CN102585172A - 可交联的取代芴化合物和基于其的共轭低聚物或聚合物 - Google Patents
可交联的取代芴化合物和基于其的共轭低聚物或聚合物 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C25/00—Compounds containing at least one halogen atom bound to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C25/24—Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons with unsaturated side chains
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C25/00—Compounds containing at least one halogen atom bound to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C25/18—Polycyclic aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons
- C07C25/22—Polycyclic aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons with condensed rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C211/00—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton
- C07C211/43—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton
- C07C211/57—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings being part of condensed ring systems of the carbon skeleton
- C07C211/60—Compounds containing amino groups bound to a carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings of the carbon skeleton having amino groups bound to carbon atoms of six-membered aromatic rings being part of condensed ring systems of the carbon skeleton containing a ring other than a six-membered aromatic ring forming part of at least one of the condensed ring systems
-
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Abstract
本发明公开了可交联的取代芴化合物;由这种可交联的化合物制备的低聚物和聚合物;薄膜和涂层;以及包含这种薄膜的多层电子器件。
Description
本申请是申请日为2004年10月25日、国际申请号为PCT/US2004/036076、国家阶段申请号为200480033898.7并且发明名称为“可交联的取代芴化合物和基于其的共轭低聚物或聚合物”的申请的分案申请。
交叉引用声明
本申请要求于2003年11月17日提交的美国临时申请No.60/520,597的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及新的可交联的芴化合物及它们的制备方法。本发明还涉及这种化合物的低聚物和聚合物,所述的化合物包括其交联衍生物,以及由这种化合物、低聚物或聚合物制备的薄膜和涂层,制备这种薄膜和涂层的方法,以及包含一层或多层的这种聚合物薄膜的电子器件,特别是场致发光器件。
背景技术
美国专利6,605,373、6,362,310、6,255,449、6,255,447、6,169,163、5,962,631和相关专利公开某些可交联的取代芴化合物,以及来自于它们的低聚物和聚合物。Macromolecular Rapid Communication 21,583-589(2000)描述了含有含可交联的氧杂环丁烷基的可交联空穴传输材料的芳基胺的合成。Macromolecular Rapid Communication 20,224-228(1999)描述了含有可交联的氧杂环丁烷基的三芳基胺小分子的合成,可以将所述的三芳基胺小分子旋涂并且交联成薄膜。上面的参考文献,在所公开的交联聚合物的范围内,缺少共轭聚合物骨架,并且只具有受限的电荷传输能力。
在WO 2004/072123中,公开了用于有机发光显示器中的含芴二基的化合物。相关的化合物还公开于美国专利6,559,256和于2004年3月18日公开的USA 2004/0054152中。
显示技术的最新进展得到用于场致发光器件如发光二极管(LED)的改进化合物和制造技术。对于大部分可见光谱,现在可以得到高亮度的材料,包括发蓝光的化合物。最近,已经发现通过将电荷传输层结合在活性或发光层与阳极之间的多层LED中,可以得到多层LED的活性或发光层的提高的寿命和效率。这种层也可以称作空穴注入层和/或空穴传输层,其目的在于改善空穴向发光层的注入并且在阳极和发光层之间提供缓冲层。在其它应用中,已经表明这种在空穴传输层和发光层之间的中间层提供改善的器件效率和寿命。
本发明涉及新化合物,该化合物用于多层LED的空穴传输层和中间层,以及其它电子器件如场效应晶体管(FET)、光电池,并且甚至用于集成电路或印刷电路板。
发明内容
在一个方面,本发明提供一种可交联的化合物,其含有一种或多种下式的芴二基:
且优选
其中R在每种情况下独立地为惰性取代基、单价交联键形成基团X、或多价交联键形成基团X’,条件是在每个分子的至少一重复单元中,至少一个R是X或X’。
由于可交联基团X和X’的侧链性质,本发明的化合物能够形成含有相对大量的共轭不饱和键的低聚物和聚合物,从而导致改善的电荷传输性能。有利的是,由包含上述化合物的交联组合物得到的低聚物和聚合物,包括共聚物,特征在于,降低的电离电位和改善的导电性。此外,所述的化合物能够形成交联的耐溶剂薄膜,其特别适于用作场致发光器件中的中间层或发光层。
因此,在第二方面,本发明是一种可交联的组合物,其包含具有如下经验式的重复单元的低聚物或聚合物:
,优选
其中R在每种情况下独立地为惰性取代基、单价交联键形成基团X、或多价交联键形成基团X’,条件是在每个分子的至少一重复单元中,至少一个R是X或X’;
Z是可共聚的共聚单体的二价残基或单价端链基团;并且
x是1至10,000的数字且z是0至10,000的数字,其满足该组合物中重复单元的平均数。
在第三方面,本发明是一种制备式Ia或Ia’的低聚物或聚合物(包括共聚物)的方法,该方法包括:任选在任何其它的互不干扰化合物的存在下,在足以生成式Ia或Ia’的低聚物或聚合物的反应条件下,加热一种或多种含有至少一种式I的单元的化合物或含有该化合物的组合物(如该化合物与一种或多种能够形成聚合组分Z的可加聚共聚单体的混合物)。
在第四方面,本发明包含一种交联聚合物,其具有对应于下式的结构单元:
其中
R’在每种情况下独立地为R,或X或X’的交联衍生物,条件是在至少一种情形下,R’为X或X’的交联衍生物,并且
X、X’、R、Z、x和z如上面所定义。
在第五方面,本发明是一种薄膜,其包含一种或多种本发明第二或第四实施方案或可根据本发明第三实施方案制备的低聚物或聚合物。
在第六方面,本发明是一种电子器件,其包含一层或多层聚合物薄膜,其中至少一层包含根据本发明第五方面的薄膜。
已经发现,上面所述的化合物、低聚物和聚合物在用来形成电子器件中的中间层时具有特别有效的空穴注入/传输或电子阻隔性能,并且有利的是,特征在于,降低的电离电位和改善的导电性。此外,所述的化合物能够形成交联的耐溶剂薄膜,其特别适于用作电子器件如LED中的中间层。
具体实施方式
对于美国专利实践而言,此处引用的任何专利、专利申请或公开的内容都通过引用其中的全部内容而结合在此,特别是对于其在本领域中的单体、低聚物或聚合物结构、合成技术和常识的公开内容。如果其中出现,术语“包含”及其派生语不是想要排除任何另外的组分、步骤或程序的出现,无论其中公开了它们与否。为了避免任何怀疑,其中通过使用术语“包含”要求的所有组合物可以包括任何另外的添加剂、助剂或化合物,除非另有相反的指示。相反,术语“基本上由…组成”,如果其中出现,将任何随后列举的任何其它组分、步骤或程序排除在外,除非对于操作性不是必要的那些。术语“由…组成”,如果使用,排除没有特别描述或列出的任何组分、步骤或程序。术语“或”,除非另外指明或从上下文是清楚的,单独地或以任何组合的方式是指所列的成员。
如此处所用的,术语“芳族”是指含有(4δ+2)π-电子的多原子的、环状的环体系,其中δ是大于等于1的整数。如此处对于含有两个或更多个多原子的、环状的环体系所使用的术语“稠合的”是指,对于其至少两个环,至少一对相邻的原子被包括在两个环中。
“B-级化”是指由单体的部分聚合而得到的低聚物混合物或低分子量聚合物混合物。未反应的单体可以被包括在混合物中。
“共轭”是指在感兴趣的聚合物链中与原子有关的相邻π-、p-或d-轨道电子的全部或部分重叠。认为共轭存在于含有带有不定域电荷的原子的两个实体之间,如双键或三键,其是通过共价键或通过-S-、-O-、-NR-、-PR-、-BR-或-SiR2-基团彼此结合的。
“可交联的”是指官能团,其能够不可逆地固化或聚合,从而形成不能再成型或革新的材料。可以由UV、微波、x射线或e-束辐照来辅助交联。当通过热进行交联时,该术语通常与“可热固的”互换使用。
“烃基”是指只含有碳和氢原子的单价部分。
“亚烃基”是指只含有碳和氢原子的二价部分。
“惰性”是指取代基或化合物,其不妨碍此处任何期望的制备或合成,或不妨碍本发明组合物任何随后的反应、偶合或聚合。适宜的惰性取代基包括:氢、C1-20烃基和三(C1-20烃基)甲硅烷基。
“离去基团”是指在偶合条件下容易从分子中代替或消除的取代基。适宜的离去基团的实例包括卤素、氰基、三氟甲磺酰基、叠氮化物、-B(OR1)2和
其中R1在每种情况下独立地是惰性取代基,优选氢或C1-10烷基,并且
R2在每种情况下独立地为C2-10亚烷基。优选的离去基团是溴。
单官能可交联的X基团的实例是含有双键,三键,能够原位形成双键的前体,或杂环可加聚的基团的部分。优选的可交联的X基团包括:含有一个或多个取代基的取代C6-12亚芳基或芳亚烷基,所述的取代基选自:苯并环丁烷、叠氮化物、环氧乙烷、二(烃基)氨基、氰酸酯、羟基、缩水甘油基醚、C1-10烷基丙烯酸酯、C1-10烷基甲基丙烯酸酯、链烯基、链烯氧基、炔基、马来酰亚胺、桥亚甲基四氢化苯邻二甲酰亚胺(nadimide)、三(C1-4)-烷基甲硅烷氧基、三(C1-4)-烷基甲硅烷基,及它们的卤化衍生物。最优选的可交联的X基团是乙烯基苄基、对-次乙基苯基、全氟次乙基、全氟(perfluro)次乙基氧基、苯并-3,4-环丁-1-基和对-(苯并-3,4-环丁-1-基)苯基。
适宜的可交联的X基团的具体实例包括:
-(R4)p-CR3=CR3 2,-(R4)p-C≡CR3,-(R4)p-O(R4)p CR3=CR3 2,-(R4)p-O(R4)p C≡CR3,
-(R4)p-C(O)(R4)p CR3=CR3 2,-(R4)p-C(O)(R4)p C≡CR3,-(R4)p-OC(O)(R4)p CR3=CR3 2,
-(R4)p-OC(O)(R4)p C≡CR3,-(R4)p-COO(R4)p CR3=CR3 2,-(R4)p-COO(R4)pC≡CR3,
-(R4)p-O(CO)O(R4)p CR3=CR3 2,-(R4)p-O(CO)O(R4)p-C≡CR3,NR3 2,
其中
R3是氢、卤素、C1-20烃基、C1-20卤代烃基或C1-20卤代二价碳基;
R4是C1-20亚烃基、C1-20卤代亚烃基或C1-20卤代亚二价碳基,优选亚芳基,最优选对-亚苯基;并且
p为0或1。
以类似的方式,多官能X’基团是包含两个或更多个上述可交联X官能团的取代基。本领域的技术人员应当理解的是,X官能团的交联包括在两种或更多种不同化合物、低聚物或聚合物中的两个或更多个X基团之间的反应,或X基团与单独加入的可聚合共聚单体的反应,从而将所述的分子结合成为单一的化学实体。
在本发明一个优选的实施方案中,X基团包含芳族部分,优选式ArX”的部分,其中Ar是不计入氢的最多20个原子的二价芳族基团,并且X”是可交联基团,其含有它与带有不定域电荷的Ar的原子共价结合的至少一种交联键形成原子。即,X”基团直接与包含Ar的芳族基团连接。在此实施方案中特别适宜的X”基团包括:对-次乙基苯基、对-乙烯基苄基或苯并-3,4-环丁-1-基,以及其惰性取代的衍生物。在另一个优选的实施方案中,X基团是可自交联的,意味着不需要引发剂如酸、碱或过氧化物来引发涉及所述X基团的交联,应当理解的是,可以另外存在可共聚的共聚单体,特别是可加聚的共聚单体如烯属不饱和化合物。在此实施方案中,酸、碱或过氧化物引发剂的不存在降低了对得到的电子器件的阴极或其它组件的腐蚀,并且消除了由于中间层中的质子迁移引起的问题。
适宜的惰性不可交联的R基团包括C1-20烃基和卤代的C1-20烃基,特别是芳基和烷芳基。优选的不可交联的R基团包括苯基和C1-10烷基苯基,特别是对-正丁基苯基。
适宜的Ar基团包括亚苯基、亚联苯基、萘二基、蒽二基、1,2-二苯乙烯二基和芴二基,其惰性取代的衍生物,以及上述基团的组合。
根据本发明优选的含芴二基的化合物对应于下式:
其中R、x和z如上面所定义;
Z”是单价端链基;并且
Z’是含共轭不饱键的二价重复单元,更优选包括一个或多个亚芳基,如亚苯基-、噻吩二基-、呋喃二基-或吡咯二基,或其惰性取代的衍生物。
适宜的Z’基团的实例包括:
及其惰性取代的衍生物;
其中X1是O或S,并且Q为卤素、烷基、芳烷基、卤代烷基、环烷基、芳基(包括杂芳基和多环芳基),或它们的组合,所述的Q含有不计氢最多40个原子。
在上述结构(包括其上的任何Q基团)上的适宜取代基在每种情况下独立地选自:C1-20烃基、C1-20烃氧基、C1-20烃硫基(sulfido)、C1-20烃基羧基、C1-20烃基碳基氧基、三(C1-20)烃基甲硅烷基和氰基。
优选的Q基团包括不计氢最多20个原子的烷基、芳烷基、卤代烷基或环烷基;以及惰性取代或未取代的不计氢最多40个原子的芳基。特别适宜的Q基团包括:苯基、烷基化苯基、2-芴基、蒽基、菲基、吡咯基、吡啶、异喹啉基、喹啉基、三嗪基、三唑基、苯并三唑基和菲啶基。
更优选的Z’基团选自下式的单元:
其中R1在每种情况下独立地是惰性取代基、X或X’,R5是C1-10烷基、芳基或芳烷基;并且n为1或2。
优选的取代基R1包括:C1-40烃基或含有一个或多个S、N、O、P、或Si杂原子的C1-40烃基,以及含有被可交联的X基团取代的上述C1-40烃基或C1-40含杂原子的基团。在一个更优选的实施方案中,R1是C1-10烷基。
本发明的化合物,特别是固化的低聚物和聚合物,优选是高度共轭的,如果是不完全共轭的,则沿着由可交联的芴二基和Z’基团所限定的骨架。最高度优选的化合物是含有芴二基部分的2,7-取代的那些化合物,尽管1,5-、1,6-、1,7-、1,8-、2,5-、2,6-、2,8-、3,5-、3,6-、3,7-、3,8-、4,5-、4,6-、4,7-、或4,8-取代也有可能。
在一个进一步优选的实施方案中,骨架包括芴和三芳基胺Z’基团两者的双官能衍生物。即,该化合物还含有对应于下式的交联基团:
上述化合物高度优选的实施方案是这样的那些,其中Ar在每种情形下是1,4-亚苯基、9,9-二(C1-20烷基)芴-2,7-二基或它们的组合;X’是3,4-苯并环丁-1-基、次乙基、乙烯基丙烯酸酯、对-乙烯基苄基或对-次乙基苯基的交联残基;并且Z”是氢或溴。在这些化合物中,进一步优选的是这样的那些,其中Ar在每种情形下是亚苯基,每个X基团是3,4-苯并环丁-1-基或对-乙烯基苄基;并且Z”在每种情形下是氢或溴。
根据本发明的式Ia化合物的优选实例是具有下面的结构的那些化合物:
其中R、Z”、x和z如上面所定义。无规和嵌段共聚物都包括在上式中。对于本发明的单体,高度优选的是,x为1,并且z在每种情况下为1。
使用常规的合成技术以引起离去基团Z”的损失或聚合,并且在单体单元之间形成共价键,而容易制备根据本发明的低聚物和聚合物。适宜的技术包括公知的Buchwald或半-Buchwald反应、Suzuki偶合反应或类似的技术。
该低聚物和聚合物特别适于用于制备场致发光器件中的空穴传输薄膜和中间层薄膜两种。
单体的交联
本发明式Ia或Ib的化合物通过在升高的温度下,加热包含这种化合物的组合物足以导致至少某些X或X’官能性的加成聚合或其它交联反应的时间而容易交联。在一个实施方案中,该化合物与能够形成二价交联部分的一种或多种可共聚单体进行共聚。用于此处的优选的可共聚化合物对应于式II或III:
其中Q1在每种情况下独立地为:C1-20烃基或含有一个或多个S、N、O、P或Si原子的C1-20烃基,C4-16烃基羰氧基,C4-16芳基(三烷基甲硅烷氧基),或两个Q1可以与芴环上的9-碳形成C5-20环结构或含有一个或多个S、N或O的C4-20环结构;
Q2在每种情况下独立地为:C1-20烃基、C1-20烃氧基、C1-20硫醚、C1-20烃基羰氧基或氰基;
Q3在每种情况下独立地为:C1-20烃基或被二(C1-20烷基)氨基、C1-20烃氧基或C1-20烃基或三(C1-10烷基)甲硅烷氧基取代的C1-20烃基;
a在每种情况下独立地为0或1;并且
Z”是离去基团,特别是溴。
在一个优选的实施方案中,本发明的低聚物和聚合物包含:1至99%,更优选2至50%,并且最优选2至10%式Ia或Ib的重复单元,和99至1%,更优选98至50%,最优选98至90%下式的重复单元:
其中Q1’是共价键或Q1的二价残基。
本发明的单体和低聚物或b-级化衍生物可以容易地溶解于普通的有机溶剂中。还可以由常规的技术,特别是溶液旋涂或喷墨印刷,在使用或不使用溶剂的情况下,将它们加工成为薄膜或涂层。
本发明的低聚物或聚合物的重均分子量优选为1000道尔顿或更高,更优选为5000道尔顿或更高,再更优选为10,000道尔顿或更高,特别优选为15,000道尔顿或更高,并且最优选为20,000道尔顿或更高;优选1,000,000道尔顿或更低,更优选为750,000道尔顿或更低,并且最优选为400,000道尔顿或更低。分子量是由通过使用聚苯乙烯标准物的凝胶渗透色谱的使用而测定的。本发明聚合物如由其中的重复单元数测得的聚合度优选至少为2,更优选至少为3。优选地,低聚物或聚合物表明的分散度(Mw/Mn)为5.0或更低,优选为3.0或更低,并且最优选为2.0或更低。
制备低聚物或聚合物的方法
本发明的化合物、低聚物和聚合物是由任何适宜的方法制备的,所述的方法包括缩合反应,如公知的“Suzuki反应”,如由N.Miyaua和A.Suzuki在Chemical Reviews,Vol.95,第457-2483页(1995)中所报道的。如由US-A-5,777,070中所教导的,可以通过加入相转移催化剂,将该钯催化的反应用于制备高分子量的聚合物和共聚物。该反应典型地在适宜的溶剂或稀释剂中在70℃至120℃进行。优选的溶剂包括芳族烃,如甲苯或二乙基苯,或脂族或芳族醚、酯或氨基甲酸酯,如四氢呋喃或二甲基甲酰胺。还可以采用上述溶剂或稀释剂的混合物。最优选的溶剂是甲苯。可以将含水碱,优选碳酸钠或碳酸氢钠,用作用于离去基团的反应产物通常是HBr的清除剂。根据试剂的反应性和期望产物的分子量,聚合反应可以进行1分钟至100小时。在这种反应中,可以加入作为链终止剂的单官能芳基卤或芳基硼化物(boronate),从而导致芳基端基的形成。
还可以使用镍催化的偶合反应,来进行在根据本发明的化合物形成中的只涉及二卤代-官能反应物的聚合方法。一种这样的偶合反应由Colon等描述于Journal of Polymer Science,Part A,Polymer Chemistry Edition,Vol.28,第367页(1990)(通过引用结合在此),和由Colon等描述于Journal of Organic Chemistry,Vol.51,第2627页(1986)。该反应典型地在含有催化量的镍盐、实质量的三苯膦和大量过量的锌粉的极性非质子溶剂(如,二甲基乙酰胺)中进行。该方法的变式由Ioyda等描述于Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan,Vol.63,第80页(1990),其中将可有机溶解的碘化物用作促进剂。另一种镍催化的偶合反应由Yamamoto公开于Progress in Polymer Science,Vol.17,第1153页(1992),其中将二卤代芳族化合物的混合物用在惰性溶剂中的过量镍(1,5-环辛二烯)配合物处理。所有的镍催化的偶合反应在应用于两种或更多种芳族二卤化物时得到实质上是无规的共聚物。这种聚合反应可以通过将少量的水加入至聚合反应混合物中而终止,从而用氢基团代替卤素端基。备选地,可以将单官能芳基卤用作链终止剂,导致芳基端基的形成。
含有共轭基团的共聚物
本发明的聚合物适宜地沿着骨架含有共轭不饱和基团。“共轭基团”是指含有由单一的共键价分开的两个或更多个双键、三键和/或芳族环的部分。可以将这种基团结合至聚合物中用来改变聚合物的吸光性、电离电位和/或电子性能。在此处所用的含共轭不饱和基团的共聚单体中存在的优选不饱和基团包括:烃的二价衍生物,如苯、萘、苊、菲、蒽、荧蒽、芘、红荧烯,和屈(本发明中用屈表示带草字头的屈)的二价衍生物;以及不饱和杂环基团,如下列化合物的二价衍生物:呋喃、噻吩、吡咯、噁唑、异噁唑、噻唑、异噻唑、咪唑、噁二唑、噻二唑、吡唑、吡啶、哒嗪、嘧啶、吡嗪、三嗪、四氮烯;苯并噁唑、苯并噻唑、苯并咪唑、喹啉、异喹啉、噌啉、喹唑啉、喹喔啉、2,3-二氮杂萘、苯并噻二唑、苯并三嗪、吩嗪、菲啶、吖啶、咔唑和二苯并呋喃。特别适宜的可共聚合共轭不饱和基团包括9,9-二取代的芴二基和三芳基胺基。
通过控制单体进料的顺序和组成,特别是在采用Suzuki反应时,可以控制在得到的共聚物中单体单元的排序。例如,可以通过下面的方法制备主要包含与交替的二芳基胺-共聚单体低聚物的短嵌段连接的聚芴二基均聚物的大嵌段的高分子量共聚物:首先以适宜的比率引入至反应适宜的反应物中,以制备交替的芴二基-共聚单体低聚物,接着引入余量的二芳基胺或其它单体,只要存在试剂即含硼或溴的试剂的总的化学计量平衡。
可以另外结合入本发明共聚物中的芳基胺基的实例是含有两个活性取代基的叔芳族胺。这种化合物导致将相应的三芳基胺残基包括在共聚物中。适宜的叔芳族胺的实例包括:三苯胺、烷基二芳基胺、N,N,N’,N’-四苯基联苯胺和N,N,N’,N’-四苯基-1,4-苯二胺。
通常,可将含有最多60个碳的可共聚共轭化合物用于本发明的目的。它们可以任选地被不对聚合物组合物的发光性能有害的一个或多个取代基所取代。适宜的取代基的实例包括:C1-20烃基、C1-20(硫代)烷氧基、C1-20(硫代)芳氧基、氰基、氟、氯、C1-20烷氧羰基、C1-20芳氧羰基、C1-20羧基和烷基(芳基)磺酰基。为已知的荧光猝灭剂的取代基如芳基羰基和硝基是不适宜的,并且应当避免。
聚合物共混物
可以将本发明的低聚物和聚合物用于形成至少两种聚合物的共混物。如果需要,共混物的一种或多种低聚物或聚合物可以是发光聚合物。适宜的是,共混物由一种或多种聚合材料组成,所述的聚合材料选自:聚苯乙烯、聚丁二烯、聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯)、聚(环氧乙烷)、苯氧基树脂、聚碳酸酯、聚酰胺、聚酯、聚氨酯、聚酰亚胺、交联的环氧树脂、交联的酚醛树脂、交联的丙烯酸酯树脂、和交联的氨基甲酸酯树脂。这些聚合物的实例可以发现于Preparative Methods of Polymer Chemistry,W.R.Sorenson和T.W.Campbell,Second Edition,Interscience Publishers(1968)。优选地,通过将未交联的组分共混,然后原位交联所述的组分,来形成包含交联聚合物的共混物。
优选地,共混物包含至少两种共轭半导体聚合物,并且在共混物中的聚合物之一的最大发射波长是在共混物中的至少一种其它的聚合物的最大吸收波长的25nm之内。特别适宜的是,共混物包含各自对应于本发明的两种聚合物的混合物,其量分别为0.1%至99.9%和99.9%至0.1%。
聚合物应用
本发明的低聚物和聚合物主要用于形成薄膜。这种薄膜可以用于制备在电子器件如有机发光二极管,特别是聚合物发光二极管、光电池、照明设备、光电二极管、传感器、薄膜晶体管和其它器件中的光致发光或荧光涂层以及中间层、保护涂层、电子传输和空穴传输层。涂层或薄膜的厚度取决于最终的应用。通常,这种厚度可以为0.01至200微米。当用作荧光涂层时,薄膜厚度适宜地为50至200微米。当用作电子保护层时,薄膜厚度适宜地为5至20微米。当用作聚合物发光二极管中的层时,薄膜厚度适宜地为0.001至2微米。本发明的低聚物或聚合物形成基本上没有针孔和其它缺陷的薄膜。可以由本领域公知的方法,包括旋涂、喷涂(包括喷墨印刷)、浸涂和辊涂,来制备这种薄膜。这种涂层是由这样的方法制备的,其中将包含本发明化合物、低聚物或聚合物的组合物涂覆至基材上,并且暴露于通常采用交联反应的方式形成薄膜这样的条件下。形成薄膜的条件取决于涂覆技术以及成薄膜部分的活性端基。优选地,溶液含有0.1至10重量%的本发明的低聚物或聚合物以及余量的溶剂。对于薄涂层,优选的是组合物含有0.5至5.0重量%的化合物、低聚物或聚合物。然后,将此组合物由适宜的方法涂覆于适宜的基材上,并且使溶剂蒸发。可以由真空和/或加热除去残余的溶剂。如果溶剂是低沸点的,那么低的溶液浓度,如0.1至2%是适宜的。如果溶剂是高沸点的,那么高的溶液浓度,如3至10%是适宜的。在除去溶剂之后,如果需要,于是将涂层暴露于对于固化该薄膜所必须的条件,从而制备具有高耐溶剂和热性的薄膜。这种薄膜优选厚度上基本是均匀的,并且基本上没有针孔。优选地,在暴露于100℃或更高,更优选为150℃或更高,并且最优选为200℃或更高的温度时将该薄膜固化。优选地,该薄膜在300℃或更低的温度下固化。
在制备薄膜时,组合物可以进一步包含可适宜用来有利于或引发交联方法的催化剂。这种催化剂是本领域中公知的,例如,对于含有烯属不饱和键的材料,可以使用自由基催化剂。对于含有缩水甘油醚作为端基的芳基部分,可以使用脲或咪唑。在由含有缩水甘油基醚取代的芳基作为端基部分的芴制备薄膜时,该材料可以与通常已知的有利于交联的固化剂反应。其中优选的固化剂是四氢邻苯二甲酸酐、甲基双环[2.2.1]-庚-2,3-二羧酸酐(桥亚甲基四氢化邻苯二甲酸酐)和马来酸酐。
在另一个适宜的实施方案中,在形成薄膜前,可以将单体和低聚物部分固化或B-级化。在这样的实施方案中,将组合物暴露于使得部分活性材料固化和部分活性材料不固化的条件。这通常用来改善组合物的加工性并且可以有利于薄膜的制备。然后,可以将这种B-级化材料用来由上面公开的方法制备涂层。优选地,在B-级化期间,使10至50%的活性部分反应。
本发明的再一方面涉及包含本发明聚合物的薄膜的有机场致发光(EL)器件。有机EL器件典型地由位于阳极和阴极之间与它们电接触的有机薄膜组成,所以当将正偏压施加至器件时,空穴从阳极注入至有机薄膜中,并且电子从阴极注入至有机薄膜中。随后空穴与电子的结合可以出现激发,这可以通过释放光子而经历辐射衰变至基态。实践中,阳极通常是铟和锡的混合氧化物(ITO),由于其高导电性和透明度而被采用。通常将该混合氧化物沉积在透明基材如玻璃和塑料上,使得可以观察到由有机薄膜发射的光。有机薄膜可以是几种单个层的复合材料,所述的层各自是为了独特的功能或目的而设计的。由于空穴是从阳极注入的,紧接着阳极的层适宜地具有传输空穴的功能性。类似地,紧接着阴极的层适宜地具有传输电子的功能性。在许多情况下,空穴或电子传输层也起着发射层的作用。在某些情况下,一层履行空穴传输、电子传输和发光的组合功能。通常,包含本发明的聚合物的薄膜在电子器件中起着缓冲层或空穴传输层的作用。除了上述聚合物薄膜层外,如果需要,可以将通过热蒸发沉积的小分子的薄膜结合入电子器件中。优选的是有机薄膜的总厚度小于1000nm,更优选小于500nm,最优选小于300nm。本发明一个实施方案是EL器件,其中有机薄膜包含本发明的至少一种聚合物组合物。
起阳极作用的ITO表面通常在用洗涤剂水溶液、有机溶剂、和/或UV或等离子体产生的臭氧处理首次清洁暴露的表面后可以用根据本发明的薄膜涂布。如果需要,它还可以用导电物质的薄层涂布,以有利于空穴注入。适宜的导电物质包括铜酞菁、聚苯胺和聚(3,4-亚乙二氧基-噻吩)(PEDT);在后两种中,在它们的导电形式中,是通过用强有机酸如聚(苯乙烯磺酸)掺杂而制备的。优选的是,使用时,导电层的厚度为200nm或更低,更优选为100nm或更低。
可以将本发明的化合物用于制备多层器件中的中间层,或作为形成空穴传输聚合物层的化合物的混合物的一种组分,或作为在多层电子器件特别是场致发光器件中的单独空穴传输层。在使用不同于本发明的空穴传输聚合物的情况下,可以采用已知的空穴传导聚合物,如聚乙烯咔唑或在美国专利5,728,801或5,929,194中所公开的聚合的芳基胺。该层对接着将涂布的共聚物薄膜的溶液的侵蚀的耐性显然对于多层器件的成功制造是关键的。因此,本发明的共聚物通常由在有机溶剂如二甲苯或甲苯中的溶液涂覆,其中空穴传输层是不溶性的。通过用包含根据本发明的交联聚合物的中间层覆盖或保护空穴传输聚合物,可以保护空穴传输聚合物不受随后在电子器件的制造中采用的试剂或溶剂的影响。根据本发明的空穴传输层或中间层的厚度适宜地为500nm或更低,优选为300nm或更低,最优选为150nm或更低。
如果使用,可以通过低分子量的材料的热蒸发,或通过聚合物的溶液涂布,如根据本发明的聚合物的溶液涂布,使用不显著地损坏任何前面沉积的薄膜层的溶剂,来涂覆适宜的电子传输层。常规用于形成电子传输层的低分子量材料的实例包括:8-羟基喹啉的金属配合物(如由Burrows等在Applied Physics Letters,Vol.64,第2718-2720页(1994)中所述)、10-羟基苯并(h)喹啉的金属配合物(如由Hamada等在Chemistry Letters,第906-906页(1993)中所述)、1,3,4-噁二唑(如由Hamada等在Optoelectronics-Devices and Technologies,Vol.7,第83-93页(1992)中所述)、1,3,4-三唑(如由Kido等在Chemistry Letters,第47-48页(1996)中所述),以及苝的二甲酰亚胺(如由Yoshida等在Applied Physics Letters,Vol.69,第734-736页(1996)中所述)。
除了本发明的那些之外的聚合物电子传输材料由以下材料示例:含1,3,4-噁二唑的聚合物(如由Li等在Journal of Chemical Society,第2211-2212页(1995),由Yang和Pei在Journal of Applied Physics.Vol 77,第4807-4809页(1995)中所述)、含1,3,4-三唑的聚合物(如由Strukelj等在Science,Vol.267,第1969-1972页(1995)中所述)、含喹喔啉的聚合物(如由Yamamoto等在Japan Journal of Applied Physics,Vol.33,第L250-L253(1994)页,O’Brien等在Synthetic Metals,Vol.76,第105-108页(1996)中所述),以及氰基-PPV(如由Weaver等在Thin Solid Films.Vol.273,第39-47页(1996)中所述)。该层的厚度可以为500nm或更低,优选为300nm或更低,最优选为150nm或更低。
在电子器件中的最后一层通常是阴极,其可以由任何导电材料,优选金属形成。适合金属的实例包括锂、钙、镁、铟、银、铝、或上述金属的共混物和合金。根据已知的技术,可以通过热蒸发或溅射来沉积金属阴极。阴极的厚度可以为100nm至10,000nm。优选金属为钙、镁、铟和铝。还可以使用这些金属的合金。特别优选包含1至5%锂的铝合金和包含至少80%镁的镁合金。
当承受50伏或更低的施加电压时,本发明的EL器件发光。如果需要,可以向成品器件的一个或多个暴露表面涂覆包封或保护涂层。
在一个优选实施方案中,场致发光器件包含至少一种空穴传输聚合物薄膜和发光聚合物薄膜,其中至少一种包含本发明的聚合物,它们安置在阳极材料和阴极材料之间,以便在施加的电压下,当器件被正向偏压时,空穴从阳极材料注入到空穴传输聚合物薄膜并且电子从阴极材料注入到发光聚合物薄膜,导致光从发光层发射。在另一个优选的实施方案中,安置空穴传输聚合物层,以便离阳极最近的层具有较低氧化电位,同时邻近层具有逐渐增高的氧化电位。通过这些方法,可以制备具有单位电压相对高的光输出的场致发光器件。
此处使用的术语“空穴传输聚合物薄膜”是指聚合物的薄膜层,其在被安置在被施加电场的两个电极之间并且从阳极注入空穴时,允许足够的空穴传输进入发光聚合物中。此处使用的术语“发光聚合物薄膜”是指聚合物的薄膜层,其受激态可以通过发出光子,优选符合可见光范围的波长,而弛豫到基态。此处使用的术语“阳极材料”是指功函在4.5电子伏特(eV)和5.5eV之间的半透明或透明的导电薄膜。实例是金,以及铟和锡的氧化物和混合氧化物。此处使用的术语“阴极材料”是指优选功函在2.5eV和4.5eV之间的导电薄膜。
本发明的单体由于可归于此的化学性能而具有显著的商业优点。具体地,可以列举下面的显著益处。
1.材料溶解度的控制-根据本发明的聚合物可以由各种标准溶剂加工成为薄膜。加热该薄膜从而导致出现固化反应后,聚合物的溶解度下降,并且如果存在足够的可固化单体,可能变成完全不溶的。这允许厂商由普通溶剂制备多层器件。在没有能力固化薄膜的情况下,涂覆第二层将溶解或侵蚀在先的层。
2.提高的玻璃化转变温度-线性半导体聚合物是热塑性的,并且在材料软化的温度下显示玻璃化转变温度。在电子器件中,特别是在制造过程中,有时它的优势在于具有高Tg或根本没有Tg。存在的b-级化聚合物的热分析在固化之前具有Tg,并且在固化反应后Tg提高或消失。通过聚合物中的官能单体量控制Tg的改变量。高度交联(较高水平的官能单体)的聚合物没有Tg。
3.热尺寸稳定性-因为固化聚合物是交联的,它们通过加热(Tg)不软化,因此具有改善的尺寸稳定性。在薄膜/电子器件中有利地使用具有低热膨胀系数的聚合物。
4.改善的电子器件性能-使用本发明的可固化单体,特别是通过使用较高薄膜干燥温度制造聚合物发光二极管,获得了显著改善的效率和寿命。
5.改善的薄膜性能-通过固化反应提高聚合物的分子量,与使用较低分子量的预固化材料相比,薄膜的强度和硬度得以提高。这些对大多数的薄膜用途,包括在电子器件中的使用,是重要性能。
6.可更高的分子量-通过在固化活性温度下加热在溶剂中或纯的或固态下的上面材料,可以从预固化前体的分子量提高到本发明聚合物的分子量。这些基团还可以与可以加入到聚合物中的其它基团反应,以得到通过控制固化度提供多种分子量产品的能力。
7.结晶度和形态学的控制-本发明聚合物中的可固化官能团的存在允许根据存在的交联官能团的量制备支化聚合物网络或高度交联的网络。因为半导体、多共轭的聚合物倾向于半结晶,聚合物链的定位,导致可能出现晶体形成。通过交联官能团引入支点中断未固化聚合物结晶或定位的趋势。
8.提高的聚合物寿命-通过聚合物链结合在一起,交联“凝固”聚合物的形态。控制聚合薄膜的形态和确保它不随时间变化对薄膜电子用途中使用的聚合物是有利的性能。
清楚地表明,可以采用优选的或适宜的,更优选的或更适宜的,特别优选的或特别适宜的,或最优选的或最适宜的取代基、范围、最终使用、方法的上述公开内容,或与本发明的任何一个实施方案的组合,以及本发明任何其它的上述及随后的实施方案,独立于任何其它具体的取代基、范围、使用、方法或组合的特性。
下面包括的实施例仅用于举例说明的目的,不是意在限制权利要求的范围。除非另外说明,从上下文或本领域中传统的暗示,此处的所有份和百分比都是基于重量。应当理解的是本发明可以在没有具体公开的任何组分的不存在下操作。如果使用,术语“过夜”是指大约16-18小时,并且如果使用,“室温”是指约20-25℃。
实施例1
使用典型的Suzuki偶合反应条件制备下面6种单体单元的交联聚合物。使用的各种单体单元量公布于表1中。得到的聚合物组成公布于表2中。
单体
单体合成
1)C6BE(2,7-二(1,3,2-二氧杂硼环戊烷(dioxaborolan)-2-基)-9,9-二辛基芴)
500mL的三颈圆底烧瓶,配备有悬挂式搅拌器、加液漏斗和与氮气管线连接的冷凝器,装入2,7-二溴-9,9-二辛基芴(21.9g,40mmol)和THF(200mL)。搅拌混合物和在丙酮干冰浴中冷却至约-77℃。有通氮的情况下,在约10分钟,滴加正-丁基锂(2.5M的己烷溶液,33.6mL,84mmol)。形成黄色溶液,其逐步转变为混浊。在-77℃再搅拌混合物90分钟。然后,在混合物转变为稠白色凝胶状材料期间,滴加三-异丙基硼酸酯(22.6g,120mmol),历时15分钟。移走冷却浴,将混合物温暖至环境温度。再强力搅拌混合物2小时。慢慢地将混合物倾倒入装有500g碎冰和100mL的浓盐酸的烧杯,然后转移到分液漏斗中,并且用甲苯(3×200mL)萃取。合并萃取物,用饱和的盐水(2×100mL)洗涤,并且通过旋转蒸发,将体积减少至约250mL。HPLC分析表明样品包含>90%的二硼酸(diboronic acid)中间体。
向在500mL的配备有磁搅拌器和与冷凝器连接的迪安和斯达克分水器的三颈圆底烧瓶中的上述溶液中,加入1,2-亚乙基二醇(7.5g,120mmol)。在氮气下,搅拌并且回流混合物6小时,并且排出约25mL的甲苯-水共沸物。通过旋转蒸发,去除溶剂,通过在冰箱中的冷却,从己烷结晶剩余油。得到的产品是白色晶体粉末材料,17.5g(82.5%)。HPLC分析表明产品的纯度>99%。1H和13C-NMR光谱与期望产品的结构一致。
2)C6Br2(2,7-二溴-9,9-二己基芴)
1升的三颈圆底烧瓶,配备有悬挂式搅拌器、加液漏斗和与氮气管线连接的冷凝器,装入2,7-二溴-芴(65.2g,0.20mol)、氢氧化钠水溶液(50%,80mL,1.00mol)、苄基三乙基氯化铵(4.0g,17.56mmol)和DMSO(235mL)。通过冷凝器慢慢地用氮气吹扫,在强力搅拌下,滴加正-己基溴(87.4g,0.53mol)。在15分钟内,将反应温度提高到约85℃,反应物的颜色变为蓝色。使反应搅拌2小时直到温度降到环境温度。向带有冰/水(~600mL)和浓盐酸(101ml)的烧杯中,逐渐加入该蓝色非均相材料。搅拌得到的混合物30分钟,并且过滤沉积物,用水洗涤并且在空气中干燥。然后,在乙腈(800mL)中机械搅拌粗产物12小时。通过过滤收集产物,用乙腈洗涤,在40℃的真空炉中干燥12小时,得到93.5g(95%)的灰白粉末材料。HPLC分析表明产品的纯度>98%。
为了进一步净化,在甲苯(200mL)中溶解上述粗产物(50g),使其通过填充有CeliteTM商标的助滤剂(7×1cm)、硅胶(7×15cm)和CeliteTM(7×1cm)的柱,该柱用甲苯洗脱。通过旋转蒸发,去除溶剂,并且从甲苯-乙醇中结晶剩余稠油。通过过滤收集产物,用乙醇洗涤,并且在40℃的真空炉中干燥16小时。得到46g(92%)的淡黄色针状物。1H和13C-NMR光谱与期望产物的结构一致。
3)ADB(N,N’-二(4-溴苯基)-N,N’-二(3-乙氧羰基苯基)-联苯胺)
1升的三颈圆底烧瓶,配备有悬挂式搅拌器、装有回流冷凝器和氮气线的迪安和斯达克(Dean-Stark)接收器,装入N,N’-二苯基联苯胺(60.0g,178mmol)、3-碘苯甲酸乙酯(123g,445mmol)、青铜粉末(27g,502mmol)、粉末碳酸钾(66g,478mmol)和1,2-二氯苯(390mL)。通过冷凝器慢慢用氮气吹扫,在加热罩中,放置反应容器,并且将搅拌反应物进行搅拌,在220℃缓和地回流16小时。在该时间期间收集约25mL的水-二氯苯。HPLC分析表明99%产物形成。冷却后,通过CeliteTM层过滤混合物,以去除固体材料。用甲苯洗涤celite。合并滤出液,并且通过旋转蒸发,去除大部分溶剂。再用Krugerlrohr仪器去除溶剂剩余物,以提供褐色粘性油。通过氧化铝柱(碱性)的快速色谱法和溶剂的去除,提供稠油,其在环境温度放置凝固。从甲苯-乙醇中结晶,提供97.8g(87%)的产物N,N’-二(3-苯基羧酸乙酯)-联苯胺,为淡黄色粉末材料。
向1000mL的配备有机械搅拌器、加液漏斗和氮气管线的三颈圆底烧瓶中,加入N,N’-二(3-苯基羧酸乙酯)-联苯胺(40g,63mmol)和二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)(250mL)。向搅拌混合物中,滴加N-溴琥珀酰亚胺(23g,129mmol)在DMF(70mL)中的溶液,历时20分钟。在环境温度下搅拌混合物3小时。在该期间,产物从溶液中沉积出来。然后,向混合物中加入乙醇(150mL),继续搅拌1小时。通过过滤收集固体,用乙醇洗涤,并且在空气中干燥。将粗产物溶解于甲苯中,使其通过用甲苯洗脱的短硅胶柱。通过旋转蒸发,去除溶剂,并且从甲苯-乙醇中再结晶剩余固体。通过过滤收集产物,用乙醇洗涤,并且在65℃的真空炉中干燥8小时,得到33.6g(68%)的白色针状物。HPLC分析表明产物的纯度>98%。1H和13C-NMR光谱与期望产物的结构一致。
4)PPPBr2(2,7-二溴-9,9-二联苯基芴)
1L的三颈圆底烧瓶,配备有悬挂式搅拌器和与氮气管线连接的冷凝器,装入4-溴联苯(23.3g,100mmol)和己烷(250mL)。向搅拌混合物中,通过隔薄膜用注射器滴加正-BuLi(41mL,102mmol,2.5M的己烷溶液)。然后,搅拌得到的混合物,并且温和回流加热1小时。在异丙醇/干冰浴中冷却混合物至-70℃,并且在该过程期间锂盐沉积。用无水THF(100mL)滴加稀释得到的悬浮液。并且滴加在50mL的无水THF中的4,4-二溴联苯基-2-羧酸酯(17.8g,50mmol)的溶液。在-70℃搅拌混合物30分钟,然后使其温暖至环境温度,并且再搅拌3小时。用水(40mL)猝灭反应,然后用稀盐酸酸化。用乙醚(3×100mL)萃取混合物,并且用饱和盐水洗涤合并的乙醚溶液,用MgSO4干燥,过滤和浓缩,得到稠油。
在500mL的配备有悬挂式搅拌器和与氮气管线连接的回流冷凝器和含有该油的三颈圆底烧瓶中,加入乙酸(100mL)。慢慢加入浓硫酸(5mL),并且在125℃搅拌和加热混合物3小时。冷却后,加入乙醇(50mL),并且搅拌混合物30分钟。通过过滤收集得到的沉积物,用乙醇洗涤,并且在空气中干燥。
在二氯甲烷(150mL)中溶解粗产物,用碳酸钠(100mL,0.2M)洗涤,并且用MgSO4干燥。使溶液通过硅胶柱(4.5×15cm),并且用二氯甲烷洗脱。收集包含产物的馏分,并且去除溶剂。从CH2Cl2/CH3CN中再结晶残余固体,得到24.8g(79%)的白色晶体产物。通过HPLC分析的纯度接近100%。1H和13C-NMR光谱与DPPBr2的结构一致。
5)PFBBr2(N,N’-二苯基-N,N’-二-(4-正-丁基苯基)-1,4-苯二胺)
1000mL的三颈圆底烧瓶,配备有悬挂式搅拌器和与氮气管线连接的回流冷凝器,装入乙酸钯(405mg,1.8mmol)、三-邻-甲苯基膦(1.21g,3.9mmol)和甲苯(30mL)。在环境温度下,搅拌该混合物10分钟,直到形成均匀黄色溶液。向该溶液中,加入N,N’-二苯基-1,4-苯二胺(11.7g,45mmol)、4-正-丁基溴苯(21.3g,100mmol)、叔-丁醇钠(9.61g,100mmol)和更多的甲苯(370mL)。通过冷凝器慢慢用氮气吹扫,将反应容器放置在油浴中,加热回流搅拌的反应混合物12小时。向冷却的混合物中,加入浓盐酸(38%,11mL),并且继续搅拌1小时。使该溶液通过短柱(中性氧化铝,6.5×11cm),并且用甲苯洗脱。蒸发掉大部分溶剂,再用Krugerlrohr仪器去除剩余溶剂,提供淡褐色粘性油。从丙酮/甲醇中再结晶,提供15.9g(67%)产物,为白色薄片(flacks)。HPLC分析表明产物的纯度>98%。1H和13C-NMR光谱与产物N,N’-二苯基-N,N’-二-(4-正-丁基苯基)-1,4-苯二胺一致。
向500mL的配备有机械搅拌器、与氮气管线连接的冷凝器的三颈圆底烧瓶中,加入N,N’-二苯基-N,N’-二-(4-正-丁基苯基)-1,4-苯二胺(10.50g,20.0mmol)、DMF(80mL)和THF(80mL)。向搅拌混合物中,加入N-溴琥珀酰亚胺(7.92g,44.0mmol)在20mL的DMF中的溶液,历时10分钟。然后,在环境温度下搅拌得到的混合物3小时。通过旋转蒸发器,将溶剂的体积减少至约50mL。加入乙醇(150mL),并且在环境温度下搅拌混合物1小时。通过过滤收集粗产物,用乙醇洗涤,并且在空气中干燥。在甲苯(100mL)中再溶解产物,并且使该溶液通过用甲苯洗脱的中性氧化铝柱(6.5×10cm)的快速色谱。通过旋转蒸发,除去溶剂,并且从丙酮-乙醇中再结晶剩余物。通过过滤收集产物,用乙醇洗涤,在65℃的真空炉中干燥8小时,得到13.7g(86%)的白色针状物。HPLC分析表明产物的纯度接近100%。1H和13C-NMR光谱与PFBBr2的结构一致。
6)DBS(2,7-二溴-9,9-二(乙烯基苄基)芴)
在氮气气氛下,将2,7-二溴芴(6.5g,20mmol)和4-乙烯基苄基氯(6.72g,44mmol)放置在500mL的圆底三颈烧瓶中。将100mL的二甲亚砜(DMSO)与1.00g的苄基三乙氯化铵相转化催化剂一起加入。开始搅拌,并且加入20mL的50%的NaOH水溶液。加入另外的DMSO(40mL),并且加热溶液至60℃2小时。将该溶液倾倒在冰上,并且加入250mL的1N HCl水溶液。搅拌1小时后,回收该固体,并且用水漂洗,干燥。在甲醇中溶解该产物,过滤,用甲醇和水漂洗,并且在55℃的真空炉中干燥过夜。
表1
单体 | 纯度(%) | MW | mmol | 使用的克数 |
C6BE | 99.9 | 474.26 | 6.8110 | 3.2339 |
C6Br2 | 99.8 | 492.34 | 4.9431 | 2.4384 |
ADB | 99.5 | 790.55 | 0.6937 | 0.5512 |
DPPBr2 | 99.0 | 628.41 | 0.3469 | 0.2179 |
PFBBr2 | 99.0 | 682.54 | 0.6937 | 0.4782 |
DBS | 100.0 | 556.33 | 0.3469 | 0.1930 |
表2
聚合物单元 | MW | 摩尔比率 | 重量% |
C6-C6 | 665.06 | 0.70 | 64.2 |
C6-ADB | 963.27 | 0.10 | 13.4 |
C6-DPP | 801.13 | 0.05 | 5.6 |
C6-PFBB | 855.26 | 0.10 | 11.9 |
C6-DBS | 825.59 | 0.05 | 5.8 |
将所列出的反应物,与四(三苯膦)钯催化剂(7.5mg,65.8mmol)、Na2CO3(15ml的2M水溶液)、三辛基(capryl)甲基氯化铵表面活性剂(0.97g)和35mL的甲苯装入250mL的三颈圆底烧瓶,其配备氮气管线、悬挂式搅拌、冷凝器和用于加热的油浴。在95℃油浴中加热混合物约19小时。在反应过程中有机相的粘度慢慢升高。得到淡黄色稍粘性的甲苯溶液。由扫描电子量热法(SEC)测量的分子量为80K。通过加入0.1g的溴苯和0.15g的苯基硼酸并且再加热至95℃4至6小时,封端该产物。
冷却后,除去水层,用水洗涤有机层,并且将混合物放回至含有二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠盐三水合物的烧瓶并且加热至80℃,使其搅拌过夜。冷却后,除去水层,并且用2%的乙酸(2×300mL)水溶液洗涤有机层两次。使用甲苯作为洗脱液,使剩余的有机溶液通过填充有硅藻土助滤剂、硅胶、碱性氧化铝和第二层硅藻土的柱。通过旋转蒸发,浓缩收集的溶液,并且从甲醇中沉积。通过抽吸过滤,收集聚合物,空气干燥,然后在50℃的真空炉中放置过夜干燥。将干燥的聚合物再溶解在甲苯中,从甲醇中沉积、过滤,并且在50℃的真空炉中放置以干燥。通过SEC测量的分离出的聚合物的分子量为94K。
通过在差示扫描量热计中加热少量样品,制备固化交联的组合物。在第一次加热下,拐点位于132℃,其中放热曲线的峰在158℃和214℃。第二加热扫描仅显示位于117℃的单个拐点,由此表明样品完全被交联。
实施例2
下面的反应路线公开了含有可交联的苯并环丁烷官能团的三芳基胺二溴化物化合物的制备,及其在与9,9-二(乙烯基苄基)-2,7-芴基二硼化物和二(对-溴苯基)(对-异丁基苯基)胺的聚合反应中的应用,以制备根据本发明的可交联共聚物。
在该路线中,“o-tolyl”表示“邻甲苯基”,“toluene”表示“甲苯”,“surfactant”表示“表面活性剂”。
A)二苯基苯并环丁烷胺的合成
向500ml的配备有机械搅拌器、氮气入口和回流冷凝器(具有氮气出口)的三颈圆底烧瓶中,将乙酸钯(II)(196mg,1.20mmol)和三(邻-甲苯基)膦(731mg,2.40mmol)加入至100ml甲苯中。在氮气下,于室温搅拌混合物,直到钯催化剂溶解,并且溶液变成黄色。加入二苯胺(20.0g,118mmol)、溴苯并环丁烷(23.8g,130mmol)和400ml甲苯,接着加入叔-丁醇钠(22.8g,237mmol)。通过叔-丁醇钠的加入,反应混合物变成黑色。在氮气下加热回流反应混合物22小时。通过加入30ml的1M HCl水溶液猝灭反应。用2M的Na2CO3(100ml)洗涤甲苯层,然后使甲苯溶液通过碱性氧化铝。甲苯的蒸发得到黄色油。通过搅拌该油与异丙醇,使产物沉积。收集固体,并且从热异丙醇中再结晶。1H NMR(CDCl3-d)δ:7.3-6.8(m,13H,Ar),3.12(d,4H,-CH2CH2-)。
B)二(4-溴苯基)苯并环丁烷胺(1)的合成
向250ml的圆底烧瓶中,将二苯基苯并环丁烷胺(8.00g,29.5mmol)加入至100ml含有5滴冰乙酸的二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)。向搅拌的溶液中,加入N-溴琥珀酰亚胺(NBS,10.5g,60.7mmol,1.97当量)。在搅拌5小时后,通过将反应混合物倾倒入600ml的甲醇/水(体积1∶1)而猝灭反应。通过过滤,回收灰色固体,并且从异丙醇中再结晶。1H NMR(CDCl3-d)δ:7.3(d,4H,Ar),7.0(d,4H,Ar),6.95(t,Ar),6.8(s,Ar),3.12(d,4H,-CH2CH2-)。
C)2,7-二(1,3,2-二氧硼环戊烷)-9,9-二(对-乙烯基苄基)芴的合成
基本上根据单体合成1的技术,通过三-异丙基硼酸酯与2,7-二溴-9,9-二(对-乙烯基苄基)芴(DBS)的反应,合成该单体。
D)聚合物的合成
基本重复实施例1中的聚合物形成条件,生成根据本发明的聚合物。
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- 2004-10-25 CN CN2012100346458A patent/CN102585172A/zh active Pending
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Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109689617A (zh) * | 2016-11-25 | 2019-04-26 | 株式会社Lg化学 | 芴衍生物、使用其的有机发光器件及其制造方法 |
CN109689617B (zh) * | 2016-11-25 | 2021-12-14 | 株式会社Lg化学 | 芴衍生物、使用其的有机发光器件及其制造方法 |
CN111948903A (zh) * | 2019-05-16 | 2020-11-17 | 信越化学工业株式会社 | 有机膜形成用组成物、图案形成方法、以及聚合物 |
CN115160156A (zh) * | 2021-04-01 | 2022-10-11 | 广东聚华印刷显示技术有限公司 | 有机化合物、聚合物、组合物及其应用 |
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US20110105711A1 (en) | 2011-05-05 |
TWI364447B (en) | 2012-05-21 |
US20070063191A1 (en) | 2007-03-22 |
JP4714153B2 (ja) | 2011-06-29 |
CN1882632A (zh) | 2006-12-20 |
TW201229002A (en) | 2012-07-16 |
KR101217942B1 (ko) | 2013-01-02 |
JP2007514654A (ja) | 2007-06-07 |
TWI382078B (zh) | 2013-01-11 |
KR20120001810A (ko) | 2012-01-04 |
TW200517472A (en) | 2005-06-01 |
GB2424896A (en) | 2006-10-11 |
JP5398955B2 (ja) | 2014-01-29 |
WO2005049689A2 (en) | 2005-06-02 |
CN1882632B (zh) | 2012-04-04 |
WO2005049548A1 (en) | 2005-06-02 |
WO2005049689A3 (en) | 2005-07-21 |
US7956350B2 (en) | 2011-06-07 |
TW200517473A (en) | 2005-06-01 |
GB0611892D0 (en) | 2006-07-26 |
GB2424896B (en) | 2008-02-27 |
JP2007528916A (ja) | 2007-10-18 |
US7893160B2 (en) | 2011-02-22 |
KR20060127853A (ko) | 2006-12-13 |
US20070102695A1 (en) | 2007-05-10 |
JP2013014770A (ja) | 2013-01-24 |
KR101217899B1 (ko) | 2013-01-02 |
DE112004002221T5 (de) | 2007-01-18 |
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