井形成的周边阻挡层与需要物质传递来形成的周边阻挡层相比具有较强的完整性且易于形成和维护。
由冷冻井形成的周边阻挡层可以为不同处理区域之间以及保持不被处理的周围地层部分之间提供一种热屏障。这种热屏障允许对相邻处理区域进行不同处理。在不同压力、温度、加热速率和/或地层流体移出速率下操纵该处理区域。这种热屏障可阻止在处理区域被加热时位于阻挡层外侧的烃物质热解。
在就地转换处理过程中,与操纵围绕该处理区域的排水井相比,利用冷冻井形成围绕处理区域的冻结周边阻挡层更经济且更有利。与排水井相比,安装、操纵及维护冷冻并更为便宜。用于排水井的井管需要由耐腐蚀金属形成,以抵抗就地转换处理过程中地层水的腐蚀。冷冻井可由碳素钢制成。排水井促使来自处理区域的地层水蔓延。自排水井采出的水中可能含有部分地层水。在排放这种水之前,需要处理这种水以移除烃和其它物质。由于排水井恒定地排出来自地层的流体,因此该排水井会阻碍提高处理区域内压力至预期值的能力。
低温区内存在的水可供形成冻结阻挡层使用。这种冻结阻挡层可以是一种整体式的不可渗透构造。在形成冻结阻挡层之后,维持该冻结阻挡层所需要的能量与形成该冻结阻挡层相比显著减少。在某些实施例中,成本降低可以达到10倍或更大。在其它实施例中,成本降低没有这么惊人,例如降低大约3或4倍。
在许多地层中,地层的含烃部分是饱合的或者含有足量地层水,从而可以形成冻结阻挡层。在某些实施例中,在形成低温区之后和/或之中向靠近冷冻井的地层内加水,从而形成冻结阻挡层。
在某些就地转换实施例中,围绕处理区域形成低温区。在对处理区域进行加热的过程中,水作为蒸气和/或地层流体的附连水排出处理区域。通常,在最初加热处理区域时,使地层内存在的水流通,然后采出基本上全部数量的烃。这种水可以是自由水或者附着或结合在泥土或矿物上的排放水(“结合水”)。流通水可流入低温区。这种水将在低温区冷凝并随后固化,从而形成冻结阻挡层。
在就地转换过程中热解烃和/或氧化烃会形成水蒸气。生成水蒸气的绝大部分经由开采井移出地层。生成水蒸气的一小部分朝向处理区域的周边移动。当水蒸气到达由冷冻井形成的低温区时,一部分水蒸气将在低温区冷凝为液态水。如果低温区足够冷或者如果液态水移入该低温区的足够冷部分,此液态水将固化。
在某些实施例中,冷冻井可以形成这样一种低温区,该低温区不能使地层水固化。例如,如果围绕冷冻井的地层内没有足够的水或者具有凝固点较高的其它流体,那么该冷冻井就不能形成冻结阻挡层。取而代之的,形成一低温区。在就地转换处理过程中,地层水可流入该低温区。地层水的一部分(例如,低凝固点烃)将在该低温区冷凝。冷凝的地层水将填充低温区内的孔隙。该冷凝的地层水形成一种阻挡层,以阻止其它流体移入或移出低温区。地层水的一部分(例如,水蒸气)可在低温区内冷凝并冻结以形成一种冻结阻挡层。冷凝的地层水和/或固化的地层水可形成一种阻挡层,以进一步阻止流体移入或移出低温区。
可在启动对处理区域进行加热的热源之前很长时间就启动冷冻井。在启动热源之前启动冷冻井,使得可在处理区域内的地层温度升高之前就形成厚且互连的冻结周边阻挡层。在某些实施例中,在启动冷冻井之前、同时或之后不久启动与处理区域周边相隔较远距离的热源。
在对处理区域进行热处理的过程中,热源可以不断开冻结的周边阻挡层。在某些实施例中,在启动加热操作后,冻结的周边阻挡层还将继续扩张一段很长时间。高温干燥地层的热扩散性远远小于冻结地层的热扩散性。高温干燥地层与冻结地层之间的热扩散性差异暗示了较冷区域的扩张速率快于较热区域。即使热源设置得离形成冻结阻挡层的冷冻井较近(例如,离形成冻结阻挡层的冷冻井大约1m),如果给冷冻井供应冷却剂,该热源通常也不能断开冻结阻挡层。在某些就地转换处理实施例中,冷冻井位于离热源和其它ICP井相当远距离的地方。此距离可以是大约3m,5m,10m,15m或更远。即使在热源在周边阻挡层的内侧上加热地层时,由冷冻井形成的冻结阻挡层也可在该周边阻挡层的外侧上扩张。
低温区108内的凝固点高于该低温区温度的流体将在该低温区内固化,从而形成周边阻挡层102,如图1所示。通常,固化以形成周边阻挡层102的流体是地层水的一部分。可围绕处理区域100安置两行或多行冷冻井,以与由单行冷冻井形成的低温区108相比形成更厚的低温区108。图7表示围绕处理区域100的两行冷冻井106。可围绕整个处理区域100设置冷冻井106,或者可围绕处理区域的一部分设置冷冻井。在某些实施例中,当冷冻井不围绕整个处理区域时,利用天然的流体流阻挡层(例如,不破碎且基本上不可渗透的地层物质)和/或人造阻挡层(例如,水泥浆墙或互连板阻挡层)围绕该处理区域的剩余部分。
如果多于一行冷冻井围绕处理区域,第一行的井可相对于第二行的井错开。在图7所示冷冻井布置实施例中,一行冷冻井中冷冻井106之间存在间隔距离126。第一行与第二行的冷冻井106之间存在第二间隔距离128。第二间隔距离128大约是第一间隔距离126的10-75%(例如,30-60%或50%)。也可采用其它间隔距离和冷冻井布局。
图4表示一种具有冷冻井106的ICP系统实施例,该冷冻井106形成了位于部分地层下方的低温区108、位于部分地层上方的低温区、以及沿部分地层周边的低温区。可使经过低温区108的热源116部分和开采井118部分绝热,以阻止热量传递给该低温区。这种绝热包括但不限于泡沫胶合剂、开采井内绝热衬垫之间的气隙、或者它们的组合。
冷冻井可设置在地层内,这样能使一个冷冻井相对于相邻冷冻井在取向上的偏差最小化。偏差过大会在相邻冷冻井之间生成较大的间隔距离,从而无法在相邻冷冻井之间形成互连低温区。影响将冷冻井插入地面内的因素包括但不限于:冷冻井插入时限、将要插入的冷冻井深度、地层性质、预期井取向以及经济原因。深度较浅的冷冻井可嵌塞和/或摆动插入某些地层。在某些类型的地层中,冷冻井可嵌塞和/或摆动插入某些地层至从大约1m到大约100m的深度,而不会使冷冻井相对于相邻冷冻井的取向偏差过大。对于需要设置在地层内深处的冷冻井或者设置在这样一种地层内的冷冻井,该地层具有难以钻通的地层,可利用定向钻井和/或地势导向将冷冻井设置在地层内。还可利用相邻冷冻井内的电信号、磁信号和/或其它信号来引导定向钻井,以维持相邻井之间的预期间隔。为使完成低温区的时间缩至最短,较严格地控制冷冻井之间的间隔是一个重要因素。
图8表示定向钻入地层内的冷冻井106的一种代表性实施例。冷冻井106可在第一位置进入地层并在第二位置离开地层,这样该冷冻井的两端都位于地面上方。流过冷冻井106的致冷剂能够降低该冷冻井附近的地层温度以形成低温区108。流经冷冻井106的致冷剂可经过相邻的一个或多个冷冻井。能监测致冷剂的温度。当致冷剂温度超过预定值时,可引导该致冷剂至一个或多个致冷单元以降低该致冷剂的温度,然后使该致冷剂回流入冷冻井。采用既进入又离开地层的冷冻井,可避免在每个冷冻井中提供致冷剂进口通路和致冷剂出口通路的需要。
图8所示实施例中表示的冷冻井106形成位于水体130下方的冻结阻挡层102的一部分。水体130可以是任何类型的水体,例如池塘、湖泊、溪流或河流。在某些实施例中,该水体是地下水体例如伏流或暗河。冷冻井106是阻止水自水体130向下移至含烃层110的若干冷冻井中的一个。
图9表示了一种冷冻井106,该冷冻井106用以在含烃层110的一侧上形成低温区。在某些实施例中,冷冻井106位于与含烃层110相邻的不含烃层内。在所示实施例中,沿着含烃层110的倾斜面导向冷冻井106。在某些实施例中,冷冻井从两个不同方向或基本上垂直于地面的方向插入地层内,以限定该冷冻井的长度。可将冷冻井106’及其它冷冻井插入含烃层110内,以形成阻止流体沿该含烃层流动的周边阻挡层。如果需要可安置额外冷冻井,以形成阻止流体移入或移出上盖地层112或下伏地层114的周边阻挡层。
在某些实施例中,排水井120可如图3所示伸入地层110内。在冷冻井106形成周边阻挡层102之后,利用排水井120移除含烃层110的地层水。水可在已有的裂口系统和通道内流经含烃层110。地层由于已有的裂口系统和通道而具有较强的渗透性,因此仅需要较少数量的排水井120来排出处理区域100的水。排水井120可设置得离冷冻井106较近。在某些实施例中,排水之后暂时密封排水井。如果排水井靠近冷冻井或靠近由该冷冻井形成的低温区,该排水井内可注满水。扩张低温区108将冻结排水井内的水以密封该排水井。在完成就地转换之后,再次打开排水井120。在就地转换之后的清洗步骤过程中可利用排水井120来喷注或移除流体。
在某些实施例中,通过使选定的开采井、热源或其它类型ICP井与泵连接,可将该选定井暂时转换为排水井。该转换井可增补排水井,或者避免需要单独的排水井。将其它井转换为排水井可省除为排水井钻井孔的相关费用。
图10表示用于处理地层的一种井系统的代表性实施例。含烃层110包括沥滤/断裂部分132和不沥滤/未断裂部分134。地层水可流过沥滤/断裂部分132。不沥滤/未断裂部分134未饱合且较干燥。在某些地层中,沥滤/断裂部分132位于上盖地层112下方100m或更远距离处,该沥滤/断裂部分伸入地层内200m或更深。不沥滤/未断裂部分134伸入地层内400m或更深。
热源116可以延伸至位于不沥滤/未断裂部分134下方的下伏地层114。开采井伸入地层的不沥滤/未断裂部分内。沿着伸入含烃层的沥滤/断裂部分及不沥滤/未断裂部分内的开采井部分,该开采井具有孔眼或敞开的井孔。冷冻井106可延伸至靠近不沥滤/未断裂部分134或伸入该不沥滤/未断裂部分134一较短距离。冷冻井106可偏离热源116和开采井足够远的距离(例如,30m左右),以允许该冷冻井下方的烃物质在地层处理过程中保持不被热解。冷冻井106可阻止地层水流入含烃层110。优选的,冷冻井106不需要沿着将要进行就地转换的烃物质的全部长度延伸,因为位于该冷冻井106下方的不沥滤/未断裂部分134将保持不被处理。如果对地层的处理在不沥滤/未断裂部分134内生成朝向冷冻井106扩散和/或扩散过该冷冻井106的热致裂口,该裂口将保持近似水平取向。水平取向的裂口将不会穿过沥滤/断裂部分132,以允许地层水进入处理区域100内。
在某些实施例中,致冷剂经由冷端管道140输送给冷冻井106。致冷剂可经由冷冻井106流至暖端管道138。冷端管道140和暖端管道138(如图10所示)均由绝热聚合管例如HDPE(高密度聚乙烯)制成。在冷冻井的某些实施例中,冷冻井106具有端口136。测温传感器例如电阻温度计可插入该端口136内。
可利用各种类型的致冷系统形成低温区。基于多种因素确定适当的致冷系统,这些因素包括但不限于:冷冻井类型;相邻冷冻井之间的距离;致冷剂;形成低温区的时限;低温区的深度;致冷剂将经受的温度差;致冷剂的化学和物理性质;与致冷剂可能排放、泄漏或溢出相关的环境因素;经济因素;流入地层内的地层水;地层水的成分和性质;以及地层的各种性质,例如热传导性、热扩散性和热容。
可采用几种不同类型的冷冻井形成低温区。所采用的冷冻井类型取决于用以形成低温区的致冷系统的类型。致冷系统的类型可以是但不限于:间歇操作式致冷系统,循环流体式致冷系统,利用蒸发循环的致冷系统,或者利用吸附-解吸附致冷循环的致冷系统。可在形成和/或维持低温区的不同时间采用不同类型的致冷系统。在某些实施例中,冷冻井包括井管。在某些实施例中,冷冻井包括射孔井管或者具有其它类型孔的井管。在某些实施例中,冷冻井的一部分可以是一种敞开井孔。
致冷系统可采用经由冷冻井循环的液体致冷剂。液体循环系统利用循环液体与地层之间的热传递,而大部分致冷剂都不经历相位变化。该液体是可在低温下工作的任何类型热传递液体。液体致冷剂的一些理想性质是:工作温度低,粘度低,比热容高,热传导性强,腐蚀性小以及毒性小。致冷剂的工作温度低,就允许围绕冷冻井形成较大的低温区。低的液体工作温度应为-20℃左右或更低。具有低工作温度的液体,即工作温度为-20℃左右或更低的液体包括某些盐溶液(例如,含有氯化钙或氯化锂的溶液)。其它盐溶液包括某些有机酸溶液(例如,甲酸钾、乙酸钾、柠檬酸钾、甲酸铵、乙酸铵、柠檬酸铵、柠檬酸钠、甲酸钠、乙酸钠)。在-50℃以下可用作致冷剂的一种液体是Freezium,可自Kemira Chemicals(Helsinki,Finland)获得。另一种液体致冷剂是氨与水形成的溶液,其中,氨的重量百分比在大约20%至大约40%之间。
为了给地层进行就地转换处理而形成低温区,最好采用初始低温在-50℃或更低的致冷剂。也可采用初始低温高于-50C的致冷剂,但是在通过连接单个冷冻井来形成低温区时,这种致冷剂需要花费较长的时间。另外,这种致冷剂需要采用较小间距的冷冻井和/或更多的冷冻井。
可利用致冷单元将致冷液的温度降至一个较低的工作温度。在某些实施例中,该致冷单元采用氨蒸发循环。这种致冷单元可自CoolMan Inc.(Milwaukee,Wisconsin),Gartner Refrigeration &Manufacturing(Minneapolis,Minnesota)以及其它供应商处获得。在某些实施例中,利用第一阶段采用氨以及第二阶段采用二氧化碳的一种级联(cascading)致冷系统。经由冷冻井流通的致冷剂可以是水内含有重量百分比为30的氨(氨水)。
可利用蒸发循环式致冷系统来形成和/或维持低温区。液体致冷剂可被引入多个井内。该致冷剂自地层吸收热量并蒸发。蒸发的致冷剂流通至一种致冷单元,该致冷单元将致冷剂压缩为液体然后再次将该致冷剂导入冷冻井。这种致冷剂可以是但不限于液态氮、氨气、二氧化碳、低分子量烃(例如,丙烷、异丁烷、环戊烷)、和/或氨水混合物(例如,大约30%的氨水混合物)。蒸发后,流体在一个或多个致冷单元内被重压缩为液体,然后回流入冷冻井。采用循环致冷系统可以经济地形成和/或维持围绕大处理区域的长低温区。
在某些实施例中,冷冻井106伸入烃层110内,如图11所示。一个或多个挡板135位于冷冻井106与含烃层110之间的环形间隙137内。水可流过含烃层110,经由沥滤/断裂部分132流入环形间隙137,然后漫至上盖地层112。挡板135阻止或减慢进入环形间隙137的水流。减慢环形间隙137内的水流速率可延长水与冷冻井106之间的接触时间,由此加快环形间隙内水的冷冻速率。挡板135包括涂胶金属、塑料等。在某些实施例中,挡板135是水泥收集器(cement catchers)。
图12表示一种冷冻井106的实施例。冷冻井106具有位于地面上第一位置处的第一端146和位于地面上第二位置处的第二端148。冷冻井106包括第一管道142和第二管道144。在某些实施例中,第一管道142和第二管道144是同心或同轴的管道。在一种实施例中,如图12所示,第二管道144同轴位于第一管道142的内部。第一管道142和第二管道144可由不锈钢或其它对致冷剂具有化学稳定性的适当材料制成。在某些实施例中,第一管道142和第二管道144包括位于上盖地层112内的绝热部分。靠近地层不冷却部分的第一管道142部分和/或第二管道144部分可包括绝热材料(例如,高密度聚乙烯),和/或利用一种绝热材料隔离上述管道部分。靠近地层冷却部分的第一管道142部分和/或第二管道144部分可由导热材料制成(例如,铜或铜合金)。导热材料能够加速地层与管道内致冷剂之间的热传递。
在冷冻井106的第二端148处将致冷剂提供给第一管道142。在冷冻井106的第一端146处将致冷剂提供给第二管道144。在一种实施例中,相对于第二管道144内的致冷剂(其自第一端146流向第二端148),第一管道142内的致冷剂(其自第二端148流向第一端146)逆向流动。在某些实施例中,致冷剂同向地流过冷冻井106(即,在冷冻井的同一端处将致冷剂提供给第一管道142和第二管道144)。致冷剂在同轴管道内逆向流动,能够更均匀地冷却烃层110以及使处理区域内的温度更均匀。另外,与使致冷剂流过仅一端开口的管道相比,使致冷剂流过两端都具有开口的管道能维持致冷剂的低压。仅具有一端开口的管道通常具有位于冷冻井内部的弯头或回路,这可以增大致冷剂的压力。
在某些实施例中,离开第一管道142和/或第二管道144的致冷剂可在另一冷冻井内再循环或再利用,或者返回至同一冷冻井以供再循环或再利用。例如,离开第一管道142的致冷剂可提供给第二管道144。在某些实施例中,在再循环或再利用之前压缩该致冷剂。在某些实施例中,沿着第一管道142及第二管道144长度的选定位置设置隔离物,以阻止两管道相互物理接触。
相邻冷冻井之间的间隔是大量不同因素的函数。这些因素包括但不限于:地层物质的物理性质,致冷系统的种类,致冷剂种类,物质流入或流出由冷冻井所限定的处理区域的速率,形成低温区的时限以及经济上的考虑。胶结或部分胶结的地层物质允许冷冻井之间具有较大的间隔距离。在胶结或部分胶结的地层物质内,冷冻井之间的间隔距离大约自3m到10m或更大。在一种实施例中,相邻冷冻井之间的间隔距离为5m左右。在非胶结或基本上非胶结的地层物质内,冷冻井之间的间距需要小于胶结地层物质内的间距。非胶结物质内冷冻井之间的间隔距离可以为1m或更大。
在一个实施例中,冷冻井可以位于内行排水井与外行排水井之间。可控制内行排水井与外行排水井使它们之间的压力差最小化,由此使内行排水井与外行排水井之间的液体流动最少化。排水井可移除内行排水井与外行排水井之间的地层水。在利用排水井移除地层水之后,启动冷冻井。冷冻井可冷却内行排水井与外行排水井之间的地层,以形成低温区。在冷冻井形成可固化地层水的互连低温区之后,可逐步减少供给排水井的能量。减少供给排水井的能量就允许一些水进入低温区。该水可冻结以形成冻结阻挡层。在冻结阻挡层完全形成之后,终止排水井的操作。
根据多种因素改变冷冻井的布局。这些因素包括但不限于:地层内液体流的主导向;所采用的致冷系统种类;冷冻井之间的间距;以及地层特征例如深度、长度、厚度和倾角。还可在地层的横向上改变冷冻井的布局,以顾及地质地层的差异。在某些实施例中,冷冻井插入地层的含烃部分内。在某些实施例中,冷冻井位于地层的含烃部分附近。在某些实施例中,一些冷冻井位于含烃部分内,而其它冷冻井位于含烃部分附近。还可根据影响冷冻井布局的上述因素来改变热源、排水井和/或开采井的布局。
随着所围绕区域的尺寸的增大,需要用以围绕该区域的冷冻井数量的增大速率远远小于需要用以对该围绕区域进行热处理的ICP井数量的增大速率。这是因为表面-体积比随着处理体积的半径而减小。
可进行测试来确定或确认冻结阻挡层的形成。这种测试可以是但不限于脉冲测试、压力测试和/或示踪化学测试。
如果测试表明冷冻井还没有形成冻结的周边阻挡层,就确定未完成的周边阻挡层部分的位置。脉冲测试可以指示未形成的周边阻挡层部分的位置。示踪测试可以指示周边阻挡层未完成部分的一般方向。
地被可密封地面、ICP井、冷冻井及穿过该地被的其它设备。地被阻止地层水排放到大气中和/或阻止雨和废水自地面渗入处理区域。根据地被经受的温度和化学物品选择地被物质。在上盖地层足够厚以至于加热地层不会对地面温度产生影响或仅略微提高地面温度的实施例中,地被可以是聚合板。对于较薄的上盖地层,加热地层会显著影响地面的温度,地被可以由放置在处理区域上方的金属板形成。
对于某些处理,利用低温区隔离处理区域。在某些实施例中,由低温区围绕的处理区域用作所生成流体的存储区域或井场需要的存储区域。在紧急情况下,可转移地层其它区域的流体。选择性的,流体储存在处理区域内以供以后使用。根据所储存流体的性质,低温区能阻止所储存流体移出处理区域。冻结阻挡区有必要阻止某些储存流体移出处理区域。其它有助于隔离处理区域的处理包括但不限于:生成合成气体,浓缩含烃原料流,过滤原料和/或溶解采矿。
在某些就地转换处理实施例中,三组或更多组井围绕处理区域。图13表示了一种用于就地转换处理的井布局实施例。处理区域100包括多个热源、开采井及其它类型的ICP井104。利用第一组冷冻井150围绕处理区域100。该第一组冷冻井150形成一种冻结阻挡层,在就地转换处理过程中该冻结阻挡层阻止流体移出处理区域100。
利用一组监测和/或注入井152围绕第一组冷冻井150。该监测和/或注入井152用于在就地转换处理过程中监测温度以及监测是否存在地层流体(例如,水、蒸气、烃等)。如果检测到烃或蒸气,就表示由第一组冷冻井150形成的冻结阻挡层具有裂口。采取措施确定冻结阻挡层内的裂口位置。在确定裂口位置之后,采取措施以堵塞该裂口。在一个实施例中,可在第一组冷冻井150与监测和/或注入井组152之间插入一个或多个额外的冷冻井以密封该裂口。
利用第二组冷冻井154围绕监测和/或注水井组152。第二组冷冻井154形成一种冻结阻挡层,该冻结阻挡层阻止流体(例如,水)自第二组冷冻井的外部移入处理区域100。第二组冷冻井154还形成这样一种阻挡层,在由第一组冷冻井150形成的冻结阻挡层具有裂口的情况下,该阻挡层阻止流体移过第二组冷冻井。由第二组冷冻井154形成的冻结阻挡层可阻止地层流体的移动,并提供充裕的时间来修补由第一组冷冻井150形成的冻结阻挡层内的裂口。若由第一组冷冻井150形成的冻结阻挡层内具有裂口,由第二组冷冻井154形成的冻结阻挡层可限定来自处理区域的地层流体可能流入的区域,由此在就地转换处理之后需要清洗的区域是完整的。
如果监测和/或注水井组152检测到存在地层水,就表示第二组冷冻井154具有裂口。采取措施确定第二组冷冻井154内的裂口位置。在确定裂口位置之后,采取措施以堵塞该裂口。在一种实施例中,可在第二组冷冻井154与监测和/或注入井组152之间插入一个或多个额外的冷冻井以密封该裂口。
在许多实施例中,由冷冻井150形成的冻结阻挡层在就地转换处理过程中不会出现裂口。在完成就地转换处理之后为清洗处理区域,可解除第一组冷冻井150。经由监测和/或注入井152引入流体,以提升冻结阻挡层的温度并迫使该流体朝向处理区域100流回。被迫使进入处理区域100的流体经由该处理区域内的开采井采出。如果在就地转换处理过程中检测到由第一组冷冻井150形成的冻结阻挡层具有裂口,可在解除第一组冷冻井之前或同时,利用监测和/或注入井152修补(remediate)位于第一组冷冻井150与第二组冷冻井154之间的区域。在完成就地转换位于处理区域100内的烃之后,维持由第二组冷冻井154形成的冻结阻挡层可使得对处理区域进行清洗时很少或几乎没有污染物扩散到该第二组冷冻井154以外。
监测和/或注入井152可以位于第一组冷冻井150与第二组冷冻井154之间的一定距离处,以防止该监测和/或注水井152被冻结。在某些实施例中,某些或者全部监测和/或注水井152具有一个或多个热源(例如,电热器、循环流体线等),该一个或多个热源足以阻止监测和/或注水井152由于冷冻井150和冷冻井154生成的低温区而冻结。
在某些就地转换处理实施例中,顺序地对处理区域进行处理。对处理区域顺序地进行不同处理的一个例子包括在围绕处理区域的地层内安装若干冷冻井。抽水井位于处理区域内部的冷冻井附近。在形成低温区之后,启动抽水井以减少处理区域内的水量。在抽水井已经减少水量之后,低温区扩张至包含一些抽水井。利用热源给处理区域供应热量。自地层内采出混合物。在可利用热解采出的绝大部分烃都自地层中回收后,开始生成合成气体。在生成合成气体之后,该处理区域用作储存单元,以储存自地层内的其它处理区域转移的流体。自处理区域采出该转移流体。在解冻低温区之前,修补处理区域。对围绕抽水井的低温区的第一部分进行解冻,暴露未改变的地层部分。给低温区的第二部分提供水,以形成冻结阻挡区。经由抽水井给处理区域提供传动流体。该传动流体使残留在地层内的某些流体朝向井移动,由此采出该残留流体。这种移动可以通过蒸汽蒸馏有机化合物、淋滤传动流体溶液内的无机化合物、和/或迫使传动流体“推动”孔隙内的流体来实现。将传动流体注入处理区域,直至被移除的传动流体内含有的残留流体浓度落在可接受的程度以下。在修补处理区域之后,将二氧化碳注入处理区域以发生螯合作用。
在其它实施例中,相邻处理区域可在各自的低温区内同时进行不同处理。这些不同处理可具有各种各样的必需条件,例如温度和/或加入该部分的必需成分。在一种实施例中,低温区足以隔离第一处理区域和第二处理区域。两种处理要求不同条件的例子包括第一处理区域在大约310℃的平均温度下开采烃。与该第一处理区域相邻的第二处理区域发生螯合作用,取决于进行螯合的成分,其处理优选在低于100℃左右的温度下进行。
在某些实施例中,有必要给物质传递和热传递都提供阻挡层。利用冻结阻挡区,不仅可使处理区域与周围地层热隔离,还可使它们水力隔离。例如,进行热解的第一处理区域与储存流体的第二处理区域不仅热隔离而且水力隔离。
如图14和图15所示,排水井120围绕处理区域100。围绕处理区域100的排水井120可提供一种阻挡层,该阻挡层阻止流体移入处理区域或阻止处理区域内的流体向外移入周围地层。在一种实施例中,单独一行排水井120围绕处理区域100。在其它实施例中,两行或更多行排水井围绕处理区域。在采用多行排水井120的实施例中,使相邻排水井之间的压力差最小化以阻止流体在各行排水井之间流动。在对处理区域100进行处理的过程中,利用外行排水井120移出的地层水与未进行就地转换的地层区域内的地层水基本相同。这种水不经处理或经过最少处理就可排放。如果所移出的水在被排放之前需要进行处理,可在排放之前使这种水经过碳层或进行其它处理。利用内行排水井120移出的地层水包含一些烃。含有大量烃的水可用于产生合成气体。在某些实施例中,含有大量烃的水经过已进行就地转换的部分地层。该部分地层内的剩余碳自水中吸收烃,从而净化该水。
在某些实施例中,外行井可以用于给地层提供流体。在某些实施例中,所提供流体可能夹带一些地层流体(例如,蒸气)。内行排水井用于回收所提供流体并阻止蒸气移动。将所回收流体分离为将要在地层内循环的流体和地层流体。然后再将该循环流体提供给地层。在某些实施例中,该部分地层内具有压力梯度,以促进所提供流体的回收。
选择性的,内行井用于排水,而外行井用于减少地下水的流入。在某些实施例中,内行井用于给地层排水,而将流体抽入外行井以限制蒸气到达内部区域。
可在将地层加热至热解温度之前或之中泵出处理区域100内的水。在加热之前或之中移除水,可限制需要利用热源蒸发的水,这样该热源能更有效地将地层温度提升至热解温度。
在某些实施例中,排水井120之间的井间距设置为加热井和/或开采井间距的适宜倍数。在对含烃地层进行就地转换的过程中,某些排水井可被转换为加热井和/或开采井。排水井之间的间距取决于多种因素,包括地层的水文地理。在某些实施例中,排水井之间的间距为2m,5m,10m,20m或更大。
排水井与ICP井例如热源或开采井之间的间距需要较大。该间距需要较大,这样排水井与就地处理井就不会明显地相互干扰。在一种实施例中,排水井与就地处理井之间的间距需要为30m或更大。依据地层性质可采用较大或较小的间距。地界线与排水井之间的间距也需要较大,这样排水操作就不会影响附近地层的水位。
鉴于本说明书,本发明各个方面的进一步改变和可供选择的实施例对本领域技术人员而言将变得明显。相应的,本说明书应被认为仅是示意性的,其目的是为了启示本领域技术人员实施本发明的一般方式。应认识到的是,这里所表示及描述的本发明形式应视为当前优选实施例。这里所表示及描述的那些部件和材料都可被替换、元件和步骤可以颠倒、本发明某些特征可以独立使用,在获益于本说明书之后这些对本领域技术人员而言都变得明显。在不脱离如以下权利要求书所述本发明实质和范围的情况下,可对这里所述的部件做出改变。另外,应认识到的是,在某些实施例中,其中独立描述的特征可以相互组合。
Claims (42)
1.一种处理含烃地层的方法,包括:
阻止流体自所述地层的周围部分移入所述地层的第一处理区域;
利用加热器加热所述第一处理区域的一部分,以使所述第一处理区域内的温度升至热解温度以上;
控制所述加热器对所述部分的热输出,以在所述部分内形成基本上均匀的渗透性;以及
自所述地层内采出一混合物。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,所述地层的周围部分至少包括位于所述地层的第一处理区域旁边、上方或下方的一部分。
3.如权利要求1或2之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述阻止流体移动包括给所述地层的至少一部分提供阻挡层和/或在所述地层的至少一部分内形成阻挡层。
4.如权利要求1-3之一所述的方法,还包括:控制压力、温度、加热速率、和/或自所述第一处理区域内移除的流体量。
5.如权利要求1-4之一所述的方法,还包括:邻近所述地层的第一处理区域,形成低温阻挡区。
6.如权利要求1-5之一所述的方法,还包括:形成冻结阻挡区以阻止流体移入或移出所述第一处理区域。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其特征在于,所述冻结阻挡区邻近所述地层的第一处理区域。
8.如权利要求6或7之一所述的方法,其特征在于,至少一个或多个加热器设置在离所述冻结阻挡区大于5m左右的地方。
9.如权利要求6-8之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述一个或多个加热器中至少一个设置在离所述冻结阻挡区小于1.5m左右的地方。
10.如权利要求6-8之一所述的方法,还包括:解冻所述冻结阻挡区的至少一部分;以及通过施加热量,经解冻的阻挡区物质基本上没有变化。
11.如权利要求6-10之一所述的方法,还包括:给所述冻结阻挡区提供水。
12.如权利要求6-11之一所述的方法,还包括:
在所述冻结阻挡区的外侧设置一个或多个监测井;
给所述第一处理区域提供示踪剂;以及
监测所述示踪剂在所述一个或多个监测井处的移动。
13.如权利要求6-12之一所述的方法,还包括:
在所述冻结阻挡区的外侧设置一个或多个监测井;
给所述第一处理区域提供声波脉冲;以及
监测所述一个或多个监测井处的所述声波脉冲。
14.如权利要求6-13之一所述的方法,还包括:控制至少部分由所述冻结阻挡区包围的区域内的流体压力,由此控制自所述地层采出的流体成分。
15.如权利要求2-14之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述阻挡层的至少一部分由一个或多个硫井组成。
16.如权利要求2-15之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述阻挡层的至少一部分由一个或多个排水井组成。
17.如权利要求2-16之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述阻挡层的至少一部分由一个或多个注入井及一个或多个排水井组成。
18.如权利要求1-17之一所述的方法,还包括:在所述第一处理区域的至少一部分内,热解至少一部分含烃物质和/或产生合成气体。
19.如权利要求2-18之一所述的方法,其特征在于,提供阻挡层包括:
给围绕所述第一处理区域的地层部分提供循环流体;以及
移除所述第一处理区域附近的所述循环流体。
20.如权利要求1-19之一所述的方法,还包括:防止所述地层流体被排放到地球大气中和/或阻止流体自地面渗入所述第一处理区域。
21.如权利要求2-20之一所述的方法,其特征在于,至少一部分所述阻挡层由本身存在部分、安装部分、所述地层的不可渗透部分、和/或自密封部分构成。
22.如权利要求2-21之一所述的方法,其特征在于,至少一部分所述阻挡层由低温区构成,还包括将所述低温区内的温度降至大约这样一个温度,所述温度低于水的冻结温度。
23.如权利要求2-22之一所述的方法,其特征在于,至少一部分所述阻挡层由低温区构成,还包括解冻所述低温区的至少一部分,以及通过施加热量,所述解冻部分内的物质基本上没有变化,由此基本上维持所述含烃地层的结构完整性。
24.如权利要求1-23之一所述的方法,还包括:
采用第一处理方法处理所述第一处理区域;以及
采用第二处理方法处理第二处理区域。
25.如权利要求1-24之一所述的方法,还包括:使所述第一处理区域与所述地层的周围部分热绝缘。
26.如权利要求1-25之一所述的方法,还包括:自所述第一处理区域的至少一部分移除液态水。
27.如权利要求1-26之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述第一处理区域位于所述地层的地下水位的下方。
28.如权利要求1-27之一所述的方法,还包括:给放置在部分所述地层内的多个冷冻井提供致冷剂。
29.如权利要求27-28之一所述的方法,还包括:
在一吸收式致冷单元内冷却至少一部分所述致冷剂;以及
给所述吸收式致冷单元提供一热能源。
30.如权利要求29所述的方法,其特征在于,所述热能源包括水、蒸气、废气、和/或至少一部分采出流体。
31.如权利要求29-30之一所述的方法,其特征在于,沿着所述地层的含烃部分的走向或倾斜面,放置所述多个冷冻井中至少一个。
32.如权利要求29-31之一所述的方法,其特征在于,所述致冷剂的凝固点低于-60℃左右。
33.如权利要求29-32之一所述的方法,其特征在于,在低于-50℃左右的温度,提供所述致冷剂。
34.如权利要求1-33之一所述的方法,还包括:自所述地层的至少一部分采出合成气体。
35.如权利要求1-34之一所述的方法,还包括:移除所述地层内的流体以及控制自所述地层移出的流体量。
36.如权利要求1-35之一所述的方法,还包括:给部分所述地层提供水泥浆墙。
37.如权利要求1-36之一所述的方法,还包括:阻止水流入或流出至少一部分处理区域。
38.如权利要求1-37之一所述的方法,其特征在于,利用一条或多条通道围绕所述第一处理区域,至少一条所述通道包括在第一位置与地面接触的第一端和在第二位置与地面接触的第二端。
39.如权利要求38所述的方法,其特征在于,所述一条或多条通道包括设置在第二管道内的第一管道。
40.如权利要求38-39之一所述的方法,其特征在于,至少一条所述通道包括设置在第二管道内的第一管道,所述方法还包括:一致冷剂自所述至少一条通道的第一端起朝向所述至少一条通道的第二端流过所述第一管道,另一致冷剂自所述至少一条通道的第二端起朝向所述至少一条通道的第一端流过所述第二管道。
41.如权利要求40所述的方法,其特征在于,流过所述第一管道的致冷剂与流过所述第二管道的另一致冷剂逆向或同向流动。
42.如权利要求38-41之一所述的方法,还包括:利用穿越河流的钻井装置在所述地层内形成至少一条所述通道。
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Granted publication date: 20090715 Termination date: 20171024 |