Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
  • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
  • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
  • C03C3/089—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron
  • C03C3/091—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
  • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
  • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
  • C03C3/083—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
  • C03B17/00—Forming molten glass by flowing-out, pushing-out, extruding or drawing downwardly or laterally from forming slits or by overflowing over lips
  • C03B17/06—Forming glass sheets
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03B—MANUFACTURE, SHAPING, OR SUPPLEMENTARY PROCESSES
  • C03B17/00—Forming molten glass by flowing-out, pushing-out, extruding or drawing downwardly or laterally from forming slits or by overflowing over lips
  • C03B17/06—Forming glass sheets
  • C03B17/064—Forming glass sheets by the overflow downdraw fusion process; Isopipes therefor
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C21/00—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C21/00—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface
  • C03C21/001—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions
  • C03C21/002—Treatment of glass, not in the form of fibres or filaments, by diffusing ions or metals in the surface in liquid phase, e.g. molten salts, solutions to perform ion-exchange between alkali ions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
  • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
  • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
  • C03C3/083—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound
  • C03C3/085—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound containing an oxide of a divalent metal
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
  • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
  • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
  • C03C3/083—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound
  • C03C3/085—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound containing an oxide of a divalent metal
  • C03C3/087—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing aluminium oxide or an iron compound containing an oxide of a divalent metal containing calcium oxide, e.g. common sheet or container glass
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C3/00—Glass compositions
  • C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
  • C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
  • C03C3/089—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron
  • C03C3/091—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium
  • C03C3/093—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium containing zinc or zirconium
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
  • C03C4/18—Compositions for glass with special properties for ion-sensitive glass
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
  • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
  • C03C2204/00—Glasses, glazes or enamels with special properties
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31—Surface property or characteristic of web, sheet or block
  • Y10T428/315—Surface modified glass [e.g., tempered, strengthened, etc.]

Definitions

• Ion-exchangeable glasses can be manufactured in several forms by a variety of processes.
• such glasses can be drawn into thin sheets via either slot-draw or fusion-draw processes.
• the high refractive index of the zirconia inclusions can block pixels.
• the zirconia inclusions are visible to the human eye, and constitute cosmetic defects that, in some instances, result in rejection of the part.
• a glass that is down-drawable and ion exchangeable.
• the glass has a temperature T 35kp at which the viscosity is 35 kilopoise. T 35kp is less than the breakdown temperature ⁇ breakdown of zircon.
• one aspect of the disclosure is to provide a glass.
• the glass comprises SiO 2 and Na 2 O and has a temperature T 35kp at which the glass has a viscosity of 35 kpoise, wherein the temperature j breakdown a t which zircon breaks down to form ZrO 2 and SiO 2 is greater than ⁇ 35kp .
• a second aspect of the disclosure is to provide a glass.
• the glass comprises SiO 2 and Na 2 O and having a temperature T 35kp at which the glass has a viscosity of 35 kpoise, wherein SiO 2 + B 2 O 3 > 66 mol% and Na 2 O > 9 mol%, and wherein the temperature j breakdown a t which zircon breaks down to form ZrO 2 and SiO 2 is greater than T 35kp .
• a third aspect of the disclosure is a fusion-drawn glass sheet that is substantially free of fusion line zirconia defects.
• FIGURE 1 is a plot of measured vs. predicted zircon breakdown temperature T breakdown ;
• FIGURE 2 is a plot of measured values vs. predicted 35kp temperatures T 35kp ;
• FIGURE 3 is a backscattered electron micrograph of a mixture of zircon and a glass composition (composition 5, Table 1) following heat treatment at 1175°C for 114 hours;
• FIGURE 4 is a backscattered electron micrograph of a mixture of zircon and a glass composition (composition 11, Table 1) following heat treatment at 1175°C for 114 hours.
• T 35kp is the temperature at which the viscosity of the glass is 35,000 poise.
• the breakdown of zircon can be prevented by driving reaction (2) to the left.
• the activity i.e., the concentration
• the concentration of ZrO 2 would have to be increased until zircon became the liquidus phase. This, however, would risk creating a new, unwanted defect, secondary zircon.
• the remaining option is to increase the activity/concentration of SiO 2 in the glass. As SiO 2 increases at the expense of other glass components, however, the glass viscosity increases as well. Thus, the rate at which breakdown temperature increases must be balanced against the rate at which the 35 kp temperature T 35kp increases.
• a glass composition having a breakdown temperature breakdown ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ g ⁇ ⁇ n ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ temperature T 35kp _ ⁇ ⁇ reakdown > ⁇ Skp _ ⁇ provided.
• the breakdown temperature is preferably higher than any viscosity that might be obtained - however briefly - during normal operation of a fusion-draw process.
• the composition is, in one embodiment, meltable in a conventional electric- boost, zirconia or alumina-refractory tank; i.e., the melt temperature T 35Op (i.e., the temperature corresponding to a viscosity of about 350 poise) of the glass is less than about 1650 0 C.
• the glass described herein in addition to being down-drawable and compatible with fusion-draw processes, is ion-exchangeable so as to produce a compressive layer on the glass surface of at least 20 ⁇ m in depth and having a maximum compressive stress of at least 350 MPa.
• the glass is ion-exchangeable so as to produce a central tension within the glass of at least 10MPa.
• the glass comprises SiO 2 and Na 2 O, wherein SiO 2 + B 2 O 3 > 66 mol%, and Na 2 O > 9 mol%.
• the glass in some embodiments, further comprises at least one Of B 2 O 3 , K 2 O, MgO, and CaO.
• the glass comprises: 61 mol % ⁇ SiO 2 ⁇ 75 mol%; 7 mol % ⁇ Al 2 O 3 ⁇ 15 mol%; 0 mol% ⁇ B 2 O 3 ⁇ 12 mol%; 9 mol % ⁇ Na 2 O ⁇ 21 mol%; 0 mol % ⁇ K 2 O ⁇ 4 mol%; O mol% ⁇ MgO ⁇ 7 mol%; and O mol% ⁇ CaO ⁇ 3 mol%.
• the glass in some embodiments, further comprises at least one fining agent such as, but not limited to, a halogen or a multivalent fining agent such as As 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , and Fe 2 O 3 .
• the total concentration Of As 2 O 3 and Sb 2 O 3 if either or both are present, is less than 500ppm by weight.
• the SiO 2 concentration is substantially accounted for by difference from the other oxides and is therefore not included in this expression.
• the breakdown temperature for zircon will be greater than the 35kp temperature of the glass (i.e., j breakdown > j 35kP ⁇ an( j fusion- line zirconia defects can thus be avoided when the glass is formed over a zircon isopipe in the fusion process.
• Na 2 O is the essential oxide component for facilitating ion exchange, as it is removed from the glass and replaced by larger monovalent cations such as, for example, K 2 O during conventional ion exchange in a molten salt such as, for example, potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ).
• KNO 3 potassium nitrate
• liquidus temperature be as low as reasonably achievable to ensure a high liquidus viscosity.
• the relationship between liquidus temperature and composition is exceptionally complex, and no simple algorithm can be devised to account for it.
• liquidus temperature generally decreases as the concentration of alkali metal oxides in excess of aluminum (i.e., Na 2 O + K 2 O - Al 2 O 3 ) increases, and as sodium is replaced by potassium, at least within the ranges indicated above.
• liquidus temperature decreases steeply with increasing B 2 O 3 . Therefore, it is advantageous that B 2 O 3 + Na 2 O + K 2 O - Al 2 O 3 > O to ensure that the glass have suitably low liquidus temperature.
• the glasses described herein may be fusion drawn into sheets that can be used as cover plates, windows, casings, screens, touch panels, or the like, for mobile electronic devices, such as telephones, entertainment devices, including games, music players and the like; information terminal (IT) devices, such as laptop computers; and analogous stationary versions of such devices.
• Zircon breakdown temperature can be experimentally determined by one of several methods.
• a glass sample of interest is crushed and sieved to obtain a size fraction of generally less than 20 mesh.
• a strip of 1390 zircon refractory (Cohart) is placed in the bottom of a long, narrow platinum boat and the crushed glass is placed on top of the zircon refractory.
• the boat containing the refractory and glass is then loaded into a conventional gradient tube furnace that has been calibrated so that the temperature at each point in the furnace can be mapped to a specific place along the length of the boat.
• the gradient is set such that the low end of the furnace is at a temperature in a range from about 750 0 C up to about 800 0 C, and the hot end is at a temperature in a range from about 1225°C up to about 1300 0 C.
• the boat remains in the furnace for one week. After one week in the furnace, the boat is removed and the glass/refractory slab is sectioned along its length and inspected. Zirconia inclusions in the glass can be distinguished from zircon using polarized light microscopy, and further confirmation can be obtained via scanning electron microscopy. Because the furnace temperature is known along the length of the sample, the location at which zirconia first appears corresponds to a particular temperature. The estimated uncertainty in the temperature is about ⁇ 10 0 C.
• compositions of glasses evaluated by the gradient strip test method are shown in Table 1, and plotted vs. predicted breakdown temperature in FIG. 1.
• Compositions listed in Table 1 are expressed in mol%.
• the y-error bars denote the measurement uncertainty of 10 0 C
• the x-error bars denote the 2 ⁇ standard error - 15°C - of the regression equation.
• the compositions listed in Table 1 are expressed in mol% and, for most of the glasses listed, are the nominal compositions. The true compositions and nominal compositions should be close for most of the glasses listed in Table 1, but for the highest boron glasses the melting process itself may well have reduced the B2O3 content of the glasses.
• the breakdown temperatures were higher than the temperature at the hot end of the gradient furnace. In these instances, it can only be established that the breakdown temperature j breakdown was higher than the temperature of the hot end, and a unique temperature for j breakdown cannot be assigned.
• the high coefficient of thermal expansion of the glasses caused heavy crizzling or crazing of the glass at the glass-refractory interface. Consequently, it could only be determined that, for these samples, zirconia was present at up to about 1100 C, but the temperature (presumably lower) at which zircon became stable could not be determined.
• Table 1 also lists predicted breakdown temperatures that were obtained by linear regression of the breakdown temperature against the mole fractions of all the major element oxides except SnO 2 (frequently present at a low level as a fining agent and SiO 2 . SiO 2 was left out of the regression because its concentration is substantially accounted for by difference from the other oxides. The regression equation describing breakdown temperature vs.
• Zircon breakdown temperature can also be experimentally determined by the isothermal hold technique.
• glass samples are placed in small platinum boats containing zircon refractory and held at a fixed temperature for a one week duration. While the isothermal hold method does not provide a unique temperature for zircon breakdown, it does serve as a screening tool. If it is known in advance that the breakdown temperature must be higher than a threshold value, then simply holding the glass sample and several other compositions simultaneously at the threshold temperature can be used to identify those samples having breakdown temperatures either above or below the threshold temperature.
• compositions listed in Table 2 are expressed in mol%. For nearly all of the samples listed, the compositions in Table 2 are nominal rather than measured values.
• the breakdown temperature of a sample cannot be uniquely determined via this technique. However, if zirconia is not observed, the breakdown temperature must be greater than the hold temperature. Likewise, if zirconia is observed, then the breakdown temperature must be lower than the isothermal hold temperature.
• the "sense" of the breakdown temperature relative to the hold temperature i.e., greater or less than the hold temperature listed under "Breakdown T" in Table 2 is indicated in Table 2. The breakdown temperature calculated using the model previously described herein is also shown for comparison.
• the predicted breakdown temperature has the correct sense relative to the hold temperature; i.e., if the predicted temperature is greater than the hold temperature, then no zirconia is seen. Likewise, if the predicted temperature is less than the hold temperature, then varying amounts of zirconia is observed.
• FIGS. 3 and 4 show a backscattered electron micrograph of a glass composition (composition 5 in Table 1) having a low breakdown temperature
• FIG. 4 shows a backscattered electron micrograph of a glass compositions (composition 11 in Table 1) having a high zircon breakdown temperature.
• Both glasses were mixed with zircon grains and loaded into Pt boats, which were then placed in a furnace at 1175°C for 114 hrs. The samples were then removed form the furnace, air quenched, and later cut and polished for inspection. As seen in FIG.
• the sample containing glass composition 5, which has a breakdown temperature of 1105 0 C clearly shows zirconia grains resulting from zircon breakdown.
• the zircon has reacted with the glass, as evidenced by the decoration of each of the zircon grains 310 (the grey phase in FIG. 3) with a large number of smaller zirconia grains 330 (white phase) just inside the glass 320 (dark phase).
• the sample containing glass composition 11, which has a breakdown temperature of 1180 0 C did not undergo zircon breakdown.
• FIG. 4 shows that zircon grains 310 and glass are present, but no zirconia grains were observed.
• the long exposures at high temperature that are used in both tests can produce volatilization of certain glass components - particularly B 2 O 3 - which can in turn impact the breakdown temperature of the glass.
• an increase in SiO 2 causes the breakdown temperature to increase.
• SiO 2 typically comprises more than 60 mol% of all the oxides present in the glasses described herein, the absolute SiO 2 concentration in the glass increases the most when a volatile component such as B 2 O 3 is lost.
• at least one volatile component from a glass containing both Na 2 O and B2O3 is Na 2 B 4 O 7 , so both sodium and boron can be lost.
• the breakdown temperature for a glass having a high B 2 O 3 concentration is likely to be an overestimate of the actual j breakdown an d the glass composition should be verified following the test.
• the breakdown of zircon is very slow. Consequently, the one week hold time used in both types of tests may in some cases be insufficient to reveal an observable degree of breakdown. In general, both of these problems lead to observation of higher- than-expected breakdown temperatures.
• Viscosity measurements were separately performed on a broad composition range of ion-exchangeable glasses. When the temperature is regressed to the temperature at which the viscosity of the glass is 35,000 poise (T 35kp ), a linear correlation with composition is obtained:
• Exemplary glasses that satisfy equation (3) are listed in Table 3.
• Compositions listed in Table 3 are expressed in mol%.
• the zircon breakdown temperature is as high as possible, and preferably a temperature that is greater than any experienced on the isopipe.
• the propagated 2 ⁇ uncertainty is 19°C.
• Equation (3) could therefore be adopted, aiming for as high a breakdown margin ⁇ margin as possible.
• the glass delivery temperature could then be adjusted if the required product attributes do not produce a predicted breakdown margin ⁇ margin of greater than 19°C.
• T 350 i.e., the temperature at which the glass is typically melted
• 1650 0 C the temperature at which the glass is typically melted
• all of the compositions are ion exchangeable by those methods widely known in the art.
• ion exchange process smaller metal ions in the glass are replaced or "exchanged" by larger metal ions of the same valence within a layer that is close to the outer surface of the glass. The replacement of smaller ions with larger ions creates a compressive stress within the layer.
• the metal ions are monovalent alkali metal ions (e.g., Na + , K + , Rb + , and the like), and ion exchange is accomplished by immersing the glass in a bath comprising at least one molten salt of the larger metal ion that is to replace the smaller metal ion in the glass.
• a bath comprising at least one molten salt of the larger metal ion that is to replace the smaller metal ion in the glass.
• other monovalent ions such as Ag + , Tl + , Cu + , and the like may be exchanged for monovalent ions.
• the ion exchange process or processes that are used to strengthen the glass can include, but are not limited to, immersion in a single bath or multiple baths of like or different compositions with washing and/or annealing steps between immersions.
• the glasses listed in Table 3 are ion exchanged by exposure to molten KNO3 at a temperature of 410 0 C for 8 hours to produce a compressive stress layer having a depth (also referred to as a "depth of layer") of at least 20 ⁇ m on the surface of the glass and a maximum compressive stress of at least 350 MPa.
• the glasses listed in Table 3 are ion exchanged to achieve a central tension of at least 10 MPa.

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• Re-Forming, After-Treatment, Cutting And Transporting Of Glass Products (AREA)

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