CN102272291A - 人胚胎干细胞向胰腺内分泌谱系的分化 - Google Patents
人胚胎干细胞向胰腺内分泌谱系的分化 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了用于增加表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中MAFA的表达的方法,所述方法包括在含有足以引起MAFA表达增加的量的细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂的培养基中培养表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞的步骤。
Description
本发明要求在2008年10月31日提交的专利申请No.61/110,287的优先权。
技术领域
本发明提供了促进多能干细胞分化的方法。具体地讲,本发明提供一种提高表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中的MAFA的表达的方法。
背景技术
用于I型糖尿病的细胞替代疗法的进展以及可移植胰岛的缺乏已使得注意力集中在开发适于移植物移入的胰岛素生成细胞或β细胞的来源上。一种方法是从多能干细胞,例如胚胎干细胞产生功能性β细胞。
在脊椎动物的胚胎发育中,多能细胞可在称为原肠胚形成的过程中产生包括三个胚层(外胚层、中胚层和内胚层)的一组细胞。诸如例如甲状腺、胸腺、胰腺、肠和肝脏之类的组织将从内胚层经由中间阶段发育而来。该过程中的中间阶段是形成定形内胚层。定形内胚层细胞可表达多种标记物,例如HNF-3β、GATA4、MIXL1、CXCR4和SOX17。
定形内胚层分化成胰腺内胚层导致形成胰腺。胰腺内胚层细胞表达胰-十二指肠同源盒基因PDX1。在不存在PDX1时,胰腺形成腹胰芽和背胰芽后不再发育。因而,PDX1表达标志着胰腺器官发生中的一个关键步骤。除了其他细胞类型,成熟的胰腺还包括外分泌组织和内分泌组织。外分泌和内分泌组织来自胰腺内胚层的分化。
据报道,从小鼠的胚胎细胞衍生了带有胰岛细胞特征的细胞。例如,Lumelsky等人(Science 292:1389,2001)报道了小鼠胚胎干细胞向类似胰岛的胰岛素分泌结构的分化。Soria等人(Diabetes 49:157,2000)报道,衍生自小鼠胚胎干细胞的胰岛素分泌细胞使链脲佐菌素诱导的糖尿病小鼠中的血糖变正常。
在一个例子中,Hori等人(PNAS 99:16105,2002)揭示,用磷酸肌醇3-激酶(LY294002)的抑制剂处理小鼠胚胎干细胞,产生了类似β细胞的细胞。
在另一例子中,Blyszczuk等人(PNAS 100:998,2003)报道,从组成型表达Pax4的小鼠胚胎干细胞产生了胰岛素生成细胞。
Micallef等人报道说,视黄酸可调节胚胎干细胞定向形成Pdx1阳性胰腺内胚层。在对应于胚胎的原肠胚形成末的期间,加入胚胎干细胞分化第4天的培养物中时视黄酸是诱导Pdx1最有效的(Diabetes54:301,2005)。
Miyazaki等人报道了过表达Pdx1的小鼠胚胎干细胞系。他们的结果显示,外源Pdx1表达在所得的分化细胞中明显增强了胰岛素、生长抑素、葡萄糖激酶、神经元素3、P48、Pax6和HNF6基因的表达(Diabetes 53:1030,2004)。
Skoudy等人报道说,激活素A(TGF-β超级族的成员)能上调小鼠胚胎干细胞中的胰腺外分泌基因(p48和淀粉酶)和内分泌基因(Pdx1、胰岛素和胰高血糖素)的表达。使用1nM激活素A时观察到最大的效果。他们还观察到,胰岛素和Pdx1 mRNA的表达水平不受视黄酸的影响;然而,3nM FGF7处理导致Pdx1的转录水平升高(Biochem.J.379:749,2004)。
Shiraki等人研究了能特征性增强胚胎干细胞分化成Pdx1阳性细胞的生长因子的效果。他们观察到,TGF-β2可再现地产生更高比例的Pdx1阳性细胞(Genes Cells.2005年6月;10(6):503-16)。
Gordon等人阐明了在不存在血清的情况下和在存在激活素连同Wnt信号转导抑制剂的情况下从小鼠胚胎干细胞诱导brachyury+/HNF-3β+内胚层细胞(US 2006/0003446A1)。
Gordon等人(PNAS,第103卷,第16806页,2006年)声称:“Wnt和TGF-β/nodal/激活素信号转导同时为前原条的产生所必需”。
然而,胚胎干细胞发育的小鼠模型可能不会完全模拟高等哺乳动物(例如人)中的发育程序。
Thomson等人从人胚泡分离了胚胎干细胞(Science 282:114,1998)。同时,Gearhart和其同事从胎儿生殖腺组织衍生了人胚胎生殖(hEG)细胞系(Shamblott等人,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 95:13726,1998)。与可简单通过与白血病抑制因子(LIF)一起培养来防止分化的小鼠胚胎干细胞不一样,人胚胎干细胞必须维持在非常特殊的条件下(美国专利No.6,200,806、WO 99/20741、WO 01/51616)。
D’Amour等人描述了在高浓度激活素和低血清的存在下产生人胚胎干细胞衍生的定形内胚层的富集培养物(Nature Biotechnology2005)。将这些细胞移植到小鼠的肾囊下,导致分化成具有某些内胚层器官的特性的更成熟细胞。在加入FGF-10之后,人胚胎干细胞衍生的定形内胚层细胞可进一步分化成Pdx1阳性细胞(US2005/0266554A1)。
D’Amour等人(Nature Biotechnology-24,1392-1401(2006))声称:“我们已开发出一种将人胚胎干(hES)细胞转化成能够合成胰腺激素即胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素、胰多肽和生长素释放素(ghrelin)的内分泌细胞的分化方法。该方法通过引导细胞经过通向能表达内分泌激素的细胞的类似定形内胚层、肠管内胚层、胰腺内胚层和内分泌前体的各阶段,来模拟体内胰腺器官发生。”
在另一个例子中,Fisk等人报道了用于从人胚胎干细胞产生胰岛细胞的系统(US2006/0040387A1)。在这个情况中,分化途径分成三个阶段。首先用丁酸钠和激活素A的组合使人胚胎干细胞分化成内胚层。然后将细胞与TGF-β拮抗剂(例如成头蛋白(Noggin))结合EGF或β细胞素一起进行培养,以产生Pdx1阳性细胞。通过烟酰胺诱导终末分化。
在一个例子中,Benvenistry等人声称:“我们得出结论认为,Pdx1的过表达增强了胰腺富集基因(pancreatic enriched genes)的表达,胰岛素表达的诱导可能需要另外的仅存在于体内的信号(Benvenistry等人,Stem Cells 2006;24:1923-1930)。”
细胞周期蛋白和β细胞功能有关系。例如,Lilja等人报道Cdk5存在于胰岛素分泌胰腺β-细胞中(J.Biol.Chem.,276卷,36期,34199-34205,2001年9月7日)。Lilja等人称“Cdk5存在于β-细胞中并充当胰岛素胞外分泌的正调节因子。”
在另一实例中,Marzo等人声称“Cdk4基因敲入小鼠具有显著增加的β-细胞群并具有生理功能,从而表明Cdk4是1型糖尿病中胰腺β细胞群再生的潜在靶点”(Diabetalogia,47卷第4期,686-694页,2004年4月1日)。
在另一个实施例中,Ubeda等人报道抑制细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶5活性可保护胰腺β细胞不受糖毒性的影响(J.Biol.Chem.,281卷,39期,28858-28864页,2006年9月29日)。
在另一个实例中,Wei等人报道了葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌的Cdk5依赖性调控(Nature Medicine 11,第1104-1108页,(2005年10月1日))。
在另一个实例中,Vanderford等人声称“MafA”是在胰腺的β细胞内表达的碱性亮氨酸拉链转录因子,并因其涉及β细胞生物学的多个方面而需要其来维持正常葡萄糖内稳态。已知MafA蛋白水平通过尚未完全表征的机制响应高葡萄糖而增加。我们调查了分立的细胞内信号转导事件是否会控制mafA表达。我们发现通用激酶抑制剂星孢菌素在不会改变蛋白质稳定性的情况下诱导mafA表达。MAP激酶JNK的抑制模拟了星孢菌素对mafA表达的影响。钙调蛋白激酶和钙信号转导在高葡萄糖刺激mafA表达方面也是重要的。然而,星孢菌素、JNK和钙调蛋白激酶对胰岛素表达的诱导具有不同影响。这些数据反映MafA水平由多条激酶通路的协同作用紧密控制(Archives ofBiochemistry and Biophysics(2008),doi:10.1016/j.abb.2008.10.001)。
因此,仍非常需要研究出用于使多能干细胞分化为胰腺内分泌细胞、胰腺激素表达细胞或胰腺激素分泌细胞的方法。本发明提供增加表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中MAFA的表达的方法。
发明内容
在一个实施例中,本发明提供了用于增加表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中MAFA的表达的方法,所述方法包括在含有足以引起MAFA表达增加的量的细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂的培养基中培养表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞的步骤。
附图说明
图1中分图a示出来自EMD Calbiochem激酶抑制剂库的化合物对由实时PCR确定的表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中胰岛素与胰高血糖素表达之比的影响。数字字母混合标记对应于表1所示的化合物种类。分图b示出来自EMD Calbiochem激酶抑制剂库的化合物对由实时PCR确定的表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中MAFA与ARX4比的影响。数字字母混合标记对应于表1所示的化合物种类。
图2A)示出在第6阶段处理的第4天,根据实例1所述的方法处理的细胞的4倍显微图。B)示出在处理的第4天,用0.5μM的化合物PubChemID#5330812处理的细胞的4倍显微图。C)示出在处理的第4天用1μM的化合物PubChemID#5330812处理的细胞的4倍显微图。D)示出在第6阶段处理的第6天,根据实例1所述的方法处理的细胞的20倍显微图。E)示出在处理的第6天,用0.5μM的化合物PubChemID#5330812处理的细胞的20倍显微图。F)示出在处理的第6天,用1μM的化合物PubChemID#5330812处理的细胞的20显微图。
图3示出在0.5μM(暗色柱条)或1.0μM(浅色柱条)的化合物PubChem ID#5330812的五天处理之后表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中所标示的23种基因的表达。在第0天、第2天和第5天确定表达水平。
图4示出CDK抑制剂III处理对用实例4所述分化方案的第7阶段处理的细胞中胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的表达的影响。
图5示出CDK抑制剂III处理对胰岛样细胞簇的双硫腙染色的影响。
图6示出根据实例5所述的方法产生的产胰岛素细胞中胰岛素、突触素和胰高血糖素的表达。通过FACS来确定所示蛋白质的表达。
图7示出根据实例5所述的方法产生的产胰岛素细胞中胰岛素、突触素和胰高血糖素的表达。通过FACS来确定所标示的蛋白质的表达。
图8示出由本发明的方法产生的产胰岛素细胞中MAFA的表达(分图a)和胰岛素的表达(分图b)。在第1天、第2天、第3天和第4天获取用于PCR分析的细胞样本。在用CDK抑制剂处理4天之后,从培养基去除CDK抑制剂,并且细胞在DMEM-F12+1%B27+20ng/ml的激活素A中培养额外的4天。在四天结束时,收集三份用于PCR分析的样本。
图9示出来自EMD Calbiochem激酶抑制剂库I的化合物对由实时PCR确定的表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中MAFA的表达的影响。
图10示出染料木素对由实时PCR确定的表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素和MAFA的mRNA表达的影响。
具体实施方式
将本发明的具体实施方式部分分成以下几个分部分,来描述或说明本发明的某些特征、实施例或应用,这是为了使公开内容清楚起见,并非限制本发明。
定义
干细胞是由它们在单细胞水平上既自我更新又分化产生子代细胞的能力来定义的未分化细胞,包括自我更新祖细胞、非更新祖细胞和末端分化细胞。干细胞的特征还在于它们能够在体外分化成多种胚层(内胚层、中胚层和外胚层)的多种细胞谱系的功能细胞,以及在移植后产生多种胚层组织,并在注射进囊胚后形成基本上大部分(如果不是全部)组织。
干细胞根据其发育潜能分为:(1)全能,指能够产生所有的胚胎和胚胎外细胞类型;(2)多能,指能够产生所有的胚胎细胞类型;(3)专能,指能够产生细胞谱系的亚群,但在特定组织、器官或生理系统内能产生所有的细胞(例如造血干细胞(HSC)可产生的后代细胞包括:HSC(自我更新)、局限于血细胞的寡能祖细胞以及作为血液正常组分的所有细胞类型和成分(如血小板));(4)寡能,指能够产生比多能干细胞更有限的细胞谱系亚群;以及(5)单能,指能够产生单一细胞谱系(如生精干细胞)。
分化是未特化的(“未定向的”)或特化不足的细胞获得特化细胞(如神经细胞或肌肉细胞)的特征的过程。分化的或分化诱导的细胞是在细胞的谱系当中具有较为特化的(“定向的”)地位的细胞。术语“定向的”当应用到分化的过程时,指在分化途径中已经进行到这么一种程度的细胞:在正常环境下,它会继续分化成特定的细胞类型或细胞类型子集,且在正常环境下不能分化成另一细胞类型或回复到分化不足的细胞类型。去分化指细胞回复到细胞的谱系当中特化(或定向)不足的地位的过程。本文所用的“细胞的谱系”限定细胞的遗传关系,即它来自哪些细胞和它能产生什么细胞。细胞的谱系将该细胞置于发育和分化的遗传安排(hereditary scheme)当中。谱系特征性标志指与目的谱系的细胞的表型明确相关的特征,可用来评估未定向细胞向目的谱系的分化。
“β-细胞谱系”是指对于转录因子PDX-1和下列转录因子中的至少一种具有阳性基因表达的细胞:NGN3、NKX2.2、NKX6.1、NEUROD、ISL1、HNF3β、MAFA、PAX4或PAX6。表达β细胞谱系特征性标记物的细胞包括β细胞。
本文所用的“表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞”指表达至少一种如下标记物的细胞:SOX17、GATA4、HNF3β、GSC、CER1、Nodal、FGF8、Brachyury、Mix样同源盒蛋白、FGF4 CD48、脱中胚蛋白(eomesodermin,EOMES)、DKK4、FGF17、GATA6、CXCR4、C-Kit、CD99或OTX2。表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞包括原条前体细胞、原条细胞、中内胚层细胞和定形内胚层细胞。
本文所用的“表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞”是指表达至少一种下列标记物的细胞:PDX1、HNF-1β、PTF1α、HNF-或HB9。表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞包括胰腺内胚层细胞、原肠管细胞和后前肠细胞。
本文所用的“表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞”指表达至少一种下列标记物的细胞:NGN3、NEUROD、ISL1、PDX1、NKX6.1、PAX4或PTF1α。表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞包括胰腺内分泌细胞、胰腺激素表达细胞和胰腺激素分泌细胞以及β-细胞谱系的细胞。
本文所用的“定形内胚层”指具有在原肠胚形成过程中从上胚层产生的细胞的特性并形成胃肠道及其衍生物的细胞。定形内胚层细胞表达下列标记物:HNF3β、GATA4、SOX17、Cerberus、OTX2、goosecoid、C-Kit、CD99或MIXL1。
本文所用的“胚胎外内胚层”指表达至少一种下列标记物的细胞群体:SOX7、AFP或SPARC。
本文所用的“标记物”是在所关注细胞中差异表达的核酸或多肽分子。在这个情形中,差异表达意思是阳性标记物的水平增加,而阴性标记物的水平降低。标记物核酸或多肽的可检测水平,在目的细胞中充分地高于或低于在其他细胞中,使得可使用多种本领域公知的方法中的任何一种将目的细胞与其他细胞鉴别和区分开来。
本文所用的“中内胚层细胞”指表达至少一种下列标记物的细胞:CD48、脱中胚蛋白(EOMES)、SOX17、DKK4、HNF3β、GSC、FGF17或GATA6。
本文所用的“胰腺内分泌细胞”或“胰腺激素表达细胞”指能够表达至少一种下列激素的细胞:胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素和胰多肽。
本文所用的“胰腺内胚层细胞”指能够表达至少一种下列标记物的细胞:NGN3、NEUROD、ISL1、PDX1、PAX4或NKX2.2。
本文所用的“产胰腺激素细胞”指能够分泌至少一种下列激素的细胞:胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素或胰多肽。
本文所用的“胰腺激素分泌细胞”指能够分泌至少一种下列激素的细胞:胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素和胰多肽。
本文所用的“后前肠细胞”指能够分泌至少一种下列标记物的细胞:PDX1、HNF1、PTF1α、HNF6、HB9或PROX1。
本文所用的“前原条细胞”指表达至少一种下列标记物的细胞:Nodal或FGF8。
本文所用的“原肠管细胞”指能够分泌至少一种下列标记物的细胞:HNF1或HNF4A。
本文所用的“原条细胞”指表达至少一种下列标记物的细胞:Brachyury、Mix样同源盒蛋白或FGF4。
多能干细胞的分离、扩增和培养
多能干细胞的表征
多能干细胞可表达阶段特征性胚胎抗原(SSEA)3和4以及可用称为Tra-1-60和Tra-1-81的抗体检测的标记物中的一种或多种(Thomson等人,Science 282:1145,1998)。多能干细胞体外分化导致丧失SSEA-4、Tra-1-60和Tra-1-81的表达(如果存在的话),并增加SSEA-1的表达。未分化的多能干细胞通常具有碱性磷酸酶活性,该酶可通过用4%多聚甲醛固定细胞,然后用Vector Red作为底物显影来检测,如生产商所描述的(Vector Laboratories,Burlingame Calif)。未分化的多能干细胞还通常表达Oct-4和TERT,这可通过RT-PCR检测。
增殖的多能干细胞的另一理想表型是分化成所有三个胚层即内胚层、中胚层和外胚层组织的细胞的潜能。多能干细胞的多能性可例如通过这样来证实:将细胞注射进重症联合免疫缺陷(SCID)小鼠中,用4%多聚甲醛固定所形成的畸胎瘤,然后对它们进行组织学检验以确定是否存在来自三个胚层的细胞类型。作为另一种选择,多能性可通过这样来确定:产生胚状体并评价该胚状体是否存在与三个胚层相关的标记物。
增殖的多能干细胞系可以用标准G-显带技术进行核型分析并与所公开的相应灵长类物种的核型相比较。理想的是获得具有“正常核型”的细胞,“正常核型”的细胞意指该细胞是整倍体,其中所有人染色体都存在并且没有显著改变。
多能干细胞的来源
可使用的多能干细胞的类型包括从妊娠后形成的组织衍生而来的确立了的多能细胞系,包括在妊娠期间任何时间取得的胚前组织(例如胚泡)、胚胎组织或胎儿组织,所述时间通常是但不必须是在大约10-12周妊娠前。非限制性例子是确立了的人胚胎干细胞系或人胚胎生殖细胞系,例如人胚胎干细胞系H1、H7和H9(WiCell)。还考虑的是在这类细胞的初始建立或稳定期间使用本发明的组合物,在这种情形中,源细胞将会是直接取自源组织的原代多能细胞。另外合适的是取自已在不存在饲养细胞的情况下培养的多能干细胞群体的细胞。同样合适的是突变型人胚胎干细胞系,例如BG01v(BresaGen,Athens,GA)。
在一个实施例中,人胚胎干细胞是如Thomson等人所述制备(美国专利No.5,843,780;Science 282:1145,1998;Curr.Top.Dev.Biol.38:133 ff.,1998;Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.92:7844,1995)。
多能干细胞的培养
在一个实施例中,通常在饲养细胞层上培养多能干细胞,饲养细胞可以多种方式支持多能干细胞。或者,在培养系统中培养多能干细胞,所述培养系统基本上不含饲养细胞,但同样支持多能干细胞的增殖而不会进行显著的分化。使用通过此前培养另一细胞类型而调理过的培养基来支持多能干细胞在无饲养细胞的培养物中生长而不分化。作为另一种选择,用化学成分确定的培养基来支持多能干细胞在无饲养细胞的培养物中生长而不分化。
例如,Reubinoff等人(Nature Biotechnology 18:399-404(2000))和Thompson等人(Science,1998年11月6日:第282卷,第5391期,第1145-1147页)公开了用小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞饲养细胞层来培养来自人胚泡的多能干细胞系。
Richards等人(Stem Cells 21:546-556,2003)对一组11种不同的成人、胎儿和新生儿饲养细胞层支持人多能干细胞培养的能力进行了评价。Richards等人声称:“在成人皮肤成纤维细胞饲养层上培养的人胚胎干细胞系保持了人胚胎干细胞形态并保持了多能性”。
US20020072117公开了可产生支持灵长类多能干细胞在无饲养细胞的培养物中生长的培养基的细胞系。所采用的细胞系是从胚胎组织获得或从胚胎干细胞分化而来的间质细胞系和成纤维细胞样细胞系。US20020072117还公开了所述细胞系作为原代饲养细胞层的用途。
又如,Wang等人(Stem Cells 23:1221-1227,2005)公开了用于人多能干细胞在衍生自人胚胎干细胞的饲养细胞层上长期生长的方法。
又如,Stojkovic等人(Stem Cells 200523:306-314,2005)公开了一种衍生自人胚胎干细胞的自发分化的饲养细胞系统。
在另一例子中,Miyamoto等人(Stem Cells 22:433-440,2004)公开了从人胎盘获得的饲养细胞的来源。
Amit等人(Biol.Reprod 68:2150-2156,2003)公开了衍生自人包皮的饲养细胞层。
又如,Inzunza等人(Stem Cells 23:544-549,2005)公开了来自人出生后包皮成纤维细胞的饲养细胞层。
US6642048公开了可支持灵长类多能干(pPS)细胞在无饲养细胞的培养物中生长的培养基以及可用于产生这种培养基的细胞系。US6642048声称:“本发明包括从胚胎组织获得或从胚胎干细胞分化而来的间质细胞系和成纤维细胞样细胞系。在本公开中描述并阐明了用于衍生这种细胞系、处理培养基以及用该调理培养基培育干细胞的方法”。
又如,WO2005014799公开了一种用于哺乳动物细胞的维持、增殖和分化的调理培养基。WO2005014799声称:“通过鼠细胞(特别是分化并永生化的转基因肝细胞,称为MMH(Met鼠肝细胞))的细胞分泌活性对根据本发明制备的培养基进行调理”。
又如,Xu等人(Stem Cells 22:972-980,2004)公开了一种从人胚胎干细胞衍生物获得的调理培养基,所述干细胞衍生物已经过遗传修饰而过表达人端粒酶逆转录酶。
又如,US20070010011公开了一种用于维持多能干细胞的化学成分确定的培养基。
一种可供选择的培养系统采用补充有能促进胚胎干细胞增殖的生长因子的无血清培养基。例如,Cheon等人(BioReprodDOI:10.1095/biolreprod.105.046870,2005年10月19日)公开了一种无饲养细胞的无血清培养系统,其中胚胎干细胞维持在补充有能引发胚胎干细胞自我更新的不同生长因子的未经调理的血清替代(SR)培养基中。
又如,Levenstein等人(Stem Cells 24:568-574,2006)公开了使用补充有bFGF的培养基,在不存在成纤维细胞或调理培养基的情况下长期培养人胚胎干细胞的方法。
又如,US20050148070公开了一种在无血清且无成纤维细胞饲养细胞的成分确定的培养基中培养人胚胎干细胞的方法,该方法包括:在含有白蛋白、氨基酸、维生素、矿物质、至少一种转铁蛋白或转铁蛋白替代品、至少一种胰岛素或胰岛素替代品的培养基中培养干细胞,该培养基基本上无哺乳动物胎儿血清且含有至少约100ng/ml能激活成纤维细胞生长因子信号转导受体的成纤维细胞生长因子,其中该生长因子的供给来源不是仅为成纤细胞饲养层,该培养基支持干细胞在无饲养细胞或调理培养基的情况下以未分化状态增殖。
又如,US20050233446公开了一种可用于培养干细胞的化学成分确定的培养基,所述干细胞包括未分化的灵长类原始干细胞。在溶液中,该培养基与被培养的干细胞基本上等渗。在给定的培养物中,特定的培养基包含基础培养基和各为一定量的bFGF、胰岛素和抗坏血酸,所述bFGF、胰岛素和抗坏血酸为支持原始干细胞进行基本上非分化性生长所必需。
又如,US6800480声称“在一个实施例中,提供了用于培养处于基本上未分化状态的衍生自灵长类的原始干细胞的细胞培养基,其包括可有效支持衍生自灵长类的原始干细胞生长的低渗透压、低内毒素的基础培养基。该基础培养基与可有效支持衍生自灵长类的原始干细胞生长的营养血清和选自饲养细胞和衍生自饲养细胞的胞外基质组分的基质物质相混合。该培养基还包括非必需氨基酸、抗氧化剂和选自核苷和丙酮酸盐的第一生长因子”。
又如,US20050244962声称:“在一个方面,本发明提供了培养灵长类胚胎干细胞的方法。可在基本上无哺乳动物胎儿血清(优选还基本上无任何动物血清)的培养物中且在存在成纤维细胞生长因子的情况下培养所述干细胞,该成纤维细胞生长因子的供给来源不是仅为成纤维细胞饲养层。在优选的形式中,通过添加足量的成纤维细胞生长因子,使得之前为维持干细胞培养物所需的成纤维细胞饲养层变得非必需”。
在又一个例子中,WO2005065354公开了一种基本上无饲养细胞和无血清的成分确定的等渗培养基,包含:a.基础培养基;b.bFGF,其量足以支持基本上未分化的哺乳动物干细胞生长;c.胰岛素,其量足以支持基本上未分化的哺乳动物干细胞生长;和d.抗坏血酸,其量足以支持基本上未分化的哺乳动物干细胞生长。
又如,WO2005086845公开了一种维持未分化的干细胞的方法,所述方法包括使干细胞暴露于转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)蛋白家族的成员、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)蛋白家族的成员或烟酰胺(NIC),所述成员或烟酰胺的量足以维持细胞处于未分化状态达足以实现所需结果的一段时间。
可将多能干细胞接种至合适的培养基质上。在一个实施例中,合适的培养基质是胞外基质成分,例如衍自基底膜的成分,或者可形成黏着分子受体-配体偶联物的一部分的成分。在一个实施例中,合适的培养基质是MATRIGEL(Becton Dickenson)。MATRIGEL是得自Engelbreth-Holm Swarm肿瘤细胞的可溶性制品,其在室温下胶凝而形成重构的基底膜。
其他的胞外基质组分和组分混合物适合作为替代物。取决于所扩增的细胞类型,这可包括单独的层粘连蛋白、纤连蛋白、蛋白聚糖、巢蛋白、硫酸乙酰肝素等或者它们的各种组合。
可在存在可促进细胞存活、增殖和保持理想特性的培养基存在的情况下,以合适的分布将多能干细胞接种于所述基质上。所有这些特性可得益于对接种分布的认真考虑并可容易地由本领域技术人员确定。
合适的培养基可用如下组分制备,例如达尔伯克氏改良伊格尔培养基(DMEM),Gibco#11965-092;Knockout达尔伯克氏改良伊格尔培养基(KO DMEM),Gibco#10829-018;Ham′s F12/50%DMEM基础培养基;200mM L-谷氨酰胺,Gibco#15039-027;非必需氨基酸溶液,Gibco 11140-050;β-巯基乙醇,Sigma#M7522;人重组碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF),Gibco#13256-029。
由多能干细胞形成产胰腺激素细胞
在一个实施例中,本发明提供一种从多能干细胞产生产胰腺激素细胞的方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
a.培养多能干细胞,
b.使所述多能干细胞分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞,
c.使所述表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞分化成表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞,以及
d.使所述表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
适用于本发明的多能干细胞包括例如人胚胎干细胞系H9(NIH编码:WA09)、人胚胎干细胞系H1(NIH编码:WA01)、人胚胎干细胞系H7(NIH编码:WA07)和人胚胎干细胞系SA002(Cellartis,瑞典)。同样适用于本发明的是表达至少一种下列多能细胞特征性标记物的细胞:ABCG2、cripto、CD9、FOXD3、连接蛋白43、连接蛋白45、OCT4、SOX2、NANOG、hTERT、UTF1、ZFP42、SSEA3、SSEA4、Tra1-60或Tra1-81。
定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物选自SOX17、GATA4、HNF3β、GSC、CER1、NODAL、FGF8、Brachyury、Mix样同源盒蛋白、FGF4CD48、脱中胚蛋白(EOMES)、DKK4、FGF17、GATA6、CXCR4、C-Kit、CD99和OTX2。适用于本发明的是表达至少一种定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。在本发明的一个方面,表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞是原条前体细胞。在另一方面,表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞是中内胚层细胞。在另一方面,表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞是定形内胚层细胞。
胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物选自PDX1、HNF1β、PTF1α、HNF6、HB9和PROX1。适用于本发明的是表达至少一种胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。在本发明的一个方面,表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞是胰腺内胚层细胞。
胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物选自NGN3、NEUROD、ISL1、PDX1、NKX6.1、PAX4、NGN3和PTF1α。在一个实施例中,胰腺内分泌细胞能够表达以下激素中的至少一种:胰岛素、胰高血糖素、生长抑素和胰多肽。适用于本发明的是表达至少一种胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。在本发明的一个方面,表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞是胰腺内分泌细胞。胰腺内分泌细胞可以是胰腺激素表达细胞。或者,胰腺内分泌细胞可以是胰腺激素分泌细胞。
在本发明的一个方面,胰腺内分泌细胞是表达β细胞谱系特征性标记物的细胞。表达β细胞谱系特征性标记物的细胞可表达Pdx1和至少一种下列转录因子:NGN3、NKX2.2、NKX6.1、NEUROD、ISL1、HNF3β、MAFA、PAX4或PAX6。在本发明的一个方面,表达β细胞谱系特征性标记物的细胞是β细胞。
表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞的形成
可通过本领域的任何方法或通过本发明提出的任何方法,使多能干细胞分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,可根据D’Amour等人在Nature Biotechnology 23,1534-1541(2005)中公开的方法,使多能干细胞可分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,可根据Shinozaki等人,在Development 131,1651-1662(2004)中公开的方法,使多能干细胞可分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,可根据McLean等人,在Stem Cells 25,29-38(2007)中公开的方法,使多能干细胞可分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,可根据D’Amour等人,在Nature Biotechnology 24,1392-1401(2006)中公开的方法,使多能干细胞可分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,可通过将多能干细胞在含有激活素A的培养基中在血清不存在下进行培养,然后将所述细胞与激活素A和血清一起培养,再然后将所述细胞与激活素A和另一浓度的血清一起培养,使多能干细胞分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。这个方法的一个例子在Nature Biotechnology 23,1534-1541(2005)中公开。
例如,可通过将多能干细胞在含有激活素A的培养基中在血清不存在下进行培养,然后将所述细胞与激活素A和另一浓度的血清一起培养,使多能干细胞分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。这个方法的一个例子在D’Amour等人,Nature Biotechnology,2005中公开。
例如,可通过将多能干细胞在含有激活素A和Wnt配体的培养基中在血清不存在下进行培养,然后去除Wnt配体并将所述细胞与激活素A和血清一起培养,使多能干细胞分化成表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。这个方法的一个实例在Nature Biotechnology 24,1392-1401(2006)中公开。
例如,根据转让给LifeScan,Inc.的美国专利申请系列号No.11/736,908中公开的方法,通过处理多能干细胞来使多能干细胞分化为表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,根据转让给LifeScan,Inc.的美国专利申请系列号No.11/779,311中公开的方法,通过处理多能干细胞来使多能干细胞分化为表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,根据美国专利申请系列号No.60/990,529中公开的方法,通过处理多能干细胞来使多能干细胞分化为表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,根据美国专利申请系列号No.61/076,889中公开的方法,通过处理多能干细胞来使多能干细胞分化为表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,根据美国专利申请系列号No.61/076,900中公开的方法,通过处理多能干细胞来使多能干细胞分化为表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,根据美国专利申请系列号No.61/076,908中公开的方法,通过处理多能干细胞来使多能干细胞分化为表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,根据美国专利申请系列号No.61/076,915中公开的方法,通过处理多能干细胞来使多能干细胞分化为表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞的分化
表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞的形成可通过在进行特定方案之前或之后检测该标记物的存在来确定。多能干细胞通常不表达这类标记物。因而,当细胞开始表达它们时即检测到多能干细胞的分化。
可通过将处理过的细胞群体暴露于可特异性识别由表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞表达的蛋白质标记物的试剂(例如抗体)来确定分化效率。
用于评估蛋白质标记物和核酸标记物在培养的或分离的细胞中的表达的方法是本领域的标准方法。这些包括定量反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)、Northern印迹、原位杂交(参见(例如)Current Protocolsin Molecular Biology(Ausubel等人(编辑),2001增刊)),以及免疫测定法,例如切开材料的免疫组织化学分析、Western印迹、易在完整细胞中触及的标记物的流式细胞分析(FACS)(参见(例如)Harlow和Lane,Using Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,New York:ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press(1998))。
多能干细胞的特征是本领域技术人员熟知的,并且其他特征有待继续辨别。多能干细胞标记物包括(例如)一种或多种如下物质的表达:ABCG2、cripto、FOXD3、连结素43、连结素45、OCT4、SOX2、NANOG、hTERT、UTF1、ZFP42、SSEA3、SSEA4、Tra1-60或Tra1-81。
在用本发明方法处理多能干细胞后,可通过将处理过的细胞群体暴露于特异性识别由表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞表达的蛋白质标记物(例如CXCR4)的试剂(例如抗体)来进行纯化。
表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞的形成
可通过本领域的任何方法或通过本发明提出的任何方法,使表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞分化成表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,可根据D’Amour等人,在Nature Biotechnology 24,1392-1401(2006)中公开的方法,使表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞分化成表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
可通过用成纤维细胞生长因子和hedgehog信号转导途径抑制剂KAAD-环巴胺处理表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞,然后去除含有纤维细胞生长因子和KAAD-环巴胺的培养基,并随后将所述细胞在含有视黄酸、成纤维细胞生长因子和KAAD-环巴胺的培养基中进行培养,来使表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。这个方法的一个例子在Nature Biotechnology 24,1392-1401(2006)中公开。
在本发明的一个方面,根据转让给LifeScan,Inc.的美国专利申请系列号No.11/736,908中公开的方法,通过用视黄酸和至少一种成纤维细胞生长因子处理表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞一段时间,来使表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
在本发明的一个方面,根据转让给LifeScan,Inc.的美国专利申请系列号No.11/779,311中公开的方法,通过用视黄酸和至少一种成纤维细胞生长因子处理表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞一段时间,来使表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
在本发明的一个方面,根据序列号为No.60/990,529的美国专利申请中公开的方法,通过处理表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞,来使表达定形内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞的检测
胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物是本领域技术人员所熟知的,并且其他胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物不断被鉴别。这些标记物可用于确定根据本发明处理过的细胞是否已分化而获得胰腺内胚层谱系特征性特性。胰腺内胚层谱系的特异性标记物包括一种或多种转录因子,例如:HLXB9、PTF1α、PDX1、HNF6或HNF1β的表达。
可通过将处理过的细胞群体暴露于可特异性识别由表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞表达的蛋白质标记物的试剂(例如抗体)来确定分化效率。
用于评估蛋白质标记物和核酸标记物在培养的或分离的细胞中的表达的方法是本领域的标准方法。这些包括定量反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)、Northern印迹、原位杂交(参见(例如)Current Protocolsin Molecular Biology(Ausubel等人(编辑),2001增刊)),以及免疫测定法,例如切开材料的免疫组织化学分析、Western印迹、易在完整细胞中触及的标记物的流式细胞分析(FACS)(参见,例如,Harlow和Lane,Using Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,New York:ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press(1998))。
表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞的形成
可通过本领域的任何方法或通过本发明公开的任何方法,使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,可根据D’Amour等人,在Nature Biotechnology 24,1392-1401(2006)中公开的方法,使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
例如,可通过将表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞在含有DAPT和毒蜥外泌肽-4的培养基中进行培养,然后去除含有DAPT和毒蜥外泌肽-4的培养基,并随后将所述细胞在含有毒蜥外泌肽1、IGF-1和HGF的培养基中进行培养,来使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。这个方法的一个实例在Nature Biotechnology 24,1392-1401(2006)中公开。
例如,可通过将表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞在含有毒蜥外泌肽4的培养基中进行培养,然后去除该含有毒蜥外泌肽4的培养基,并随后将所述细胞在含有毒蜥外泌肽1、IGF-1和HGF的培养基中进行培养,来使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。该方法的一个例子在D’Amour等人,Nature Biotechnology,2006中公开。
例如,可通过将表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞在含有DAPT和毒蜥外泌肽4的培养基中进行培养,来使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。该方法的一个例子在D’Amour等人,NatureBiotechnology,2006中公开。
例如,可通过将表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞在含有毒蜥外泌肽4的培养基中进行培养,来使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。该方法的一个例子在D’Amour等人,Nature Biotechnology,2006中公开。
在本发明的一个方面,根据转让给LifeScan,Inc.的美国专利申请系列号11/736,908中公开的方法,通过用抑制Notch信号转导通路的因子处理表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞,来使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
在本发明的一个方面,根据转让给LifeScan,Inc.的美国专利申请系列号11/779,311中公开的方法,通过用抑制Notch信号转导通路的因子处理表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞,来使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
在本发明的一个方面,根据转让给LifeScan,Inc.的美国专利申请系列号60/953,178中公开的方法,通过用抑制Notch信号转导通路的因子处理表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞,来使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
在本发明的一个方面,通过根据序列号为60/990,529的美国专利申请中公开的方法处理表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞,来使表达胰腺内胚层谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步分化成表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
在本发明的一个方面,本发明提供了用于增加与胰腺内分泌谱系相关的标记物的表达的方法,所述方法包括:根据美国专利申请序列号61/110,278中公开的方法,用包含足量的TGF-β受体激动剂的培养基处理表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞,以引起与胰腺内分泌谱系相关的标记物的表达增加。
表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞的检测
胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物是本领域技术人员所熟知的,并且其他胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物不断被鉴别。这些标记物可用于确定根据本发明处理过的细胞是否已分化而获得胰腺内分泌谱系特征性特性。胰腺内分泌谱系特异性标记物包括一种或多种转录因子例如NGN3、NEUROD或ISL1的表达。
这些标记物可用于确认根据本发明处理的细胞已分化而获得β-细胞谱系特征性的性质。除了别的以外,β细胞谱系特异性特征包括一种或多种转录因子的表达,这些因子例如为PDX1、NKX2.2、NKX6.1、ISL1、PAX6、PAX4、NEUROD、HNF1β、HNF6、HNF3β或MAFA。这些转录因子在内分泌细胞鉴别领域中已得到公认。参见例如Edlund(Nature Reviews Genetics 3:524-632(2002))。
可通过将处理过的细胞群体暴露于可特异性识别由表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞表达的蛋白质标记物的试剂(例如抗体)来确定分化效率。作为另一种选择,可通过将处理过的细胞群体暴露于可特异性识别由表达β细胞谱系特征性标记物的细胞表达的蛋白质标记物的试剂(例如抗体)来确定分化效率。
用于评估蛋白质标记物和核酸标记物在培养的或分离的细胞中的表达的方法是本领域的标准方法。这些包括定量反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)、Northern印迹、原位杂交(参见(例如)Current Protocolsin MolecularBiology(Ausubel等人(编辑),2001增刊)),以及免疫测定法,例如切开材料的免疫组织化学分析、Western印迹、易在完整细胞中触及的标记物的流式细胞分析(FACS)(参见(例如)Harlow和Lane,Using Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual,New York:ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press(1998))。
在本发明的一个方面,通过在处理后测定给定细胞培养物中胰岛素阳性细胞的百分比来确定分化的效率。在一个实施例中,本发明方法在给定培养物中产生约100%的胰岛素阳性细胞。在一个替代实施例中,本发明方法在给定培养物中产生约90%的胰岛素阳性细胞。在一个替代实施例中,本发明方法在给定培养物中产生约80%的胰岛素阳性细胞。在一个替代实施例中,本发明方法在给定培养物中产生约70%的胰岛素阳性细胞。在一个替代实施例中,本发明方法在给定培养物中产生约60%的胰岛素阳性细胞。在一个替代实施例中,本发明方法在给定培养物中产生约50%的胰岛素阳性细胞。在一个替代实施例中,本发明方法在给定培养物中产生约40%的胰岛素阳性细胞。在一个替代实施例中,本发明方法在给定培养物中产生约30%的胰岛素阳性细胞。在一个替代实施例中,本发明方法在给定培养物中产生约20%的胰岛素阳性细胞。在一个替代实施例中,本发明方法在给定培养物中产生约10%的胰岛素阳性细胞。在一个替代实施例中,本发明方法在给定培养物中产生约5%的胰岛素阳性细胞。
在本发明的一个方面,通过测定葡萄糖刺激的胰岛素分泌来确定分化的效率,胰岛素分泌可通过测量由细胞释放的C-肽的量测定。在一个实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约1000ng C-肽/pgDNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约900ngC-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约800ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约700ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约600ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约500ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约400ng C-肽/pgDNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约500ngC-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约400ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约300ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约200ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约100ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约90ng C-肽/pgDNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约80ngC-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约70ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约60ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约50ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约40ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约30ng C-肽/pg DNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约20ng C-肽/pgDNA。在一个替代实施例中,由本发明方法产生的细胞可产生约10ngC-肽/pg DNA。
增加表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中MAFA的表达
在一个实施例中,本发明提供了用于增加表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中MAFA的表达的方法,所述方法包括在含有足以引起MAFA表达增加的量的细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂的培养基中培养表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞的步骤。
细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂可抑制细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶1。或者,细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂可抑制细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶2。或者,细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂可抑制细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4。或者,细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂可抑制细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶5。或者,细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂可抑制细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶9。或者,细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂可以其任意组合抑制周期素依赖性激酶的多种同种型。
细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂可以是蛋白质。或者,细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂可以是肽。或者,细胞周期蛋白激酶抑制剂可以是小分子。在一个实施例中,小分子细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂选自:7-正丁基-6-(4-羟苯基)[5H]吡咯并[2,3-b]吡嗪、9-硝基-7,12-二氢吲哚并[3,2-d][1]苯并氮杂卓-6(5H)-酮、3-(6-氧代-9-硝基-5,6,7,12-四氢吲哚并[3,2-d][1]苯并氮杂卓-2-基)丙腈、(2R)-2-((6-((3-氨基-5-氯苯基)氨基)-9-(1-甲基乙基)-9H-嘌呤-2-基)氨基)-3-甲基-1-丁醇、团网菌黄素A(Arcyriaflavin A)、[6-苄基氨-2-(3-羟基丙氨基)-9-异丙基嘌呤、丁内酯I、(Z)-1-(3-乙基-5-甲氧基-2,3-二氢苯并噻唑-2-亚基)丙-2-酮、2-(3-羟基丙基氨基)-6-(邻羟苄基氨)-9-异丙基嘌呤、1-(2,6-二氯苯基)-1,5-二氢-6-((4-(2-羟基乙氧基)苯基)甲基)-3-(1-甲基乙基)-4H-吡唑并[3,4-d]嘧啶-4-酮、Cdk/细胞周期蛋白抑制肽III、3-(2-氯代-3-吲哚亚甲基)-1,3-二氢吲哚-2-酮、(6-羟基-4-苯基苯并[4,5]呋喃并[2,3-b])吡啶-3-羧酸乙酯、RO-3306、N-(顺式-2-氨基环己基)-N-(3-氯苯基)-9-乙基-9H-嘌呤-2,6-二胺、6-环己基甲氧基-2-(4’-氨磺酰苯胺基)嘌呤、5-氨基-3-((4-(氨基磺酰基)苯基)氨基)-N-(2,6-二氟苯基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-硫代甲酰胺、3-氨基-1H-吡唑并[3,4-b]喹喔啉、Cdk2抑制剂I、Cdk2抑制剂II、2(双-(羟乙基)氨基)-6-(4-甲氧基苄氨基)-9-异丙基嘌呤、4-(6-环己基甲氧基-9H-嘌呤-2-基氨基)-N,N-二乙基苯甲酰胺、N4-(6-氨基嘧啶-4-基)-对氨基苯磺胺、(4-(2-氨基-4-甲基噻唑-5-基)嘧啶-2-基)-(3-硝基苯基)胺、2-溴代-12,13-二氢-5H-吲哚并[2,3-a]吡咯并[3,4-c]咔唑-5,7(6H)-二酮、1,4-二甲氧基吖啶-9(10H)-硫酮、5-(N-(4-甲苯基)氨基)-2-甲基-4,7-二氧代苯并噻唑、4-(3,5-二氨基-1H吡唑-4-基偶氮)-酚、2-(2-羟基乙氨基)-6-(3-氯苯胺基)-9-异丙基嘌呤、Fascaplysin、靛玉红-3’-单肟、靛玉红-3’-单肟、5-碘代-,靛玉红-3’-单肟-5-磺酸、Isogranulatimide、2-(2-羟基乙氨基)-6-苄氨基-9-甲基嘌呤、6-(2-羟基苄氨基)-2-((1R)-(羟甲基)丙基)氨基)-9-异丙基嘌呤、5-溴代-3-(2-(4-氟苯基)-2-氧代乙叉基)-1,3-二氢吲哚-2-酮、N6,N6-二甲基腺嘌呤、2-(1R-异丙基-2-羟基乙氨基)-6-(3-氯苯胺基)-9-异丙基-嘌呤、雷帕霉素、2-(R)-(1-乙基-2-羟基乙氨基)-6-苄氨基-9-异丙基嘌呤、伪枝藻素、3-[1-(3H-咪唑-4-基)-甲-(Z)-亚基]-5-甲氧基-1,3-二氢吲哚-2-酮和4-(3′羟苯基)氨基-6,7-二甲氧基喹唑啉。
在一个实施例中,细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶是(6-羟基-4-苯基苯并[4,5]呋喃并[2,3-b])吡啶-3-羧酸乙酯。在一个实施例中,将(6-羟基-4-苯基苯并[4,5]呋喃并[2,3-b])吡啶-3-羧酸乙酯以约0.1μM至约10μM的浓度添加至表达内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞,保持约一至七天。
在一个实施例中,将表达内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞用(6-羟基-4-苯基苯并[4,5]呋喃并[2,3-b])吡啶-3-羧酸甲酯处理约一至约七天。
本发明进一步通过如下实例举例说明,但不受限于如下实例。
实例
实例1
细胞系H1的人胚胎干细胞在不存在胎牛血清的情况下向胰腺内
分泌细胞的分化
a.暴露于补充有2%BSA(目录号152401,MP Biomedical,Ohio)和100ng/ml激活素A(R&D Systems,MN)加20ng/ml WNT-3a(目录号1324-WN-002,R&D Systems,MN)加8ng/ml bFGF(目录号100-18B,PeproTech,NJ)的RPMI培养基一天,然后用补充有2%BSA和100ng/ml激活素A加8ng/ml bFGF的RPMI培养基另外处理两天(第1阶段),然后
b.暴露于DMEM/F12+2%BSA+50ng/ml FGF7+0.25μM环巴胺-KAAD(#239804,Calbiochem,CA)两天(第2阶段),然后
c.暴露于DMEM/F12+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)+50ng/ml FGF7+0.25μM环巴胺-KAAD+2μM视黄酸(RA)(Sigma,MO)+100ng/ml成头蛋白(R&D Systems,MN)四天(第3阶段),然后
d.暴露于DMEM/F12+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)+100ng/ml成头蛋白+1μM DAPT(一种γ-分泌酶抑制剂)(目录号565784,Calbiochem,CA)+1μM ALK5抑制剂II(目录号616452,Calbiochem,Ca)+100ng/ml导蛋白-4(R&D Systems,MN)三天(第4阶段),然后
e.暴露于DMEM/F12+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)+1μM ALK5抑制剂II(Calbiochem,Ca)七天(第5阶段)。
每天更换培养基。在每个阶段,用血球计计算细胞数目并收集RNA用于PCR分析。所有样品均一式三份进行收集。
实例2
筛选来自EMD激酶抑制剂库II的化合物对已根据实例1所述分
化方案处理的细胞的影响
将第44代的人胚胎干细胞系H1细胞接种至涂覆有MATRIGELTM的24板孔培养皿中(1∶30稀释物)并根据实例1所述的方法(最多至第5阶段)使其分化。在此之后,将细胞在含有1μM最终浓度的来自EMD Calbiochem化合物库的化合物(目录号539745,Calbiochem,San Diego,Ca)的DMEM/F12+1%B27中处理四天。将含有溶媒的板孔包括在内作为对照。在整个方案中每天更换培养基。将所有样本一式两份进行处理。在此处理完成时,收集用于PCR分析的RNA。通过实时PCR分析样本的胰岛素、胰高血糖素、MAFA和Arx4的表达。将结果表示为由实时PCR测得的相对于未处理对照处理样本的胰岛素/胰高血糖素比(图1,分图a)或MAFA/ARX4比(图1,分图b)。各个板孔号的对应PubChem化合物识别号列于表1中。
用1μM浓度的化合物A6、B7、B8或C2处理表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞得到大约3.0或更高的胰岛素/胰高血糖素表达比(参见图1,分图a)。
我们然后检查这些化合物对MAFA/ARX4比的影响,我们发现用若干化合物处理表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞导致MAFA与ARX4之比的变化比库中所测试的其他化合物大得多:用化合物C2处理的细胞显示出大约1000的MAFA/ARX4比。用化合物C2处理表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞得到大约100的MAFA/ARX4比(参见图1,分图b)。
实例3
细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂处理对已根据实例1所述分化方
案处理的细胞中胰岛素和MAFA表达的影响
增加实例2中胰岛素与胰高血糖素表达或MAFA与ARX4表达比的若干化合物是细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂。一种这类化合物是PubChem化合物识别号为5330797的(5-氨基-3-((4-(氨基磺酰基)苯基)氨基)-N-(2,6-二氟苯基)-1H-1,2,4-三唑-1-硫代酰胺)(目录号217714;Calbiochem,San Diego,Ca)。为了证实这些观察结果,根据实例1所述的方法(最多至第5阶段),将第42代人胚胎干细胞系H1的细胞在10cm2涂覆有MATRIGEL的培养皿中培养。在第5阶段之后,将细胞用包含1μM PubChem化合物识别号为5330797的化合物的含1%B27的DMEM/F12处理六天。每隔一天更换培养基。在用化合物处理之前以及在化合物处理的第二天和第五天,取细胞的样本用于实时PCR。
在化合物处理的第4天或第6天的细胞与未处理对照相比的特征性显微图示于图2。未处理细胞是高度堆积的(图3,分图a和b),并且难以辨别个体细胞。然而,在用0.5μM或1μM的PubChem化合物识别号5330797处理六天之后,与未处理对照(图2,分图d)相比,个体细胞核开始可见(图2,分图e和f),表明在细胞群体中发生分化。这也伴随一些细胞死亡,这可通过图2的分图b和c所示的细胞层中的间隙看到。
用PubChem化合物识别号为5330797的化合物处理引起胰岛素、胰高血糖素、MAFA、MAFB和抑生长素的表达不同程度增加。图3的分图a-v示出了与第0天(处理前)培养物相比较的每种处理的基因表达的相对诱导。用1μM PubChem化合物识别号为5330797的化合物处理的表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞在48小时处理时引起胰高血糖素表达增加大约1.5倍。这种表达在5天处理后下降至处理前水平之下。用0.5μM PubChem化合物识别号为5330797的化合物处理没有观察到胰高血糖素表达增加(参见图3,分图a)。
用1μM PubChem化合物识别号为5330797的化合物处理五天的表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞导致胰岛素表达增加大约1.5倍(参见图3,分图b)。
用1μM PubChem化合物识别号为5330797的化合物处理五天的表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞导致MAFA表达增加大约200倍(参见图3,分图d)。
用0.5μMPubChem化合物识别号为5330797的化合物处理五天的表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞导致MAFB表达增加大约1.5倍(参见图3,分图c)。观察到抑生长素表达的剂量依赖性增加(图3,分图e)。
在用PubChem化合物识别号5330797处理五天的表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中没有观察到淀粉酶表达的变化(参见图3,分图f)。然而,观察到PAX4(图3,分图h)、NKX6.1(图3,分图k)、PDX1(图3,分图l)、NEUROD(图3,分图o)和BRN4(图3,分图q)表达水平降低。
实例4
细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂处理增加了胰岛样细胞簇中 MAFA的表达。
将第52代的人胚胎干细胞系H1细胞在涂覆有MATRIGEL的培养皿上(1∶30稀释物)培养并根据实例1所述的方法使其分化。增加额外的阶段(第6阶段),以便使表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞进一步成熟。在此实例中第6阶段由在DMEM/F12+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)中的处理七天组成。每天更换培养基。
在第6阶段之后,将细胞用1X accutase(Sigma,MO)在室温下处理5分钟。去除accutase,并将DMEM/12+1%B27加至细胞。将附着细胞用细胞刮刀移出并轻轻地再悬浮,并通过40μm细胞过滤网。将留在过滤网上的细胞通过在基础培养基中冲洗而移出,并在Ultra-Low培养平板(目录号3471,Corning,Ma)上的悬浮液中进行培养。将细胞进行如下处理:将细胞在含有20ng/ml的激活素A(AA)、1μm的CDK抑制剂III(目录号217714,Calbiochem,Ca)的DMEM/F12+1%B27中培养10天(第7阶段)。将用溶媒处理的细胞包括在内作为对照。在第7天至第10天收集用于PCR分析和双硫腙染色的样本。根据此实例所述的方法在悬浮液中培养的细胞呈现类似于胰腺胰岛细胞簇的形态。用CDK抑制剂III处理看起来不会影响胰岛样细胞簇的形态。
图4(分图a-i)示出了CDK抑制剂III处理对细胞簇的基因表达谱的影响。用CDK抑制剂III处理增加了与胰腺内分泌谱系相关的标记物的表达,尤其增加了胰岛素原转录因子MAFA的表达。
图5(分图a-分图b)示出了CDK抑制剂III对细胞簇的双硫腙(DTZ)染色的影响。与未用CDK抑制剂III处理的细胞簇相比,用CDK抑制剂处理并用DTZ染色的细胞簇表现出更红艳的染色图案。
实例5
由本发明的方法产生的产胰岛素细胞的FACS分析。
a.补充有2%BSA(目录号152401,MP Biomedical,Ohio)和100ng/ml激活素A(R&D Systems,MN)加20ng/ml WNT-3a(目录号1324-WN-002,R&D Systems,MN)加8ng/ml的bFGF(目录号100-18B,PeproTech,NJ)的RPMI培养基处理一天,然后用补充有2%BSA和100ng/ml激活素A加8ng/ml的bFGF的RPMI培养基另外处理两天(第1阶段),然后
b.DMEM/F12+2%BSA+50ng/ml FGF7+0.25μM环巴胺-KAAD(#239804,Calbiochem,CA)处理两天(第2阶段),然后
c.DMEM/F12+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)+50ng/ml FGF7+0.25μM环巴胺-KAAD+2μM视黄酸(RA)(Sigma,MO)+100ng/ml的成头蛋白(R&D Systems,MN)处理四天(第3阶段),然后
d.DMEM/F12+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)+100ng/ml成头蛋白+1μM DAPT(一种γ-分泌酶抑制剂)(目录号565784,Calbiochem,CA)+1μM ALK5抑制剂II(目录号616452,Calbiochem,Ca)+100ng/ml的导蛋白-4(R&D Systems,MN)处理三天(第4阶段),然后
e.DMEM/F12+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)+1μM ALK5抑制剂II(Calbiochem,Ca)处理七天(第5阶段),然后
f.DMEM/F12+1%B27处理七天(第6阶段),然后
g.用Accutase处理5分钟,然后刮擦以移出任何剩余的附着细胞。然后使细胞悬浮液穿过40μm细胞过滤网。将留在过滤网上的细胞通过在基础培养基中冲洗而移出,并在有高糖DMEM(目录号11995-073,Invitrogen,Ca)+1%B27+20ng/ml的激活素A(AA)+1μm的CDK抑制剂III(目录号217714,Calbiochem,Ca)的Ultra-Low培养平板上的悬浮液中培养5天(第7阶段)。
将胰岛样细胞簇用TrypLE Express(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA)分散为单细胞并在冷PBS中洗涤。为了固定,将细胞再悬浮于200-300μlCytofix/Cytoperm缓冲液(BD 554722,BD,Ca)中并在4℃下温育30分钟。将细胞在1ml Perm/Wash缓冲溶液(BD 554723)中洗涤两次并再悬浮于100μl含有Perm/Wash缓冲液中的2%正常山羊血清的染色/封闭溶液中。为了进行流式细胞分析,将细胞用下面的一抗体染色:抗胰岛素(兔单抗,Cell Signaling No.C27C9;1∶100稀释);抗胰高血糖素(小鼠单抗,Sigma No.G2654,1∶100);抗突触素(兔多克隆抗体,DakoCytomation No A0010,1∶50)。将细胞在4℃下温育30分钟,然后在Perm/Wash缓冲液洗涤两次,在如下适当的二抗中温育30分钟:山羊抗兔Alexa 647(Invitrogen No.A21246)或山羊抗小鼠647(Invitrogen No.A21235);山羊抗兔R-PE(BioSource No.ALI4407)。所有的二抗均以1∶200稀释度使用。将细胞在Perm/Wash缓冲液中至少洗涤一次并用BD FACSArray进行分析。获取至少10,000个事件用于分析。对照包括未分化H1细胞和β-TC(CRL-11506TM ATCC,VA)细胞系。
图6(分图a-c)示出了在含有溶媒的培养基中按照第7阶段处理的细胞中胰岛素阳性、突触素阳性和胰高血糖素阳性细胞的百分比。图7(分图a-c)示出了在含有1μM CDK抑制剂II的培养基中按照第7阶段处理5天的胰岛素阳性、突触素阳性和胰高血糖素阳性细胞的百分比。单激素胰岛素阳性细胞的数量在用CDK抑制剂处理之后从3%增加到8%。另外,多激素(胰岛素和胰高血糖素阳性)细胞的百分比在用CDK抑制剂处理之后下降。
实例6
CDK抑制剂诱导的MAFA表达的动态。
将第42代人胚胎干细胞系H1的细胞在涂覆有MATRIGEL的培养皿上培养,并用下面的方案使其分化为产胰岛素细胞:
a.补充有2%BSA(目录号152401,MP Biomedical,Ohio)和100ng/ml激活素A(R&D Systems,MN)加20ng/ml WNT-3a(目录号1324-WN-002,R&D Systems,MN)加8ng/ml的bFGF(目录号100-18B,PeproTech,NJ)的RPMI培养基一天,然后用补充有2%BSA和100ng/ml激活素A加8ng/ml的bFGF的RPMI培养基另外处理两天(第1阶段),然后
b.DMEM/F12+2%BSA+50ng/ml FGF7+0.25μM环巴胺-KAAD(#239804,Calbiochem,CA)处理两天(第二阶段),然后
c.DMEM/F12+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)+50ng/ml FGF7+0.25μM环巴胺-KAAD+2μM视黄酸(RA)(Sigma,MO)+100ng/ml的成头蛋白(R&D Systems,MN)处理四天(第3阶段),然后
d.DMEM/F12+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)+100ng/ml成头蛋白+1μM DAPT(一种γ-分泌酶抑制剂)(目录号565784,Calbiochem,CA)+1μM ALK5抑制剂II(目录号616452,Calbiochem,Ca)+100ng/ml的导蛋白-4(R&D Systems,MN)处理三天(第4阶段),然后
e.DMEM/F12+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)+1μM ALK5抑制剂II(Calbiochem,Ca)处理七天(第5阶段),然后
f.DMEM/F12+1%B27处理七天(第6阶段),然后
g.用Accutase处理5分钟,然后刮擦以移出任何剩余的附着细胞。然后使细胞悬浮液通过40μm细胞过滤网。将留在过滤网上的细胞通过在基础培养基中冲洗而移出,并在有高糖DMEM(目录号11995-073,Invitrogen,Ca)+1%B27+20ng/ml的激活素A(AA)+2μm的CDK抑制剂III(目录号217714,Calbiochem,Ca)的Ultra-Low培养平板上的悬浮液中培养1-8天(第7阶段)。
在第1天、第2天、第3天和第4天收集用于PCR分析的样本。在用CDK抑制剂处理4天之后,从培养基去除CDK抑制剂,并且细胞在DMEM-F12+1%B27+20ng/ml的激活素A中培养额外的4天。在四天结束时,收集三份用于PCR分析的样本。
图8(分图a-b)示出在第7阶段的不同时间点MAFA和胰岛素的表达模式。CDK抑制剂处理引起随时间推移增加的MAFA和胰岛素表达的显著增加。然而,去除CDK抑制剂导致在去除化合物之后四天获得的样本中,MAFA和胰岛素两者表达显著下降。
实例7
筛选来自BIOMOL TM 激酶抑制剂库的化合物对已根据实例1所述 分化方案处理的细胞的影响。
将第51代的人胚胎干细胞系H1细胞接种至涂覆有MATRIGEL的24板孔培养皿中(1∶30稀释物)并根据实例1所述的方法(最多至第5阶段)使其分化。在此之后,使细胞在DMEM/F12+1%B27中生长一天,然后在含有终浓度为4μM的来自BIOMOLTM化合物库的化合物(目录号2832,BIOMOL,Plymouth Meeting,Pa)的DMEM/F12+1%B27中处理六天。将含有溶媒的板孔包括在内作为对照。在整个处理中,每隔一天更换含有溶媒或化合物的处理方案所用的培养基。将所有样本一式两份进行处理。在此处理完成时,收集用于PCR分析的RNA。通过实时PCR分析样本的胰岛素、胰高血糖素、MAFA和ARX4的表达。将结果表示为由实时PCR测得的相对于未处理对照处理样本的胰岛素/胰高血糖素比(图2)或MAFA/Arx4比(表2)。各个字母数字板孔号的对应产品目录号、CAS号和化合物名或识别号在表3中列出。
用4μM浓度的化合物C8或F1处理表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞得到大约10.0或更高的胰岛素/胰高血糖素表达比。用D9处理的细胞具有大约1840.0的胰岛素/胰高血糖素比(表2)。
我们然后检查这些化合物对MAFA/ARX4比的影响,并且我们发现用若干化合物处理表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞引起比库中测试的其他化合物大得多的MAFA/ARX4比的变化:用化合物B6或F1处理的细胞显示出大约大于10的MAFA/ARX4比。用化合物C8处理胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞得到大约84的MAFA/ARX4比,而用D9处理的细胞具有大约212的MAFA/ARX4比(表2)。
实例8
细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂对已根据实例1所述分化方案处 理的细胞中胰岛素和MAFA表达的影响。
将第51代的人胚胎干细胞系H1细胞接种至涂覆有MATRIGELTM的24板孔培养皿中(1∶30稀释物)并根据实例1所述的方法(最多至第5阶段)使其分化。在此之后,使细胞在DMEM/F12+1%B27中生长八天,然后在含有0.6125、1.25或终浓度为5.0μM的细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂的DMEM/F12+1%B27中处理四天。我们测试了6种抑制剂:PubChem识别号5330812(EMD目录号217714)、PubChem识别号4566(EMD目录号217713)、PubChem识别号5330797(EMD目录号219476)、PubChem识别号73292(EMD目录号341251)、PubChem识别号4592(EMD目录号495620)和PubChem识别号160355(EMD目录号557360)。将含有溶媒的板孔包括在内作为对照。在整个处理中,每隔一天更换含有溶媒或化合物的处理方案所用的培养基。将所有样本一式两份进行处理。在此处理完成时,收集用于PCR分析的RNA。通过实时PCR分析样本的胰岛素、胰高血糖素、MAFA和ARX4的表达。将结果表示为由实时PCR测得的相对于溶媒处理对照的倍数变化。
我们观察到化合物PubChem识别号5330812、PubChem识别号4566、PubChem识别号5330797和PubChem识别号73292在所测试的浓度下均刺激MAFA表达(表4)。PubChem识别号4592和PubChem识别号160355在所测试的浓度下不刺激MAFA(表4)。化合物PubChem识别号5330812、PubChem识别号4566、PubChem识别号5330797、PubChem识别号4592和PubChem识别号160355看起来都刺激胰岛素表达(表4)。化合物PubChem识别号5330797减少了胰高血糖素和Arx4两者的表达(表4),但刺激MAFA表达。
实例9
使用缺少胎牛血清的含25mM葡萄糖的DMEM(DMEM-HG)细
胞系H1的人胚胎干细胞向胰腺内分泌细胞分化
a.补充有2%BSA(目录号152401,MP Biomedical,Ohio)和100ng/ml激活素A(R&D Systems,MN)加20ng/ml WNT-3a(目录号1324-WN-002,R&D Systems,MN)加8ng/ml的bFGF(目录号100-18B,PeproTech,NJ)的RPMI培养基处理一天,然后用补充有2%BSA和100ng/ml激活素A加8ng/ml的RPMI培养基另外处理两天(第1阶段),然后
b.RPMI培养基用2%BSA+50ng/ml FGF7+0.25μM环巴胺-KAAD(#239804,Calbiochem,CA)处理两天(第二阶段),然后
c.DMEM-HG+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)+50ng/ml FGF7+0.25μM环巴胺-KAAD+2μM视黄酸(RA)(Sigma,MO)+100ng/ml的成头蛋白(R&D Systems,MN)处理六天(第3阶段),然后
d.DMEM-HG+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)+100ng/ml成头蛋白+1μM ALK5抑制剂II(目录号616452,Calbiochem,Ca)处理三天(第4阶段),然后
e.DMEM-HG+1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)+1μM ALK5抑制剂II(Calbiochem,Ca)处理七天(第5阶段)。
每天更换培养基。在每个阶段,用血球计计算细胞数目并收集RNA用于PCR分析。所有样品均一式三份进行收集。
实例10
筛选来自EMD激酶抑制剂库I的化合物对已根据实例9所述分
化方案处理的细胞的影响
将第45代的人胚胎干细胞系H1细胞接种于涂覆有MATRIGEL的24板孔的培养皿上(1∶30稀释物),并根据实例9所述方法(最多至第5阶段)使其分化。在此之后,饲养细胞,并在第5阶段的第1天、第3天和第5天用培养基处理,该培养基包含DMEM-HG、1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)、1μM ALK5抑制剂II(Calbiochem,Ca)和溶于DMSO(目录号539744,Calbiochem,San Diego,Ca)并以2.5μM的最终浓度处理的来自EMD Calbiochem化合物库I的化合物。将含有溶媒的板孔包括在内作为对照。在整个方案中,除了在第5阶段每隔一天更换培养基,其它每天更换培养基。将所有样本一式两份进行处理。
在此处理完成时,收集用于PCR分析的RNA。通过实时PCR分析样本的MAFA的表达。将结果表示为由实时PCR测得的MAFA表达对未处理H1人胚胎干细胞(表5)的倍数增加。
用2.5μM浓度的化合物A4(目录号124001,Akt抑制剂IV)、E8(目录号527450,PKR抑制剂)和F9(目录号539648,Staurosporine,N-苯甲酰-)处理表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞导致MAFA表达增加比溶媒处理对照高至少4倍(表5)。用2.5μM浓度的化合物E6(目录号521233,PDGF受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂IV)处理导致MAFA表达增加比溶媒处理对照高至少2.5倍(表5)。
实例11
筛选来自EMD激酶抑制剂库II的化合物对已根据实例9所述分
化方案处理的细胞的影响
将第46代的人胚胎干细胞系H1细胞接种于涂覆有MATRIGEL的24板孔的培养皿上(1∶30稀释物),并根据实例9所述方法(最多至第5阶段)使其分化。在此之后,饲养细胞,并在第5阶段的第1天、第3天和第5天用培养基处理,该培养基包含DMEM-HG、1%B27(Invitrogen,CA)、1μM ALK5抑制剂II(Calbiochem,Ca)(第5阶段)和溶于DMSO(表1和表6,Calbiochem,San Diego,Ca)并以2.5μM的最终浓度处理的来自EMD Calbiochem化合物库II的化合物。将含有溶媒的板孔包括在内作为对照。在整个方案中,除了在第5阶段每隔一天更换培养基,其它每天更换培养基。将所有样本一式两份进行处理。
在此处理完成时,收集用于PCR分析的RNA。通过实时PCR分析样本的MAFA的表达。刺激MAFA表达的化合物的结果示出并表达为由实时PCR测得的MAFA表达对对照样本的倍数增加(图9)。
用2.5μM浓度的2-氰乙基Alsterpaullone、SU9516、Alsterpaullone、Cdk1/2抑制剂III、酪蛋白激酶I抑制剂、D4476或MEK1/2抑制剂中的任一者处理表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞导致MAFA表达相对于未处理对照4.5倍增加(表7)。
实例12
用小分子抑制剂抑制表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞
中的细胞周期进程可促进表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞
中的MAFA表达
可通过用胞外生长因子刺激细胞来激活和维持由细胞周期进程引起的细胞生长。生长因子结合至生长因子受体的胞外结构域,从而诱导受体胞内结构域的构象转换。这种转变引发了位于受体胞内结构域上的酪氨酸激酶的受体二聚化和活化,从而导致下游的多个丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶的磷酸化和活化,最终引起细胞周期进程和细胞增殖。
在正常生理状况下,表征为胰岛素和转录因子MAFA表达的成熟胰腺β细胞处于静息状态,并往往保持在细胞周期的G0中。然而,为了产生足够的细胞来形成机能器官并满足成熟动物的需要,表达本发明的胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞必须具有细胞周期。因此,在胚胎发育的某一点,表达本发明的胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞向β细胞分化,并从活动细胞周期增殖细胞转变为静息细胞。
我们的数据表明,通过用小分子激酶抑制剂阻断信号转导级联反应来抑制细胞周期进程,我们可诱导表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞来表达MAFA(一种成熟胰腺β细胞的标记物)。靶向生长因子受体的激酶抑制剂(PDGF受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂IV)或干扰酪氨酸激酶受体下游激酶的抑制剂(MEK1/2抑制剂、PKR抑制剂或Akt抑制剂IV)会干扰基于增殖生长因子/激酶的信号转导,从而引起细胞周期停止和MAFA表达的诱导。使用像星孢菌素的广谱抑制剂可有效地诱导MAFA,然而其在有效浓度下也具有细胞毒性。像细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂的更具针对性的化合物(2-氰乙基Alsterpaullone、SU9516、Alsterpaullone或Cdk1/2抑制剂III)可诱导MAFA,具有比像星孢菌素的广谱抑制剂更小的毒性。
为了确定广谱激酶抑制剂是否可以在表达本发明的胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中诱导MAFA表达和更成熟的显型,我们根据实例9所述的方法来分化H1人ES细胞,并在第5阶段的第1天、第3天和第5天用已显示可在人和鼠类细胞系中诱导G2阶段停止并抑制多种激酶的蛋白质-酪氨酸激酶抑制剂染料木素(Genistein)来处理它们。在10和30ng/ml的剂量下,与未处理对照相比,内分泌激素胰岛素、生长抑素和转录因子MAFA均表现出表达增加,但在10ng/ml下,内分泌激素胰高血糖素具有增加表达(图10)。我们在100ng/ml剂量的高金雀花碱下观察到与胰岛素、胰高血糖素和生长抑素表达降低相关联的显著毒性。
这些数据表明,通过用小分子激酶抑制剂阻断信号转导级联反应来抑制细胞周期进程(所述小分子激酶抑制剂靶向抑制信号从生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶通过胞内信号转导激酶传导至核和细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶),我们可以诱导表达本发明的胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞来表达MAFA(一种成熟胰腺β细胞的标记物)。
将本文通篇中所引用的出版物的全文以引用的方式并入本文。尽管已通过参考实例和优选的实施例对本发明的多个方面进行了阐述,但应当理解,本发明的范围不由前面的描述限定,而是由根据专利法的原理正确解释的权利要求书所限定。
表2.BIOMOL抑制剂化合物库的化合物对表达胰腺内分泌谱系 特征性标记物的细胞中由实时PCR确定的胰岛素/胰高血糖素和 MAFA/Arx4表达的比率的影响。数字字母混合板孔号对应于表3中的 化合物种类。
相对于对照的比率
表3.数字字母混合板孔标签和对应的BIOMOL激酶抑制剂化合
物库的产品目录号、CAS号和化合物名称或ID号
表4.BIOMOL抑制剂化合物库的化合物对在表达胰腺内分泌谱
系特征性标记物的细胞中胰岛素、胰高血糖素、MAFA和Arx4的表达
的影响
表5.数字字母混合板孔标记和对应的EMD Calbiochem激酶抑
制剂化合物库I的产品目录号和化合物名称或ID号
表7.来自EMD激酶抑制剂库II的若干化合物对已根据实例9
所述分化方案处理的细胞的MAFA表达的诱导倍数
Claims (1)
1.一种用于增加表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞中MAFA的表达的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:在含有足以引起MAFA表达增加的量的细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶抑制剂的培养基中培养表达胰腺内分泌谱系特征性标记物的细胞。
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