CN101053719B - 蜂窝结构体 - Google Patents

蜂窝结构体 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN101053719B
CN101053719B CN2007100070470A CN200710007047A CN101053719B CN 101053719 B CN101053719 B CN 101053719B CN 2007100070470 A CN2007100070470 A CN 2007100070470A CN 200710007047 A CN200710007047 A CN 200710007047A CN 101053719 B CN101053719 B CN 101053719B
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honeycomb structured
structured body
catalyst
transmission coefficient
air transmission
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CN101053719A (zh
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大野一茂
国枝雅文
大平朗宏
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Ibiden Co Ltd
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Ibiden Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明涉及蜂窝结构体,所述蜂窝结构体由多孔陶瓷构成,并且是由隔着孔壁沿长度方向平行设置的多个孔构成的蜂窝结构体。所述的孔的任意一端的端部被封堵。所述孔壁的透气系数k为0.5μm2~1.5μm2

Description

蜂窝结构体
技术领域
本发明涉及除去从柴油发动机等内燃机排出的尾气中所包含的微粒状物质的过滤器,以及在这样的过滤器中用作催化剂载体等的蜂窝结构体。
背景技术
从公共汽车、卡车等车辆、建筑机械等内燃机中,特别是从柴油机中排出包含以碳为主的微粒状物质的尾气,但是最近,这样的微粒状物质对人体和环境的影响成为了问题。即,这样的以碳为主的微粒状物质上吸附着各种各样的化合物,不仅碳而且这样的吸附化合物对人体的健康的影响也令人担忧。
在这样的情况下,对于捕集尾气中的微粒状物质以净化尾气的过滤器,人们正在进行研究,并且特别提出了各种由多孔陶瓷形成的蜂窝结构体。
例如,人们提出了由蜂窝结构体形成的各种过滤器,所述蜂窝结构体由隔着多孔孔壁邻接并且各自沿长度方向延伸的多个棱柱状孔构成。关于这样的蜂窝结构体,在各自的孔中,用封堵材料将任意一端的端部封堵,因而使被导入所述蜂窝结构体内的尾气向蜂窝结构体外部排出时通过孔壁。这样构成的过滤器中,在尾气通过所述孔壁时,尾气中的微粒状物质等被捕获(专利文献1:特开2002-219319号公报)。
此外,人们提出了以下蜂窝结构体:为了利用催化反应净化包含在尾气中的例如CO、HC和NOX等有害化学成分,在所述的蜂窝结构体中,将催化剂负载层设置在沿长度方向延伸的孔壁表面后,使催化剂附着在该催化剂负载层上(专利文献2:特开2002-357114号公报)。
发明内容
但是,在具有如上所述的将孔的一端封堵的结构的蜂窝结构体中,构成孔壁等的蜂窝结构体的材料或结构的特性对过滤性能有很大影响。例如,如果孔壁的气孔率减小,尾气的压力损失就会升高;相反地,如果间隔壁的气孔率增大,对微粒状物质等的捕集效率就会低下。因而,为了稳定地发挥低压力损失、高捕集效率等这些良好的过滤性能,必须控制制造步骤以使蜂窝结构体的气孔结构被控制在适当的状态。
但是,所述蜂窝结构体在制造中要经历例如在超过2000℃这样的高温下的烧制,因此很难高精度地控制蜂窝结构体的气孔结构等。特别是,对于如上所述的具有催化剂负载层的蜂窝结构体,将催化剂负载层设置在间隔壁上时,有时会出现孔壁内的气孔的一部分被阻塞的情况;在催化剂负载层的设置前后,气孔结构可能会有很大变化。从而,仅对蜂窝结构体的气孔率和气孔直径进行控制会产生不能稳定地对决定过滤器性能的重要因素即压力损失和捕集效率等进行控制的问题。
鉴于这样的问题,本发明总的目的在于提供蜂窝结构体,该蜂窝结构体的压力损失和微粒状物质等的捕集效率被设定在适当的范围,并且不受气孔率或气孔直径这样的变动很大的参数的影响。
根据一个技术方案,本发明提供一种由多孔陶瓷构成的蜂窝结构体,所述蜂窝结构体是由隔着孔壁沿长度方向平行设置的多个孔而构成的蜂窝结构体,所述孔的任意一端的端部被封堵;所述蜂窝结构体的特征在于,所述孔壁的透气系数k为0.5μm2~1.5μm2
低压力损失和高捕集效率是使过滤器发挥良好性能的重要特性,在孔壁的透气系数k为0.5μm2~1.5μm2的蜂窝结构体中,能够满足这两个方面。此外,透气系数k处于所述范围时,压力损失对于透气系数k的变化并不很敏感;将透气系数k选作控制参数时,可以在一定程度上避免由于控制参数在控制值内的变动所导致的蜂窝结构体的特性降低。
此外,本发明也可以适用于设置催化剂及催化剂负载层的类型的蜂窝结构体,并且也可以将催化剂负载层和催化剂设置在所述孔壁。
通常,如果将催化剂负载层设置在孔壁,对应催化剂负载层的设置量,透气系数k减小。因此,特别是,相对于所述蜂窝结构体的1L(升)的表观容积,设置40g(克)以上的所述催化剂负载层的类型的蜂窝结构体的情况中,优选所述孔壁的所述透气系数k在设置所述催化剂负载层之前为1.0μm2以上。由此,设置在蜂窝结构体内的催化剂的量可以处于所期望的变动幅度以内而不必过多地负载催化剂,这样可以减少贵金属的使用量,从而可以降低制造成本。此外,表观容积是指将样品的气孔(开气孔和闭气孔)及开口全部包括在内的容积。
在本发明中,使用孔壁的透气系数作为限定蜂窝结构体的特性的参数,并将所述透气系数控制在指定的数值范围内,由此可以提供具有低压力损失、高捕集效率的蜂窝结构体。
附图说明
通过阅读以下的详细说明并结合以下附图,本发明的其他目的、特征和优势将更加显而易见,所述附图中:
图1是示意性地显示蜂窝结构体的透气系数和压力损失的关系的图。
图2是示意性地显示本发明的蜂窝结构体的一个实例的立体图。
图3是示意性地显示构成本发明的蜂窝结构体的多孔陶瓷部件的立体图。
图4是图3的多孔陶瓷部件的A-A线截面图。
图5是示意性地显示设置有本发明的蜂窝结构体的车辆的尾气净化装置的一个实例的截面图。
图6是显示蜂窝结构体的透气系数与吸收率的变动幅度的关系的图。
图7是显示使用本发明的蜂窝结构体时透气系数与压力损失的关系的图。
图8是显示使用本发明的蜂窝结构体时透气系数与捕集效率的关系的图。
符号说明
10蜂窝结构体
11粘合材料层
12涂布层(密封材料层)
15陶瓷块
20多孔陶瓷部件
21孔
22封堵材料
23孔壁
70尾气净化装置
具体实施方式
本发明的蜂窝结构体的特征在于,孔壁的透气系数k为0.5μm2~1.5μm2。在此,透气系数k是指表示气体通过蜂窝结构体的孔壁时的通过难易程度的参数;压力损失ΔP(kPa)如下式(1)中所示,并且下式(1)中的关系是成立的。
ΔP = μQ 2 V trap ( a + w s ) 2 [ w s ka + 8 FL 3 a 4 ] + 2 ξρ Q 2 ( a + w s ) 4 V trap 2 a 2 ( L a ) 2      式(1)
其中,Q为气体流量(m3/s);μ为气体运动粘度;Vtrap为有效蜂窝结构体容积(m3);a为孔宽(m);ws为孔壁厚(m);L为蜂窝结构体的外径(m);ζ称为压缩/膨胀惯性损失系数,该系数为在蜂窝结构体的两端面气体的流通截面积不连续地变化所产生的参数,并且是主要由蜂窝结构体的两端面的开口率、形状决定的参数:ρ为气体密度(kg/m3);F为常数(28.454)。其中,Vtrap、a、ws、L和ζ根据蜂窝结构体的形状而定,μ和ρ只由温度和气体种类决定。
在图1中示意性地显示出透气系数k和压力损失ΔP的关系。压力损失随透气系数k的增加而减少。本发明的特征在于,如果透气系数k大于指定值(kc),不会发生当透气系数k小于kc时所见到那样的压力损失的剧烈变化,而是压力损失的变化率变小。由此暗示出,在压力损失的变化率被抑制的区域(k≥kc)内,以透气系数k控制蜂窝结构体的特性时,可以将蜂窝结构体维持在压力损失的变动较小的状态。换句话说,在选择透气系数k使得蜂窝结构体的压力损失处于上述区域内的情况下(即,确定了透气系数k的下限值的情况下),即使透气系数k有一些变动,这样的变动对压力损失的影响也较小。因而,可以解决以往以气孔率或气孔直径来控制蜂窝结构体的特性的方法中所存在的问题。以往的问题是,在制造阶段控制参数变动很大,不能把握完成后的蜂窝结构体的过滤特性,或者完成后的蜂窝结构体无法提供所期望的过滤性能等。
但是,将蜂窝结构体用作过滤器时,作为蜂窝结构体所要求的特性,除压力损失之外,还可以举出捕集效率。因此,必须考虑透气系数k与作为影响过滤性能的另一个重要特性的捕集效率之间的关系。一般地说,如果透气系数k变大,蜂窝结构体的捕集效率会下降。因而,透气系数k具有上限值。
根据以上的考察,本申请的发明人进行了深入研究,发现当透气系数k为0.5μm2~1.5μm2时,可以得到既满足低压力损失又满足高捕集效率的蜂窝结构体。这种情况中,即使不使用气孔率和气孔直径这样变化很大的控制参数,通过将透气系数k的范围设定在上述范围内,也可以将蜂窝结构体的特性控制在所期望的范围内。
此外,在设置催化剂负载层和催化剂的蜂窝结构体的情况中,也优选所述透气系数k为0.5μm2~1.5μm2。特别是,相对于蜂窝结构体的1L的表观容积,所设置的催化剂负载层为40g以上时,优选在设置催化剂负载层之前的初期的透气系数k为1.0μm2以上。由此,如后文所述,可以将设置在蜂窝结构体上的催化剂的量保持在所期望的变动幅度以内,并且不过多地负载催化剂,这样可以减少贵金属的使用量,从而可以降低制造成本。
下面,通过附图对本发明的实施方案进行说明。
图2是显示本发明的蜂窝结构体的一个典型实例的示意图。此外,图3是显示构成图2所示的蜂窝结构体的多孔陶瓷部件20的立体图。此外,图4是显示图3的多孔陶瓷部件20的纵截面图。
如图2所示,通过粘合材料层11,将多个由诸如碳化硅等形成的多孔陶瓷部件20进行组合,从而构成本发明的蜂窝结构体10。然后,将以粘合材料层11接合的多孔陶瓷部件20加工成圆筒状,从而构成陶瓷块15。进一步,在该陶瓷块15的周围设置包覆层(以下,称为密封材料层)12。
此外,在图2所示的蜂窝结构体10中,陶瓷块15的形状为圆柱状,但是在本发明中,只要陶瓷块是柱状,不必限定于圆柱,也可以是诸如椭圆柱状、棱柱状等任意形状。
如图3和图4所示,多孔陶瓷部件20中,沿长度方向平行设置多个孔21,并且使隔开孔21之间的孔壁23作为过滤器起作用。即,对于在多孔陶瓷部件20中形成的孔21,如图4所示,通过封堵材料22将尾气的入口侧或出口侧的任一端封孔,从而使流入其中一个孔21的尾气,在必然通过隔开孔21的孔壁23后,从其他的孔21排出。
本发明的蜂窝结构体主要由多孔陶瓷构成,作为其材料,例如,可以举出诸如氮化铝、氮化硅、氮化硼、氮化钛等氮化物陶瓷;诸如碳化硅、碳化锆、碳化钛、碳化钽、碳化钨等碳化物陶瓷;氧化铝、氧化锆、堇青石、莫来石、硅石、钛酸铝等氧化物陶瓷等。此外,蜂窝结构体10也可以由硅和碳化硅的复合材料等2种以上的材料构成。使用硅和碳化硅的复合材料的时候,优选添加硅以使硅含量达到总体重量的0重量%~45重量%。
在上述多孔陶瓷材料中,优选耐热性高、机械特性优异,而且热传导性良好的碳化硅质陶瓷。此外,碳化硅质陶瓷是指包含60重量%以上的碳化硅的材料。
对于制造蜂窝结构体10时使用的陶瓷的粒径没有特别限定,但是优选在后面的烧制步骤中收缩较小的陶瓷,例如优选100重量份的具有0.3μm~50μm的平均粒径的粉末和5重量份~65重量份的具有0.1μm~1.0μm的平均粒径的粉末的组合。
多孔陶瓷部件20内的壁部(孔壁23)和封堵材料22优选由同一种多孔陶瓷形成。由此,可以提高两者的粘合强度,同时通过将封堵材料22的气孔率调整为与壁部(孔壁23)相同,由此可以实现壁部(孔壁23)的热膨胀率和封堵材料22的热膨胀率之间的协调,并且可以防止制造时或使用时的应力导致在封堵材料22和壁部(孔壁23)之间产生缝隙,或者在封堵材料22上或在壁部(孔壁23)的与封堵材料22接触的部分上产生裂纹。此外,壁部既指将多个孔21之间隔开的孔壁又指多孔陶瓷部件20的外周部分。
对于封堵材料22的厚度没有特别限制,例如封堵材料22由多孔碳化硅形成时,所述厚度优选为1mm~20mm;更优选为3mm~10mm。
对于孔壁23的厚度没有特别限制,但是优选的下限为0.1mm;优选的上限为0.6mm。所述厚度小于0.1mm时,蜂窝结构体10的强度可能不足。所述厚度大于0.6mm时,压力损失升高。
在本发明的蜂窝结构体10中,粘合材料层11形成在多孔陶瓷部件20之间,并且作为将多个多孔陶瓷部件20粘合成束的粘合材料起作用。此外,密封材料层12形成在陶瓷块15的外周面。当将蜂窝结构体10设置在内燃机的排气通路上时,所述密封材料层12作为用于防止通过孔的尾气从陶瓷块15的外周面泄漏的封堵材料起作用。所述密封材料层12也作为增强材料起作用。
此外,在多孔陶瓷部件20中,粘合材料层11和密封材料层12既可以是相同材质,也可以是不同材质。进一步,粘合材料层11和密封材料层12为相同材质时,材料的混合比既可以相同,也可以不同。此外,粘合材料层11和密封材料层12既可以是致密质也可以是多孔,但是当密封性很重要的情况中,优选致密质。
对于构成粘合材料层11和密封材料层12的材料,没有特别限制,但是,例如可以使用由无机粘合剂、有机粘合剂、无机纤维和/或无机粒子形成的物质。
作为上述无机粘合剂,例如,可以使用硅溶胶、氧化铝溶胶等,并且既可以单独使用一种所述无机粘合剂,也可以两种以上混合使用。在所述无机粘合剂中优选硅溶胶。
作为上述有机粘合剂,例如,可以使用聚乙烯醇、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素等,并且既可以单独使用一种所述有机粘合剂,也可以两种以上混合使用。
作为上述无机纤维,例如,可以使用硅石-氧化铝纤维、莫来石、氧化铝、硅石等陶瓷纤维。既可以单独使用一种所述无机纤维,也可以两种以上混合使用。所述无机纤维中,优选硅石-氧化铝纤维。
作为所述无机粒子,例如,可以使用碳化物、氮化物等,具体地说,可以使用由碳化硅、氮化硅、氮化硼等形成的无机粉末或晶须等。既可以单独使用一种所述无机粒子,也可以2种以上混合使用。所述无机粒子中,优选热传导性优异的碳化硅。
进一步,根据需要,也可以向用于形成密封材料层、粘合材料层的浆料中添加中空球、球状丙烯酸类树脂粒子、石墨等成孔剂,所述中空球是以氧化物类陶瓷为成分的微小中空球体。
关于上述中空球,例如,可以举出氧化铝中空球、玻璃微珠、火山灰中空球、粉煤灰中空球、莫来石中空球等,但是并不限于这些。在这些中空球中,特别优选氧化铝中空球。
这样的蜂窝结构体10可以用作捕集尾气中的微粒状物质的过滤器(柴油机微粒状物质过滤器(DPF))。
此外,在蜂窝结构体10中也可以设置催化剂。
此外,在蜂窝结构体10中设置催化剂时,优选预先用催化剂负载层将孔壁覆盖。由此,可以增大比表面积、提高催化剂分散性,从而可以使催化剂的反应区域增加。
作为上述催化剂负载层,例如,可以举出氧化铝、氧化钛、氧化锆、硅石、氧化铈等氧化物陶瓷。
此外,对于设置在催化剂负载层中的催化剂没有特别的限制,但是优选可以净化尾气中的例如CO、HC和NOX等有害气体成分的物质;或者优选降低微粒状物质的燃烧活化能、使微粒状物质易于燃烧并且高效地将微粒状物质除去的物质,例如,可以举出铂、钯、铑等贵金属。此外,也可以负载含有碱金属元素、碱土金属元素、稀土元素、过渡金属元素等的化合物。
这样,将催化剂负载层设置在蜂窝结构体10中,并且在该催化剂负载层上负载催化剂时,蜂窝结构体10可在作为捕集尾气中的微粒状物质的过滤器起作用的同时,作为用于净化包含在尾气中的CO、HC和NOX等的催化转化器起作用。
此外,在上述的记载中,通过粘合材料层11将多个多孔陶瓷部件20接合,以由此构成的如图2所示的蜂窝结构体为例,对本发明的特征进行了说明。但是,本发明也可以适用于其他种类的蜂窝结构体,即一体化的蜂窝结构体,在不使用粘合材料层的情况下形成并制得如图2所示的外形。下文中,将这样的蜂窝结构体称为“一体型蜂窝结构体”。此外,将通过所述的粘合材料接合多个多孔陶瓷部件20的类型的蜂窝结构体称为“接合型蜂窝结构体”。这种情况中,首先,使用以陶瓷作为主要成分的原料浆来进行挤出成型,从而制作出具有多个孔的陶瓷成型体,该陶瓷成型体是形成上述陶瓷块的基础。然后,使所述成型体干燥后,将封堵材料填充在各孔的两端部的任意一端,从而进行封孔。以这样的方法,也可以得到具有与图2所示的接合型蜂窝结构体10同样的形状的一体型蜂窝结构体。
下面,对于本发明的接合型蜂窝结构体的制造方法的一个具体实例进行说明。
首先,使用以上述的陶瓷作为主成分的原料浆来进行挤出成型,从而制作出四棱柱状的陶瓷成型体。
上述原料浆优选是例如制造后的蜂窝结构体的气孔率为40%~75%的原料浆,也可以是例如向如上所述的由陶瓷形成的粉末中加入粘合剂和分散溶剂等而形成的原料浆,但是并不限于此。
对于陶瓷粉末的粒径没有特别限制,但是优选在后续步骤中收缩较小的材料。例如优选100重量份的具有0.3μm~50μm的平均粒径的粉末和5重量份~65重量份的具有0.1μm~1.0μm的平均粒径的粉末的组合。
作为上述粘合剂,例如可以使用甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、羟乙基纤维素、聚乙二醇等,但是并不限于此。
相对于100重量份的陶瓷粉末,通常上述粘合剂的混合量优选为1重量份~10重量份。
作为上述分散溶剂,例如可以使用例如苯等有机溶剂、甲醇等醇类、水等,但是并不限于此。适量混合分散溶剂,以使原料浆的粘度在指定范围内。
用微粉碎机(atoliter)等将这些陶瓷粉末、粘合剂和分散溶剂进行混合,用捏合机等对混合物进行充分的捏合后,进行挤出成型,从而形成陶瓷块。
此外,根据需要,也可以在上述原料浆中添加成型助剂。
作为成型助剂,例如,可以使用乙二醇、糊精、脂肪酸、脂肪酸皂、聚乙烯醇等,但是不限于此。
此外,根据需要,也可以向上述原料浆中添加中空球、球状丙烯酸类树脂粒子、石墨等成孔剂,所述中空球是以氧化物类陶瓷为成分的微小中空球体。
然后,使用微波干燥机、热风干燥机、介电干燥机、减压干燥机、真空干燥机、冷冻干燥机等使经挤出成型的陶瓷成型体干燥,从而得到陶瓷干燥体。接下来,在陶瓷干燥体的两端面,将指定量的封堵材料浆填充到指定的孔的端部,从而将各孔的任意一端的端部封孔。
作为上述密封材料浆优选是经过后续步骤后所形成的密封材料的气孔率为30%~75%的密封材料浆,例如,也可以使用与上述原料浆同样的物质,但是并不限于此。
然后,对于填充有上述密封材料浆的陶瓷干燥体,以指定条件进行脱脂(例如200℃~500℃)、烧制(例如1400℃~2300℃),由此可以制造出多孔陶瓷部件20。所述陶瓷干燥体的脱脂和烧制条件可以应用制造由传统的多孔陶瓷构成的过滤器时使用的条件。
然后,在多孔陶瓷部件20的4个侧面上,以均匀的厚度涂布随后成为粘合材料层11的粘合材料浆,然后在所述粘合材料浆层之上,依次层叠其他陶瓷部件20。重复此步骤,制作出期望尺寸的多孔陶瓷部件接合体。
此外,构成上述粘合材料浆的材料中,可以使用上述的原料浆或封堵材料浆。
然后,将所述多孔陶瓷部件接合体加热,以使粘合材料浆层干燥、固定化,并且形成粘合材料层11,同时使各多孔陶瓷部件20之间相互固着。
然后,使用金刚石切刀等,对多孔陶瓷部件接合体进行切断加工,从而制作出指定外径的圆筒状的陶瓷块15。
进一步,将上述密封材料浆(涂布浆)涂布在陶瓷块15的外周侧面,并且进行干燥、固着步骤,由此形成密封材料层12。经过这样的步骤,可以制造出通过粘合材料层11将多个多孔陶瓷部件20粘合的圆筒状的接合型蜂窝结构体10。
此外,可以以大体相同的步骤制造一体型蜂窝结构体。在此情况中,使以与最终形状近似的形状挤出成型的陶瓷成型体干燥,并且将指定孔的指定端部封孔之后,直接进行脱脂和烧制处理,由此可以得到一体型蜂窝结构体。
此外,在本发明的蜂窝结构体中,还可以进一步设置贵金属等催化剂。
在蜂窝结构体中设置催化剂时,首先,在蜂窝结构体中设置氧化铝等催化剂负载层。作为在蜂窝结构体上形成催化剂负载层的方法,例如有如下方法:使蜂窝结构体在含有氧化铝粉末的溶液中浸渍;将该蜂窝结构体捞出后,对该蜂窝结构体进行加热。然后,也可以进一步使蜂窝结构体浸渍在Ce(NO3)3等的溶液中,从而使稀土元素浸渗在催化剂负载层中。
作为在这样的催化剂负载层中设置催化剂的方法,例如可以利用如下方法:使设置有催化剂负载层的陶瓷烧制体浸渍在二硝基二氨合铂硝酸溶液([Pt(NH3)2(NO2)2]HNO3)中,然后进行加热。
作为其他的方法,也可以在负载有铂的氧化铝浆料(例如,铂浓度为5重量%)中使蜂窝结构体浸渍2分钟,将该蜂窝结构体捞出后,将所述蜂窝结构体在500℃加热,从而设置铂催化剂。
或者,也可以在蜂窝结构体中设置CeO2-ZrO2混合物、CeO2-CuO2混合物、CeO2-FeO2混合物、或者LaCoO3等氧化物催化剂。将CeO2-ZrO2混合物作为氧化物催化剂负载在蜂窝结构体中时,可以使用以下方法:使蜂窝结构体在含有10g的CZ(nCeO2·mZrO2)、40mL的水和适量的pH调节剂的溶液中浸渍5分钟,将该蜂窝结构体从溶液中捞出后,将其在500℃烧制。
在蜂窝结构体中,将LaCoO3作为氧化物催化剂负载时,向乙醇中各自按20mL的量添加0.01mol的La(NO3)3·6H2O、0.01mol的Co(CH3COO)2·4H2O、0.024mol的C6H8O7·H2O(柠檬酸),使用将其混合搅拌而得到的溶液。使蜂窝结构体浸渍在所述溶液中并捞出后,吸除多余的溶胶,使所述蜂窝结构体在100℃干燥,在600℃进行1小时烧制,从而可以得到负载了作为催化剂的LaCoO3的蜂窝结构体。
此外,在一体型蜂窝结构体的情况中,制作出蜂窝结构体之后,通过上述步骤设置催化剂。另一方面,在接合型蜂窝结构体的情况中,需要注意的是,可以在制作出所述多孔陶瓷部件20之后的任一步骤设置催化剂。
对于这样制作的蜂窝结构体的用途没有特别限制,但是可以用于车辆的尾气净化装置。
图5示意性地给出了设置有本发明的蜂窝结构体的尾气净化装置的一个实例。
如图5所示,尾气净化装置70主要由蜂窝结构体10、包覆蜂窝结构体10的外周的外壳71以及配置在蜂窝结构体10和外壳71之间的保持密封材料(垫)72构成;连接内燃机的导入管74连接到外壳71的尾气导入端;连接该装置的外部的排出管75连接在外壳71的另一端部。此外,在图中,箭头表示尾气的流向。
在这样构成的尾气净化装置70中,从内燃机排出的尾气,通过导入管74而被导入到外壳71内,并从面对导入管74一侧的端部开放的孔流入到蜂窝结构体10中。流入蜂窝结构体10的尾气通过孔壁,并且微粒状物质在所述孔壁处被捕集、净化后,通过与上述侧不同侧的端部开放的孔向蜂窝结构体外排出。最后,经净化的尾气通过排出管75向外部排出。此外,将催化剂设置在蜂窝结构体10的情况中,尾气通过孔壁时,尾气中的CO、HC和NOX等有害成分被净化。
实施例
下面,对本发明进行详细说明。本发明不限于这些实验例
(试验体1的制作)
以干式混合将7000重量份的α型碳化硅粉末(平均粒径为7μm)、3000重量份的α型碳化硅粉末(平均粒径为0.5μm)和550重量份的有机粘合剂(甲基纤维素)混合,得到混合组合物。
然后,将330重量份的增塑剂(日本油脂社制造,UNILUBE)、150重量份的作为润滑剂的甘油和水(适量)加入所述混合组合物中,进一步将所述混合组合物捏合之后,进行挤出成型,从而得到图3所示的棱柱状的粗成型体。
然后,使用微波干燥机和热风干燥机来使上述粗成型体干燥,使之成为陶瓷干燥体。之后,将组成与所述粗成型体相同的封堵材料浆填充到指定的孔中。
然后,使用热风干燥机进行再次干燥后,在400℃进行脱脂,在常压的氩气气氛下和2200℃进行3小时烧制,由此制造出由形状为34.3mm×34.3mm×150mm的碳化硅烧制体形成的多孔陶瓷部件20。多孔陶瓷部件20的孔数为46.5个/cm2(300cpsi);全部的孔壁的厚度实质上为0.25mm。
然后,使用含有30重量%的平均纤维长度为0.2mm的氧化铝纤维、21重量%的平均粒径为0.6μm的碳化硅粒子、15重量%的硅溶胶、5.6重量%的羧甲基纤维素和28.4重量%水的粘合材料浆,将多个多孔陶瓷部件20粘合,然后使用金刚石切刀切断,由此制作出圆筒状的陶瓷块15。
然后,将与粘合材料浆相同的浆料涂布在陶瓷块15的外周部,从而形成厚度为0.2mm的密封材料层。进一步,在120℃使所述密封材料层干燥、固化,由此,最终制作出直径143.8mm×长度150mm的圆筒状蜂窝结构体。以所述蜂窝结构体为试验体1。
(试验体2~9的制作)
以干式混合将7000重量份的α型碳化硅粉末(平均粒径10μm)、3000重量份的α型碳化硅粉末(平均粒径0.5μm)和570重量份的有机粘合剂(甲基纤维素)混合,得到混合组合物。
下面,将330重量份的增塑剂(日本油脂社制造,UNILUBE)、150重量份的作为润滑剂的甘油和水(适量)加入所得到的混合组合物中;将所述混合组合物捏合后,进行挤出成型,得到图3所示的棱柱状的成型体。由所述成型体,以与试验体1的情况相同的步骤制作出蜂窝结构体。以所述蜂窝结构体为试验体2。
同样,在制作成型体时,将表1所示的各成分混合,形成混合组合物,通过挤出成型来制造成型体,除此之外,以与试验体1相同的方法制造试验体3~9的蜂窝结构体。此外,对于试验体4~7和试验体9,分别只以表中所记载的量添加表1所示的粒径的中空丙烯酸类树脂粒子。所添加的丙烯酸类树脂粒子作为成孔剂。
(催化剂负载层的设置)
关于上述的试验体2~6,在以下步骤中相对于蜂窝结构体的1L的表观体积设置20g的氧化铝负载层。以下,催化剂负载层(氧化铝负载层)的设置量以相对于蜂窝结构体的1L的表观体积的设置量表示。例如表示为“设置20g/L的氧化铝负载层”等。
将α-氧化铝加入到水和分散剂(硝酸溶液)中并进行混合,对混合物进行24小时粉碎,制备含有平均粒径为2μm的氧化铝的浆料。然后,将各试验体浸渍到所得到的浆料中,捞出后,将各试验体在200℃干燥。重复所述步骤直到设置在试验体上的氧化铝负载层达到20g/L。然后在600℃烧制所述试验体。经过这样的步骤之后,将设置有20g/L的氧化铝负载层的试验体2~6分别称为实验例6~10。
此外,上述的试验体中,对于试验体3~6,以同样的步骤,设置40g/L的氧化铝负载层。将这样的试验体分别称为实验例11~14。
此外,对于试验体3~7,以同样的步骤,设置60g/L的氧化铝负载层。将这样的试验体分别称为实验例15~19。
进一步,对于试验体8、4、5、6和9,以同样的步骤,设置80g/L的氧化铝负载层。将这些试验体分别称为实验例20~24。
此外,将不设置氧化铝负载层的试验体1、2、3、4和6分别称为实验例1~5。实验例1~24的蜂窝结构体的氧化铝负载层的设置量示于表2。
(评价试验)
(1)透气系数的测定
对各蜂窝结构体的透气系数k进行测定。此外,测定时,使用以与上述的各实验例不同的制作方法制作的样品,即,使用从一开始就挤出成型为圆筒状的一体型蜂窝结构体样品。但是,制作方法虽然不同,但使用与上述的各实验例的情况相同的原料,同样地进行挤出成型处理,并以同样的烧制条件制作样品。因此这些样品的气孔直径等特性与上述的各实验例大体相同。此外,关于样品的形状,直径为25mm、全长为50mm。
以如下方式,对透气系数进行测定。首先,在样品的开放端的各自的侧面,安装一端具有与样品外周大致相同的内径的金属管,并且将接合部的缝隙密封。然后,在两端安装了金属管的状态下,将样品设置在实验台上以使样品的圆筒轴大致水平。接下来,使空气从任意一端的金属管的开放端侧(入口侧)流入,并且使空气从另一端的金属管的开放端侧(出口侧)排出,在此状态下,对在金属管的入口侧和出口侧的空气压力差ΔP进行测定。此外,使用质量流量计,在0~80L/min的范围内改变流入样品的空气流量Q,相对于20点的空气流量,实施测定。将所得到的20点的数据标在以Q为横轴、以ΔP/Q为纵轴的图上。由连接这些坐标点的直线的截距,求得透气系数k(更准确地说,根据式(1),直线的截距为C/k:C为常数)。此外,测试在室温进行。结果见表2。
(2)平均气孔直径和气孔率的测定
设置催化剂负载层前,使用孔隙率测定仪(岛津制作所社制,AutoPore III9420),通过水银压入法,在气孔直径为0.1μm~360μm的范围内,对各试验体1~9的蜂窝结构体的气孔分布进行测定。通过此测定,得到各试验体的平均气孔直径和气孔率。将所得到的结果按实验例1~24分类,示于表2。
(3)压力损失的测定
将各实验例1~24涉及的蜂窝结构体配置在发动机的排气通路上,以750m3/h的速度流入空气,从而对蜂窝结构体的压力损失进行测定。结果示于表2和图7。
如表2和图7所示,具有满足上述关系0.5μm2≤k≤1.5μm2的透气系数k的蜂窝结构体压力损失较小。与此相反,透气系数k小于0.5μm2的蜂窝结构体(实验例1、6、11、15、20)中,压力损失变大,大于10kPa。
(4)捕集效率的测定
将各实验例1~24涉及的蜂窝结构体配置在发动机排气通路上,对蜂窝结构体的捕集效率进行测定。按以下方式,对捕集效率进行测定。在转速为2000rpm和转矩为47N·m的条件下,驱动2升的柴油发动机。将由这样的驱动而从发动机排出的尾气流通到蜂窝结构体中。利用PM计数器,对流入蜂窝结构体前的尾气中的PM量(P0)和通过蜂窝结构体后的尾气中的PM量(P1)进行测定。根据捕集效率(%)=(P0-P1)/P0×100,从所得到的结果,算出捕集效率。
结果示于表2和图8。如表2和图8所示,对于透气系数k满足0.5μm2≤k≤1.5μm2的关系的蜂窝结构体,捕集效率较高。与此相反,对于透气系数k大于1.5μm2的蜂窝结构体(实验例5、10、14、19、24),捕集效率差,捕集效率小于80%。此外,在此,使用初期捕集效率的值(使尾气在新品或处于与新品同样的状态的蜂窝结构体中流通,在捕集开始后立即测得的捕集效率的值)进行评价。
(5)吸收率的测定
下面,对于试验体1~9(催化剂负载层设置前)的蜂窝结构体,测定吸收率(吸水率)。此外,吸收率是指评价在蜂窝结构体中保持液体的难易程度的指标。在微细气孔大量存在的蜂窝结构体中,所述吸收率的值容易变动很大。据认为,这是由于在大量存在微细气孔的蜂窝结构体中所述气孔有时保持液体,而有时不保持液体。按以下方式,实施吸收率的测定。首先,测定在干燥状态下的样品的重量。然后将样品完全浸渍在水中,在水中翻转后,捞出,并轻轻使从样品上垂下的水滴落。然后,将湿样品设置在抽吸装置(真空系统)中,在风量为4.4m3/min和抽吸压力为9.8kPa的条件下进行抽吸测试,对抽吸后的样品重量进行测定。将该值与干燥状态下的样品的重量差除以初期(干燥时)重量,由此得到样品的吸收率。
图6中显示了在各试验体(催化剂负载层设置前)中,分别重复上述测定10次时的吸收率的值的偏差相对于透气系数k的图。各点以百分数表示在各透气系数下的吸收率的偏差,并且虚线曲线是为了说明吸收率的偏差(变动)的大小而添加的辅助线。透气系数k小于1.0的时候,吸收率的值的偏差显著变大。据认为,这是由于透气系数k变得过小,在蜂窝结构体中含有的微细气孔增多,在微细的气孔中设置催化剂负载层和未设置催化剂负载层的倾向显著增加。由于催化剂被设置在催化剂负载层上,因此根据催化剂负载层的设置状态的不同,催化剂的量会有很大变动。因而,吸收率的值的偏差变大时意味着催化剂负载层的设置状态的变动变大;据认为这将导致昂贵的催化剂的涂布量变动,因此这样不是优选的。从这样的观点考虑,特别是在负载催化剂的蜂窝结构体中,更优选的是在设置催化剂负载层之前的阶段的透气系数k为1.0以上。
本发明并不限于这些具体公开的实施方案,并且在不脱离本发明的范围的情况下可以作出各种变形和变更。
工业实用性
根据本发明,可以提供除去从柴油发动机等内燃机中排出的尾气中所含有的微粒状物质的过滤器,以及在这样的过滤器内作为催化剂负载体等使用的蜂窝结构体;具体地说,通过使用孔壁的透气系数作为限定蜂窝结构体的特性的参数,并且将所述透气系数控制在指定的数值范围内,可以提供具有低压力损失、高捕集效率的蜂窝结构体。
本申请基于2006年2月23日提交的日本在先申请No.2006-047348号和2006年8月25日提交的PCT/JP2006/316748。
Figure S07107047020070213D000181
表2:显示使用本发明的蜂窝结构体的微粒捕集效率和透气系数的关系的图表
Al2O3涂布量(g/L) 气孔直径(μm) 气孔率(%) 透气系数(μm2) 压力损失(kPa) 捕集效率(%)
实验例1(试验体1) 0 7 40 0.4 10.0 95
实验例2(试验体2) 0 9 42 0.5 8.4 95
实验例3(试验体3) 0 11 42 0.9 8.0 94
实验例4(试验体4) 0 12.5 45 1.2 7.8 92
实验例5(试验体6) 0 17.5 50 1.8 7.8 76
实验例6(试验体2) 20 9 42 0.3 10.6 94
实验例7(试验体3) 20 11 42 0.6 8.2 92
实验例8(试验体4) 20 12.5 45 1.0 8.0 90
实验例9(试验体5) 20 15 47.5 1.3 7.8 87
实验例10(试验体6) 20 17.5 50 1.7 7.8 75
实验例11(试验体3) 40 11 42 0.4 10.3 94
实验例12(试验体4) 40 12.5 45 0.9 8.1 91
实验例13(试验体5) 40 15 47.5 1.2 7.9 85
实验例14(试验体6) 40 17.5 50 1.6 7.8 79
实验例15(试验体3) 60 11 42 0.3 10.9 95
实验例16(试验体4) 60 12.5 45 0.7 8.1 92
实验例17(试验体5) 60 15 47.5 1.1 7.9 89
实验例18(试验体6) 60 17.5 50 1.4 7.8 85
实验例19(试验体7) 60 20 52.5 1.6 7.8 78
实验例20(试验体8) 80 12.5 42 0.4 10.2 94
实验例21(试验体4) 80 12.5 45 0.5 8.5 94
实验例22(试验体5) 80 15 47.5 0.9 8.0 91
实验例23(试验体6) 80 17.5 50 1.3 7.8 89
实验例24(试验体9) 80 22.5 55 1.6 7.8 78

Claims (8)

1.一种由多孔陶瓷构成的蜂窝结构体,该蜂窝结构体是由隔着孔壁沿长度方向平行设置的多个孔构成的蜂窝结构体,所述的孔的任意一端的端部被封堵;其中,所述孔壁的透气系数k利用说明书第15页第5-23行所述的方法测定,并且所述孔壁的透气系数k为0.5μm2~1.5μm2
2.如权利要求1所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,在所述孔壁上设置有催化剂负载层和催化剂。
3.如权利要求2所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,相对于所述蜂窝结构体的1L的表观容积,设置40g以上的所述催化剂负载层;而且,在设置所述催化剂负载层之前的阶段,所述透气系数k为1.0μm2以上。
4.如权利要求1~3中任一项所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述多孔陶瓷包含选自由氮化铝、氮化硅、氮化硼、氮化钛、碳化硅、碳化锆、碳化钛、碳化钽、碳化钨、氧化铝、氧化锆、堇青石、莫来石、硅石和钛酸铝组成的组中的至少一种物质。
5.如权利要求2所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述催化剂负载层包含选自由氧化铝、氧化钛、氧化锆、硅石和氧化铈组成的组中的至少一种物质。
6.如权利要求2所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述催化剂包含选自由铂、钯和铑组成的组中的至少一种物质。
7.如权利要求2所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述催化剂为包含碱金属元素、碱土金属元素、和过渡金属元素中的任一种元素的化合物。
8.如权利要求2所述的蜂窝结构体,其特征在于,所述催化剂为包含稀土元素中的任一种元素的化合物。
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WO2009118814A1 (ja) 2008-03-24 2009-10-01 イビデン株式会社 ハニカムフィルタ
WO2009118813A1 (ja) 2008-03-24 2009-10-01 イビデン株式会社 ハニカム構造体及びハニカム構造体の製造方法
WO2009118863A1 (ja) 2008-03-27 2009-10-01 イビデン株式会社 断熱層用止め具、焼成炉及び該焼成炉を用いたハニカム構造体の製造方法
WO2009118862A1 (ja) 2008-03-27 2009-10-01 イビデン株式会社 ハニカム構造体の製造方法

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KR20070087493A (ko) 2007-08-28
US20070196620A1 (en) 2007-08-23
JPWO2007097056A1 (ja) 2009-07-09
WO2007097056A1 (ja) 2007-08-30
KR100884517B1 (ko) 2009-02-18
US7732366B2 (en) 2010-06-08

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