CN101188325A - 多级天线 - Google Patents

多级天线 Download PDF

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CN101188325A
CN101188325A CNA2007101851114A CN200710185111A CN101188325A CN 101188325 A CN101188325 A CN 101188325A CN A2007101851114 A CNA2007101851114 A CN A2007101851114A CN 200710185111 A CN200710185111 A CN 200710185111A CN 101188325 A CN101188325 A CN 101188325A
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multilevel hierarchy
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卡里斯·普伦廷·巴里阿达
卡门·鲍嘉·鲍奥
乔米·安格雷·普罗斯
乔迪·索莱尔·卡斯塔尼
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Fractus SA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
    • H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
    • H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
    • H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
    • H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/50—Structural association of antennas with earthing switches, lead-in devices or lightning protectors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/10—Resonant antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/20—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements characterised by the operating wavebands
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/30—Arrangements for providing operation on different wavebands
    • H01Q5/307—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/30—Arrangements for providing operation on different wavebands
    • H01Q5/307—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way
    • H01Q5/342—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way for different propagation modes
    • H01Q5/357—Individual or coupled radiating elements, each element being fed in an unspecified way for different propagation modes using a single feed point
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/40—Imbricated or interleaved structures; Combined or electromagnetically coupled arrangements, e.g. comprising two or more non-connected fed radiating elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q5/00—Arrangements for simultaneous operation of antennas on two or more different wavebands, e.g. dual-band or multi-band arrangements
    • H01Q5/50—Feeding or matching arrangements for broad-band or multi-band operation
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/06—Details
    • H01Q9/065—Microstrip dipole antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/28—Conical, cylindrical, cage, strip, gauze, or like elements having an extended radiating surface; Elements comprising two conical surfaces having collinear axes and adjacent apices and fed by two-conductor transmission lines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/30—Resonant antennas with feed to end of elongated active element, e.g. unipole
    • H01Q9/40—Element having extended radiating surface

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Abstract

本发明涉及一种天线，其中相应的辐射元件包括由电磁性耦合和组合的一组类似的几何元件(多边形或多面体)形成的至少一个多级结构，因此可辨别构成该天线结构的每一基本组成元件。这样的设计提供两个重要优点：该天线可能在若干频率中同时操作和/或它的尺寸可实质地减小。因此，可实现多频带无线电特性，即，对不同频带特性相似。

Description

多级天线
本分案申请是中国专利申请号为99816960.9、申请日为1999年9月20日、发明名称为“多级天线”的中国专利申请案的分案申请。
技术领域：
本发明涉及由多组类似的几何元件(多边形、多面体)构成的天线，这些几何元件电磁性地耦合和组合，以便在天线结构中可能分辨形成它的每一基本元件。
更准确地说，本发明涉及所述天线的一种特殊的几何设计，并提供二个主要的优点：该天线可以在几种频率中同时操作和/或其尺寸实质上可以减小。
本发明的应用范围主要是通信领域，更具体地说是在无线电通信领域。
背景技术：
天线约在上一世纪末首次被开发，当James C.Maxwell在1864提出电磁学基本定律时。Heinrich Hertz可能由于1886年发明第一个天线而作出贡献，通过该天线电磁波在空气中的传输被证明。在四十年代中期显示了在相对于波长天线的尺寸减小方面的限制，并且在六十年代初出现了第一个与频率无关的天线。在当时，建议以螺旋线、螺旋管、对数周期天线组、圆锥形和仅由角限定的结构用于宽带天线。
在1995年介绍了分形或多重分形天线(专利号9501019)，由于它们的几何结构而呈现出一种多频特性和在某些情况下的小尺寸。后来介绍了多三角形天线(multitriangular antennae)(专利号9800954)，其同时在频带GSM 900和GSM 1800中操作。
本发明中描述的天线源自分形和多三角形天线，但是解决了限制所述天线的特性和降低它们在实际环境中的适用性的实际特性的若干问题。
从科学的观点严格地讲，分形天线是不可能的，因为分形物体是包括无穷多元件的一个数学抽象观念。有可能生成具有基于所述分形物体的一种形式的天线，包括有限次数的重复。这种天线的性能受限于各个元件的具体几何结构。例如频带的位置和它们的相对间距与分形几何结构有关，并且设计天线保持它的分形外形而同时使频带置于无线电频谱的正确的区域并不总是可能、可行或经济的。首先，截断(truncation)隐含了通过使用一真实的分形天线所引起的局限的一个清晰的实例，该天线试图接近一理想分形天线的理论特性。上述结果破坏理想分形结构在低频带中的特性，将其从相对于其他频带的理论位置移走，简单地说，要求天线的尺寸过大，从而妨碍了实际应用。
除这种实际问题外，并不总是可能改变该分形结构以便呈现适于每个应用要求的辐射图的阻抗水平(level of impedance)。由于这些原因，常有必要抛开分形几何结构而采取在天线的频带位置、适应水平(adaptation level)和阻抗、偏振和辐射图方面提供更大的灵活性的其他类型的几何结构。
多三角形结构(专利号9800954)是具有非分形结构的几何结构设计的实例，因此该天线可用于GSM和DCS蜂窝电话的基站中。在所述专利中描述的天线包括仅在它们的顶端连接的三个三角形，其尺寸适合用于频带890MHz-960MHz以及1710MHz-1880MHz。这是一个特定环境中的特定的解决方案，其不提供处理用于其他环境的其他天线设计所要求的灵活性和通用性。
发明内容：
多级天线解决分形和多三角形天线的操作上的限制。它们的几何结构更加灵活、丰富和多样，允许该天线在从二个到更多频带中操作，而且在辐射图、频带位置和阻抗水平方面提供更大的通用性，这里仅举几个例子。尽管它们不是分形的，但多级天线的特征在于其包括在整体结构中可能被区别开的多个元件。确切地说因为明确地显示各部分的若干级(整体结构和组成它的各个元件的若干级)，所以多级天线提供多频带特性和/或小尺寸。它们的名称的由来也在于上述特性。
本发明由一天线组成，该天线的辐射元件的特征在于它的几何形状，该辐射元件主要包括同类型的若干多边形或多面体。也就是说，它包括例如彼此电耦合的(或通过至少一个触点或通过提供电容耦合的一个小间隔)和在更高级的结构中组合的三角形、正方形、五边形、六边形乃至作为具有很多边的多边形的极限情况的圆和椭圆、以及四面体、六面体、棱柱、十二面体等等，因此在该天线体内可以识别它所包括的多边形或者多面体元件。其次，用这样的方式生成的结构可以类似于基本元件的方式在较高次结构中组合等等，直到达到该天线设计师要求的多级。
命名为多级天线确切地说是因为在天线的主体内至少可以识别二级部件：整体结构和构成它的大部分元件(多边形或多面体)。这是通过保证在形成该天线的大部分元件之间接触或相交(如果存在的话)的面积仅仅是上述的多边形或多面体的周长或周围面积的一小部分来实现的。
多级天线的一种特殊特性是，它们的无线电特性在几个频带内可以是类似的。天线输入参数(阻抗和辐射图)对若干频带保持类似(即天线在每个不同的频带中具有相同水平的适应性或驻波比)，并且在不同频率该天线经常呈现几乎相同的辐射图。确切地说是因为该天线的多级结构，即，因为它还可能识别在该天线中组成该天线的大多数基本元件(同类多边形或多面体)。频带的数量与包含在该主辐射元件的几何结构中的多边形元件或这些元件组合在其中的类似的组的等级或尺寸的数目成比例。
除了它们的多频带特性外，多级结构天线同结构较简单的其他天线比较起来通常小于普通的尺寸。(例如由单个多边形或多面体组成的天线)。这是由于在多级结构上电流流过的路径比在简单几何结构中更长且更曲折，因为不同的多边形或多面体元件之间存在空间。该空间强制电流沿给定路径(该路径必须围绕上述空间)流动，该电流流经更远的距离并因此在较低频率共振。另外，该天线丰富的边缘和丰富的间断性结构简化了辐射过程，相对增加该天线的辐射电阻并减少品质因数Q，即增加了它的带宽。
因此，多级天线的主要特征如下：
-包含同类多边形或多面体的多级几何结构，该多边形或多面体电磁地耦合和组合以形成一更大结构。在多级几何结构中，大部分元件清晰可见，因为这些元件与其他元件的接触、相交或互连(如果存在的话)的面积总是小于它们的周界的50％。
-由该几何结构引起的无线电特性：多级天线能呈现一种多频带特性(对若干频带来说是相同或类似的)和/或在一降低的频率下操作，这使得可减小它们的尺寸。
在专门文献中已经可能找出对允许覆盖几个频带的某种天线设计的说明。然而，在这些设计中多频带特征是在天线中通过将许多单频带天线组合到一起或通过把电抗元件结合到天线中(集中元件作为电感或电容或它们的集成形式如接线柱(post)或凹槽)来实现的，这迫使出现新的共振频率。相反多级天线的特性取决于它们特殊的几何结构，给天线设计者在有关频带的数量(与部件的级数成比例)、位置、相对间隔和宽度方面提供更大灵活性，并因此为最终产品提供更好和更多不同特征。
多级结构能被用于任何已知的天线构造中。正如可被引用的一个非限制性的例子：偶极天线、单极天线、贴片或微带天线、共面天线、反射器天线、缠绕天线甚至天线阵。制造技术也并非多级天线的特征，因为最适合的技术可能被用于每一种结构或应用。例如，通过照相平版印刷术(印刷电路技术)在介电基片上印刷；在金属板上模压成形、在电介质上推斥等等。
公开文件WO 97/06578公开了一种分形天线，该天线与多级天线毫无关系，且两者几何结构本质上也不相同。
附图说明：
由参考附图所做的对本发明的一优选实施例的详细说明，本发明的另外的特征和优点将变得清楚，该实施例仅用于说明而决不表示对本发明限定的范围进行限制，其中：
图1示出了仅包括三角形的多级元件的特殊例子；
图2示出了在多种构造中多级天线的集合的例子：单极天线(2.1)、偶极天线(2.2)、贴片天线(2.3)、共面天线(2.4)、喇叭形天线(2.5-2.6)以及天线阵(2.7)；
图3示出了基于三角形的多级结构的例子；
图4示出了基于平行六面体的多级结构的例子；
图5示出了基于五边形的多级结构的例子；
图6示出了基于六边形的多级结构的例子；
图7示出了基于多面体的多级结构的例子；
图8示出了在用于GSM(900MHz)和DCS(1800MHz)的移动电话基站的贴片结构中的多级天线的一种特殊操作模式的例子；
图9示出了前述附图中描述的多级天线的输入参数(50ohms时的反射波损耗)；
图10示出了图8的多级天线的辐射图：水平平面和垂直平面；
图11示出了用于室内无线通信系统或无线接入局域网环境中的一单级天线构造的多级天线的一种特殊操作模式的例子；
图12示出了前述附图的多级天线的输入参数(50ohms时的反射波损耗)；
图13示出了图11的多级天线的辐射图。
具体实施方式：
在对本发明的优选实施例的详细说明中将参考附图，其中相同的数字表示相同或相似的部件。
本发明涉及一种天线，其包括至少一个采取多级结构形式的构造元件。多级结构的特征在于，它是通过将彼此电磁耦合的相同类型的若干多边形和多面体(例如三角形、平行六面体、五边形、六边形等等，甚至作为具有许多边的多边形的特殊情形的圆形和椭圆形，以及四面体、六面体、棱柱、十二面体等等)通过元件间的邻近(proximity)或直接接触集合在一起而形成的。通过组成元件(多边形或多面体)间的互连(如果存在的话)，多级结构或图形与另一个传统图形精确地区别开来。在多级结构中至少75％的组成元件的超过其周长的50％(对多边形来说)没有与该结构的任何其他元件接触。因此，在多级结构中，很容易从几何上识别和单独地区别其大多数基本组成元件，从而呈现元件的至少两级：整体结构级和形成该整体结构的多边形或多面体元件的级。正是由于多级天线的该特点和该多边形和多面体能包括在多种尺寸中，故得其命名。另外，几种多级结构可彼此组合和电磁性地耦合以形成更高级结构。在多级结构中，所有的组成元件是具有相同边数的多边形或具有相同面数的多面体。当然，当多个不同性质的多级结构被组合和电磁性地耦合以形成更高级的次显微组织时，该特性被打破。
用这种方式，在图1至7中示出了多级结构的几个特殊例子。
图1示出了专门由不同尺寸和形状的三角形组成的多级元件。注意在该特殊情况中，每个元件(三角形，用黑色表示)能被区别出来，因为各个三角形仅以它们的周长的很小区域重叠，在这种情况下是在它们的顶端重叠。
图2示出了各种构造中多级天线的集合的例子：单极天线(2.1)、偶极天线(2.2)、贴片天线(2.3)、共面天线(2.4)、螺旋线圈天线的侧视图(2.5)和正视图(2.6)以及天线阵(2.7)。由于此，应注意不管其构造如何，多级天线的特征辐射元件的几何结构与其他天线是不同的。
图3示出了源于三角形，并均由三角形构成的的多级结构(3.1-3.15)的另外的例子。注意实例(3.14)是实例(3.13)的变形；不管这4个三角形间的接触，75％的元件(三个三角形，除中间的一个外)其周长的50％是自由的。
图4描述了由平行六面体(正方形、矩形、菱形......)形成的多级结构(4.1-4.14)。注意组成元件总是可单个地识别(至少大部分如此)。特别是在实例(4.12)中，所述元件周长的100％是自由的，它们之间没有任何物理上的连接(耦合是通过由各元件间的互电容而造成的邻近来实现的)。
图5、6和7是分别基于五边形、六边形和多面体的其它多极结构的非限制性的例子。
应注意多级天线和其它现存的天线的区别在于其特有的几何结构，而不在于它们作为天线的构造和用于该构造的材料。因此，多级结构可与任何已知的天线构造一起使用，诸如以如下非限制性的方式：偶极天线、单极天线、贴片或微带天线、共面天线、反射器天线、缠绕天线乃至天线阵。通常，多级结构形成所述构造的辐射元件特征的一部分，如杆(arm)、大平面(mass plane)或同时在一单极天线中的杆和大平面、杆或同时在一偶极天线中的杆、微带天线、贴片天线或共面天线中的贴片或印刷元件；反射器天线中的反射器，或在一喇叭形天线中的圆锥形部分乃至天线壁(antenna wall)。甚至可能使用一种螺旋式天线结构，其中环或多环的几何结构是多级结构的外周。总的来说，多级天线和传统天线的区别在于辐射元件或它的一个组成部分的几何结构，并不在于天线的特殊构造。
至于构造材料和技术，多级天线的实现并不局限于某种特别的和可能被认为是最适合于每一应用而采用的已知的或将来技术中的任何一种，因为本发明的本质在于用在多级结构中的几何结构而不是其特殊构造。因此，多级结构可能通过如薄片、导电材料或超导材料的一部分、通过使用如印刷电路所用的金属涂层在电介质基片(刚性的或柔性的)上印刷、将构成多级结构的几种电介质材料瓦状重叠等等来形成，这往往取决于每种情形和应用的特殊要求。一旦多级结构形成，天线的实现就依靠所选择的构造(单极、偶极、贴片、喇叭形、反射器......)。对单极、缠绕、偶极和贴片天线，多种相似的结构是在金属支架上实现(简单的过程包括将一照相平版印刷过程应用到一空白印刷电路介质板)，并且将该结构安装到一标准微波连接器上，对单极和贴片天线的情形，与任何传统天线一样，该微波连接器是依次连接到大平面上(典型的是一金属板或盒)。对偶极天线情况来说，两个相同的多级结构形成天线的两杆；在开放式天线中，多级几何结构可能是喇叭形天线的金属壁或其横截面的一部分，最后，对反射器来说，多种相似元件或一组这种元件可能形成或覆盖该反射器。
多级天线的最相关的特性主要是由于它们的几何结构形成的，且如下所述：在几种频带中用相似的方式(相似的阻抗和辐射图)同时操作的可能性以及与专门基于单个多边形或多面体的其他传统天线相比减小它们的尺寸的可能性。这些特性在通信系统领域中特别有关。在几个频带中同时操作使得一单个多级天线可将几个通信系统结合成为一体，而不是象传统那样为每一系统或业务分配一天线。当由于在城市或农村风景中的视觉效果或当结合到车辆或便携式通信装置上时无美感或无气动效果时，天线必须被隐蔽起来，则尺寸减小是特别有用的。
在实际环境中使用多频带天线所获得的优点的一个例子是下面将进一步描述的，用于GSM和DCS环境的多级天线AM1。这些天线被设计成符合在两个蜂窝电话系统中的无线电规范。为两个频带(900MHz和1800MHz)使用一个单一GSM和DCS多级天线，蜂窝电话经营者能减少费用和他们的站点网络对环境的影响，同时增加由该网络支持的用户(顾客)数量。
将多级天线与分形天线区别开来特别重要。后者是基于分形几何结构，而分形几何结构是基于在实际中很难实现的抽象数学概念。专门的科学文献通常将具有非整体Haussdorf尺寸的那些几何结构的物体定义为分形。这表示分形物体仅作为一抽象或一概念存在，但对一有形物体或图画来说所述的几何结构是难以想象的(从严格意义上来说)，尽管基于该几何结构的天线的确已经被开发且在科学文献中广泛描述，虽然它们的几何结构从科学术语上讲并不是严格的分形。尽管这些天线中的一些提供一种多频带特征(它们的阻抗和辐射图对几个频带来说几乎保持不变)，但在实际环境中它们自己不能为适用性提供所要求的天线的所有特性。因此，例如，Sierpinski天线具有由因数2分隔开的N个频带的多频带特性，并且尽管由于这种分隔人们可以想到将其用于通信网络GSM 900MHz和GSM 1800MHz(或DCS)，但对这些频率来说它的不适合的辐射图和尺寸防碍了其在现实环境中的实际应用。简单地说，为获得除提供多频带特性外，还符合为每一特殊用途所要求的所有规范的天线，几乎总是必须放弃分形几何结构而采用例如多级几何结构天线。例如，图1、3、4、5和6中描述的结构没有一个是分形的。对所有这些结构而言，它们的Hausdorff尺寸等于2，这与它们的拓扑尺寸相同。同样图7的多级结构中没有一个是分形的，它们的Hausdorff尺寸等于3，这与它们的拓扑尺寸相同。
在任何情况下，多级结构不应与天线阵混淆。尽管天线阵的确是由多组相同的天线形成的，在天线阵中天线的各元件是电磁性去耦的，这与多级天线中所想要的正好相反。在一天线阵中，每一元件被单独供电，或者是通过每个元件的特殊信号发送器或接收器，或者通过一信号分配网络，但在多级天线中，在一些元件中激励该结构，则剩余的元件电磁性耦合或通过直接接触(在不超过相邻元件的周长或表面的50％的区域内)耦合。在一天线阵中试图增加单个天线的方向性以形成用于一特殊用途的辐射图；在一多级天线中，其目的在于获得多频带特性或天线的缩减尺寸，这意味着与天线阵是完全不同的应用。
仅为了说明目的，下面将描述用于特殊环境和应用的多级天线(AM1和AM2)的操作模式的两个非限制性的例子。
模式AM1
该模式包括多级贴片类型天线，如图8所示，其在频带GSM 900(890MHz-960MHz)和GSM 1800(1710MHz-1880MHz)中同时操作且在水平平面中提供一扇形辐射图。该天线被设想为主要(尽管并不局限于)用于GSM 900和1800移动电话的基站中。
多级结构(8.10)，或天线贴片，由在标准玻璃纤维印刷电路板上的一印刷铜片组成。多级几何结构由顶端相互连接的5个三角形(8.1-8.5)组成，如图8所示，其外周边形成高为13.9cm(8.6)的一个等边三角形。底部三角形高8.2cm(8.7)并与两个相邻的三角形一起构成高为10.7cm(8.8)的三角形周边结构。
多级贴片(8.10)平行地装配到22*18.5cm的矩形铝的接地面(earth plane)(8.9)上。贴片和接地面间的间距是3.3cm，通过作为支架(8.12)的一对电介质垫片来保持该距离。
多级结构的两个点连接到天线，每一个对应一操作频带(GSM 900和GSM 1800)。激励(excitation)是通过垂直于一个大平面和该多级结构的一垂直金属接线柱来实现的，通过邻近(电容效应)电耦合到贴片的一金属片来电容性地完成。在贴片构造天线中这是一个标准系统，其目的是用接线柱最终的电容效应补偿其电感效应。
在激励柱的底部连接用于互连各元件和接入天线的端口或连接器(8.13)的电路。所述互连电路可能是用微带、同轴或微波带状线技术形成(只列举一些实例)，且结合把在接线柱底部测量的阻抗变换成在输入/输出天线连接器所要求的50ohm(通常这些应用的驻波比(SWR)的典型容差低于1.5)的传统的适配网络。所述连接器通常是用于微蜂窝基站应用的型N或SMA。
除了适配阻抗和提供与辐射元件的互连外，互连网络(8.11)可能包括允许该天线出现在两个连接器结构(每一个对应一个频带)中或出现在用于两个频带的单个连接器中的天线共用器。
对双连接器结构来说，为增加GSM 900和GSM 1800(DCS)终端间的绝缘，DCS频带激励柱(excitation post)的基部可能连接到在中央DCS波长中电长度(electrical length)等于波长一半的平行短棒(stub)上并在开路中结束。类似地，GSM 900引线的基部可被连接到在GSM频带的中央波长处电长度稍微大于四分之一波长的开路中的一平行短棒端部。所述短棒在连接的基部引入了可能被调整用以补偿所述柱的剩余电感效应的电容。另外，所述短棒在DCS频带中呈现很低的阻抗，这有助于所述频带中连接器间的绝缘。
图9和10示出了双多级天线的特定实施例的典型无线电特性。
图9示出了在GSM(9.1)和DCS(9.2)中的反射波损耗(Lr)，该损耗典型地低于-14dB(等效于SWR＜1.5)，因此在两种操作频带(890MHz-960MHZ以及1710MHz-1880MHz)中该天线都非常适合。
在两个频带中垂直平面(10.1和10.3)和水平平面(10.2和10.4)中的辐射图如图10所示。可清楚地看到在垂直该天线的方向(10.1和10.3)上两个天线都使用主瓣(main lobe)辐射，且在水平平面(10.2和10.4)中两个辐射图是65°的典型的波束宽度为3dB的瓣状。在两个频带中典型的方向性(d)是d＞7dB。
模式AM2
本模型由单极天线中一多级天线组成，如图11所示，用于室内无线通信系统或使用无线电的本地接入环境。
用相似的方式该天线在频带1880MHz-1930MHz和3400MHz-3600MHz同时操作，例如在具有系统DECT的设备中。多级结构由三个或五个三角形(见图11和3.6)构成以便可能对其增加一个电感环(inductive loop)(11.1)。该天线在水平平面中呈现一全方向的辐射图并主要设想用于(但不局限于)安装到屋顶或地板。
多级结构被印刷到5.5cm宽、4.9cm高和0.8mm厚的一个RogersRO4003电介质基片(11.2)上，且电介质介电常数等于3.38。该多级元件包括在顶端连接的三个三角形(11.3-11.5)；底部三角形(11.3)高1.82cm，而多级结构总高2.72cm。在该特殊应用中，为减小天线的总尺寸，在多级元件顶部增加梯形形状的一电感环(11.1)，因此辐射元件的总尺寸是4.5cm。
多级结构被垂直地安装到其长度或直径大约为18cm的一正方形或圆形的金属(如铝)接地面(11.6)上。该元件的底部顶端被放在大平面的中心且形成该天线的激励点。该点被连接到将辐射元件和输入/输出连接器连接起来的互连网络上。所述互连网络可能以微带、微波带状线或同轴技术来实现(仅列举一些实例)。在本特定例子中使用微带结构。除用于辐射元件和连接器的互连外，该互连网络可用作一阻抗变换器，其将多级元件顶端处的阻抗匹配为输入/输出连接器所要求的50ohms(Lr＜-14dB，SWR＜1.5)。
图12和13概括了在较低(1900)和较高(3500)频带中的天线的无线电特性。
图12示出了用于两个频带的驻波比(SWR)：图12.1用于1800和1930MHz之间的频带，图12.2用于3400和3600MHz之间的频带。这些图表明该天线非常适合用于反射波损耗低于14dB的情形，即对感兴趣的整个频带来说SWR＜1.5。
图13示出了典型的辐射图。在1905MHz时分别在垂直平面、水平平面和天线平面测量的图(13.1)、(13.2)和(13.3)，以及在3500MHz时分别在垂直平面、水平平面和天线平面测量的图(13.4)、(13.5)和(13.6)。
人们可观察到在水平平面上的全方向特性和具有在1900频带中高于4dBi及在3500频带中高于6dBi的典型天线方向性在垂直平面中的典型的两小叶图。
在天线特性中，应注意该特性(SWR和辐射图)对使其成为多频带天线的两个频带是相当类似的。
AM1和AM2天线典型地将用一电介质天线罩罩上，该天线罩对电磁辐射实际上是透明的，其用来保护辐射元件和连接网络免受外部侵害并提供美观的外形。
在理解中不必考虑延伸本说明书，本领域的专家能理解其范围和由此产生的优点并将其再现。
然而，由于上述说明仅涉及一优选实施例，所以应当理解在本发明精神内可能引出细节的许多变形，同时还保护天线尺寸和/或用于制造该天线的全部或部分的材料。

Claims (21)

1.一种天线，其特征在于，它包括至少一多级结构，该多级结构是一组相同类型(边数或面数相同)的多边形或多面体元件，尽管尺寸不必相同，该多级结构和形成它的多边形或多面体具有不同的几何结构，所述多边形或多面体彼此电磁性耦合以便至少在大部分多边形或多面体中各元件间的接触区域未覆盖其周界或面积的主要部分，所以在至少75％的多边形和多面体中各元件间的接触区域低于该周界或面积的50％，因此在多级结构中允许几何地辨别形成该结构的大多数多边形或多面体。
2.如权利要求1所述的多级天线，其特征在于，多级结构专门由三角形构成。
3.如权利要求1所述的多级天线，其特征在于，多级结构专门由单一类型的多边形构成，其中包括诸如四边形、五边形、六边形、七边形、八边形、十边形、十二边形、圆或椭圆。
4.如权利要求1所述的多级天线，其特征在于，所述多级结构专门由多面体、圆柱体或椎形体构成。
5.如上述权利要求所述的多级天线，其特征在于，在一单极天线构造中多级结构垂直地安装在接地面上。
6.如权利要求1-4所述的多级天线，其特征在于，在一贴片或微带天线构造中多级结构被平行于接地面安装。
7.如权利要求5和6所述的多级天线，其特征在于，在具有一贴片构造的天线中，多级元件是平面微带或具有几个级的寄生贴片的贴片构造的辐射元件中的一个。
8.如权利要求1-4所述的多级天线，其特征在于，多级结构形成：偶极构造天线的两杆，共面构造天线的一部分，角锥形喇叭天线的至少一个面。
9.如权利要求1-4所述的多级天线，其特征在于，多级结构或其周界形成圆锥或角锥形喇叭型天线的横截面。
10.如权利要求1-4所述的多级天线，其特征在于，在螺旋型天线中多级结构的周界确定至少一个环的形状。
11.如权利要求1-4所述的多级天线，其特征在于，该多级天线可能是天线阵的一部分。
12.如权利要求1-4所述的多级天线，其特征在于，多级结构由导电、超导或电介质材料，或它们的组合构成。
13.如权利要求12所述的多级天线，其特征在于，多级结构使在金属的、超导的或电介质结构中所做的间隔的几何结构一致。
14.如权利要求1-4所述的多级天线，其特征在于，该天线具有多频带特性，即，其阻抗水平和辐射图在若干频带中是相似的，因此该天线在所述频带中基本保持相同的无线电操作性和功能度。
15.如权利要求1-4所述的多级天线，其特征在于，与在多级结构中周界可被限定的圆形、方形或三角形天线相比，该天线具有一小尺寸，且在相同频率(相同的谐振频率)中操作。
16.如权利要求14所述的多级天线，其特征在于，多频带特性允许其同时在若干频率中操作，因此可由若干通信业务或系统共享。
17.如权利要求14所述的多级天线，其特征在于，该天线被用于移动电话的基站、通信终端(发射器或接收器)、车辆、通信卫星或雷达系统中。
18.如权利要求1-4所述的多级天线，其特征在于，在无效率辐射的情形中，该多级结构可被用作一多频带或微型谐振器。
19.如权利要求1-4所述的多级天线，其特征在于，除多级元件外，该天线结合将该结构连接到输入/输出连接器的一互连电路，该互连电路可能被用来结合用于阻抗、滤波器或天线共用器的适配网络。
20.如权利要求1-4所述的多级天线，其特征在于，多级结构被加载电容性或电感性元件以改变其尺寸、谐振频率、辐射图或阻抗。
21.如权利要求1-4所述的多级天线，其特征在于，被称为第一级结构的相同类型(相同的特征多边形或多面体、相同数量、配置和元件间的耦合)的若干多级结构可能以与构成第一级多级结构的类似的方式在更高级结构中组合。
CN2007101851114A 1999-09-20 1999-09-20 多级天线 Expired - Lifetime CN101188325B (zh)

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