CN1103290A - 药物制剂 - Google Patents

药物制剂 Download PDF

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CN1103290A
CN1103290A CN93121376A CN93121376A CN1103290A CN 1103290 A CN1103290 A CN 1103290A CN 93121376 A CN93121376 A CN 93121376A CN 93121376 A CN93121376 A CN 93121376A CN 1103290 A CN1103290 A CN 1103290A
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atovaquone
mixture
micro fluid
pharmaceutical composition
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A·R·迪恩
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    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0087Galenical forms not covered by A61K9/02 - A61K9/7023
    • A61K9/0095Drinks; Beverages; Syrups; Compositions for reconstitution thereof, e.g. powders or tablets to be dispersed in a glass of water; Veterinary drenches
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/12Ketones
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00Antiparasitic agents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
    • A61P33/06Antimalarials
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
    • A61P33/08Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis for Pneumocystis carinii

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Abstract

本发明涉及微流化的atovaquone颗粒及其制 备方法。更具体讲,本发明涉及含有微流化的 atovaquone颗粒的药物组合物,其具有改进的生物 利用率。本发明还涉及它们在治疗中的应用。

Description

本发明涉及2-[4-(4-氯苯基)环己基]-3-羟基-1,4-荼醌(atovaquone)微流化颗粒及其制备方法。更具体讲,本发明涉及含有2-[4-(4-氯苯基)环己基]-3-羟基-1,4-荼醌微流化颗粒的药物组合物及其治疗应用。
atovaquone是已知药物化合物,例如EP    0123238和US        5053432(作为本文参考)披露以下式(Ⅰ)的2-取代-3-羟基-1,4-荼醌及其生理上可接受的盐:
式中R1是氢,R2选自C1-6烷氧基,芳烷氧基,C1-6烷基C1-6烷氧基,由一或二个基团取代的苯基,该基团选自卤素和C1-6烷基,卤素和全卤代C1-6烷基,或者R1和R2都是C1-6烷基或苯基,n=0或1。根据道,此等化合物具有抗原生动物活性。具体讲,据报道,按式(Ⅰ)其中n=0的化合物具有抗人类疟原虫Plasmodium falciparum的活性,也可以抗Eimeria种,例如E.tenella和E.acervulina,它们是导致球虫病的微生物;另外据报道,按式(Ⅰ)其中n=1的化合物具有抗泰累尔式梨浆虫(Theileria)属原虫的活性,特别是抗T.annulata或T.parva。从这些化合物中专门举出特例,即按式(Ⅰ)其中n=0,R1为H,R2为4-氯苯基的情况,即atovaquone。
EP0362996披露了使用atovaquone治疗或预防卡氏肺囊虫肺炎。
EP0445141和0496729分别披露了atovaquone用于医治弓形体病和陷性孢子虫病。
atovaquone作为治疗药剂的效能受到生物利用率的局限。因此:
本发明的目的是提供生物利用率更佳形式的atovaquone。
业已发现,借助于使atovaquone的粒度在某一确定的小粒度范围内,其生物利用率可以提高。然而,业已发现,常规的使atovaquone粒度减小的方法并不能成功制出能改进生物利用率的颗粒粒径。
1985年以来,Microfluidics公司出售了微流化器(Microfluidizer)。其操作原理是基于一种浸没式喷射技术。该设备最初设计是作为均化装置,用于食品和制药工业,例如用于制备乳状液和脂质体体系,其后又在生物技术方面用于破碎细胞。
意外地发现,应用微流化器制成的atovaquone微流化颗粒使该化合物具有改进的生物利用率。相信这是因为微流化的atovaquone颗粒的粒度小并且粒度范围窄。
在微流化器操作时,将进料流泵入特别设计的小室,在其中的流体流以极高速度和压力相互作用。在所述相互作用小室内的固定的微小渠道提供非常集中的具强烈扰动的相互作用区,导致空穴中能量释放和剪切力。且不拘泥于任何理论,相信是由于全部物料通过一个尺寸固定的能量释放区,应用该种微流化器获得更好粒度均一性和更小的粒径,而使用常规式制取微细颗粒的方法就达不到。
因此,本发明的第一个方面是提供小颗粒的atovaquone。最好这些颗粒是微流化的颗粒。适宜情况是至少90%的颗粒所具的体积直径为0.1-3μm,优选至少95%的颗粒的体积直径在0.1-2μm范围。
本发明的第二个方面是提供一种药物组合物,其包括atovaquone颗粒和一种或多种药物上可接受的载体,这些颗粒中至少95%具有0.1-2μm的体积直径。优选这些颗粒是微流化的颗粒。
所用的载体必须是可接受的,意思是与制剂中其他成分具相容性,并且对其接受者无不利作用。
本发明的第三个方面是提供一种制备atovaquone的微流比颗粒的方法,包括将atovaquone与一种液体载体混合成为混合物,其中atovaquone的浓度小于450mg/ml,然后使该混合物通过微流化器处理至少3次,从而得到atovaquone颗粒,其中至少90%的颗粒的体积直径为0.1-3μm,优选至少95%的颗粒其体积直径为0.1-2μm。
本发明的另一个方面是提供制备一种药物组合物的方法,包括以下步骤:
(a)将atovaquone与一种液体载体混合成为混合物,其中atovaquone的浓度小于450mg/ml。
(b)将该混合物通过微流化器处理至少3次,得到微流化的制剂,其中atovaquone是颗粒形式的,并且至少95%的颗粒的体积直径为0.1-2μm。
(c)将此微流化的制剂与一种或多种药物上可接受的载体进行混合。
适当的方式是将该混合物通过微流化器10-50次,例如25-30次,优选是通过15-25次。
在一个方案中,所述液体载体是表面活性剂,优选是表面活性剂溶液,特别优选的方案中,所用表面活性剂是Poloxamer    188溶液。另一优选方案,所用药物上可接受的载体包括一种悬浮剂。适宜的悬浮剂包括甲基纤维素和黄原胶,优选是黄原胶。
药物制剂包括适用于口服、非肠道(包括皮下、皮内、肌肉和静脉)给药的制剂,以及鼻-胃管制剂。本发明包括的适宜制剂例如包括:固体剂量形式如片剂,液体剂量形式如悬浮液,这些是优选的制剂。若适合,制剂可以方便地制成单独的剂量单元,并可以由该微流化颗粒采用药物技术领域已知的方法来制备。
通过atovaquone在活体内生物利用率的测定,表明微流化atovaquone的制剂比先有技术制剂有更优的生物利用率。因此,本发明在另一方面提供用于治疗的包含微流化atovaquone的制剂,特别是用于治疗和预防原生动物寄生感染,例如疟疾和弓形体病,以及由卡氏肺囊虫引致的感染。
由以下非限定性实例进一步阐明本发明。
实例1        atovaquone微流化颗粒的制备
按照先有技术例如US5053432(引用作为本文参考资料)的方法制备atovaquone。制备600ml在0.25%w/v含水Celacol    M2500中含有2.5%w/v    atovaquone的混合物,在玻璃瓶中留下100ml作对照用。使用实验室规模的120M型微流化器,连接90psi压缩空气源,调节到产生15000psi的流体压力。将该微流化器的机座、相互作用小室和管路都浸没在冷水浴中。在微流化器的主料容器中装入500ml上述混合物,将之通过微流化器的相互作用小室,然后回到该主料容器的顶部和侧边。将该混合物不间断地循环通过相互作用小室,在10、20、30、45和60分钟时取出样品。计算出每一样品的通过次数,结果示于表1。
表1
样品        微流化        样品体积        通过次数
时间
(分)        (ml)
对照        0        100        0
1        10        105        8
2        20        105        9-19
3        30        110        31-35
4        45        105        65-77
5        60        35        142-244
以40倍放大来观察各样品,结果如下:
对照:形状变化多样,板状、杆状和球状,一般为5×5μm,可高达7.5×10μm,松散的聚集状。
样品1:形状较圆较小,有些“大的”晶体,许多小碎片2.5×2.5μm,分散较好。
样品2:更圆一些,形状较小,更多碎片。
样品3:又更圆一些,形状较小,更多碎片。
样品4:再更圆一些,形状较小,更多碎片。
样品5:非常小的颗粒,全部小于2.5μm,全圆,单分散。
实例2        药物制剂
将以下成分混合,制成口服用悬浮制剂:
atovaquone微流化颗粒        150.0mg
Poloxamer        188        5.0mg
苄醇        10.0mg
黄原胶        7.5mg
纯化水        加至1.0ml
实例3        生物试验
9名健康男性志愿试验者,禁食后,以随机交叉考察方式接受单一剂量的5mg/ml悬浮液,其中含250mg    atovaquone,分别为3μm平均粒度的悬浮液和1μm微流化的悬浮液。在最后一次用药后,间隔取血浆样品,直至2星期,然后以HPLC评价,结果示于表2:
表2
3μm悬浮液        μm悬浮液
平均(SD)AUC        95(62)μg/ml·h        247(85)μg/ml·h
平均(SD)Cmax1.2(0.7)μg/ml 5.0(1.6)μg/ml
中值Tmax5小时 1小时
1μm悬浮液的AUC的平均(95%    CI)增加相对于3μm悬浮液为2.6倍(1.9-3.5),其Cmax增加则为4.1倍(2.5-6.6)。

Claims (19)

1、颗粒形式的atovaquone,其中至少95%的颗粒的体积直径在0.1-2μm范围。
2、微流化的atovaquone颗粒。
3、微流化的atovaquone颗粒,其中至少95%的颗粒的体积直径在0.1-2μm范围。
4、一种药物组合物,其中包括atovaquone颗粒和一种或多种药物上可接受的载体,其中至少95%的所述颗粒的体积直径在0.1-2μm范围。
5、权利要求4的药物组合物,其中所述的颗粒是微流化的颗粒。
6、权利要求4或5的药物组合物,其为悬浮液形式。
7、权利要求4-6中任一项的组合物,其中的药物上可接受的载体包括一种悬浮剂。
8、权利要求7的药物组合物,其中的悬浮剂是黄原胶。
9、权利要求4-8中任一项的药物组合物应用于治疗。
10、权利要求4-8中任一项的药物组合物,应用于治疗和/或预防原生动物寄生感染和由卡氏囊虫引致的感染。
11、权利要求2或3所述微流化atovaquone颗粒的制备方法,包括将atovaquone与液体载体混合成为混合物,其中atovaquone浓度为小于450mg/ml,然后将该混合物通过微流化器处理至少3次。
12、一种药物组合物的制备方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
(a)将atovaquone与液体载体混合成为混合物,其中atovaquone浓度为小于450mg/ml;
(b)将该混合物通过微流化器处理至少3次,得到微流化的制剂,其中的atovaquone为颗粒形式,并且至少95%的所述颗粒的体积直径在0.1-2μm范围;
(c)将该微流化的制剂与一种或多种药物上可接受的载体混合。
13、权利要求11或12的方法,其中该混合物通过微流化器处理20-50次。
14、权利要求13的方法,其中该混合物通过微流化器处理15-25次。
15、权利要求11-14中任一项的方法,其中的载体是表面活性剂溶液。
16、权利要求15的方法,其中的表面活性剂溶液是Poloxamer188的溶液。
17、权利要求12的方法,其中的药物上可接受的载体包括一种悬浮剂。
18、权利要求17的方法,其中的悬浮剂是黄原胶。
19、由权利要求12-18中任一项的方法所制备的药物组合物。
CN93121376A 1992-12-24 1993-12-23 药物制剂 Expired - Fee Related CN1076194C (zh)

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