WO2012091111A1 - 非水電解質電池の製造方法、および非水電解質電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質電池の製造方法、および非水電解質電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012091111A1 WO2012091111A1 PCT/JP2011/080452 JP2011080452W WO2012091111A1 WO 2012091111 A1 WO2012091111 A1 WO 2012091111A1 JP 2011080452 W JP2011080452 W JP 2011080452W WO 2012091111 A1 WO2012091111 A1 WO 2012091111A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/058—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/0585—Construction or manufacture of accumulators having only flat construction elements, i.e. flat positive electrodes, flat negative electrodes and flat separators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- a positive electrode body provided with a positive electrode active material layer and a positive electrode side solid electrolyte layer and a negative electrode body provided with a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode side solid electrolyte layer are separately produced, and both electrodes are formed in a post-process.
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a non-aqueous electrolyte battery in which bodies are superposed, and a non-aqueous electrolyte battery obtained by the manufacturing method.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte battery including a positive electrode layer, a negative electrode layer, and an electrolyte layer disposed between these electrode layers is used as a power source on the premise that charging and discharging are repeated.
- the electrode layer included in the battery further includes a current collector having a current collecting function and an active material layer containing an active material.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte battery that charges and discharges by movement of Li ions between the positive and negative electrode layers has a high discharge capacity while being small.
- Examples of the technique for producing the nonaqueous electrolyte battery include those described in Patent Document 1.
- a positive electrode body having a positive electrode active material layer of a powder molded body on a positive electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer of a powder molded body are provided on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode body is manufactured separately.
- Each of these electrode bodies is provided with a solid electrolyte layer, and a non-aqueous electrolyte battery is produced by superposing these positive and negative electrode bodies.
- the solid electrolyte layers provided in both electrode bodies are pressed against each other at a high pressure exceeding 950 MPa.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte battery of Patent Document 1 has the following problems.
- both electrode bodies are pressed against each other at a high pressure, there is a risk of cracking in each electrode body.
- an active material layer made of a powder molded body is easy to break, and if it breaks, the performance of the non-aqueous electrolyte battery may be significantly reduced.
- the solid electrolyte layer of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery of Patent Document 1 is formed by pressing the positive electrode side solid electrolyte layer and the negative electrode side solid electrolyte layer, the positive electrode side solid electrolyte layer and the negative electrode side solid electrolyte are formed.
- a bonding interface is formed with the electrolyte layer. Since the junction interface tends to have a high resistance, the discharge capacity and discharge output of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery may be significantly lower than the theoretical values.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and one of the purposes thereof is a non-aqueous solution in which a high resistance layer is not formed at the bonding interface between two electrode bodies even when two individually produced electrode bodies are bonded together. It is providing the manufacturing method of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery which can produce an electrolyte battery, and the nonaqueous electrolyte battery obtained by the manufacturing method.
- a method for producing a nonaqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode active material layer, and a sulfide solid electrolyte layer (hereinafter referred to as an SE layer) disposed between these active material layers.
- a method for producing a non-aqueous electrolyte battery for producing a water electrolyte battery comprising the following steps.
- PSE layer amorphous positive electrode-side solid electrolyte layer
- NSE layer amorphous negative electrode-side solid electrolyte layer
- the PSE layer and the NSE layer are bonded by utilizing the mutual diffusion of atoms when the amorphous is crystallized, a high resistance is provided between the PSE layer and the NSE layer. The bonding interface is hardly formed.
- the PSE layer and the NSE layer are bonded using crystallization by heat treatment, the positive electrode body and the negative electrode body are bonded at the time of bonding the PSE layer and the NSE layer. There is no need to compress at high pressure, and it is difficult for defects such as cracks to occur in the components of both electrode bodies.
- the active material layer is formed of a powder product that is relatively easy to break, it is not necessary to compress the PSE layer and the NSE layer at a high pressure.
- a big advantage The reason why the active material layer is formed into a powder compact is that it is easy to form an active material layer thicker than the vapor phase method, and as a result, a nonaqueous electrolyte battery having a high discharge capacity can be manufactured. .
- a method for producing a nonaqueous electrolyte battery according to the present invention comprises a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode active material layer, and a nonaqueous electrolyte battery comprising a SE layer disposed between these active material layers.
- This manufacturing method is characterized by comprising the following steps.
- all the “thicknesses” in this specification are averages of thicknesses measured at five or more different portions. The “thickness” can be measured, for example, by observing the cross section with a scanning electron microscope.
- the amorphous PSE layer is a thin film having a thickness of 2 ⁇ m or less, the PSE layer becomes active. Therefore, when the PSE layer is crystallized from amorphous, the constituent material of the PSE layer is the negative electrode active material. It was found that it easily diffused into the layer. Therefore, if a nonaqueous electrolyte battery is produced by the manufacturing method of (2) above, it is difficult to form a high-resistance bonding interface between the positive electrode body and the negative electrode body in the battery.
- the PSE layer has a thickness of more than 2 ⁇ m, the activity of the PSE layer is lowered, and the constituent materials of the PSE layer are difficult to diffuse into the negative electrode active material layer. A high-resistance bonding interface is formed.
- the thickness of the SE layer derived from the PSE layer is as thin as 2 ⁇ m or less. Therefore, according to the manufacturing method, the nonaqueous electrolyte battery is thinner than the conventional one. An electrolyte battery can be produced.
- a method for producing a nonaqueous electrolyte battery according to the present invention includes a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode active material layer, and a nonaqueous electrolyte battery that produces a nonaqueous electrolyte battery including an SE layer disposed between these active material layers.
- This manufacturing method is characterized by comprising the following steps. -The process of preparing the positive electrode body which has a positive electrode active material layer which consists of a powder compact. A step of preparing a negative electrode body having a negative electrode active material layer made of a powder molded body and an amorphous NSE layer having a thickness of 2 ⁇ m or less formed on the negative electrode active material layer by a vapor phase method. A process in which the positive electrode body and the negative electrode body are heat-treated while being pressed so that the positive electrode active material layer and the NSE layer are in contact with each other, and the NSE layer is crystallized to be joined.
- the amorphous NSE layer is a thin film of 2 ⁇ m or less, the NSE layer becomes active. Therefore, when the NSE layer is crystallized from amorphous, the constituent material of the NSE layer is the positive electrode active material. It was found that it easily diffused into the layer. Therefore, if a nonaqueous electrolyte battery is produced by the production method of (3) above, it is difficult to form a high-resistance bonding interface between the positive electrode body and the negative electrode body in the battery.
- the NSE layer has a thickness of more than 2 ⁇ m, the activity of the NSE layer is lowered, and the constituent materials of the NSE layer are difficult to diffuse into the negative electrode active material layer. A high-resistance bonding interface is formed.
- the thickness of the SE layer derived from the NSE layer is as thin as 2 ⁇ m or less. Therefore, according to the manufacturing method, the nonaqueous electrolyte battery is thinner than the conventional one. An electrolyte battery can be produced.
- the heat treatment is preferably performed at 130 to 300 ° C. for 1 to 1200 minutes.
- the heat treatment conditions for crystallizing and bonding the amorphous PSE layer and the NSE layer can be appropriately selected depending on the type of sulfide constituting the PSE layer and the NSE layer.
- Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 is used as the sulfide, and this Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 can be sufficiently crystallized under the above heat treatment conditions.
- the heat treatment temperature is too low or the heat treatment time is too short, the PSE layer and the NSE layer are not sufficiently crystallized, and a bonding interface may be formed between the PSE layer and the NSE layer.
- the heat treatment temperature is too high or the heat treatment time is too long, a low Li ion conductive crystal phase may be formed.
- the above description also applies to the manufacturing methods (2) and (3) above in which the solid electrolyte layer is formed only on one of the electrode bodies.
- the amorphous Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 solid electrolyte layer formed by the vapor phase method is formed by crystallization temperature and powdery amorphous Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 by pressure molding. This is different from the crystallization temperature of the solid electrolyte layer.
- the crystallization temperature of the Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 solid electrolyte layer formed by the vapor phase method is about 130 ° C.
- the crystallization temperature of is about 240 ° C. Since the PSE layer and the NSE layer in the manufacturing method of the present invention are formed by a vapor phase method, the PSE layer and the NSE layer are crystallized at about 130 ° C.
- nonaqueous electrolyte battery it is preferable to pressurize at 160 Mpa or less.
- the pressure of the pressurization By controlling the pressure of the pressurization to 160 MPa or less, more preferably to 16 MPa or less, it is possible to suppress the occurrence of defects such as cracks in each layer of the electrode body when joining the positive electrode body and the negative electrode body. Can do.
- C content of the solid electrolyte layer formed on an active material layer shall be 10 atomic% or less.
- the C content in the PSE layer and the NSE layer is 10 atomic% or less, and only the positive electrode body has a solid electrolyte layer (PSE layer).
- PSE layer solid electrolyte layer
- the C content of the PSE layer is 10 atomic%
- NSE layer solid electrolyte layer
- the C content in the solid electrolyte layer By setting the C content in the solid electrolyte layer to 10 atomic%, it can be avoided that the solid electrolyte contained in the solid electrolyte layer is altered by the influence of C and the Li ion conductivity of the SE layer is lowered.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention is a nonaqueous electrolyte battery including a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode active material layer, and a sulfide SE layer disposed between the active material layers.
- the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer of this non-aqueous electrolyte battery are powder molded bodies, and the SE layer is an NSE provided on the PSE layer provided on the positive electrode active material side and the negative electrode active material layer side. It is a crystalline layer integrated by joining the layers. Resistance of the SE layer is preferably 50 [Omega ⁇ cm 2 or less, more preferably 20 [Omega ⁇ cm 2 or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention having the above configuration is a non-aqueous electrolyte battery manufactured by the manufacturing method of (1) above, and the resistance value of the SE layer is smaller than that of a battery manufactured by a conventional method.
- the battery characteristics are superior to those of conventional batteries.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention is a nonaqueous electrolyte battery comprising a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode active material layer, and a sulfide SE layer disposed between the active material layers.
- the positive electrode active material layer and the negative electrode active material layer of this non-aqueous electrolyte battery are powder compacts, and the SE layer is a crystalline layer having a thickness of 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the resistance value of the SE layer is 50 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention having the above configuration is a non-aqueous electrolyte battery produced by the production method of (2) or (3) above, wherein the resistance value of the SE layer is produced by a conventional method. Therefore, the battery characteristics (discharge capacity and discharge output) superior to those of conventional batteries are exhibited.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention is a nonaqueous electrolyte battery that is much thinner than the conventional battery because it has a thinner SE layer than ever before.
- C content of SE layer is 10 atomic% or less.
- the C content in the SE layer By setting the C content in the SE layer to 10 atomic%, it is possible to avoid deterioration of the Li ion conductivity of the SE layer due to the influence of C on the solid electrolyte.
- the positive electrode active material layer includes an active material made of an oxide containing at least one metal selected from Co, Mn, Ni, Fe, and Al and Li, And a solid electrolyte comprising Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 .
- the discharge capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery can be improved.
- the resistance value of a positive electrode active material layer can be lowered
- the negative electrode active material layer includes an active material containing at least one element selected from C, Si, Ge, Sn, Al, and Li, or at least Ti and Li It is preferable to include an active material made of an oxide containing and a solid electrolyte containing Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 .
- the discharge capacity of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery can be improved.
- the resistance value of a negative electrode active material layer can be lowered
- the nonaqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention exhibits excellent battery characteristics.
- a nonaqueous electrolyte battery 100 shown in FIG. 1 includes a positive electrode current collector 11, a positive electrode active material layer 12, a sulfide solid electrolyte layer (SE layer) 40, a negative electrode active material layer 22, and a negative electrode current collector 21. .
- the nonaqueous electrolyte battery 100 can be manufactured by a method for manufacturing a nonaqueous electrolyte battery according to the following process, that is, by superposing the individually produced positive electrode body 1 and negative electrode body 2 as shown in FIG. it can.
- ⁇ Method for producing non-aqueous electrolyte battery ( ⁇ ) The positive electrode body 1 is produced. ( ⁇ ) The negative electrode body 2 is prepared. ( ⁇ ) The positive electrode body 1 and the negative electrode body 2 are superposed and subjected to heat treatment while being pressed to join the positive electrode body 1 and the negative electrode body 2 together. * The order of the processes ⁇ and ⁇ can be interchanged.
- the positive electrode body 1 of this embodiment has a configuration in which a positive electrode active material layer 12 and a positive electrode side solid electrolyte layer (PSE layer) 13 are laminated on a positive electrode current collector 11.
- PSE layer positive electrode side solid electrolyte layer
- a substrate to be the positive electrode current collector 11 is prepared, and the remaining layers 12 and 13 may be sequentially formed on the substrate.
- the positive electrode current collector 11 may be formed on the surface of the positive electrode active material layer 12 opposite to the PSE layer 13 after the step ⁇ for bonding the positive electrode body 1 and the negative electrode body 2.
- the substrate to be the positive electrode current collector 11 may be composed of only a conductive material, or may be composed of a conductive material film formed on an insulating substrate. In the latter case, the conductive material film functions as a current collector.
- the conductive material one selected from Al, Ni, alloys thereof, and stainless steel can be suitably used.
- the positive electrode active material layer 12 is a layer obtained by pressure-molding a powder containing positive electrode active material particles that are the main component of the battery reaction.
- a material having a layered rock salt type crystal structure for example, Li ⁇ X ⁇ (1-X) O 2 ( ⁇ is at least one selected from Co, Ni, Mn, ⁇ is Fe, Al, 1 type selected from Ti, Cr, Zn, Mo and Bi, and X is 0.5 or more).
- Specific examples thereof include LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 , LiCo 0.5 Fe 0.5 O 2 , LiCo 0.5 Al 0.5 O 2 , LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O.
- a positive electrode active material a substance having a spinel crystal structure (for example, LiMn 2 O 4 or the like) or a substance having an olivine crystal structure (for example, Li X FePO 4 (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 1)) is used. It can also be used.
- a substance having a spinel crystal structure for example, LiMn 2 O 4 or the like
- a substance having an olivine crystal structure for example, Li X FePO 4 (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 1)
- the positive electrode active material layer 12 may contain electrolyte particles that improve the Li ion conductivity of the layer 12. In that case, electrolyte particles are mixed with positive electrode active material particles which are raw materials for pressure molding. By doing so, the positive electrode active material layer 12 including the positive electrode active material particles and the solid electrolyte particles can be formed when the raw material is pressure-molded.
- the electrolyte particles for example, sulfides such as Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 can be suitably used.
- the solid electrolyte particles included in the positive electrode active material layer 12 may be amorphous or crystalline, but are preferably crystalline having high Li ion conductivity.
- the positive electrode active material layer 12 may contain a conductive additive or a binder.
- the conditions for pressure molding can be selected as appropriate. For example, pressure molding may be performed under an atmosphere of room temperature to 300 ° C. and a surface pressure of 100 to 600 MPa. Further, the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles to be pressure-molded is preferably 1 to 20 ⁇ m. If electrolyte particles are used, the average particle size of the electrolyte particles is preferably 0.5 to 2 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode side solid electrolyte layer (PSE layer) 13 is an amorphous Li ion conductor made of sulfide.
- the PSE layer 13 is crystallized through a process ⁇ described later and becomes a part of the SE layer 40 of the completed battery 100 shown in FIG.
- the characteristics required for the PSE layer 13 are high Li ion conductivity and low electron conductivity when crystallized.
- the Li ion conductivity (20 ° C.) when the PSE layer 13 in an amorphous state is crystallized is preferably 10 ⁇ 5 S / cm or more, particularly preferably 10 ⁇ 4 S / cm or more.
- the electronic conductivity of the PSE layer 13 when crystallized is preferably 10 ⁇ 8 S / cm or less.
- Examples of the material of the PSE layer 13 include Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 .
- the PSE layer 13 may contain an oxide such as P 2 O 5 .
- a vapor phase method can be used to form the PSE layer 13.
- the vapor phase method for example, a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, an ion plating method, a laser ablation method, or the like can be used.
- the substrate in order to form the amorphous PSE layer 13, the substrate may be cooled so that the substrate temperature at the time of film formation is equal to or lower than the crystallization temperature of the film.
- the substrate temperature during film formation is preferably 150 ° C. or lower.
- the thickness of the PSE layer 13 formed by the vapor phase method is preferably 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m. In the case of the vapor phase method, even the thin PSE layer 13 has almost no defects such as pinholes in the PSE layer 13, and almost no unformed portion of the PSE layer 13 occurs.
- the PSE layer 13 does not contain much C (carbon). This is because C may alter the solid electrolyte and reduce the Li ion conductivity of the PSE layer 13. Since the PSE layer 13 becomes the SE layer 40 in a later step, when the Li ion conductivity of the PSE layer 13 decreases, the Li ion conductivity of the SE layer 40 also decreases, and the performance of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery 100 decreases. Therefore, the C content of the PSE layer 13 is preferably 10 atomic% or less, more preferably 5 atomic% or less, and still more preferably 3 atomic% or less. Most preferably, the PSE layer 13 is substantially free of C.
- C contained in the PSE layer 13 is mainly derived from C contained as an impurity in the raw material used for forming the PSE layer 13.
- Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 which is a typical sulfide solid electrolyte
- a raw material with low purity of Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 Can contain a large amount of C. Therefore, in order to keep the C content of the PSE layer 13 low, the PSE layer 13 may be formed using a raw material having a high purity of Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 and a low content of C.
- a raw material having a high purity of Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 for example, a commercial product adjusted so as to have a low C content can be used.
- Other examples of the origin of C contained in the PSE layer 13 include a boat that holds a raw material when the PSE layer 13 is formed by a vapor phase method.
- the boat may be made of C, and the boat C may be mixed into the PSE layer 13 due to heat generated when the raw material is evaporated.
- mixing of C into the PSE layer 13 can be effectively suppressed by adjusting film formation conditions such as boat heating temperature and atmospheric pressure during film formation.
- the PSE layer 13 includes a sulfide solid electrolyte
- the sulfide solid electrolyte reacts with the positive electrode active material of the oxide included in the positive electrode active material layer 12 adjacent to the PSE layer 13, so that the positive electrode active material layer 12 and the PSE
- an intermediate layer may be provided between the positive electrode active material layer 12 and the PSE layer 13 in order to suppress the increase in resistance near the interface.
- an amorphous Li ion conductive oxide such as LiNbO 3 , LiTaO 3 , Li 4 Ti 5 O 12, or the like can be used.
- LiNbO 3 can effectively suppress an increase in resistance near the interface between the positive electrode active material layer 12 and the PSE layer 13.
- the negative electrode body 2 has a configuration in which a negative electrode active material layer 22 and a negative electrode side solid electrolyte layer (NSE layer) 23 are laminated on a negative electrode current collector 21.
- NSE layer negative electrode side solid electrolyte layer
- a substrate to be the negative electrode current collector 21 is prepared, and the remaining layers 22 and 23 may be sequentially formed on the substrate.
- the negative electrode current collector 21 may be formed on the surface of the negative electrode active material layer 22 opposite to the NSE layer 23 after the step ⁇ .
- the substrate to be the negative electrode current collector 21 may be composed of only a conductive material, or may be composed of a conductive material film formed on an insulating substrate. In the latter case, the conductive material film functions as a current collector.
- the conductive material for example, one selected from Al, Cu, Ni, Fe, Cr, and alloys thereof (for example, stainless steel) can be suitably used.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22 is a layer obtained by pressure-molding a powder containing negative electrode active material particles that are the main component of the battery reaction.
- the negative electrode active material C, Si, Ge, Sn, Al, an Li alloy, or an oxide containing Li such as Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 can be used.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22 may contain electrolyte particles that improve the Li ion conductivity of the layer 22.
- electrolyte particles are mixed with negative electrode active material particles which are raw materials for pressure molding.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22 containing negative electrode active material particles and solid electrolyte particles can be formed when the raw material is pressure-molded.
- the electrolyte particles for example, sulfides such as Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 can be suitably used.
- the solid electrolyte particles included in the negative electrode active material layer 22 may be amorphous or crystalline, but are preferably crystalline having high Li ion conductivity.
- the negative electrode active material layer 22 may contain a conductive additive or a binder.
- the conditions for pressure molding can be selected as appropriate. For example, pressure molding may be performed under an atmosphere of room temperature to 300 ° C. and a surface pressure of 100 to 600 MPa. Further, the average particle diameter of the negative electrode active material particles to be molded is preferably 1 to 20 ⁇ m. If electrolyte particles are used, the average particle size of the electrolyte particles is preferably 0.5 to 2 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode side solid electrolyte layer (NSE layer) 23 is an amorphous Li ion conductor made of sulfide, like the PSE layer 13 described above.
- This NSE layer 23 is also a layer that becomes a part of the SE layer 40 of the battery 100 when the battery 100 is completed through the next step ⁇ , and has a high Li ion conductivity when crystallized and has a low electron. It is required to be conductive.
- the NSE layer 23 and the PSE layer 13 described above preferably have the same composition and manufacturing method. This is to prevent variation in Li ion conductivity in the thickness direction of the SE layer 40 when the NSE layer 23 and the PSE layer 13 become one SE layer 40 through the next step ⁇ . Because.
- the thickness of the NSE layer 23 formed by the vapor phase method is preferably 0.1 to 5 ⁇ m. In the case of the vapor phase method, even with this thin NSE layer 23, defects such as pinholes hardly occur in the NSE layer 23, and there are hardly any places where the NSE layer 23 is not formed.
- the NSE layer 23 preferably does not contain much C (carbon). The reason is that the preferable value of the C content in the NSE layer 23 and the method for adjusting the C content in the NSE layer 23 are the same as those of the PSE layer 13.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte battery 100 is manufactured by laminating the positive electrode body 1 and the negative electrode body 2 so that the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 face each other.
- the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 are heat-treated while being pressed, the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 in an amorphous state are crystallized, and the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 are integrated.
- the heat treatment conditions in the step ⁇ are selected so that the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 can be crystallized. If the heat treatment temperature is too low, the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 do not crystallize sufficiently, leaving many unbonded interfaces between the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23, and the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 are Not integrated. On the other hand, if the heat treatment temperature is too high, a crystal phase with low Li ion conductivity may be formed even if the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 are integrated.
- Specific heat treatment conditions vary depending on the composition of the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23, but are preferably about 130 to 300 ° C. ⁇ 1 to 1200 minutes. More preferable heat treatment conditions are 150 to 250 ° C. ⁇ 30 to 150 minutes.
- the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 are pressurized in the direction to bring them closer during the heat treatment. This is to promote integration of the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 by keeping the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 in close contact during the heat treatment.
- the pressure of the pressurization is very small, there is an effect of promoting the integration of the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23. However, the higher the pressure, the easier the integration.
- the pressure of the pressurization is increased, there is a risk that defects such as cracking may occur in each layer of the positive electrode body 1 and the negative electrode body 2.
- the positive electrode active material layer 12 and the negative electrode active material layer 22 that are powder compacts are easily cracked. Therefore, the pressure is preferably 160 MPa or less. Since the integration of the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 is only caused by heat treatment, a pressure of 1 to 20 MPa is sufficient.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte battery 100 including the single crystallized SE layer 40 is formed.
- this one-layer SE layer 40 is formed by integrating the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 as described above, the interface between the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 hardly remains. Therefore, the SE layer 40 does not have a decrease in Li ion conductivity due to the interface, and becomes the SE layer 40 having high Li ion conductivity and low electron conductivity.
- traces of integrating the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 are likely to remain due to the influence of the surface roughness of the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 before integration.
- the traces are observed as voids arranged intermittently on a virtual straight line extending in the width direction of the battery 100 when the SE layer 40 in the longitudinal section of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery 100 is observed.
- the traces are preferably small.
- the traces have a gap with respect to the entire length in the width direction of the battery 100 (the length in the left-right direction in FIG. 1). It can be evaluated as a percentage of the total length of the part.
- the ratio is preferably 5% or less, more preferably 3% or less, and most preferably 1% or less.
- the SE layer 40 is preferable.
- the resistance of the SE layer 40 is 50 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 or less.
- the resistance is measured using the AC impedance method, and the measurement conditions are a voltage amplitude of 5 mV and a frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 10 kHz.
- the Nyquist diagram obtained by AC impedance measurement see FIG. 3
- the intersection of the extension line (dotted line in the figure) of the Nyquist plot on the highest frequency side (solid line in the figure) and the real axis is the SE layer.
- the resistance value is 40, and this is made clear by analyzing the equivalent circuit calculation result and the measurement result.
- the resistance value of the SE layer 40 is 20 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 .
- the SE layer 40 does not contain much C.
- C may change the solid electrolyte.
- the C content of the SE layer 40 may be considered as the sum of the C content of the PSE layer 13 and the C content of the NSE layer 23, and is preferably 10 atomic% or less.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte battery 100 shown in FIG. 1 can also be produced by a nonaqueous electrolyte battery manufacturing method according to the following steps with reference to FIG.
- ⁇ Method for producing non-aqueous electrolyte battery ( ⁇ ) The positive electrode body 3 including the positive electrode active material layer 12 and the PSE layer 13 is produced. ( ⁇ ) The negative electrode body 4 having the negative electrode active material layer 22 but not having the NSE layer is prepared. ( ⁇ ) The positive electrode body 3 and the negative electrode body 4 are superposed and subjected to heat treatment while being pressed to join the positive electrode body 3 and the negative electrode body 4 together. * The order of processes ⁇ and ⁇ can be interchanged.
- each layer provided in the positive electrode body 3 and the negative electrode body 4 and the conditions of the pressure heat treatment when joining both the electrode bodies 3 and 4 are the same as in the first embodiment.
- the thickness of the PSE layer 13 needs to be 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the activity of the solid electrolyte contained in the PSE layer 13 is high.
- the amorphous solid electrolyte of the PSE layer 13 easily diffuses into the negative electrode active material layer 22.
- the amorphous solid electrolyte of the PSE layer 13 is crystallized and bonded to the crystalline solid electrolyte particles contained in the negative electrode active material layer 22, and the bonding interface is formed between the positive electrode body 3 and the negative electrode body 4.
- the positive electrode body 3 and the negative electrode body 4 are joined together without being formed.
- the resistance value of the SE layer 40 obtained through the step ⁇ is measured using the AC impedance method under the same conditions as in the first embodiment, it is also 50 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 or less.
- the thickness of the PSE layer 13 exceeds 2 ⁇ m, the activity of the amorphous solid electrolyte contained in the PSE layer 13 is low and hardly diffuses into the negative electrode active material layer 22 by heat treatment. A high-resistance bonding interface is easily formed between the body 4 and the body 4.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte battery 100 shown in FIG. 1 can also be produced by a nonaqueous electrolyte battery manufacturing method according to the following steps with reference to FIG.
- a positive electrode body 5 that includes the positive electrode active material layer 12 but does not have a PSE layer is prepared.
- the negative electrode body 6 including the negative electrode active material layer 22 and the NSE layer 23 is produced.
- the positive electrode body 5 and the negative electrode body 6 are superposed and subjected to heat treatment while being pressed to join the positive electrode body 5 and the negative electrode body 6 together. * The order of processes ⁇ and ⁇ can be interchanged.
- each layer provided in the positive electrode body 5 and the negative electrode body 6 and the conditions of the pressure heat treatment when joining both the electrode bodies 5 and 6 are the same as those in the first embodiment.
- the thickness of the NSE layer 23 needs to be 2 ⁇ m or less. This is to increase the activity of the amorphous solid electrolyte contained in the NSE layer 23 as in the second embodiment. By doing so, the amorphous solid electrolyte of the NSE layer 23 is crystallized by the heat treatment, and is bonded to the crystalline solid electrolyte particles contained in the positive electrode active material layer 12, and between the positive electrode body 5 and the negative electrode body 6. The positive electrode body 5 and the negative electrode body 6 are bonded together with almost no bonding interface formed. As a result, if the resistance value of the SE layer 40 obtained through the step ⁇ is measured using the AC impedance method under the same conditions as in the first embodiment, it is also 50 ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte battery 100 of the embodiment described with reference to FIG. 1 was produced, and the battery characteristics of the battery 100 were evaluated by measuring the resistance value of the SE layer 40 included in the battery 100.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte battery as a comparative example was produced, and the resistance value of the SE layer included in the battery was also measured.
- Nonaqueous Electrolyte Battery of Example 1 In producing the nonaqueous electrolyte battery 100, a positive electrode body 1 and a negative electrode body 2 having the following configuration were prepared.
- Positive electrode current collector 11 Al foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m
- PSE layer 13 Amorphous Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 film having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m (vacuum deposition method)
- Negative electrode body 2 ⁇ ⁇ Negative electrode current collector 21... Stainless steel foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m ⁇ Negative electrode active material layer 22... Press molded product of graphite powder having a thickness of 200 ⁇ m and Li 2 SP 2 S 5 powder (graphite: Li 2 SP 2 S 5 50% by mass: 50% by mass) NSE layer 23: Amorphous Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 film having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m (vacuum deposition method)
- the resistance value of the prepared PSE layer 13 of the positive electrode body 1 and the resistance value of the NSE layer 23 of the negative electrode body 2 were measured by an AC impedance method.
- the measurement conditions were a voltage amplitude of 5 mV and a frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 10 kHz.
- the measurement results are shown in Table 1 below.
- the prepared positive electrode body 1 and negative electrode body 2 are overlapped so that the SE layers 13 and 23 are in contact with each other, and the electrode bodies 1 and 2 are pressed together.
- a plurality of nonaqueous electrolyte batteries 100 that were subjected to heat treatment were produced.
- the heat treatment conditions range of 130 to 300 ° C., a range of 1 to 1200 minutes
- pressure conditions range of 8 to 160 MPa
- Each non-aqueous electrolyte battery 100 produced as described above was charged in a coin cell, and the resistance value of the SE layer 40 in these non-aqueous electrolyte batteries 100 was measured by an AC impedance method.
- the measurement conditions are the same as the conditions for measuring the resistance values of the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23.
- the measurement results of the bonding conditions and the resistance values are shown in Table 1 below.
- the part considered to correspond to the boundary part between the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 in the longitudinal section of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery 100 of Sample 4 and Sample 9 was observed with a scanning electron microscope.
- the SE layer 40 voids that were traces of joining the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 were observed.
- the ratio of the total length of the portion where the air gap exists to the entire length in the width direction of battery 100 (the length in the left-right direction in FIG. 1) was 1% for sample 4 and 3% for sample 9.
- Nonaqueous Electrolyte Battery of Comparative Example 1 A positive electrode body having a crystallized PSE layer and a negative electrode body having a crystallized NSE layer were prepared, and an attempt was made to join the positive electrode body and the negative electrode body under the conditions of the examples, but the PSE layer and the NSE layer were integrated. No bonding between the PSE layer and the NSE layer was observed. Further, when the resistance value of the SE layer of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery in which the PSE layer and the NSE layer that were not integrated were brought into contact with each other by pressurization (not in a joined state) was measured, the nonaqueous electrolyte of the example was measured. It was significantly higher than the SE layer of the battery.
- a positive electrode body having a crystallized PSE layer and a negative electrode body having a crystallized NSE layer were joined at 300 MPa.
- the PSE layer and the NSE layer were integrated in a very small part, but the PSE layer and the NSE layer were not integrated in most of the rest.
- the pressure of the pressurization is increased, the region where the PSE layer and the NSE layer are integrated is expected to increase, but it is considered that the PSE layer and the NSE layer are not completely integrated.
- the pressure of the pressurization is increased, there is a high possibility that a defect such as a crack may occur in any layer of the positive electrode body and the negative electrode body.
- the resistance value of the SE layer 40 changes depending on the conditions. For example, when samples 1 to 6 are compared, the resistance value of the SE layer 40 tends to increase as the heat treatment temperature approaches 150 ° C. or 300 ° C. In particular, it can be seen that the resistance value of the SE layer 40 of the samples 3 and 4 having a heat treatment temperature of 180 to 250 ° C. is smaller than that of the other samples 1, 2, 5, and 6. Further, comparing Samples 4 and 10-12, it can be read that the resistance value of the SE layer 40 can be reduced by increasing the heat treatment time. Compared with Samples 4 and 7-9, the pressurization pressure increases. It can be seen that the resistance value of the SE layer 40 decreases.
- Test Example 2 ⁇ Nonaqueous Electrolyte Battery of Example 2>
- the influence of the C content contained in the SE layer 40 on the resistance value of the SE layer 40 was examined. Specifically, five nonaqueous electrolyte batteries 100 (samples 21 to 25) having different C contents in the SE layer 40 were produced, and the resistance values ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) of the SE layers 40 of the samples 21 to 25 were produced. Was measured.
- Samples 21 to 25 have the same materials and production conditions except that the raw materials used for forming the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 are different. The common items are listed below.
- [Positive electrode body 1] -Positive electrode current collector 11 ; 10 ⁇ m thick Al foil / positive electrode active material layer 12 A pressure formed body of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 (hereinafter, NCA) powder having a thickness of 200 ⁇ m and Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 powder; the average particle diameter of the NCA particles is 6 ⁇ m The average particle size of the Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 particles is 2 ⁇ m NCA: Li 2 S—P 2 S 5 70: 30 (mass ratio)
- the pressure molding conditions are 200 ° C. atmosphere and surface pressure of 540 MPa.
- -PSE layer 13 5 ⁇ m thick amorphous Li 2 SP 2 S 5 film (vacuum evaporation method)
- the prepared positive electrode body 1 and negative electrode body 2 are overlapped so that the SE layers 13 and 23 are in contact with each other, and the electrode bodies 1 and 2 are pressed together.
- a plurality of nonaqueous electrolyte batteries 100 were manufactured by heat treatment.
- the heat treatment conditions were 190 ° C. ⁇ 130 minutes, and the pressurization conditions were 16 MPa.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte battery 100 produced as described above is charged into a coin cell to complete samples 21 to 25, and the C content (atomic%) and resistance value ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) of the SE layer 40 of each sample are measured. did.
- the C content was determined by taking out a cross section of the SE layer 40 by cross section polisher and analyzing the cross section by XPS analysis.
- the resistance value was determined in the same manner as in Test Example 1.
- the results are shown in the following Table 2 (the materials used are also described). Note that the sample 21 having a C content of “0” in the table is a sample in which the C content is the detection limit of the measuring device and does not contain C at all or It is a sample containing C below the detection limit.
- the C content of the raw material used for forming the SE layer 40 is reflected in the C content of the SE layer 40. Further, by comparing Samples 21 to 24 with Sample 25, it was found that when the C content in the SE layer 40 was 10 atomic% or less, the resistance value of the SE layer 40 was significantly reduced. Furthermore, by comparing Samples 21 to 24, it was found that the resistance value of the SE layer 40 can be lowered as the C content of the SE layer 40 decreases. As a result, the C content of the SE layer 40 is more preferably 5 atomic% or less, further preferably 3 atomic% or less, and most preferably 0 atomic%.
- Test Example 3 ⁇ Nonaqueous Electrolyte Battery of Example 3>
- Test Example 3 the influence on the resistance value of the SE layer 40 when the thicknesses of the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 were changed was examined.
- a plurality of non-aqueous electrolyte batteries (samples 31 to 33) in which the thicknesses of the amorphous PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 were changed were manufactured, and their resistance values ( ⁇ ⁇ cm 2 ) were measured.
- the configuration other than the thicknesses of the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 that is, the constituent materials of each layer, the formation conditions of each layer, the pressure heat treatment conditions when joining both electrode bodies, the measurement conditions of the resistance value) are as described in Test Example 2. This was exactly the same as the sample 21 in FIG. Table 3 shows the measurement results of the resistance values of Samples 31 to 33 together with the thicknesses and resistance values of the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23.
- Test Example 4 ⁇ Nonaqueous Electrolyte Battery of Example 4>
- a non-aqueous electrolyte battery 100 (samples 41 to 44) in which a very thin solid electrolyte layer having a thickness of 2 ⁇ m or less was formed only on one of the electrode bodies to be bonded, and both electrode bodies were joined by heat treatment. It produced and the resistance value (ohm * cm ⁇ 2 >) was measured.
- the configuration other than the presence / absence and thickness of the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23 described in Table 4 below was exactly the same as the sample 21 of Test Example 2.
- Table 4 shows the measurement results of the resistance values of the samples 41 to 44 together with the thicknesses and resistance values of the PSE layer 13 and the NSE layer 23.
- ⁇ Nonaqueous Electrolyte Battery of Comparative Example 2> A positive electrode body having an amorphous PSE layer having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m and a negative electrode body not having an NSE layer were prepared, and both were bonded while being heat-treated under the conditions of Example 4. In this case, the PSE layer becomes the SE layer in the nonaqueous electrolyte battery.
- Nonaqueous Electrolyte Battery of Comparative Example 3 A positive electrode body having no PSE layer and a negative electrode body having an amorphous NSE layer having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m were prepared, and both were bonded while being heat-treated under the conditions of Example 4. In this case, the NSE layer becomes the SE layer in the nonaqueous electrolyte battery.
- the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiment. That is, the configuration of the nonaqueous electrolyte battery described in the above-described embodiment can be changed as appropriate without departing from the gist of the present invention.
- the method for producing a non-aqueous electrolyte battery of the present invention is suitable for producing a non-aqueous electrolyte battery that is used as a power source for electrical equipment on the premise that charging and discharging are repeated.
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Abstract
Description
・粉末成形体からなる正極活物質層と、その正極活物質層上に気相法で形成されるアモルファスの正極側固体電解質層(以下、PSE層)と、を有する正極体を用意する工程。
・粉末成形体からなる負極活物質層と、その負極活物質層上に気相法で形成されるアモルファスの負極側固体電解質層(以下、NSE層)と、を有する負極体を用意する工程。
・正極体と負極体とを、両電極体の固体電解質層同士が接触するように重ね合わせた状態で加圧しながら熱処理し、PSE層とNSE層とを結晶化させることで接合させる工程。
・粉末成形体からなる正極活物質層と、その正極活物質層上に気相法で形成される厚さ2μm以下のアモルファスのPSE層と、を有する正極体を用意する工程。
・粉末成形体からなる負極活物質層を有する負極体を用意する工程。
・正極体と負極体とを、PSE層と負極活物質層とが接触するように重ね合わせた状態で加圧しながら熱処理し、PSE層を結晶化させることで接合させる工程。
ここで、本明細書における『厚さ』は全て、異なる5点以上の部分で測定した厚さの平均である。『厚さ』は、例えば、断面を走査型電子顕微鏡により観察することで測定することができる。
・粉末成形体からなる正極活物質層を有する正極体を用意する工程。
・粉末成形体からなる負極活物質層と、その負極活物質層上に気相法で形成される厚さ2μm以下のアモルファスのNSE層と、を有する負極体を用意する工程。
・正極体と負極体とを、正極活物質層とNSE層とが接触するように重ね合わせた状態で加圧しながら熱処理し、NSE層を結晶化させることで接合させる工程。
<非水電解質電池の全体構成>
図1に示す非水電解質電池100は、正極集電体11、正極活物質層12、硫化物の固体電解質層(SE層)40、負極活物質層22、および負極集電体21とを備える。この非水電解質電池100は、以下の工程に従う非水電解質電池の製造方法、即ち、図2に示すように個別に作製された正極体1と負極体2とを重ね合わせることで作製することができる。
(α)正極体1を作製する。
(β)負極体2を作製する。
(γ)正極体1と負極体2とを重ね合わせ、加圧しながら熱処理を施して、正極体1と負極体2とを接合する。
※工程α,βの順序は入れ替え可能である。
本実施形態の正極体1は、正極集電体11の上に、正極活物質層12と正極側固体電解質層(PSE層)13を積層した構成を有する。この正極体1を作製するには、正極集電体11となる基板を用意し、その基板の上に残りの層12,13を順次形成すれば良い。なお、正極集電体11は、正極体1と負極体2とを接合する工程γの後に、正極活物質層12におけるPSE層13とは反対側の面に形成しても良い。
正極集電体11となる基板は、導電材料のみから構成されていても良いし、絶縁基板上に導電材料の膜を形成したもので構成されていても良い。後者の場合、導電材料の膜が集電体として機能する。導電材料としては、AlやNi、これらの合金、ステンレスから選択される1種が好適に利用できる。
正極活物質層12は、電池反応の主体となる正極活物質粒子を含む粉末を加圧成形することで得られる層である。正極活物質としては、層状岩塩型の結晶構造を有する物質、例えば、LiαXβ(1-X)O2(αはCo,Ni,Mnから選択される少なくとも1種、βはFe,Al,Ti,Cr,Zn,Mo,Biから選択される1種、Xは0.5以上)で表される物質を挙げることができる。その具体例としては、LiCoO2やLiNiO2、LiMnO2、LiCo0.5Fe0.5O2、LiCo0.5Al0.5O2、LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2などを挙げることができる。その他、正極活物質として、スピネル型の結晶構造を有する物質(例えば、LiMn2O4など)や、オリビン型の結晶構造を有する物質(例えば、LiXFePO4(0<X<1))を用いることもできる。
正極側固体電解質層(PSE層)13は、硫化物からなるアモルファスのLiイオン伝導体である。このPSE層13は、後述する工程γを経て結晶化し、図1に示す完成した電池100のSE層40の一部となる。PSE層13に求められる特性は、結晶化したときに高Liイオン伝導性で、かつ低電子伝導性であることである。例えば、アモルファス状態にあるPSE層13が結晶化したときのLiイオン伝導度(20℃)は、10-5S/cm以上、特に、10-4S/cm以上であることが好ましい。また、結晶化したときのPSE層13の電子伝導度は、10-8S/cm以下であることが好ましい。このようなPSE層13の材質としては、例えば、Li2S-P2S5を挙げることができる。PSE層13は、P2O5などの酸化物を含有していても良い。
PSE層13が硫化物固体電解質を含むと、この硫化物固体電解質がPSE層13に隣接する正極活物質層12に含まれる酸化物の正極活物質と反応して、正極活物質層12とPSE層13との界面近傍が高抵抗化し、非水電解質電池100の放電容量を低下させる恐れがある。そこで、上記界面近傍の高抵抗化を抑制するために、正極活物質層12とPSE層13との間に中間層を設けても良い。
負極体2は、負極集電体21の上に、負極活物質層22と負極側固体電解質層(NSE層)23を積層した構成を有する。この負極体2を作製するには、負極集電体21となる基板を用意し、その基板の上に残りの層22,23を順次形成すれば良い。なお、負極集電体21は、工程γの後に、負極活物質層22におけるNSE層23とは反対側の面に形成しても良い。
負極集電体21となる基板は、導電材料のみから構成されていても良いし、絶縁基板上に導電材料の膜を形成したもので構成されていても良い。後者の場合、導電材料の膜が集電体として機能する。導電材料としては、例えば、Al,Cu、Ni、Fe、Cr、及びこれらの合金(例えば、ステンレスなど)から選択される1種が好適に利用できる。
負極活物質層22は、電池反応の主体となる負極活物質粒子を含む粉末を加圧成形することで得られる層である。負極活物質としては、C、Si、Ge、Sn、Al、Li合金、またはLi4Ti5O12などのLiを含む酸化物を利用することができる。その他、負極活物質として、La3M2Sn7(M=NiまたはCo)で表される化合物を利用することができる。
負極側固体電解質層(NSE層)23は、上述したPSE層13と同様に、硫化物からなるアモルファスのLiイオン伝導体である。このNSE層23も、次の工程γを経て電池100を完成させた際、電池100のSE層40の一部となる層であり、結晶化したときに高Liイオン伝導性で、かつ低電子伝導性であることが求められる。このNSE層23の材質としてはPSE層13と同様に、Li2S-P2S5(必要に応じてP2O5を含む)などを使用することが好ましい。特に、このNSE層23と上述したPSE層13とは組成や作製方法などを同じとしておくことが好ましい。これは、NSE層23とPSE層13とが次の工程γを経ることで一層のSE層40となったときに、SE層40の厚み方向にLiイオン伝導性にバラツキが生じないようにするためである。
次に、PSE層13とNSE層23とが互いに対向するように正極体1と負極体2とを積層して非水電解質電池100を作製する。その際、PSE層13とNSE層23とを圧接させつつ熱処理を施して、アモルファス状態にあるPSE層13とNSE層23を結晶化させ、これらPSE層13とNSE層23とを一体化させる。
以上説明した製造方法により得られた非水電解質電池100によれば、正極体1と負極体2とを高圧で圧接した従来の電池よりも優れた電池特性(放電容量や、放電出力)を発揮する。それは、SE層40において、PSE層13とNSE層23との接合界面に高抵抗層が形成されないからである。
図1に示す非水電解質電池100は、図4を参照する以下の工程に従う非水電解質電池の製造方法によっても作製することができる。
(δ)正極活物質層12とPSE層13とを備える正極体3を作製する。
(ε)負極活物質層22を備えるが、NSE層を有さない負極体4を作製する。
(ζ)正極体3と負極体4とを重ね合わせ、加圧しながら熱処理を施して、正極体3と負極体4とを接合する。
※工程δ,εの順序は入れ替え可能である。
図1に示す非水電解質電池100は、図5を参照する以下の工程に従う非水電解質電池の製造方法によっても作製することができる。
(η)正極活物質層12を備えるが、PSE層を有さない正極体5を作製する。
(θ)負極活物質層22とNSE層23とを備える負極体6を作製する。
(ι)正極体5と負極体6とを重ね合わせ、加圧しながら熱処理を施して、正極体5と負極体6とを接合する。
※工程η,θの順序は入れ替え可能である。
図1を参照して説明した実施形態の非水電解質電池100を作製し、その電池100に備わるSE層40の抵抗値を測定することで、電池100の電池特性を評価した。また、比較例となる非水電解質電池を作製し、その電池に備わるSE層の抵抗値も測定した。
非水電解質電池100の作製にあたり、以下の構成を備える正極体1、負極体2を用意した。
・正極集電体11…厚さ10μmのAl箔
・正極活物質層12…厚さ200μmのLiCoO2粉末とLi2S-P2S5粉末との加圧成形体(LiCoO2:Li2S-P2S5=70質量%:30質量%)
・PSE層13…厚さ5μmのアモルファスLi2S-P2S5膜(真空蒸着法)
・負極集電体21…厚さ10μmのステンレス箔
・負極活物質層22…厚さ200μmのグラファイト粉末とLi2S-P2S5粉末との加圧成形体(グラファイト:Li2S-P2S5=50質量%:50質量%)
・NSE層23…厚さ5μmのアモルファスLi2S-P2S5膜(真空蒸着法)
結晶化したPSE層を有する正極体と、結晶化したNSE層を有する負極体を用意し、実施例の条件でこれら正極体と負極体の接合を試みたが、PSE層とNSE層は一体化せず、PSE層とNSE層の接合は認められなかった。また、この一体化しなかったPSE層とNSE層を加圧により接触させた状態(接合した状態ではない)とした非水電解質電池のSE層の抵抗値を測定したところ、実施例の非水電解質電池のSE層よりも著しく高かった。そのため接触界面のある電池の放電容量や放電出力は、接触界面がない電池に比べて著しく低下すると考えられる。それは、接触界面の抵抗値が接触界面以外の部分の抵抗値よりも著しく高いためと推察される。
以上説明した実施例、比較例の非水電解質電池の結果から、正極体1のPSE層13と負極体2のNSE層23とをアモルファスとし、その正極体1と負極体2とを接合する際、PSE層13とNSE層23を結晶化させることで得られた電池100は、比較例に示す電池よりも優れた電池特性を有することがわかった。
<実施例2の非水電解質電池>
試験例2では、SE層40の抵抗値に及ぼすSE層40に含まれるC含有量の影響を調べた。具体的には、SE層40のC含有量を異ならせた5つの非水電解質電池100(試料21~25)を作製し、試料21~25のSE層40の抵抗値(Ω・cm2)を測定した。
・正極集電体11
;厚さ10μmのAl箔
・正極活物質層12
;厚さ200μmのLiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2(以下、NCA)粉末とLi2S-P2S5粉末との加圧形成体
;NCA粒子の平均粒径は6μm
;Li2S-P2S5粒子の平均粒径は2μm
;NCA:Li2S-P2S5=70:30(質量比)
;加圧成形条件は、200℃の雰囲気下、面圧540MPa
・PSE層13
;厚さ5μmのアモルファスLi2S-P2S5膜(真空蒸着法)
・負極集電体21
;厚さ10μmのAl箔
・負極活物質層22
;厚さ200μmのLi4Ti5O12(以下、LTO)粉末とLi2S-P2S5粉末とアセチレンブラック(以下、AB)との加圧形成体
;LTO粒子の平均粒径は6μm
;Li2S-P2S5粒子の平均粒径は2μm
;LTO:Li2S-P2S5:AB=40:60:4(質量比)
;加圧成形条件は、200℃の雰囲気下、面圧540MPa
・NSE層23
;厚さ5μmのアモルファスLi2S-P2S5膜(真空蒸着法)
<実施例3の非水電解質電池>
試験例3では、PSE層13とNSE層23の厚さを変化させたときの、SE層40の抵抗値に及ぼす影響について調べた。具体的には、アモルファスのPSE層13とNSE層23の厚さを変化させた複数の非水電解質電池(試料31~33)を作製し、その抵抗値(Ω・cm2)を測定した。PSE層13とNSE層23の厚さ以外の構成(即ち、各層の構成材料、各層の形成条件、両電極体を接合させる際の加圧熱処理条件、抵抗値の測定条件)は、試験例2の試料21と全く同じであった。試料31~33の抵抗値の測定結果を、PSE層13とNSE層23の厚さおよび抵抗値と共に表3に示す。
表3に示すように、試料31~33のSE層40の抵抗値が測定できたことから、PSE層13とNSE層23を2μm以下の非常に薄い膜としても、試料31~33が電池として動作することが分かった。また、SE層40の厚みが薄くなるほどSE層40の抵抗値が低く、小型でありながら放電出力の高い電池となることが分かった。
<実施例4の非水電解質電池>
試験例4では、貼り合わせる電極体のいずれか一方にのみ厚さ2μm以下の非常に薄い固体電解質層を形成し、両電極体を熱処理によって接合した非水電解質電池100(試料41~44)を作製し、その抵抗値(Ω・cm2)を測定した。下記表4に記載されるPSE層13とNSE層23の有無と厚さ以外の構成は、試験例2の試料21と全く同じであった。試料41~44の抵抗値の測定結果を、PSE層13とNSE層23の厚さおよび抵抗値と共に表4に示す。
厚さが10μmのアモルファスのPSE層を有する正極体と、NSE層を有さない負極体とを用意して、両者を実施例4の条件で熱処理しつつ接合した。この場合、PSE層が非水電解質電池におけるSE層となる。このようにして作製された電池におけるSE層(=PSE層)の抵抗値は、実施例4の電池100におけるSE層40の抵抗値よりも著しく高かった。これは、比較例2の電池におけるSE層と負極体との接触界面の抵抗値が著しく高いためと考えられる。なお、熱処理時の加圧の圧力を160MPaよりも高くしても、SE層の抵抗値は殆ど改善されなかった。
PSE層を有さない正極体と、厚さが10μmのアモルファスのNSE層を有する負極体とを用意して、両者を実施例4の条件で熱処理しつつ接合した。この場合、NSE層が非水電解質電池におけるSE層となる。このようにして作製された電池におけるSE層(=NSE層)の抵抗値は、実施例4の電池におけるSE層40の抵抗値よりも著しく高かった。これは、比較例3の電池におけるSE層と正極体との接触界面の抵抗値が著しく高いためと考えられる。なお、熱処理時の加圧の圧力を160MPaよりも高くしても、SE層の抵抗値は殆ど改善されなかった。
以上説明した実施例4、比較例2,3の非水電解質電池の結果から、電極体のいずれか一方にのみ固体電解質層を形成する場合、その固体電解質層の厚さは2μm以下である必要があることが分かった。
1,3,5 正極体
11 正極集電体
12 正極活物質層
13 正極側固体電解質層(PSE層)
2,4,6 負極体
21 負極集電体
22 負極活物質層
23 負極側固体電解質層(NSE層)
40 硫化物固体電解質層(SE層)
Claims (13)
- 正極活物質層、負極活物質層、およびこれら活物質層の間に配される硫化物の固体電解質層を備える非水電解質電池を製造する非水電解質電池の製造方法であって、
粉末成形体からなる正極活物質層と、その正極活物質層上に気相法で形成されるアモルファスの正極側固体電解質層と、を有する正極体を用意する工程と、
粉末成形体からなる負極活物質層と、その負極活物質層上に気相法で形成されるアモルファスの負極側固体電解質層と、を有する負極体を用意する工程と、
正極体と負極体とを、両電極体の固体電解質層同士が接触するように重ね合わせた状態で加圧しながら熱処理し、正極側固体電解質層と負極側固体電解質層とを結晶化させることで接合させる工程と、
を備えることを特徴とする非水電解質電池の製造方法。 - 正極活物質層、負極活物質層、およびこれら活物質層の間に配される硫化物の固体電解質層を備える非水電解質電池を製造する非水電解質電池の製造方法であって、
粉末成形体からなる正極活物質層と、その正極活物質層上に気相法で形成される厚さ2μm以下のアモルファスの正極側固体電解質層と、を有する正極体を用意する工程と、
粉末成形体からなる負極活物質層を有する負極体を用意する工程と、
正極体と負極体とを、正極側固体電解質層と負極活物質層とが接触するように重ね合わせた状態で加圧しながら熱処理し、正極側固体電解質層を結晶化させることで接合させる工程と、
を備えることを特徴とする非水電解質電池の製造方法。 - 正極活物質層、負極活物質層、およびこれら活物質層の間に配される硫化物の固体電解質層を備える非水電解質電池を製造する非水電解質電池の製造方法であって、
粉末成形体からなる正極活物質層を有する正極体を用意する工程と、
粉末成形体からなる負極活物質層と、その負極活物質層上に気相法で形成される厚さ2μm以下のアモルファスの負極側固体電解質層と、を有する負極体を用意する工程と、
正極体と負極体とを、正極活物質層と負極側固体電解質層とが接触するように重ね合わせた状態で加圧しながら熱処理し、負極側固体電解質層を結晶化させることで接合させる工程と、
を備えることを特徴とする非水電解質電池の製造方法。 - 前記熱処理は、130~300℃×1~1200分で行うことを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の非水電解質電池の製造方法。
- 前記加圧は、160MPa以下で行うことを特徴とする請求項4に記載の非水電解質電池の製造方法。
- 前記活物質層上に形成される固体電解質層におけるC含有量を、10原子%以下とすることを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の非水電解質電池の製造方法。
- 前記活物質層上に形成される固体電解質層におけるC含有量を、10原子%以下とすることを特徴とする請求項4に記載の非水電解質電池の製造方法。
- 前記活物質層上に形成される固体電解質層におけるC含有量を、10原子%以下とすることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の非水電解質電池の製造方法。
- 正極活物質層、負極活物質層、およびこれら活物質層の間に配される硫化物の固体電解質層を備える非水電解質電池であって、
前記正極活物質層と負極活物質層は、粉末成形体であり、
前記固体電解質層は、正極活物質の側に設けられた正極側固体電解質層と負極活物質層の側に設けられた負極側固体電解質層とを接合することで一体化された結晶質の層であり、
前記固体電解質層の抵抗値が、50Ω・cm2以下であることを特徴とする非水電解質電池。 - 正極活物質層、負極活物質層、およびこれら活物質層の間に配される硫化物の固体電解質層を備える非水電解質電池であって、
前記正極活物質層と負極活物質層は、粉末成形体であり、
前記固体電解質層は、その厚さが2μm以下の結晶質の層であり、かつ
前記固体電解質層の抵抗値は、50Ω・cm2以下であることを特徴とする非水電解質電池。 - 前記固体電解質層のC含有量は、10原子%以下であることを特徴とする請求項9または10に記載の非水電解質電池。
- 前記正極活物質層は、Co,Mn,Ni,Fe,Alから選択される少なくとも1種の金属とLiとを含む酸化物からなる活物質、およびLi2S-P2S5を含む固体電解質を含むことを特徴とする請求項9または10に記載の非水電解質電池。
- 前記負極活物質層は、C、Si、Ge、Sn、Al、Liから選択される少なくとも1種の元素を含む活物質、または少なくともTiとLiとを含む酸化物からなる活物質、およびLi2S-P2S5を含む固体電解質を含むことを特徴とする請求項9または10に記載の非水電解質電池。
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Also Published As
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KR20140026345A (ko) | 2014-03-05 |
DE112011104632T5 (de) | 2013-10-10 |
WO2012090601A1 (ja) | 2012-07-05 |
CN103283078B (zh) | 2016-01-20 |
US20130273438A1 (en) | 2013-10-17 |
JP5495196B2 (ja) | 2014-05-21 |
US9083057B2 (en) | 2015-07-14 |
CN103283078A (zh) | 2013-09-04 |
JPWO2012091111A1 (ja) | 2014-06-05 |
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