WO2010143396A1 - 抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法および抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置 - Google Patents
抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法および抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置 Download PDFInfo
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Images
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0021—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C13/0069—Writing or programming circuits or methods
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0007—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements comprising metal oxide memory material, e.g. perovskites
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0021—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C13/0064—Verifying circuits or methods
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C13/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00
- G11C13/0002—Digital stores characterised by the use of storage elements not covered by groups G11C11/00, G11C23/00, or G11C25/00 using resistive RAM [RRAM] elements
- G11C13/0021—Auxiliary circuits
- G11C13/0069—Writing or programming circuits or methods
- G11C2013/0083—Write to perform initialising, forming process, electro forming or conditioning
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to G11C13/00 for features not covered by this group
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- G11C2213/32—Material having simple binary metal oxide structure
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G11C2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to G11C13/00 for features not covered by this group
- G11C2213/30—Resistive cell, memory material aspects
- G11C2213/34—Material includes an oxide or a nitride
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C2213/00—Indexing scheme relating to G11C13/00 for features not covered by this group
- G11C2213/70—Resistive array aspects
- G11C2213/79—Array wherein the access device being a transistor
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10B—ELECTRONIC MEMORY DEVICES
- H10B63/00—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices
- H10B63/30—Resistance change memory devices, e.g. resistive RAM [ReRAM] devices comprising selection components having three or more electrodes, e.g. transistors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/20—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors
- H10N70/24—Multistable switching devices, e.g. memristors based on migration or redistribution of ionic species, e.g. anions, vacancies
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/821—Device geometry
- H10N70/826—Device geometry adapted for essentially vertical current flow, e.g. sandwich or pillar type devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N70/00—Solid-state devices having no potential barriers, and specially adapted for rectifying, amplifying, oscillating or switching
- H10N70/801—Constructional details of multistable switching devices
- H10N70/881—Switching materials
- H10N70/883—Oxides or nitrides
- H10N70/8833—Binary metal oxides, e.g. TaOx
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a forming method for a resistance change type nonvolatile memory element whose resistance value reversibly changes based on an electric signal to stably change the resistance, and a resistor having such a function.
- the present invention relates to a variable nonvolatile memory device.
- nonvolatile memory device having a memory cell configured using a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element (hereinafter also simply referred to as a “resistance variable element”).
- resistance variable element refers to an element having a property that the resistance value reversibly changes by an electrical signal, and further capable of storing data corresponding to the resistance value in a nonvolatile manner.
- a so-called 1T1R type memory in which a MOS transistor and a resistance change element are connected in series at a position near the intersection of a bit line and a word line arranged orthogonally
- a nonvolatile memory device in which cells are arranged in a matrix is generally known.
- one end of the two-terminal variable resistance element is connected to the bit line or the source line, and the other end is connected to the drain or source of the transistor.
- the gate of the transistor is connected to the word line.
- the source line is arranged in parallel with the bit line or the word line.
- Nonvolatile memory devices arranged in an array are also generally known.
- Non-patent Document 1 Patent Documents 1 to 3.
- Non-Patent Document 1 a nonvolatile memory composed of 1T1R type memory cells using a transition metal oxide as a resistance change element is tampered with. It has been shown that transition metal oxide thin films are usually insulators, and in order to change the resistance value in pulses, a forming process can be performed to form a conductive path that can be switched between a high resistance state and a low resistance state. .
- “forming” is initialization for the resistance change element, and reversibly switches between a high resistance state and a low resistance state according to the applied pulse voltage from a state having an extremely high resistance value after manufacturing.
- Treatment usually applied only once after manufacture.
- FIG. 46 is a characteristic diagram showing the dependency of the forming start voltage shown in Non-Patent Document 1 on the transition metal oxide film thickness.
- transition metal oxides four types of characteristics of NiO, TiO 2 , HfO 2 , and ZrO 2 are shown, and the forming start voltage depends on the type of transition metal oxide, and the transition metal oxide film thickness is The thicker, the higher. For this reason, in order to reduce the forming voltage, it is preferable to select a transition metal oxide such as NiO and reduce the thickness of the transition metal oxide.
- the “forming voltage” refers to a voltage applied to form the variable resistance element
- the “forming start voltage” refers to the lowest voltage required to form the variable resistance element (as an absolute value, the minimum value). Forming voltage).
- FIG. 47 is an IV characteristic diagram showing the unipolar resistance change characteristic of NiO, which is also disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1, and shows a high resistance when a reset voltage of about 0.5 V is applied in a low resistance state.
- a set voltage of about 1.15 V point A
- the state changes to the low resistance state, and after the low resistance state transition (after point A), the resistance change element is excessive.
- Current limitation is implemented so that current does not flow. For this reason, after the low-resistance state transition, an excessive voltage is not applied to the resistance change element.
- the solid line shows the resistance change hysteresis before baking at 150 ° C.
- the broken line shows the resistance change hysteresis after baking at 150 ° C. for 300 hours, but transitions from the high resistance state to the low resistance state.
- Patent Document 1 discloses an ion conduction type nonvolatile memory element using a rare earth oxide thin film as a resistance change element.
- FIG. 48 is a schematic view of a cross section of the memory cell disclosed in Patent Document 1.
- a lower electrode 2 is formed on a substrate 1 having high electrical conductivity (for example, a silicon substrate 1 doped with P-type high-concentration impurities), and a metal element serving as an ion source is formed on the lower electrode 2.
- the contained ion source layer 3 is formed, a memory layer 4 having a relatively high resistance value is formed thereon, and is connected to the memory layer 4 through an opening formed in the insulating layer 5 on the memory layer 4.
- the upper electrode 6 is formed and configured.
- the material used for the ion source layer 3 CuTe, GeSbTe, AgGeTe and the like, and as the material for the memory layer 4, a rare earth element oxide such as gadolinium oxide is disclosed.
- the lower electrode 2 and the upper electrode 6 are made of a normal semiconductor wiring material such as TiW or TaN. Further, the gadolinium oxide of the memory layer 4 is added with an amount of metal particles, for example, Cu, in an amount that is insufficient to form a layer, that is, the memory layer 4 is maintained to the extent that the insulating property or the semi-insulating property is maintained. Yes.
- FIG. 49 is an IV characteristic diagram from the initial state in the memory cell of FIG. 48.
- a transition is made from the initial high resistance state to the low resistance state at a relatively high negative voltage.
- the voltage at this time is defined as an initialization voltage Vo.
- the erase voltage Ve transitions from the low resistance state to the high resistance state.
- a transition is made from the high resistance state to the low resistance state at the recording voltage Vr having an absolute value smaller than the initialization voltage Vo.
- Patent Document 1 As described above, in Patent Document 1, by adding metal particles to the memory layer 4, defects due to the metal element are formed in the memory layer 4, and ions of the metal element start to move easily at a low voltage. For this reason, since new ions move from the ion source layer 3 in contact with the storage layer 4 to the vacant site after the ions move, such an operation occurs continuously, and the conductive path is promptly performed.
- An initialization (forming) voltage reduction technique is disclosed in which the initialization (forming) operation can be performed at a low voltage and the reliability of the memory cell is maintained.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a multi-value writing method for 1T1R type memory cells using a resistance change type memory element.
- FIG. 50 is a diagram for explaining a low resistance operation point analysis from the static characteristics of the MIS transistor and the resistance change element of such a 1T1R cell.
- the IV characteristic of the resistance change element is represented by a straight line.
- Vth a voltage higher than the low resistance threshold voltage Vth
- the resistance change element changes from the high resistance state to the low resistance state. Transition.
- the gate voltage VGS of the MIS transistor to VG3, VG2, and VG1 (VG3 ⁇ VG2 ⁇ VG1), the IV characteristic of the MIS transistor changes.
- the low resistance level of the resistance change element has a characteristic that can be freely set by controlling the gate voltage VGS of the MIS transistor and controlling the IV characteristic, and can be applied to a multi-value memory. Has been.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a multi-value writing method of a resistance change element
- FIG. 51 is a resistance-voltage characteristic diagram of a metal insulating film (for example, a magnesium oxide film) which is such a resistance change element. is there.
- a resistance change characteristic is shown in which the resistance is increased by applying a positive voltage and decreased by applying a negative voltage.
- the return path varies depending on the applied voltage. Specifically, the higher the switching voltage is, the more the resistance regresses with a higher resistance value.
- the high resistance value level of the variable resistance element can be set to a desired high resistance value by setting a plurality of switching voltages and controlling the RV characteristics.
- Non-Patent Document 1 it is shown that some transition metal oxides exhibit a nonvolatile resistance change phenomenon by application of an electric pulse. Yes.
- a voltage whose absolute value is higher than the control voltage for the subsequent resistance change which is a very high resistance state in the initial insulation state.
- variable resistance elements using transition metal oxides have a reversible resistance change when an electric signal exceeding a predetermined threshold voltage is applied after forming, but the unipolar that can be controlled only by the voltage polarity in one direction. It is disclosed that there are two types, that is, a bipolar type that can be controlled by voltage application with different voltage polarities.
- Patent Document 1 shows that an ion conduction type resistance change element made of a material different from a transition metal oxide can change resistance by the same forming or electric pulse.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a control method for reducing resistance of a variable resistance element. When a predetermined voltage is reached, the resistance changes from high resistance to low resistance, and the resistance value in the low resistance state is determined depending on the amount of current flowing through the resistance change element, and the gate voltage is controlled using this phenomenon. Thus, it is disclosed that it can be applied to a multi-level memory.
- Patent Document 3 reports that there is a phenomenon in which the high resistance value level is uniquely determined by the voltage value applied to the resistance change element when the resistance is increased.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element with a simple structure sandwiched between electrodes, and by applying high-voltage forming in the initial stage, a short pulse is then generated. It has been shown that a low resistance state and a high resistance state can be reversibly and stably controlled only by applying an electric signal, and those states are nonvolatile.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory elements as memory cells, it can be expected that a high-speed and low-cost memory can be configured as compared with a generally known nonvolatile memory such as a flash memory.
- tantalum which is one of transition metals
- the oxygen-deficient oxide tantalum oxide
- the oxygen-deficient oxide refers to an oxide in which oxygen is insufficient from the stoichiometric composition.
- Ta 2 O 5 is an oxide having a stoichiometric composition.
- oxygen is contained 2.5 times as much as tantalum, and it is 71.4% in terms of oxygen content.
- An oxide hereinafter, tantalum oxide is abbreviated as Ta oxide
- Ta oxide is referred to as oxygen-deficient Ta oxide.
- good resistance change operation can be obtained in the range of 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.9. Desirable range of x.
- TaO 1.54 oxygen-deficient Ta oxide
- FIG. 52 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration (configuration corresponding to one bit) of a 1T1R type memory cell using a conventional resistance change element.
- the 1T1R type memory cell 500 includes a transistor 317 and a resistance change element 300.
- the first via 510, the resistance change element 300, the second via 511 for resistance film, the second via 306, the second wiring layer 307, the third via 308, and the third wiring layer 311 are formed in this order.
- the second wiring layer 307 connected to the resistance film second via 511 is the upper electrode terminal A
- the first wiring layer 305 connected to the resistance film first via 510 is the lower electrode terminal B
- the first Three wiring layers 311 are defined as lower electrode side terminals C.
- the voltage of the semiconductor substrate 301 is 0V, and is supplied from a 0V power line (not shown) in a generally known configuration.
- the resistance change element 300 is an enlarged view of the resistance change element 300.
- a lower electrode 300a, a resistance change layer 300b made of oxygen-deficient Ta oxide (TaO 1.54 ), and an upper electrode 300c are formed in a sandwich shape on the first via 510 for resistance film.
- the second via 511 for resistance film connected to the two wiring layers 307 is connected.
- the transistor 317 has an NMOS transistor gate width W of 0.44 ⁇ m and a gate length.
- L 0.18 ⁇ m
- the film thickness Tox of the gate insulating film 303a is 3.5 nm.
- the lower electrode 300a is made of TaN
- the upper electrode 300c is made of an electrode material whose main component is Pt that easily causes a resistance change.
- the resistance change element 300 when a positive voltage equal to or higher than a threshold voltage that causes a resistance change with respect to the lower electrode 300a is applied to the upper electrode 300c, oxidation occurs at the interface of the upper electrode 300c, and the resistance changes from a low resistance state to a high resistance. Conversely, when a negative voltage equal to or lower than a threshold voltage that causes a resistance change with respect to the lower electrode 300a is applied to the upper electrode 300c, a reduction reaction occurs in the resistance change layer 300b near the interface of the upper electrode 300c. It has a resistance change characteristic that occurs and transitions from a high resistance state to a low resistance state.
- the resistance change element 300 having a different electrode structure in which the upper electrode 300c and the lower electrode 300a are made of different materials has a relationship between the resistance change of high resistance or low resistance and the polarity direction of the applied pulse voltage.
- the invention was invented by the inventors of the present application for the purpose of obtaining a non-volatile memory element utilizing the resistance change phenomenon, which can be uniquely determined according to the material and has reversibly stable rewriting characteristics. This is described in detail in International Publication No. 2009/050833 (Patent Document 5) which is a related patent application.
- FIG. 53 shows that the 1T1R type memory cell 500 shown in FIG. 52 is subjected to initial forming by applying a high voltage pulse, and then a pulse voltage causing a low resistance and a pulse voltage causing a high resistance are set to a specific bit. It is the graph showing the resistance value (resistance measurement voltage is 0.4V) each time it continues applying with respect to alternately.
- the horizontal axis represents the number of applied electrical pulses, and the vertical axis represents the resistance value.
- the resistance measurement voltage is a voltage applied to the resistance change element in order to measure the resistance value of the resistance change element, and causes a resistance change (transition between a high resistance state and a low resistance state). The voltage is less than the value voltage.
- a pulse voltage of + 2.4V pulse width 50 ns
- a ground potential is applied to the upper electrode terminal A), that is, ⁇ 2.4V.
- the upper electrode terminal A After changing to a low resistance state LR of about 8.9 k ⁇ by applying a negative pulse voltage, the upper electrode terminal A is increased with respect to the lower electrode side terminal C, and the resistance is increased by applying a positive pulse voltage. On the other hand The terminal A, it has been shown that repeated and low resistance due to the negative pulse voltage is applied.
- the oxide of tantalum which is one of transition metals, also exhibits bipolar resistance change characteristics, and further has a feature that the resistance value can be rewritten at high speed with a short pulse of several tens of ns. Is confirmed. Although details are omitted, the low resistance value obtained by resistance change depends on the amount of current that flows when the resistance is reduced, such as the voltage of the gate electrode 303b and the channel width (not shown) of the transistor 317. The phenomenon of being determined has also been confirmed, and has characteristics common to the properties disclosed in Patent Document 2.
- FIG. 54 is a normal expected value plot diagram of the resistance values of HR and LR when the number of times of pulse application is further increased in FIG. 53 (applying 300 times each of positive pulse and negative pulse).
- the horizontal axis represents the resistance values of HR and LR (resistance measurement voltage is 0.4 V), and the vertical axis represents the normal expected value indicating the degree of variation when fitting with a normal distribution.
- the high resistance state is also low resistance.
- the state was not set to the same resistance value, but a phenomenon that was not known in the past was found to be set with a certain statistical distribution variation. In particular, the variation in the high resistance state is large.
- the window C defined by the minimum value of the high resistance state HR and the maximum value of the low resistance state LR is maximized.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and provides an optimum forming method for a resistance change element capable of maximizing the operation window of the resistance change element and a resistance change nonvolatile memory device having such a function.
- the purpose is to provide.
- a forming method provides a resistance change type nonvolatile memory element in a high resistance state and a low resistance depending on the polarity of a voltage pulse applied from the first state after manufacture.
- a forming method that is initialization for changing the state to a second state capable of reversibly transitioning, wherein the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is in the high resistance state in the first state.
- the voltage required to change to the state that is, the voltage obtained by adding a predetermined voltage to the forming start voltage having the lowest absolute value is the absolute maximum voltage, and the absolute value is the absolute maximum voltage. Applying a voltage pulse having a voltage not exceeding 1 to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- the voltage applied at the time of forming is limited to within a certain range (within a voltage range obtained by adding a certain margin to the forming start voltage).
- the resistance value high resistance value level
- the resistance value hardly depends on the applied voltage. Therefore, the operation window of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is maximized.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element includes a first oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer and a second oxygen-deficient transition metal having a higher oxygen content than the transition metal oxide layer.
- the predetermined voltage is a value determined depending on the first and second oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layers.
- the first oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer is a layer having a composition represented by TaO x
- the second oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer is TaO y (provided that It is a layer having a composition represented by x ⁇ y)
- the predetermined voltage is preferably 0.7V.
- the determination step and the application step are repeated, and in the application step, a voltage pulse having a voltage whose absolute value is larger than the voltage pulse applied immediately before may be applied.
- a voltage pulse having a voltage obtained by adding a voltage not exceeding the predetermined voltage to the voltage of the voltage pulse applied immediately before.
- a voltage smaller than the margin for example, 0.1 V
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is arranged for each of a plurality of memory cells.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory elements arranged in the plurality of memory cells are sequentially the same.
- a voltage pulse having a voltage whose absolute value is larger than that of the voltage pulse applied immediately before may be applied.
- the forming is performed on the plurality of memory cells with the optimum voltage depending on the individual resistance change nonvolatile memory element.
- the voltage pulse may be applied using a voltage source in which the maximum value of current that can be supplied is limited.
- the voltage source is set multiple times step by step. Forming can be completed with a single voltage application without applying a voltage.
- a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device is a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device using a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element, and includes a voltage pulse applied to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device.
- a memory cell array including a plurality of memory cells in which a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element capable of reversibly transitioning between a high resistance state and a low resistance state depending on polarity and a switch element are connected in series;
- a selection unit that selects at least one memory cell from the inside, and a resistance change type nonvolatile memory element included in the memory cell selected by the selection unit has a resistance higher than that in the high resistance state after manufacture.
- the forming voltage pulse generator for generating a voltage pulse for forming and the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element included in the memory cell selected by the selection unit from the high resistance state to the low resistance state or from the low resistance state A voltage pulse generator for writing that generates a voltage pulse for writing to make a transition to a high resistance state, and a variable resistance nonvolatile memory element included in a memory cell selected by the selection unit than when the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element is in the high resistance state
- a read-out unit having a normal determination unit for determining, and the forming voltage pulse generation unit removes the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element from the first state.
- the voltage having the maximum absolute value obtained by adding a predetermined voltage to the forming start voltage having the lowest absolute value required for changing to the second state is defined as the absolute value maximum voltage.
- a voltage pulse for forming may be applied to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- the voltage applied at the time of forming is limited to within a certain range (within a voltage range obtained by adding a certain margin to the forming start voltage).
- the resistance value high resistance value level
- the resistance value hardly depends on the applied voltage. Therefore, the operation window of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is maximized.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element includes a first oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer and a second oxygen-deficient transition metal having a higher oxygen content than the transition metal oxide layer.
- the forming voltage pulse generator is configured to apply a voltage to the first oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer with respect to the potential of the second oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer.
- a voltage pulse having a positive voltage is applied, and the predetermined voltage has a value determined depending on the first and second oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layers.
- the first oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer is a layer having a composition represented by TaO x
- the second oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer is TaO y (provided that It is a layer having a composition represented by x ⁇ y)
- the predetermined voltage is preferably 0.7V.
- the forming voltage pulse generator may include a variable voltage pulse generation circuit that generates a voltage pulse of a voltage having a large absolute value stepwise from a voltage having a small absolute value.
- the variable voltage pulse generation circuit preferably generates a voltage pulse having a voltage obtained by adding a voltage not exceeding the predetermined voltage to the voltage pulse generated immediately before. For example, by setting the increment voltage stepwise to 0.7 V or less (0.1 V or the like), an optimum forming voltage that does not exceed the voltage obtained by adding the margin to the forming start voltage is applied.
- the forming voltage pulse generator may generate the voltage pulse using a voltage source in which a maximum value of current that can be supplied is limited.
- the voltage source is set multiple times step by step. Forming can be completed with a single voltage application without applying a voltage.
- the selection unit includes a row selection unit that selects at least one of the plurality of source lines, and a column selection unit that selects at least one of the bit lines, and the read circuit passes through the column selection unit.
- the forming voltage pulse generator is connected to the source line selected by the row selector with reference to the potential of the bit line selected by the column selector. The forming voltage pulse is applied, or the forming voltage pulse is applied to the bit line selected by the column selection unit with reference to the potential of the source line selected by the row selection unit. It may be configured that.
- the plurality of memory cells are sequentially selected by controlling the row selection unit, the column selection unit, and the forming voltage pulse generation unit, and the variable resistance nonvolatile memory included in the selected memory cell It is preferable to provide an automatic forming control circuit for applying the forming voltage pulse to the element. As a result, the forming is performed on the plurality of memory cells with the optimum voltage depending on the individual resistance change nonvolatile memory element.
- the forming voltage pulse generator has a terminal for inputting a voltage pulse from the outside that does not exceed the absolute value maximum voltage whose absolute value is maximum, and is input via the terminal A voltage pulse may be generated as the forming voltage pulse.
- a voltage pulse for forming input from an external device such as an IC tester can be applied to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element of each memory cell.
- the reading unit is used as the forming determination unit and the normal determination unit for forming to determine whether the resistance variable nonvolatile memory element has a lower resistance value than that in the high resistance state.
- Selection of a reference resistor, a read reference resistor for determining whether the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element is in a high resistance state or a low resistance state, and the forming reference resistor or the read reference resistor A reference current that flows by applying a constant voltage to the forming reference resistor or the read reference resistor selected by the selection circuit, and the constant voltage to the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element A comparison circuit that compares the applied memory cell current may be used.
- the determination as to whether or not the forming is completed and the determination of the state of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element (high resistance state / low resistance state) are accurately determined using the reference resistance.
- the resistance value of the forming reference resistor is larger than the resistance value of the reading reference resistor. Whether or not forming is completed can be determined by determining whether or not the resistance value of the resistance change type nonvolatile memory element is smaller than the resistance value in the high resistance state. This is because it is necessary to determine whether the resistance state is the high resistance state or the low resistance state based on the resistance value within the range of the operation window.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element forming method and variable resistance nonvolatile memory device of the present invention when forming each memory cell from an initial state having a high resistance value, the resistance variable element is excessive after forming. Current can be suppressed, and as a result, the transitionable high resistance level can be controlled higher, the operation window between the low resistance state and the high resistance state can be expanded, and high-speed reading and data reliability can be achieved. The possibility of erroneous reading can be greatly reduced.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a basic structure of a nonvolatile memory element as basic data of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a configuration of a variable resistance element to which a fixed resistance is added as basic data 1 of the present invention.
- 3A (a1) to (a3) are diagrams showing the relationship between the resistance value and the applied pulse voltage as basic data of the present invention.
- 3B (b1) to (b3) are diagrams showing the relationship between the resistance value and the applied pulse voltage as basic data of the present invention.
- 3C (c1) to (c3) are diagrams showing the relationship between the resistance value and the applied pulse voltage as basic data of the present invention.
- 3D (d1) to (d3) are diagrams showing the relationship between the resistance value and the applied pulse voltage as basic data of the present invention.
- FIGS. 3E (e1) to (e3) are diagrams showing the relationship between the resistance value and the applied pulse voltage as basic data of the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a measurement flowchart of pulse RV characteristics according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a configuration of a 1T1R type memory cell as basic data of the present invention.
- 6A and 6B are cross-sectional views showing two types of basic cell structures in the 1T1R type memory cell of the present invention.
- FIGS. 7A to 7C are diagrams showing the relationship between the resistance value and the applied pulse voltage in the 1T1R type memory cell as basic data of the present invention.
- FIGS. 8A to 8C are diagrams showing the relationship between the resistance value and the applied pulse voltage in the 1T1R type memory cell as basic data of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the relationship between the resistance value of the 1T1R type memory cell and the number of electric pulses applied as basic data of the present invention.
- FIGS. 10A to 10C are diagrams showing the relationship between the resistance value and the applied pulse voltage when soft forming is performed on the 1T1R type memory cell as basic data of the present invention.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing the relationship between the resistance value and the number of applied electrical pulses when soft forming is performed on a 1T1R type memory cell as basic data of the present invention.
- FIGS. 12A and 12B are schematic views of a memory cell including a resistance change element showing necessary constituent elements in the present invention.
- FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining the relationship between the respective resistance states during soft forming in the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a cumulative probability distribution diagram of the forming voltage Vb in the present invention.
- FIGS. 15A to 15I are views for explaining the soft forming estimation mechanism in the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram for explaining a writing method according to the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a configuration diagram of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the configuration of the sense amplifier according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram for explaining the sense amplifier determination level according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the configuration of the write circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 21 is a timing chart showing a step-up write pulse voltage application waveform according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a list of set voltages of each node in each operation mode according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a soft forming flowchart of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- 24A to 24C are operation timing diagrams of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 25 is an explanatory diagram of the soft forming operation timing of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 26 is a configuration diagram of a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 27 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the configuration of the variable voltage generating circuit according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 28 is a timing chart showing a step-up write pulse voltage application waveform according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 29 is a diagram showing a list of set voltages of each node in each operation mode according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 30A to 30C are explanatory diagrams of operation timings of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 31 is an explanatory diagram of the soft forming operation timing of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 32 is a configuration diagram of a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 33 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the configuration of a write circuit according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 34 is a timing chart showing a step-down write pulse voltage application waveform according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 35 is a diagram showing a list of set voltages of each node in each operation mode according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 36 is a soft forming flowchart of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- 37A to 37C are explanatory diagrams of operation timings of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 38 is an explanatory diagram of the soft forming operation timing of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 39 is a configuration diagram of a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 40 is a configuration diagram of a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 41 is a circuit diagram showing an example of the configuration of a forming circuit according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 42A and 42B are circuit diagrams for explaining the operation of the forming circuit according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- 43 (a) and 43 (b) are schematic IV characteristics for performing operating point analysis during forming according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- 44A to 44C are explanatory diagrams of operation timings of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 45 is a configuration diagram of a variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 46 is a characteristic diagram showing the dependence of the forming voltage on the transition metal oxide film thickness in a conventional variable resistance nonvolatile memory.
- FIG. 47 is an IV characteristic diagram of the conventional variable resistance nonvolatile memory.
- FIG. 48 is a schematic diagram of a cross section of a memory cell in a conventional variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- FIG. 49 is an IV characteristic diagram from the initial state in the conventional variable resistance nonvolatile memory element.
- FIG. 50 is a diagram for explaining a low resistance operation point analysis from static characteristics of a MIS transistor and a resistance change element in a conventional 1T1R cell.
- FIG. 51 is a resistance-voltage characteristic diagram when a plurality of switching voltages are set in the conventional variable resistance element.
- FIG. 52 is a cross-sectional view of a conventional 1T1R type memory cell.
- FIG. 53 is a diagram showing the relationship between the resistance value of the conventional 1T1R type memory cell and the number of electric pulses applied.
- FIG. 54 is a diagram showing the relationship between the resistance value of the conventional 1T1R type memory cell and the normal expected value in the pulse change.
- the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device is a 1T1R nonvolatile memory device in which a variable resistance element and a MOS transistor are connected in series, and has a high resistance value.
- a forming method that makes the level controllable and an optimum high-resistance pulse voltage can be applied to the variable resistance element, thereby providing a wide operation window in a high resistance state and a low resistance state.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the basic structure of the variable resistance element used in this experiment.
- a lower electrode 100a, a resistance change layer 100b, and an upper electrode 100c are formed in a sandwich shape, a lower electrode terminal B is drawn from the lower electrode 100a, and an upper portion is taken from the upper electrode 100c.
- the electrode terminal A is drawn out.
- the lower electrode 100a is made of TaN
- the upper electrode 100c is made of an electrode material whose main component is Pt that easily causes a resistance change.
- the second oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide layer 100b-2 (TaO 2.47 ) is formed by sputtering before the manufacturing process of the upper electrode 100c.
- the surface of TaO 1.54 ) is made by performing plasma oxidation treatment. Therefore, the oxygen content is higher than that of the first oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide layer 100b-1 (TaO 1.54 ), that is, the resistance value is high. It has become. For this reason, in the variable resistance element 100, the initial resistance is very high (> 10 M ⁇ ). Therefore, in order to perform a resistance change operation, a high forming voltage (low resistance voltage) is applied, and thus the conductive path is changed. Need to form.
- the resistance change element 100 After the forming, in the resistance change element 100, when a positive voltage equal to or higher than a threshold voltage that causes a resistance change with respect to the lower electrode 100a is applied to the upper electrode 100c, oxidation occurs at the interface of the upper electrode 100c and On the contrary, when a negative voltage lower than a threshold voltage at which a resistance change occurs with respect to the lower electrode 100a is applied to the upper electrode 100c as a reference, a reduction occurs at the interface of the upper electrode 100c. It has a resistance change characteristic that transitions to a state.
- variable resistance element 100 provided with such a high resistance layer (TaO 2.47 ) is obtained by the inventors of the present application for the purpose of obtaining a nonvolatile memory element using a variable resistance phenomenon having reversibly stable rewriting characteristics.
- the invention has been invented and described in detail in International Publication No. 2010/021134 (Patent Document 6), which is a related patent.
- variable resistance element 100 used in this experiment, the film thickness and oxygen content x of the first tantalum oxide layer (TaO x layer), and the second tantalum oxide layer (TaO y layer) Table 1 summarizes the film thickness and oxygen content ratio y.
- FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of the evaluation circuit of this experiment, and has a cell configuration in which a fixed resistance element of 1 k ⁇ is connected in series to the resistance change element 100 of FIG.
- FIG. 2 the same components as those in FIG.
- a pseudo-structure element in which the memory cell transistor is replaced with a fixed resistance element, and a basic data acquisition cell configuration in which 1 k ⁇ is added as a fixed resistance is used.
- the terminal that is not connected to the fixed resistance variable resistance element 100 is drawn out as a lower electrode side terminal D.
- FIG. 3A (a1) to FIG. 3A (a3), FIG. 3B (b1) to FIG. 3B (b3), FIG. 3C (c1) to FIG. 3C (c3), FIG. 3D (d1) to FIG. 3D (d3), FIG. (E1) to FIG. 3E (e3) are pulse application RV characteristic diagrams from the initial state of the resistance change element when a voltage pulse is applied under various conditions in the evaluation circuit shown in FIG.
- These figures are characteristic diagrams showing the state of the resistance value after applying a predetermined pulse, and are hereinafter also referred to as a pulse RV.
- the horizontal axis represents the pulse voltage V (pulse width 100 ns) applied between the upper electrode terminal A and the lower electrode side terminal D in the evaluation circuit of FIG.
- the lower electrode side terminal D is fixed to the ground potential.
- the direction in which a positive voltage is applied to the upper electrode terminal A is indicated as positive pulse voltage application, and conversely, the direction in which a negative voltage is applied to the upper electrode terminal A is negative pulse voltage application. Is displayed.
- the vertical axis represents the resistance value between the upper electrode terminal A and the lower electrode side terminal D after application of each pulse voltage, and the resistance measurement voltage is + 0.4V.
- FIG. 3E is a measurement flowchart for obtaining the pulse RV characteristics shown in FIGS. 3E (e1) to 3E (e3). It should be noted that here, specific numerical explanation will be given taking FIG. 3A (a1) as an example.
- VP 0V to -1.85V
- the pulse voltage VP is set to the start voltage Vsn (about ⁇ 0.07 V in FIG. 3A (a1)) (S1: first step), the pulse voltage VP is smaller than 0 V, and It is determined whether or not it is equal to or higher than the minimum negative voltage Vnm ( ⁇ 1.85 V in FIG. 3A (a1)) (S2: second step). If the determination result is true (Yes), the set pulse voltage VP is used. Then, an LR negative pulse voltage (about ⁇ 0.07 V, pulse width 100 ns) is applied to the evaluation circuit shown in FIG. 2 (S3: third step).
- it is determined whether or not the pulse voltage VP is smaller than 0 V and not less than the minimum negative voltage Vnm (S7: seventh step). If the determination result is true (Yes), the set pulse voltage VP is used.
- the LR negative pulse voltage (about -1.75 V, pulse width 100 ns) is applied to the evaluation circuit shown in FIG. 2 (S8: eighth step).
- VP 0V to + 6V
- the pulse voltage VP is set to the start voltage Vsp (about 0.1 V in FIG. 3A (a1)) (S11: eleventh step).
- Vsp about 0.1 V in FIG. 3A (a1)
- Vpm maximum positive voltage
- +0.4 V is applied between the upper electrode terminal A and the lower electrode side terminal D, and the resistance value is measured (S14: 14th step).
- the twelfth step (S12) to the fifteenth step (S15) are repeated until the pulse voltage VP becomes larger than the maximum positive voltage Vpm.
- the pulse voltage VP becomes larger than the maximum positive voltage Vpm (VP> Vpm) in the twelfth step (S12) the process proceeds to the sixteenth step (S16).
- VP + 6V ⁇ 0V
- the pulse voltage VP is set to the pulse voltage VP set immediately before (approximately 6.1 V in FIG. 3A (a1)) ⁇ 2 Vstep 2 (in FIG. 3A (a1)).
- VP about 5.7V).
- the pulse voltage VP is decremented by ⁇ Vstep 2 and set to about 5.5 V (S20: 20th step).
- the 17th step (S17) to the 20th step (S20) are repeated until the pulse voltage VP becomes 0V or less.
- the pulse RV measurement one loop is terminated. Thereafter, the pulse RV characteristics are all measured based on the measurement flow described with reference to FIG.
- the negative pulse voltage is applied while stepping up the absolute value in order to form the conductive path first (low resistance).
- a negative pulse voltage of about ⁇ 1.5 V that is, forming start voltage
- the resistance changes to a low resistance state of about 2.2 k ⁇ . At this time, a conductive path is formed and forming is performed.
- the resistance value R increases as the step down occurs, but is different from the pulse RV curve at the first step up.
- the resistance value starts to be saturated by applying the positive pulse voltage of about + 2.7V, and is maintained in a high resistance state of about 15 k ⁇ .
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element according to the present invention is not operated as a memory element in the unipolar region, but as a memory element in the bipolar region. That is, the variable resistance nonvolatile memory element according to the present invention is a memory element that reversibly transits between a high resistance state and a low resistance state according to the polarity of an applied voltage pulse.
- FIGS. 3B (b1) to 3B (b3) have the same sample conditions as those of FIG. 3A (a1) to FIG. 3A (a3) (see FIG. 2 and Table 1), and the case where another variable resistance element is used.
- FIG. 3B (b1) is a pulse RV characteristic
- FIG. 3B (b1) is evaluated with the same measurement flow except that the maximum absolute value of the negative pulse voltage is different (about 2.4 V) from FIG. 3A (a1).
- 3B (b2) and FIG. 3B (b3) are evaluated using the same measurement flow as FIG. 3A (a1).
- FIG. 3B (b1) when a negative pulse voltage having a larger absolute value is applied to -2.4 V in a state in which the resistance is reduced by forming, after that, the negative pulse voltage application flow ends.
- the high resistance level is maximum (about 213 k ⁇ ) at the point F, but the voltage region width G having a resistance value of about 20 k ⁇ or more is shown in FIG. 3A (a1).
- the resistance value seen in FIG. 4 is clearly reduced from the voltage region width H of about 20 k ⁇ or more.
- the second pulse RV characteristic measurement loop shows the same pulse RV characteristic as in FIG. 3A (a2), but the resistance is reduced from the high resistance state (about 16 k ⁇ ).
- the resistance changes to a low resistance state of about 3.8 k ⁇ when a negative pulse voltage of about ⁇ 0.6 V is applied (point D3).
- the absolute value of the negative pulse voltage is stepped up to about -1.8V, transitioned to the low resistance state (about 1.5k ⁇ ), and then the negative pulse voltage is stepped down to about 0V from there.
- the resistance rise starts to saturate when the positive pulse voltage of about + 2.6V is applied, and the high resistance state is maintained at about 11 k ⁇ .
- FIG. 3B (b3) the same pulse RV characteristic measurement is looped with the third time. Similar to the results of FIGS. 3A (a1) to 3A (a3), once the point F is measured. If the pulse resistance is changed in the unipolar region beyond the peak, any positive pulse voltage can be applied to a very high resistance level (about 213 k ⁇ ) such as point F. Disappear.
- the difference between the point E (about 113 k ⁇ ) shown in FIG. 3A (a1) and the point F (about 213 k ⁇ ) shown in FIG. 3B (b1) is caused by variation among elements, and is not a significant difference. .
- FIGS. 3C (c1) to 3C (c3) will be described.
- 3C (c1) to FIG. 3C (c3) are the same sample conditions as those of FIG. 3A (a1) to FIG. 3A (a3) (see FIG. 2 and Table 1), and when another resistance change element is used.
- FIG. 3C (c1) is a pulse RV characteristic
- FIG. 3C (c1) is evaluated by the same measurement routine except that the maximum absolute value of the negative pulse voltage is different (about 2.8 V) from FIG. 3B (b1).
- 3C (c2) and FIG. 3C (c3) are evaluated using the same measurement flow as FIG. 3A (a1).
- 3D (d1) to 3D (d3) are the same as those in FIGS. 3A (a1) to 3A (a3) (see FIG. 2 and Table 1), and the case where another variable resistance element is used.
- 3D (d1) is the same as the measurement routine except that the maximum absolute value of the negative pulse voltage is different (approximately 3.8 V) from FIG. 3C (c1). ing. As shown in FIG.
- 3D (d1) when a negative pulse voltage having a larger absolute value is applied to -3.8V in a state in which the resistance is reduced by forming, then after the negative pulse voltage application flow is finished, At the first positive pulse voltage step-up application, the maximum point of the resistance value level is hardly observed, and any positive pulse from the first time to the third time as shown in FIGS. 3D (d1) to 3D (d3). Even when a voltage is applied, the high resistance level cannot be shifted to about 20 k ⁇ or more.
- the resistance change element is applied during forming to change from the first state after manufacture to the second state in which the high resistance state and the low resistance state can be reversibly transitioned according to the polarity of the applied voltage pulse.
- the voltage changes from the first state to the second state when the voltage applied to the lower electrode 100a is a positive voltage with respect to the upper electrode 100c (or expressed as an absolute value of the voltage).
- a predetermined voltage in this case, forming margin: 0.7 V
- the absolute value of the voltage is preferably 2.4 V or less. That is, as a forming method, a predetermined voltage is added to the forming start voltage having the lowest absolute value required to change the variable resistance element from the first state to the second state. It can be seen that it is preferable to apply a voltage pulse having a voltage whose absolute value does not exceed the absolute maximum voltage to the resistance change element.
- FIGS. 3E (e1) to 3E (e3) are the same as those in FIG. 3A (a1) to FIG. 3A (a3) (see FIG. 2 and Table 1), and in the case of using another variable resistance element.
- FIG. 3A (a1) to FIG. 3A (a3) are pulse RV characteristics. After forming a negative pulse voltage up to about ⁇ 1.9V, the maximum value of the positive pulse voltage is kept at about 2.2V. The difference is that it is controlled not to enter the area. As shown in FIGS.
- the maximum resistance value when the first positive pulse voltage is stepped up is increased as the absolute value of the negative voltage applied during forming is increased.
- the level tends to decrease. This means that if the forming is performed with a negative pulse voltage having a large absolute value with a sufficient margin in consideration of the variation in the forming start voltage of the resistance change element, an excessive negative pulse voltage is continuously applied depending on the element.
- the maximum high resistance value level at which transition is possible is reduced by about an order of magnitude, which indicates that there is a phenomenon that has not been known so far that the windows of the high resistance state and the low resistance state are significantly reduced.
- the first control rule is that in forming, control is performed so that excessive negative pulse voltage (voltage pulse with forming margin ⁇ > 0.7V) is not applied to the resistance change element (forming under such control).
- soft forming As a result, the transitionable high resistance value level (maximum point E) is high, and control can be performed so as not to be sensitive to the applied pulse voltage in the vicinity of the maximum point.
- the second control rule is that, in the resistance change operation after forming, the high resistance pulse voltage is controlled to be not more than the voltage in the unipolar region (the applied voltage that maximizes the resistance value of the resistance change element in the high resistance state). It is to be. Thereby, since the resistance value in the high resistance state of the variable resistance element can be kept high, the variable resistance element can be used with a larger operation window.
- both of the above two control rules are preferably implemented, but the present invention does not necessarily have to be implemented. This is because even when only one control rule is implemented, a larger operation window can be formed compared to when both are not implemented.
- Basic data 1 assumes the on-resistance of a MOS transistor of a 1T1R type memory cell, and uses an evaluation circuit in which an external resistance (1 k ⁇ ) is connected to the resistance change element 100 to determine the basic characteristics of the resistance change element 100 by a two-terminal method.
- an external resistance (1 k ⁇ ) is connected to the resistance change element 100 to determine the basic characteristics of the resistance change element 100 by a two-terminal method.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a 1T1R type memory cell including the resistance change element 100 of FIG. 1 used in this experiment.
- the NMOS transistor as the selection transistor has a gate terminal, the lower electrode terminal B of the resistance change element 100 and the N + diffusion region of the NMOS transistor are connected in series, and the other is not connected to the resistance change element 100.
- the N + diffusion region is drawn out as the lower electrode side terminal C, and the substrate terminal is connected to the ground potential.
- the feature here is that the high-resistance second oxygen-deficient oxide layer 100b-2 is disposed on the upper electrode terminal A side opposite to the NMOS transistor.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a 1T1R type memory cell including the resistance change element 100 of FIG.
- FIG. 6 the same components as those in FIG.
- FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view showing a first basic configuration for 2 bits of 1T1R type cell.
- the transistor 317 corresponds to the NMOS transistor in FIG.
- the second wiring layer 307, the third via 308, the resistance change element 100, the fourth via 310, and the third wiring layer 311 are formed in this order.
- a third wiring layer 311 connected to the fourth via 310 corresponds to the bit line BL, and a first wiring layer 305 and a second wiring layer 307 connected to the first N-type diffusion layer region 302a of the transistor 317 are provided. , Corresponding to the source line SL running perpendicular to the drawing.
- the voltage of the semiconductor substrate 301 is 0V, and is supplied from a 0V power line (not shown) in a generally known configuration.
- a lower electrode 100 a, a resistance change layer 100 b, and an upper electrode 100 c are formed in a sandwich shape on the third via 308, and further connected to a fourth via 310 connected to the third wiring layer 311. .
- the upper electrode of the resistance change element 100 as shown in FIG. 6A (corresponding to 100c in FIG. 5 and having a higher oxygen content and a high resistance second oxygen-deficient oxide layer (in FIG. 5).
- the memory cell structure in which the electrode 100b-2) is connected to the bit line is called an I-type cell.
- FIG. 6B is a cross-sectional view showing a second basic configuration for 2 bits of 1T1R type cell. *
- the first via 510, the resistance change element 100, the second via 511 for resistance film, the second via 306, the second wiring layer 307, the third via 308, and the third wiring layer 311 are sequentially formed.
- the third wiring layer 311 connected to the first N-type diffusion layer region 302a of the transistor 317 corresponds to the bit line BL, and the second wiring layer 307 connected to the second via 511 for resistance film is shown in this drawing. It corresponds to the source line SL running vertically.
- the voltage of the semiconductor substrate 301 is 0V, and is supplied from a 0V power line (not shown) in a generally known configuration.
- the lower electrode 100 a, the resistance change layer 100 b, and the upper electrode 100 c are formed in a sandwich shape on the first via 510 for the resistance film, and further the second resistance film element connected to the second wiring layer 307. It is connected to the via 511.
- the upper electrode of the resistance change element 100 as shown in FIG. 6B (corresponding to 100c in FIG. 5 and a high-resistance second oxygen-deficient oxide layer having a higher oxygen content (see FIG. 5).
- the memory cell structure in which the electrode 100b-2) is connected to the source line is referred to as a type II cell.
- the word line WL for applying a gate voltage to the gate electrode 303b is parallel to the source line SL, although illustration is omitted. Has been placed.
- the resistance change element 100 is as shown in Table 1, and the gate width W of the NMOS transistor is 0. .44 ⁇ m, the gate length L is 0.18 ⁇ m, and the gate oxide film thickness Tox is 3.5 nm.
- FIG. 7A to FIG. 7C are pulse RV characteristic diagrams from the initial state in the 1T1R type memory cell shown in FIG. 5 and Table 1 in such an applied pattern, and the horizontal axis represents FIG. This is a pulse voltage V (pulse width 50 ns) applied between the upper electrode terminal A and the lower electrode side terminal C in the memory cell.
- the direction in which a voltage higher than the lower electrode side terminal C is applied to the upper electrode terminal A is indicated as positive pulse voltage application, and conversely the upper electrode terminal is applied to the lower electrode side terminal C.
- a direction in which a voltage higher than A is applied is indicated as negative pulse voltage application.
- the positive pulse is further increased to about 3.3 V from there.
- the high resistance level is almost saturated.
- the positive pulse voltage is further increased while following a path substantially similar to the saturation high resistance value level at the second step-up.
- the high resistance state of about 250 k ⁇ is maintained.
- the same third pulse RV characteristic measurement is looped.
- the pulse once crosses the peak of the point Z2 and is between the points Z2 and Z3 (unipolar region). If the resistance is changed, any positive pulse voltage applied thereafter cannot be changed to a very high resistance level (about 667 k ⁇ ) such as the point Z2.
- FIG. 8A to FIG. 8C are pulse RV characteristics diagrams from the initial state in the 1T1R type memory cell shown in FIG. 5 and Table 1 in such an application pattern. 7A to 7C, detailed description thereof is omitted here.
- the negative pulse voltage is applied while stepping up the absolute value in order to form the conductive path first (low resistance as initialization).
- a negative pulse voltage of about ⁇ 2.3 V is applied (point L)
- it is formed into a low resistance state of about 22.5 k ⁇ , and then the absolute value of the negative pulse voltage is stepped up to about ⁇ 3.3 V.
- the second pulse RV characteristic measurement loop application is performed while stepping up the absolute value of the negative pulse voltage in order to reduce resistance from the high resistance state (about 133 k ⁇ ). Then, when a negative pulse voltage of about ⁇ 1.2 V is applied (point L2), the resistance changes to a low resistance state of about 9.6 k ⁇ . After that, the absolute value of the negative pulse voltage is stepped up to about ⁇ 3.3V, and then the absolute value of the negative pulse voltage is stepped down to about 0V, and then the positive pulse voltage is stepped up.
- the third pulse RV characteristic measurement similar to that shown in FIG. 8C is looped, and the same pulse RV characteristic as in FIG. 8B is shown.
- the maximum value (about 200 k ⁇ ) of the transitionable high resistance level is as shown in FIG. In some cases, it is lower than the high resistance level (about 667 k ⁇ ) indicated by the point Z2 in FIG.
- FIG. 9 shows that the pulse voltage causing the low resistance and the pulse voltage causing the high resistance are continuously applied to the 1T1R type memory cell having the pulse RV characteristics shown in FIGS. 8A to 8C.
- the horizontal axis and the vertical axis are the same as those in FIG. 53, and a detailed description thereof will be omitted here.
- the ground potential is applied to the lower electrode side terminal C), that is, when a positive pulse voltage of +2.4 V is applied, the state changes to a high resistance state HR of about 91 k ⁇ to 500 k ⁇ (average 261 k ⁇ ).
- a pulse voltage of + 2.4V pulse width 50 ns
- a ground potential is applied to the upper electrode terminal A
- the voltage changes to a low resistance state LR of about 8.8 k ⁇ , and the resistance is increased by applying a positive pulse voltage and the resistance is decreased by applying a negative pulse voltage.
- FIG. 10A to FIG. 10C are pulse RV characteristics diagrams from the initial state in the 1T1R type memory cell in such an application pattern, and the horizontal axis and the vertical axis are the same as those in FIG. Detailed explanation is omitted here.
- FIG. 10A is a graph obtained by measuring the pulse RV characteristic (first loop) when soft forming is performed.
- the difference from the pulse RV characteristic of FIG. 8 is that the forming is performed from the initial state.
- the negative pulse voltage is applied while stepping up the absolute value.
- the resistance value is reduced to less than 40 k ⁇ by forming (lowering the resistance as an initialization)
- the absolute value from -1.8V point N
- the negative pulse voltage is not applied, and the absolute value of the negative pulse voltage is stepped down from the point N.
- FIGS. 10B and 10C are graphs obtained by measuring the pulse RV characteristics when soft forming is performed.
- FIG. 10B shows a second loop, and FIG. The third loop is shown.
- the difference from the pulse RV characteristic of FIG. 8 is that in each loop, the negative pulse voltage is applied while stepping up the absolute value of the negative pulse voltage in order to reduce the resistance from the high resistance state. After the transition to less than 40 k ⁇ , the negative pulse voltage having a larger absolute value than the negative pulse voltage (for example, point P) transitioned to less than 40 k ⁇ is not applied, and the absolute value of the negative pulse voltage is stepped down from point P. It is a point to go.
- the lowest (absolute value) pulse voltage when the resistance change element is formed from the initial state after manufacture and when the resistance value first transitions below 40 k ⁇ is defined as the forming start voltage Vb.
- the negative pulse voltage is applied while stepping up the absolute value in order to form a conductive path first (low resistance as initialization).
- a negative pulse voltage of about ⁇ 1.8 V is applied (point N)
- the film is formed into a low resistance state of about 18.3 k ⁇ ( ⁇ 40 k ⁇ ), and then a negative pulse voltage having a higher absolute value is not applied.
- the positive pulse voltage is applied while being stepped up, when a positive pulse voltage of about 1.4 V is applied, the resistance increases from a low resistance state to a resistance value of about 38 k ⁇ , and further about 2.4 V.
- the high resistance level is increased to about 400 k ⁇ at the point O where the positive pulse voltage is applied.
- the positive pulse application is controlled up to +2.4 V and is controlled not to enter the unipolar region. Subsequently, the positive pulse voltage is stepped down from +2.4 V, but is finally held in a high resistance state of about 286 k ⁇ .
- the positive pulse voltage is stepped down from +2.4 V, but is finally held in a high resistance state of about 286 k ⁇ .
- high resistance can be obtained by applying a negative pulse voltage of about ⁇ 1.3V to ⁇ 1.2V. The point which is changing from the state to the low resistance state is different from FIG. However, the maximum high resistance level that can be transitioned by applying a positive pulse does not change substantially from the first loop to the third loop.
- the high resistance value level (about 400 k ⁇ ) in the case where soft forming is performed is not soft forming (FIG. 10). It can be seen that the resistance value can be controlled to be about 3.4 times higher than the high resistance level (about 118 k ⁇ ) in the case of 8 (a)). Therefore, even if only the first control rule described above is implemented, a larger operation window is ensured as compared to the case where it is not.
- FIG. 11 shows each time when the pulse voltage causing the low resistance and the pulse voltage causing the high resistance are continuously applied to the 1T1R type memory cell subjected to the soft forming of FIG. It is a graph showing a resistance value (resistance measurement voltage is 0.4 V), and since the horizontal axis and the vertical axis are the same as those in FIG. 53, detailed description is omitted here.
- a pulse width of 50 ns is applied (at this time, a ground potential is applied to the lower electrode side terminal C), that is, when a positive pulse voltage of +2.4 V is applied, the state changes to a high resistance state HR of about 286 k ⁇ to 2 M ⁇ (average 993 k ⁇ ).
- a pulse voltage of + 2.4V (pulse width 50 ns) is applied to the lower electrode side terminal C (at this time, a ground potential is applied to the upper electrode terminal A), that is, a negative pulse voltage of ⁇ 2.4V. It changes to a low resistance state LR of about 11 k ⁇ upon application, and repeats high resistance by applying a positive pulse voltage and low resistance by applying a negative pulse voltage.
- the memory cell in which soft forming is performed can be seen that the high resistance value level (average of about 993 k ⁇ ) can be controlled to a high resistance value about 3.8 times higher than the high resistance value level (average of about 261 k ⁇ ) without soft forming. From this data, it can be seen that even if only the first control rule described above is executed, a larger operation window is ensured as compared to the case where it is not.
- + 2.4V to + 2.6V which is in the vicinity of the point Z2 shown in FIG. 7A, is suitable as the high resistance voltage that can set the highest resistance value level.
- the present inventors have found that this is the case. Therefore, in the experiment of the pulse VR in FIGS. 8 and 10, the maximum value of the high resistance voltage is limited to +2.4 V and is controlled so as not to enter the unipolar region, so that the transitionable high resistance level is not lowered. I have to. Therefore, even if only the second control rule described above is implemented, a larger operation window is ensured as compared to the case where it is not.
- the low resistance level (about 9 k ⁇ to about 20 k ⁇ ) in the 1T1R type memory cell is shown in FIGS. 3A (a1) to 3A (a3).
- the on-resistance of the NMOS transistor is higher than the low resistance level (approximately 1.5 k ⁇ to approximately 2 k ⁇ ) of the evaluation circuit in which the variable resistance element and the fixed resistor (1 k ⁇ ) are connected in series. This is because the current flowing when the resistance is lowered is smaller than that (see Patent Document 2).
- the maximum high resistance value level in soft forming is about two orders of magnitude higher than the low resistance value level in any case.
- the soft forming is performed (the above-mentioned first control rule).
- the resistance value level can be kept high.
- the high resistance value level is controlled to be higher than in the case where the resistance change element is not. It becomes possible. Therefore, it has been clarified that the operation window between the low resistance state and the high resistance state can be enlarged compared to the case where any of the control rules is implemented. Note that the two control rules may be implemented alone, but it goes without saying that both are preferably implemented.
- FIGS. 12A and 12B are schematic views of a memory cell including a resistance change element for explaining soft forming of the present invention.
- a lower electrode 600a, a resistance change layer 600b, and an upper electrode 600c are formed in a sandwich shape, a lower electrode terminal E is drawn from the lower electrode 600a, and an upper electrode terminal is drawn from the upper electrode 600c. F is pulled out.
- the resistance change layer 600b includes a first oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer 600b-1 in contact with the lower electrode 600a and a second oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer 600b-2 in contact with the upper electrode 600c. have.
- the lower electrode terminal E of the resistance change element 600 is connected to the switch element 401 composed of an NMOS transistor, a PMOS transistor, or a diode, and the other terminal of the switch element 401 not connected to the resistance change element 600. Is drawn out as a lower electrode side terminal G.
- FIG. 12B is a schematic diagram of a memory cell when the connection relationship between the resistance change element 600 and the switch element 401 is changed in the configuration of FIG. 12A, specifically, the resistance change element.
- the upper electrode terminal F of 600 and the switch element 401 are connected, and the other terminal of the switch element 401 not connected to the resistance change element 600 is drawn out as the upper electrode side terminal T.
- the lower electrode 600a is made of tantalum nitride TaN, tungsten W, nickel Ni, tantalum Ta, titanium Ti, and aluminum Al
- the upper electrode 600c is made of platinum Pt, iridium Ir, palladium Pd, and silver that easily change in resistance. It is composed of Ag, copper Cu, gold Au or the like.
- the second oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer 600b-2 has a higher oxygen content, that is, a higher resistance value than the first oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer 600b-1. To form. For this reason, since the initial resistance of the variable resistance element 600 is increased, a forming voltage higher than the normal rewrite voltage (voltage for reducing resistance as initialization) is applied in order to perform the resistance change operation. Thus, it is necessary to reduce the second oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide layer 600b-2 and form a conductive path.
- soft forming can be performed by adopting the memory cell configuration as shown in FIGS. 12 (a) and 12 (b).
- FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining the relationship between the resistance states of the variable resistance element during soft forming.
- the variable resistance element has a high resistance state HR that is a first resistance state and a low resistance state LR that is a second resistance state, and an initial resistance state (forming is applied) that is a third resistance state.
- the resistance state of the non-resistance change element has a higher resistance value than the first resistance state, and the fourth resistance state is between the high resistance state HR and the low resistance state LR.
- each memory cell is applied multiple times while gradually increasing the reduction resistance voltage in the reduction direction from the third resistance state (initial resistance state), When the state transitions from the third resistance state to the fourth resistance state, the application of the low resistance voltage is stopped and control is performed so that an excessive current does not flow through each resistance change element. In this way, soft forming is performed with a different forming voltage Vb for each memory cell.
- FIG. 14 shows a gradual voltage for each memory cell in the memory cell array (8 kbit) having the resistance change element 100 made of oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide shown in FIG. 5 and Table 1.
- the cumulative probability distribution figure of forming voltage Vb at the time of performing soft forming, increasing (absolute value of voltage) is shown.
- the horizontal axis represents the forming voltage Vb at the time of soft forming in each memory cell, and the vertical axis represents the probability that the soft variable forming of the variable resistance element is completed at the forming voltage Vb (here, all of the variable resistance elements Of these, the ratio of resistance change elements for which soft forming has been completed, that is, the cumulative probability).
- the forming voltage Vb is 1.1V to 2.6V, which is greatly different for each memory cell. Therefore, it is necessary to perform soft forming while individually verifying the resistance value of the variable resistance element.
- FIGS. 15 (a) to 15 (i) are diagrams for explaining the soft forming estimation mechanism.
- the same components as those in FIG. 15 the same components as those in FIG. 15
- FIGS. 15 (f) to 15 (i) are explanatory diagrams for another resistance change element B.
- FIG. 15A shows an initial state of a certain variable resistance element 100 (that is, a state in which soft-forming is not yet performed after manufacture), and as shown in FIG. 15B, the absolute value of the negative voltage pulse is increased.
- the second oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide layer 100b-2 which is a high resistance layer, is applied to the lower electrode when a negative pulse voltage is applied each time a pulse is applied, and a low resistance negative pulse voltage VLR is -V1.
- the second high resistance layer is formed.
- the oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide layer 100b-2 is excessively reduced and the diameter of the conductive path becomes larger. For this reason, even if the second oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide layer 100b-2 is oxidized by applying a high-resistance pulse having a reverse polarity, the diameter of the conductive path is larger than ⁇ 1, and therefore, compared with the case of soft forming. It is estimated that the conductive path cannot be sufficiently filled with oxide, and the transitionable high resistance level is lowered.
- FIG. 15F shows an initial state of another resistance change element 100 (resistance change element B).
- VLR low resistance negative pulse voltage
- the second oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide layer 100b-2 which is a high resistance layer, is reduced, and a conductive path is formed.
- the resistance is reduced and soft forming is performed.
- the high resistance layer second oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide layer 100b-2
- the diameter of the conductive path becomes ⁇ 2 (> ⁇ 1), and the resistance is further lowered.
- the resistance layer (second oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide layer 100b-2) is reduced, and the diameter of the conductive path becomes ⁇ 3 (> ⁇ 2), and the resistance is further reduced.
- the estimation mechanism of soft forming has been described by taking an oxygen-deficient tantalum oxide as an example of the variable resistance layer, but a similar estimation mechanism can be considered for an oxygen-deficient transition metal oxide.
- the resistance change element writing method applies to a resistance change element (that is, a bipolar resistance change element) that reversibly transits between a high resistance state and a low resistance state according to the polarity of an applied voltage pulse.
- the writing method is roughly divided into a preparation step S50 and a writing step S51 (high resistance step S51a, low resistance step S51b).
- the resistance change element changes from the low resistance state S52 to the high resistance state S53 when a voltage pulse having an absolute value equal to or higher than the first voltage V1 is applied.
- the voltage pulse of the second voltage V2 having a larger absolute value than the first voltage V1 is applied, the high resistance state S53 having the maximum resistance value Rmax is obtained, and the second voltage V2 is greater than the second voltage V2.
- a voltage pulse of the third voltage V3 having a large absolute value is applied, it has a characteristic (unipolar characteristic) that becomes a high resistance state having a resistance value lower than the maximum resistance value Rmax.
- the first voltage V1, the second voltage V2, and the third voltage V3 are all voltages having a first polarity (for example, positive).
- the first voltage V1 and the second voltage are measured by measuring the resistance value of the resistance change element while applying a voltage pulse that gradually increases the absolute value of the voltage to the resistance change element.
- the voltage V2 is determined beforehand.
- the write step S51 is a storage step in an operation mode in which the variable resistance element is used as a memory element.
- a voltage pulse Vp having a first polarity (for example, positive) to the variable resistance element, the variable resistance element is reduced.
- a resistance increasing step S51a for transitioning from the resistance state S52 to the high resistance state S53, and applying a voltage pulse Vn of the second polarity (for example, negative) to the resistance change element the resistance change element is changed from the high resistance state S53.
- a resistance reduction step S51b for transitioning to the low resistance state S52.
- a voltage pulse having a voltage Vp close to V2 is applied.
- the preparation step S50 may be omitted if the characteristics of the variable resistance element (the first voltage V1 and the second voltage V2) are known in advance or can be predicted. .
- the absolute value does not exceed the second voltage V2, but in reality, a certain range from the maximum resistance value Rmax in the high resistance state.
- the absolute value may exceed the second voltage V2.
- the degree may be determined depending on the width of the operation window to be secured. For example, as long as the voltage is 90% of the maximum resistance value Rmax, the resistance may be increased with a voltage whose absolute value exceeds the second voltage V2.
- a positive voltage pulse that increases stepwise is applied to the variable resistance element, and the resistance value is measured by measuring the resistance value each time.
- the voltage at the point where the resistance value becomes maximum and then decreases may be determined as the voltage for increasing resistance (or the second voltage V2).
- a voltage equal to or lower than the voltage obtained by adding the above-mentioned step voltage (for example, 0.1 V) from the second voltage V2 at the maximum is determined as the high resistance voltage.
- the resistance value variation is taken into consideration, and a plurality of measurement points (resistance values obtained by applying a plurality of voltages are applied). ) May be smoothed, and the maximum point of the resistance value may be determined for the smoothed measurement point.
- the resistance change element used in the preparation step S50 is the same type as the resistance change element used in the next writing step S51, but is another resistance change element, that is, another resistance change element manufactured under the same manufacturing conditions ( It may be a variable resistance element used only for the preparation step.
- this preparation step S50 since the third voltage V3 exceeding the second voltage V2 is applied to the variable resistance element, any voltage of the variable resistance element is subsequently applied to the variable resistance element due to the unipolar characteristics described above. Even when the voltage pulse is applied, the resistance value in the high resistance state is not recovered to the maximum resistance value Rmax.
- the variable resistance element used in the preparation step S50 and the variable resistance element used in the write step S51 are prepared differently (however, the variable resistance element having the same characteristics manufactured under the same manufacturing conditions).
- the resistance increasing step S51a can be performed with a voltage that does not exceed the second voltage V2 obtained in step S50, and as a result, the resistance change element has the maximum resistance value Rmax (or close to the maximum resistance value Rmax). It is possible to transition to the high resistance state S53.
- FIG. 17 is a block diagram showing the configuration of the nonvolatile memory device according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- the nonvolatile memory device 200 includes a memory main body 201 on a semiconductor substrate, and the memory main body 201 is the II type cell shown in FIG.
- the configured memory array 202 a row driver 207 including a row selection circuit 208, a word line driver WLD, and a source line driver SLD, a column selection circuit 203, a write circuit 206 for writing data, and a selected bit line Sense amplifier 204 that detects the amount of current flowing through the terminal and determines that the high resistance state is data “0” and the low resistance state is data “1”, and data that performs input / output processing of input / output data via terminal DQ And an input / output circuit 205.
- a high resistance (HR) power source 213 and a low resistance (LR) power source 212 are provided as the write power source 211.
- an address input circuit 209 that receives an address signal input from the outside, and a control circuit 210 that controls the operation of the memory main body 201 based on a control signal input from the outside are provided.
- the memory array 202 is formed on a semiconductor substrate and includes a plurality of word lines WL0, WL1, WL2,... And a plurality of bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,. , And a plurality of NMOS transistors N11, N12, N13, N21, N22 provided corresponding to the intersections of the word lines WL0, WL1, WL2,... And the bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,. , N23, N31, N32, N33,... (Hereinafter referred to as “transistors N11, N12,...”) And a plurality of resistors connected in series with the transistors N11, N12,.
- the gates of the transistors N11, N21, N31,... are connected to the word line WL0, and the gates of the transistors N12, N22, N32,.
- the gates of N23, N33,... are connected to the word line WL2, and the gates of the transistors N14, N24, N34,.
- the drains of the transistors N11, N12, N13, N14,... are connected to the bit line BL0, and the drains of the transistors N21, N22, N23, N24,. , N32, N33, N34,... Are connected to the bit line BL2.
- the resistance change elements R11, R21, R31,... are connected to the source line SL0, and the resistance change elements R12, R22, R32,... Are connected to the source line SL1, and the resistance change elements R13, R23, R33 are connected. Are connected to the source line SL2, and the resistance change elements R14, R24, R34,... Are connected to the source line SL3.
- the address input circuit 209 receives an address signal from an external circuit (not shown), outputs a row address signal to the row selection circuit 208 based on the address signal, and outputs a column address signal to the column selection circuit 203.
- the address signal is a signal indicating an address of a specific memory cell selected from among the plurality of memory cells M11, M12,.
- control circuit 210 In the data write cycle, the control circuit 210 outputs a write signal instructing application of a write voltage to the write circuit 206 in accordance with the input data Din input to the data input / output circuit 205. On the other hand, in the data read cycle, the control circuit 210 outputs a read signal instructing a read operation to the sense amplifier 204.
- the row selection circuit 208 receives the row address signal output from the address input circuit 209, and in response to the row address signal, the row driver 207 selects any one of the plurality of word lines WL0, WL1, WL2,. A predetermined voltage is applied to the selected word line from the corresponding word line driver circuit WLD.
- the row selection circuit 208 receives the row address signal output from the address input circuit 209, and in response to the row address signal, from the row driver 207, a plurality of source lines SL0, SL1,. A predetermined voltage is applied to the selected source line from the source line driver circuit SLD corresponding to any of the above.
- the column selection circuit 203 receives the column address signal output from the address input circuit 209, and selects one of the plurality of bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,... According to the column address signal. Then, a write voltage or a read voltage is applied to the selected bit line.
- the write circuit 206 includes a normal pulse generation circuit 700 and a variable voltage pulse generation circuit 701.
- the normal pulse generation circuit 700 is activated to select a column.
- a write voltage write voltage pulse
- the variable voltage pulse generation circuit 701 is activated.
- a forming voltage forming voltage pulse
- the sense amplifier 204 is an example of a read unit that determines the resistance value of the variable resistance element in the memory cell selected by the row selection circuit 208 and the column selection circuit 203.
- the sense amplifier 204 includes a normal determination reference circuit 702 and a forming determination reference.
- Each of the reference circuits 702 and 703 has a determination level for normal reading and a determination level for forming, respectively, and a read enable signal C1 output from the control circuit 210 and forming. Controlled by the enable signal C2, one of the determination levels is selected, and the data of the selected cell is determined to be “1” or “0”.
- the output data DO determined as a result is output to an external circuit via the data input / output circuit 205.
- normal reading refers to determining the resistance state (high resistance state / low resistance state) of the resistance change element after forming.
- the write power supply 211 is composed of a high resistance (HR) power supply 213 and a low resistance (LR) power supply 212.
- the output VH0 of the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 is supplied to the row driver 207.
- the output VL0 of the low resistance (LR) power supply 212 is input to the write circuit 206.
- FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram showing an example of a detailed configuration of the sense amplifier 204 in FIG.
- the sense amplifier 204 includes clamp transistors 219 and 220 having the same size as the current mirror circuit 218 having a mirror ratio of 1: 1, a reference circuit 221, and an inverter 224.
- the reference circuit 221 includes a normal determination reference circuit 702 and a forming determination reference circuit 703. In the normal determination reference circuit 702, one end of a branch in which the selection transistor 222 and a normal reading reference resistor Rref (20 k ⁇ ) are connected in series is connected to the ground potential, and the other terminal is connected to the source terminal of the clamp transistor 219.
- the read enable signal C1 is input to the gate terminal of the selection transistor 222, and the selection transistor 222 is switched between a conductive state and a nonconductive state by the read enable signal C1.
- the forming determination reference circuit 703 one end of a branch in which the selection transistor 223 and the forming reference resistor Rb (90 k ⁇ ) are connected in series is connected to the ground potential, and the other terminal is connected to the source terminal of the clamp transistor 219.
- the forming enable signal C2 is input to the gate terminal of the selection transistor 223, and the selection transistor 223 is switched between a conductive state and a nonconductive state by the forming enable signal C2.
- the clamp transistors VC219 (0.9V) are input to the gate terminals of the clamp transistors 219 and 220, and the source terminal of the clamp transistor 220 is connected to the memory cell via the column selection circuit 203 and the bit line.
- the drain terminals of the transistors 219 and 220 are connected to the drain terminals of the transistors 225 and 226 constituting the current mirror circuit 218, respectively.
- the drain terminal potential of the clamp transistor 220 is inverted and amplified by the inverter 224 and transmitted to the data input / output circuit 205 as the sense amplifier output SAO.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram for explaining the determination level of the sense amplifier 204.
- the sense amplifier 204 includes a reference resistor Rref (20 k ⁇ ) for normal reading and a larger reference for forming between the high resistance state HR (100 k ⁇ ) and the low resistance state LR (11 k ⁇ ). It has two determination levels, the resistance Rb (90 k ⁇ ).
- the reference resistance Rb for forming is set to a resistance value smaller than the resistance value of the high resistance state HR in order to determine whether or not the forming of the variable resistance element is completed, and preferably, the high resistance state HR It is set to a value smaller than the minimum resistance value that can be taken by the variable resistance element.
- the reference resistor Rref for normal reading is smaller than the resistance value of the high resistance state HR and is low in the low resistance state LR in order to determine whether the variable resistance element is in the high resistance state or the low resistance state.
- a resistance value set larger than the resistance value preferably smaller than the minimum resistance value that can be taken by the resistance change element in the high resistance state HR, and that can be taken by the resistance change element in the low resistance state LR
- the resistance value is set larger than the maximum value.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing an example of a detailed configuration of the write circuit 206 in FIG.
- the write circuit 206 includes a write driver circuit 214, a voltage follower circuit 215, and a voltage dividing circuit 216.
- 24 fixed resistors Rd10 to Rd33 are connected in series between the output VL0 of the power source 212 for reducing resistance (LR) and the ground potential, and a node between each fixed resistor Rd10 to Rd33
- the switches SW10 to SW33 are connected to nodes between the output VL0 terminal of the resistance (LR) power supply 212 and the fixed resistor Rd33, and the terminals not connected to the fixed resistors Rd10 to Rd33 of the switches SW10 to SW33 are: All are connected to the common node NO, and the switches SW10 to SW33 can be independently turned on / off by voltage dividing switching signals TRM10, 11,..., 33 provided from the control circuit 210.
- the common node NO is connected to the input terminal of the voltage follower circuit 215, and the output terminal VC of the voltage follower circuit 215 that outputs the potential of the common node NO is connected to the write driver circuit 214.
- the write driver circuit 214 is supplied with the voltage of the output terminal VC of the voltage follower circuit 215 as a power source, and the pulse application control signal supplied from the control circuit 210 is inputted to the input terminal.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is output from, and input to the column selection circuit 203 in FIG.
- the write voltage pulse is a voltage pulse that becomes the voltage of the output terminal VC of the voltage follower circuit 215 for a certain time (for example, 50 ns) (0 V at other times).
- the control circuit 210 controls the voltage dividing switching signals TRM10, 11,..., 33 and controls only one of the corresponding switches SW10 to SW33 to the ON state.
- the output voltage of the voltage dividing circuit 216 can be controlled in multiple stages
- the voltage of the output terminal VC of the voltage follower circuit 215 can be controlled in multiple stages
- the output of the write driver circuit 214 can be written according to the pulse application control signal.
- the pulse voltage Vp can be output in multiple stages.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device configured as described above, first, the operation of the main circuit block will be described, and then the write cycle when performing data writing and forming of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device, and An operation in a read cycle when normal reading and verify reading are performed will be described.
- the sense amplifier 204 is connected to the target memory cell via the column selection circuit 203 and the bit line during forming to form a conductive path in the variable resistance element, and the memory cell is clamped from the clamp voltage VCLP (0.9 V). In this configuration, a voltage higher than 0.4 V, which is reduced by the threshold voltage (0.5 V) of the transistors 219 and 220, is not applied.
- the selection transistor 223 is activated by the forming enable signal C2 and becomes conductive, the forming reference resistor Rb (90 k ⁇ ) is selected, and the other selection transistor 222 receives the read enable signal.
- the reference current Iref is transferred by the current mirror circuit 218, and about 4.4 ⁇ A flows as the load current IL.
- the magnitude relationship between the load current IL and the memory cell current Ic is compared by the clamp transistor 220. Depending on the comparison result, it is detected whether the drain terminal voltage of the clamp transistor 220 is higher or lower than the inversion voltage (input threshold voltage) of the inverter 224, and the inverter 224 outputs the sense amplifier output SAO. .
- the load current IL about 4.4 ⁇ A> memory cell current Ic ( 0.02 ⁇ A)
- the drain terminal voltage of the clamp transistor 220 becomes higher than the inverted voltage of the inverter 224 after a predetermined time, and the sense amplifier output SAO outputs L level. That is, when the selected memory cell is in an initial state (20 M ⁇ ) higher than the forming reference resistance Rb (90 k ⁇ ), the sense amplifier 204 determines “0”, that is, a failure.
- the load current IL about 4.4 ⁇ A
- the memory cell current Ic 8 ⁇ A
- the drain terminal voltage of the clamp transistor 220 becomes lower than the inversion voltage of the inverter 224 after a predetermined time, and the sense amplifier output SAO outputs the H level.
- the sense amplifier 204 determines “1”, that is, a pass, and the formation of the target memory cell is completed.
- the reference circuit 221 activates the selection transistor 222 by the read enable signal C1 to be in a conductive state, selects the reference resistor Rref for normal reading, and the other selection transistor 223 forms the forming.
- the magnitude relation between the load current IL and the memory cell current Ic is compared.
- the inverter 224 outputs the sense amplifier output SAO.
- the load current IL (20 ⁇ A)> the memory cell current Ic (4 ⁇ A) the drain terminal voltage of the clamp transistor 220 becomes higher than the inverted voltage of the inverter 224, and the sense amplifier output SAO outputs L level.
- the sense amplifier 204 determines that the data is “0”.
- the load current IL (20 ⁇ A) ⁇ memory cell current Ic (about 36 4 ⁇ A)
- the drain terminal voltage of the clamp transistor 220 becomes lower than the inversion voltage of the inverter 224
- the sense amplifier output SAO outputs the H level.
- the sense amplifier 204 determines that the data is “1”.
- FIG. 21 is a timing chart of the step-up write pulse voltage Vp that can be output by the write circuit 206.
- the switches SW10 to SW33 are sequentially switched from the switch SW10 to the switch SW33 to the conductive state by the voltage dividing switching signals TRM10, 11,..., 33 output from the control circuit 210.
- the voltage of the output terminal VC is increased from 1.0V to 3.3V in 0.1V steps, and the write pulse voltage Vp is increased from 1.0V to 3.3V by 0.1V in synchronization with the pulse application control signal. It shows that pulses can be applied step by step.
- FIG. 22 shows various set voltage lists (type II cells) of the output VH0 voltage of the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 and the output VL0 voltage of the low resistance (LR) power supply 212.
- the bit line BL voltage at the time of forming represents the step-up write pulse voltage Vp shown in FIG. 21, and the bit line BL voltage at the time of LR and HR is a write pulse voltage having an amplitude of 2.4V. Represents Vp.
- verify read means verify read at the time of forming.
- Vp (2.4 V) is a write pulse voltage applied from the write circuit 206
- VL is generated by the LR power supply 212 supplied to the write circuit 206
- VH is a voltage generated by the HR power supply 213 and is set to the voltage at the point O (+2.4 V) shown in the pulse RV characteristics in FIG. It is set not to enter the unipolar area obtained in the preparation step). That is, control is performed so as to comply with the second control rule described above.
- the output VH0 voltage of the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 is applied to the source line with reference to the bit line, but a voltage drop due to parasitic resistance from the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 to the source line.
- the output VH0 voltage of the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 is set to be high so that the maximum voltage of the source line does not exceed the voltage at the point O (+ 2.4V). May be.
- VH is set to 2.4 V as in the case of high resistance (HR) writing, and Vp (2.4 V) is generated by the writing circuit 206.
- a write pulse voltage that exceeds the point P and does not exceed the point N of the pulse RV characteristics shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B is effective for the memory cells M11, M12,... To be applied.
- Vp is a step-up write pulse voltage applied from the write circuit 206
- VH is a voltage generated by the HR power supply 213
- a high voltage write pulse voltage Vp is at the time of forming. It is set to 3.3V so that it can be applied.
- Vread is a read voltage (0.4 V) clamped by the sense amplifier 204, and in the pulse RV characteristics shown in FIG. This corresponds to a voltage value ( ⁇ 0.4 V) adjusted so that the resistance state of the resistance change element does not change.
- VDD corresponds to the power supply voltage supplied to the nonvolatile memory device 200.
- the LR write pulse voltage Vp is set to 1.0 V (S31: first step), and then it is determined whether the write pulse voltage Vp is 3.3 V or less (S32: second).
- a negative voltage pulse ( ⁇ 1.0 V, pulse width 50 ns) for forming (“1”) writing is applied (S36: sixth step (application step)).
- the address AD of the selected memory cell is incremented (S37: seventh step), and the memory cell of the next address AD is selected.
- the fourth step (S34) to the seventh step (S37) are repeated until the address AD of the selected memory cell becomes larger than the final address ADf.
- the resistance values Rc of all the memory cells in the memory array 202 are for forming.
- An application step S36 of applying a voltage pulse not exceeding a voltage obtained by adding a forming margin (0.7 V) to the forming voltage is repeated for all the memory cells in the memory array 202 (S34 to S37), and after the application of the voltage pulse of the same voltage to the forming target memory cells is finished, the forming margin (0.7V ) Is incremented by increments (0.1V) not exceeding (S39), and the determination step S35 and the application step S36 are repeated for all the memory cells (S34 to S37).
- the forming voltage is applied while being incremented at a voltage (0.1 V) smaller than the forming margin (0.7 V) for soft forming, so that each memory cell M11, With the forming voltage Vb suitable for each of M12,..., Soft forming can be realized without applying excessive voltage and current stress to the variable resistance element (that is, the first control rule described above is observed). Further, according to the soft forming flow shown in FIG. 23, the write pulse voltage Vp is applied only to the memory cells that require forming, and at the same time, the voltage switching (increment) operation of the write pulse voltage Vp is minimized. Therefore, soft forming can be performed on the memory array at high speed.
- the write pulse voltage Vp for forming is incremented in increments of +0.1 V (9th step).
- the present invention is not limited to such increment voltage (0.1 V).
- a step voltage smaller than the margin (here, 0.7 V) may be used.
- the voltage obtained by adding the forming margin (here, 0.7 V) to the minimum voltage required for forming is set to the maximum voltage (an example of the absolute value maximum voltage), and the write voltage pulse for forming is applied.
- Soft forming is carried out.
- FIG. 24 (a) to FIG. 24 (c) and timing charts shown in FIG. 25 show operation examples in the data write cycle, the read cycle, and the soft forming of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device configured as described above. This will be described with reference to the block diagram of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention in FIG. 17 and the diagram for explaining the pulse RV characteristics in FIG.
- 24 (a) to 24 (c) are timing charts showing an operation example of the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the case where the variable resistance layer is in the high resistance state is assigned to data “0”
- the case where the resistance change layer is in the low resistance state is assigned to data “1”
- an operation example thereof is shown. Further, the description is given only for the case where data is written to and read from the memory cell M11.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are first set to the voltage VH (2.4V) and the voltage Vp (2.4V), respectively. To do.
- the word line WL0 to be selected is set to the voltage VH (2.4V).
- the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 17 is still in an off state.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, a pulse waveform having a voltage Vp (2.4 V) is applied again.
- a positive pulse voltage (+2.4 V) at point O in the pulse RV characteristic of FIG. 10A is applied to the memory cell M11 of FIG. 17, and writing is performed from a low resistance value to a high resistance value.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the writing of data “0” is completed.
- the memory cell is selected with the source line, the word line, and the bit line.
- the resistance change element of the memory cell is increased in resistance by applying a positive voltage pulse.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VH (2.4V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 17 is turned on.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to the voltage Vp (2.4V) for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, a pulse waveform that becomes the voltage 0V is applied again.
- Vp 2.4V
- a pulse waveform that becomes the voltage 0V is applied again.
- a negative pulse voltage exceeding the point P and not exceeding the point N of the pulse RV characteristics shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B is applied to the memory cell M11 of FIG. Writing from the value to the low resistance value is performed.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the writing of data “1” is completed.
- memory cells in the row direction are selected on the source line and the word line, and then a pulse waveform in the positive voltage direction is applied to a specific bit line to select the memory cell in the source line, the word line, and the bit line.
- the resistance is reduced by applying a negative voltage pulse to the resistance change element of the memory cell.
- it is not necessarily limited to this method.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VDD (1.8V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 is turned on.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set for a predetermined period, the read voltage Vread is set to 0.4V, and the sense amplifier 204 detects the value of the current flowing through the selected memory cell M11. Or data “1”. Thereafter, the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the data read operation is completed.
- FIG. 25 is a timing chart showing the soft forming operation of the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the soft forming operation shown in FIG. 25 only one bit of the memory cell M11 whose address AD is 0 is accessed, and the soft forming flow shown in FIG. Therefore, the fourth and seventh steps are cut).
- the voltage states of the word line WL0, the bit line BL0, and the source line SL0 of the memory cell M11 to be formed are all 0V, and the divided voltage switching signals TRM10, TRM11,. , TRMmn (m: integer of 1 to 3, n: integer of 0 to 9) and terminal DQ are all at L level.
- the memory cell M11 is in the initial state.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is 3.3 V or less.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VDD (1.8V) in order to verify whether or not the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell is smaller than the forming reference resistance Rb (Rc ⁇ Rb). Then, the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 is turned on.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set for a predetermined period, the read voltage Vread is set to 0.4 V, and the sense amplifier 204 detects the current value flowing through the selected memory cell M11, whereby the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell M11 is determined. It is determined whether or not it is smaller than the forming reference resistor Rb (Rc ⁇ Rb).
- the sense amplifier output SAO outputs L level, and the terminal DQ "0" data is output to the external device (for example, a memory tester) to notify that the forming has failed (false).
- the word line WL0 and the bit line BL0 are set to a voltage of 0 V, and the verify read operation is completed.
- the LR writing for forming (sixth step) shown in FIG. 23 is performed.
- a negative voltage pulse ( ⁇ 1.0 V, pulse width 50 ns) for LR writing for forming to the selected memory cell first, the selected bit line BL0, source line SL0, and word line WL0 are set to a voltage of 0 V. Set to. Thereafter, the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VH (3.3 V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 17 is turned on. Next, the selected bit line BL0 is set to the voltage Vp (1.0 V) for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, a pulse waveform (negative voltage pulse) that becomes the voltage 0 V is applied again.
- Vp 1.0 V
- the selected memory cell M11 remains in the initial state and is not formed. That is, forming ends in failure.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and LR writing for forming is completed.
- the process proceeds to the ninth step, and only the voltage division switching signal TRM11 is set to the H level.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is 3.3 V or less.
- the same verify read (Rc ⁇ Rb?) Operation as in the first fifth step is performed, but now the resistance value Rc remains in the initial resistance state and is not less than the reference resistance Rb for forming. Therefore, the sense amplifier output SAO outputs the L level, outputs “0” data to the terminal DQ, and notifies the external device (eg, memory tester) that the forming has failed (verified). Complete the read operation.
- the 6th step forming LR writing (second time) shown in FIG. 23 is performed.
- a negative voltage pulse ( ⁇ 1.1 V, pulse width 50 ns) for LR writing for forming to the selected memory cell first, the selected bit line BL0, source line SL0, and word line WL0 are set to a voltage of 0 V. Set to. Thereafter, the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VH (3.3 V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 17 is turned on. Next, the selected bit line BL0 is set to the voltage Vp (1.1 V) for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, a pulse waveform (negative voltage pulse) that becomes the voltage 0 V is applied again.
- Vp 1.1 V
- the selected memory cell M11 remains in the initial state and is not formed. That is, forming ends in failure.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the second forming LR writing is completed.
- the loop from the second step to the ninth step (except for the fourth and seventh steps) shown in FIG. 23, that is, the verify read operation and the forming LR write operation are repeated from the third time to the eighth time.
- the resistance value Rc in the initial state remains higher than the reference resistance Rb. That is, forming ends in failure.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is 3.3 V or less.
- a verify read (Rc ⁇ Rb?) Operation is performed, but since the resistance value Rc remains in the initial resistance state and is equal to or higher than the forming reference resistance Rb, the sense amplifier output The SAO outputs the L level, outputs “0” data to the terminal DQ, notifies the external device (for example, a memory tester) that the forming has failed (false), and completes the verify read operation.
- the external device for example, a memory tester
- the LR writing for forming (9th time) in the sixth step shown in FIG. 23 is performed.
- a negative voltage pulse ( ⁇ 1.8 V, pulse width 50 ns) for LR writing for forming to the selected memory cell first, the selected bit line BL0, source line SL0, and word line WL0 are set to a voltage of 0 V. Set to. Thereafter, the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VH (3.3 V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 17 is turned on.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to the voltage Vp (1.8V) for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, a pulse waveform (negative voltage pulse) that becomes the voltage 0V is applied again.
- a conductive path is formed from the initial high resistance state, and a transition is made to the post-forming resistance value between the high resistance state HR and the low resistance state LR, and the forming is performed. This is the first time that forming has been successful.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0V, and the 9th LR writing for the forming is completed.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is 3.3 V or less.
- a verify read (Rc ⁇ Rb?) Operation is performed, but since the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell M11 is now smaller than the forming reference resistor Rb, the sense amplifier output SAO is , H level is output, “1” data is output to the terminal DQ, the fact that the forming is passed (true) is transmitted to an external device (for example, a memory tester), and the verify read operation is completed.
- the eighth step it is confirmed that the determination result of the immediately preceding fifth step is the forming pass (true), and the soft forming is completed.
- a negative voltage pulse is applied while increasing the absolute value of the voltage in increments of 0.1 V, and the completion of forming is determined each time the voltage is applied. Since no voltage is applied, an excessive pulse voltage is not applied to the memory cell M11 after forming with the predetermined write pulse voltage Vp.
- both the high resistance (HR) write pulse voltage and the low resistance (LR) write pulse voltage are set to 2.4 V and the pulse width is set to 50 ns, as shown in FIG.
- Data (HR conversion) and “1” data (LR conversion) can be written.
- transition is possible by performing soft forming on each memory cell (that is, by complying with the first control rule described above).
- the high resistance value level can be set as high as possible (see FIGS. 10 and 11), the operation window between the low resistance state and the high resistance state can be expanded, and high-speed reading and data reliability can be achieved. The possibility of erroneous reading can be greatly reduced.
- the low resistance voltage for writing “1” data is low so that the forming margin ⁇ is greater than 0.7 V and the transitionable high resistance level is not lowered. Needless to say, the voltage must be set.
- FIG. 26 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a nonvolatile memory device according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the nonvolatile memory device 227 is different from the nonvolatile memory device 200 according to the first embodiment in the memory array 229 configured by the I-type cell shown in FIG.
- the writing circuit 230 and the row driver 231 are different.
- the memory body 228 includes a memory array 229, a row selection circuit 208, a row driver 231 including a word line driver WLD, a source line driver SLD, and a variable voltage generation circuit 704, a column selection circuit 203, and data writing Input / output through the write circuit 230, the sense amplifier 204 that detects the amount of current flowing through the selected bit line, determines the high resistance state as data “0”, and determines the low resistance state as data “1”, and the terminal DQ And a data input / output circuit 205 for performing data input / output processing.
- the memory array 229 includes a plurality of word lines WL0, WL1, WL2,... And a plurality of bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,. , And a plurality of NMOS transistors N11, N12, N13, N21, N22 provided corresponding to the intersections of the word lines WL0, WL1, WL2,... And the bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,. , N23, N31, N32, N33,... (Hereinafter referred to as “transistors N11, N12,...”) And a plurality of resistors connected in series with the transistors N11, N12,.
- the gates of the transistors N11, N21, N31,... are connected to the word line WL0, and the gates of the transistors N12, N22, N32,.
- the gates of N23, N33,... are connected to the word line WL2, and the gates of the transistors N14, N24, N34,.
- the transistors N11, N21, N31,... And the transistors N12, N22, N32,... are connected in common to the source line SL0, and the transistors N13, N23, N33,. Are connected in common to the source line SL2.
- the resistance change elements R11, R12, R13, R14,... are connected to the bit line BL0, and the resistance change elements R21, R22, R23, R24, ... are connected to the bit line BL1, and the resistance change element R31. , R32, R33, R34,... Are connected to the bit line BL2.
- the resistance change elements R11, R12, R13,... Corresponding to the bit lines BL0, BL1, BL2,. ,... Are directly connected without going through (I-type cell configuration).
- control circuit 210 In the data write cycle, the control circuit 210 outputs a write signal instructing application of a write voltage to the write circuit 230 in accordance with the input data Din input to the data input / output circuit 205. On the other hand, in the data read cycle, the control circuit 210 outputs a read signal instructing a read operation to the sense amplifier 204.
- the row selection circuit 208 receives the row address signal output from the address input circuit 209, and in response to the row address signal, the row driver 231 selects any one of the plurality of word lines WL0, WL1, WL2,. A predetermined voltage is applied to the selected word line from the corresponding word line driver circuit WLD.
- the row selection circuit 208 receives the row address signal output from the address input circuit 209 and, in response to the row address signal, from the row driver 231 among the plurality of source lines SL0, SL2,.
- a predetermined voltage (forming voltage pulse) generated by the variable voltage generation circuit 704 is applied to the selected source line from the source line driver circuit SLD corresponding to any of the above.
- the write circuit 230 When the write circuit 230 receives the write signal output from the control circuit 210, the write circuit 230 applies a write voltage (write voltage pulse Vp) to the bit line selected through the column selection circuit 203.
- Vp write voltage pulse
- the power supply 211 for writing comprises an LR power supply 212 for reducing resistance and an HR power supply 213 for increasing resistance.
- the output VL0 of the LR power supply 212 is input to the row driver 231.
- the output VH 0 of the HR power supply 213 is input to the write circuit 230.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of the variable voltage generation circuit 704 in FIG.
- the output terminal VC of the voltage follower circuit 215 is connected to the power supply terminal of the source line driver circuit SLD. Therefore, in the source line driver circuit SLD, when the write pulse is applied, the control circuit 210 controls the voltage dividing switching signals TRM10, 11,..., 33 and controls only one of the corresponding switches SW10 to SW33 to the ON state.
- the output voltage of the voltage dividing circuit 216 can be controlled in multiple stages
- the voltage of the output terminal VC of the voltage follower circuit 215 can be controlled in multiple stages
- the source line driver control signal input to the source line driver circuit SLD Accordingly, the write pulse voltage Vp, which is the output of the source line driver circuit SLD, can be output in multiple stages.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device configured as described above, first, the operation of the main circuit block will be described, and then the write cycle when performing data writing and forming of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device, and An operation in a read cycle when normal reading and verify reading are performed will be described.
- variable voltage generation circuit 704 First, the operation of the variable voltage generation circuit 704 will be described.
- the potential of the output VL0 of the low resistance (LR) power supply 212 is 3.3V
- the resistance Rd10 is 100 k ⁇
- each of the resistors Rd11 to Rd33 is 10 k ⁇
- FIG. 28 is a timing chart of the step-up write pulse voltage Vp that can be output by the source line driver circuit SLD.
- the switches SW10 to SW33 are sequentially switched from the switch SW10 to the switch SW33 to the conductive state by the voltage dividing switching signals TRM10, 11,..., 33 output from the control circuit 210.
- the voltage of the output terminal VC is increased from 1.0 V to 3.3 V in 0.1 V steps
- the write pulse voltage Vp is increased from 1.0 V to 3.3 V by 0.1 V in synchronization with the source line driver control signal. It shows that pulses can be applied while stepping up in 1V steps.
- FIG. 29 shows various set voltage lists (I-type cells) of the output VH0 voltage of the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 and the output VL0 voltage of the low resistance (LR) power supply 212.
- the source line SL voltage at the time of forming represents the step-up write pulse voltage Vp shown in FIG. 28, and the bit line BL voltage at the time of LR and HR is a pulse voltage having an amplitude of 2.4V. Represents.
- VL is a voltage generated by the LR power supply 212
- Vp (2.4V) is a write pulse voltage applied from the source line driver circuit SLD.
- a write pulse voltage exceeding the point P and not exceeding the point N of the pulse RV characteristics shown in FIG. 10 (a) and FIG. 10 (b) is effectively applied to the memory cells M11, M12,.
- VL is a voltage generated by the LR power supply 212
- VH is a voltage generated by the HR power supply 213 supplied to the write circuit 230.
- the voltage at the point O shown in the pulse RV characteristic at 10 (a) (+2.4 V) is set so as not to enter the unipolar region obtained by the preliminary evaluation. That is, control is performed so as to comply with the second control rule described above.
- the output VH0 voltage of the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 is applied to the source line with reference to the bit line, but a voltage drop due to parasitic resistance from the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 to the source line.
- the output VH0 voltage of the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 is set to be high so that the maximum voltage of the source line does not exceed the voltage at the point O (+ 2.4V). May be.
- Vp is a step-up write pulse voltage applied from the source line driver circuit SLD
- VL is a voltage generated by the power supply 212 for LR, and a high voltage write pulse voltage at the time of forming.
- the voltage is set to 3.3 V so that Vp can be applied.
- Vread is the read voltage (0.4 V) clamped by the sense amplifier 204, and in the pulse RV characteristics shown in FIG. Corresponds to the voltage value (+ 0.4V) adjusted so that the resistance state of the resistance change element does not change.
- VDD corresponds to the power supply voltage supplied to the nonvolatile memory device 227.
- FIGS 30 (a) to 30 (c) are timing charts showing an operation example of the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the case where the variable resistance layer is in the high resistance state is assigned to data “0”
- the case where the resistance change layer is in the low resistance state is assigned to data “1”
- an operation example thereof is shown. Further, the description is given only for the case where data is written to and read from the memory cell M11.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to the voltage VH (2.4 V) and the voltage Vp (2.4 V), respectively.
- the word line WL0 to be selected is set to the voltage VL (2.4V).
- the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 26 is still in an off state.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, a pulse waveform that becomes the voltage VH (2.4 V) is applied again.
- a negative pulse voltage that exceeds the point P and does not exceed the point N of the pulse RV characteristics shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B is applied to the memory cell M11 in FIG. Writing from the value to the low resistance value is performed.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the writing of data “1” is completed.
- the memory cell is selected with the source line, the word line, and the bit line.
- the resistance is reduced by applying a negative voltage pulse to the resistance change element of the memory cell.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VL (2.4V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 26 is turned on.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to the voltage VH (2.4V) for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, the pulse waveform that becomes the voltage 0V is applied again.
- the positive pulse voltage (+2.4 V) at the point O of the pulse RV characteristic shown in FIG. 10A is applied to the memory cell M11 in FIG. 26, and writing is performed from the low resistance value to the high resistance value. Is called.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the writing of data “0” is completed.
- memory cells in the row direction are selected on the source line and the word line, and then a pulse waveform in the positive voltage direction is applied to a specific bit line to select the memory cell in the source line, the word line, and the bit line.
- the resistance change element of the memory cell is increased in resistance by applying a positive voltage pulse.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VDD (1.8V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 is turned on.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set for a predetermined period, the read voltage Vread is set to 0.4V, and the sense amplifier 204 detects the value of the current flowing through the selected memory cell M11. Or data “1”. Thereafter, the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the data read operation is completed.
- FIG. 31 is a timing chart showing the soft forming operation of the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the soft forming operation shown in FIG. 31 only one bit of the memory cell M11 whose address AD is 0 is accessed, and the soft forming flow shown in FIG. Therefore, the fourth and seventh steps are cut).
- the voltage states of the word line WL0, the bit line BL0, and the source line SL0 of the memory cell M11 to be formed are all 0V, and the divided voltage switching signals TRM10, TRM11,. , TRMmn (m: integer of 1 to 3, n: integer of 0 to 9) and terminal DQ are all at L level.
- the memory cell M11 is in the initial state.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is 3.3 V or less.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VDD (1.8V) in order to verify whether or not the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell is smaller than the forming reference resistance Rb (Rc ⁇ Rb). Then, the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 is turned on.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set for a predetermined period, the read voltage Vread is set to 0.4 V, and the sense amplifier 204 detects the current value flowing through the selected memory cell M11, whereby the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell M11 is determined. It is determined whether or not it is smaller than the forming reference resistor Rb (Rc ⁇ Rb).
- the sense amplifier output SAO outputs the L level and outputs to the terminal DQ. “0” data is output, and it is transmitted to an external device (for example, a memory tester) that the forming has failed (false).
- the word line WL0 and the bit line BL0 are set to a voltage of 0 V, and the verify read operation is completed.
- the LR writing for forming (sixth step) shown in FIG. 23 is performed.
- a negative voltage pulse ( ⁇ 1.0 V, pulse width 50 ns) for LR writing for forming to the selected memory cell
- the selected bit line BL0, source line SL0, and word line WL0 are set to a voltage of 0 V. Set to.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VL (3.3 V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 26 is turned on.
- the selected source line SL0 is set to a voltage Vp (1.0 V) for a predetermined period, and after a predetermined period, a pulse waveform (a negative voltage pulse with respect to the source line) is applied to make the bit line voltage 0 V again.
- the selected memory cell M11 remains in the initial state and is not formed. That is, forming ends in failure.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and LR writing for forming is completed.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is 3.3 V or less.
- the same verify read (Rc ⁇ Rb?) Operation as in the first fifth step is performed, but now the resistance value Rc remains in the initial resistance state and is equal to or higher than the reference resistance Rb.
- the sense amplifier output SAO outputs L level, outputs “0” data to the terminal DQ, notifies the external device (for example, a memory tester) that the forming has failed, and performs a verify read operation. Complete.
- the 6th step forming LR writing (second time) shown in FIG. 23 is performed.
- a negative voltage pulse ( ⁇ 1.1 V, pulse width 50 ns) for LR writing for forming to the selected memory cell first, the selected bit line BL0, source line SL0, and word line WL0 are set to a voltage of 0 V. Set to. Thereafter, the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VL (3.3 V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 26 is turned on.
- the selected source line SL0 is set to the voltage Vp (1.1 V) for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, a pulse waveform (negative voltage pulse) that becomes the voltage 0 V is applied again.
- the selected memory cell M11 remains in the initial state and is not formed. That is, forming ends in failure.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the second forming LR writing is completed.
- the loop from the second step to the ninth step (except for the fourth and seventh steps) shown in FIG. 23, that is, the verify read operation and the forming LR write operation are repeated from the third time to the eighth time.
- the resistance value Rc in the initial state remains higher than the reference resistance Rb for forming. That is, forming ends in failure.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is 3.3 V or less.
- a verify read (Rc ⁇ Rb?) Operation is performed, but since the resistance value Rc remains in the initial resistance state and is equal to or higher than the forming reference resistance Rb, the sense amplifier output The SAO outputs the L level, outputs “0” data to the terminal DQ, notifies the external device (for example, a memory tester) that the forming has failed (false), and completes the verify read operation.
- the external device for example, a memory tester
- the LR writing for forming (9th time) in the sixth step shown in FIG. 23 is performed.
- a negative voltage pulse ( ⁇ 1.8 V, pulse width 50 ns) for LR writing for forming to the selected memory cell first, the selected bit line BL0, source line SL0, and word line WL0 are set to a voltage of 0 V. Set to. Thereafter, the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VL (3.3 V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 26 is turned on.
- the selected source line SL0 is set to the voltage Vp (1.8V) for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, a pulse waveform (negative voltage pulse) that becomes the voltage 0V is applied again.
- a conductive path is formed from the initial high resistance state, and a transition is made to the post-forming resistance value between the high resistance state HR and the low resistance state LR, and the forming is performed. This is the first time that forming has been successful.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0V, and the 9th LR writing for the forming is completed.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is 3.3 V or less.
- a verify read (Rc ⁇ Rb?) Operation is performed, but since the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell M11 is now smaller than the forming reference resistor Rb, the sense amplifier output SAO is , H level is output, “1” data is output to the terminal DQ, the fact that the forming is passed (true) is transmitted to an external device (for example, a memory tester), and the verify read operation is completed.
- the eighth step it is confirmed that the determination result of the immediately preceding fifth step is the forming pass (true), and the soft forming is completed.
- a negative voltage pulse is applied while increasing the absolute value of the voltage in increments of 0.1 V, and the completion of forming is determined each time the voltage is applied. Since no voltage is applied, an excessive pulse voltage is not applied to the memory cell M11 after forming with the predetermined write pulse voltage Vp.
- both the high resistance write pulse voltage and the low resistance write pulse voltage are set to 2.4 V, and the pulse width is set to 50 ns, and the normal “0” data (HR conversion) and "1” data (LR conversion) can be written.
- the same effect as that of the first embodiment (II-type cell, applying the step-up pulse from the bit line side) can be obtained.
- soft forming on each memory cell (that is, by observing the first control rule described above)
- a high resistance value level is possible. It is possible to set as high as possible (see FIGS. 10 and 11), the operation window between the low resistance state and the high resistance state can be expanded, high-speed reading, Allows better microcrystalline data reliability, allows greatly reduce the risk of erroneous reading occurs.
- the low resistance voltage for writing “1” data is low so that the forming margin ⁇ is greater than 0.7 V and the transitionable high resistance level is not lowered. Needless to say, the voltage must be set.
- the high resistance increase.
- FIG. 32 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a nonvolatile memory device according to the third embodiment of the present invention.
- the nonvolatile memory device 270 is different from the nonvolatile memory device 227 according to the second embodiment in a write circuit 271 including a variable voltage pulse generation circuit 706 and a row driver 273.
- the memory body 272 includes a memory array 229, a row driver 273 including a row selection circuit 208, a word line driver WLD, and a source line driver SLD, a column selection circuit 203, a write circuit 271 for writing data, and a selection. Detects the amount of current flowing through the bit line, and performs input / output processing of input / output data via the terminal DQ and the sense amplifier 204 that determines that the high resistance state is data “0” and the low resistance state is data “1”. And a data input / output circuit 205 to perform.
- control circuit 210 In the data write cycle, the control circuit 210 outputs a write signal instructing application of a write voltage to the write circuit 271 in accordance with the input data Din input to the data input / output circuit 205. On the other hand, in the data read cycle, the control circuit 210 outputs a read signal instructing a read operation to the sense amplifier 204.
- the row selection circuit 208 receives the row address signal output from the address input circuit 209, and in response to the row address signal, any of the plurality of word lines WL0, WL1, WL2,. A predetermined voltage is applied to the selected word line from the corresponding word line driver circuit WLD.
- the row selection circuit 208 receives the row address signal output from the address input circuit 209, and in response to the row address signal, from the row driver 273, among the plurality of source lines SL0, SL2,. A predetermined voltage is applied to the selected source line from the source line driver circuit SLD corresponding to any of the above.
- the write circuit 271 When the write circuit 271 receives the write signal output from the control circuit 210, the write circuit 271 applies a write voltage to the selected bit line with respect to the column selection circuit 203.
- the power supply 211 for writing comprises an LR power supply 212 for reducing resistance and an HR power supply 213 for increasing resistance.
- the output VL0 of the LR power supply 212 is input to the row driver 273, and
- the output VH 0 of the HR power supply 213 is input to the write circuit 271.
- FIG. 33 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of the write circuit 271 in FIG. 33, the same components as those in FIG. 20 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof is omitted.
- the write circuit 271 replaces the voltage divider circuit 216 and the write driver circuit 214 in FIG. 20 with a voltage divider circuit 233 and a write driver circuit 234, and does not use the voltage follower circuit 215.
- a configuration in which the voltage dividing circuit 233 and the write driver circuit 234 are directly connected is employed.
- the write driver circuit 234 includes a write buffer 235 to which the voltage VH output from the HR power supply 213 is input as a power supply, a PMOS clamp transistor PC, and a switch 236 that is ON / OFF controlled by the control circuit 210.
- the pulse application control signal is input from the control circuit 210 to the input terminal of the write buffer 235, and the output terminal of the write buffer 235, the drain terminal of the PMOS clamp transistor PC, and one end of the switch 236 are connected.
- the gate terminal of the transistor PC is connected to the common node VC, and the write voltage Vp1 is output from the source terminal connected to the other end of the switch 236.
- the control circuit 210 controls the voltage dividing switching signal TRM, and controls only one of the switches SW 1 to SW 33 to be in an ON state, whereby the output voltage of the voltage dividing circuit 233 is set.
- the gate voltage of the PMOS clamp transistor PC can be controlled in multiple stages, the gate voltage of the PMOS clamp transistor PC can be controlled in multiple stages, and the L level side of the pulse voltage with a large amplitude output from the write buffer 235 is clamped. Is converted to a write voltage increased by the threshold voltage Vt of the PMOS clamp transistor PC, and Vp1 can be output.
- the switch 236 is controlled to be turned off by the control circuit 210.
- the write circuit 271 is controlled to be turned on by the control circuit 210 and the source of the PMOS clamp transistor PC.
- the drain terminals are short-circuited, and a write pulse voltage Vp1 having a voltage amplitude VH (L level is ground potential) by the write buffer 235 is output.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device configured as described above, first, the operation of the main circuit block will be described, and then the write cycle when performing data writing and forming of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device, and An operation in a read cycle when normal reading and verify reading are performed will be described.
- the potential of the power supply VH is 3.3 V
- each of the resistors Rd1 to Rd33 is 10 k ⁇
- the pulse voltage amplitude of the write buffer 235 is 3.3 V
- the threshold voltage Vt of the PMOS clamp transistor PC is 0.5 V.
- the write circuit 271 controls only the switch SW18 (not shown in FIG. 33) to the ON state
- -3.3V -1.0V).
- FIG. 34 is a timing chart of the step-down write voltage Vp1 that the write circuit 271 can output.
- the switches SW18 to SW1 are sequentially switched from the switch SW18 to the switch SW1 by the voltage dividing switching signals TRM18, 17,.
- the common node VC voltage is decreased from 1.8V to 0.1V in 0.1V steps, and the write voltage is synchronized with the write buffer output pulse controlled by the pulse application control signal. This shows that a negative pulse voltage from ⁇ 1.0 V to ⁇ 2.7 V ( ⁇ 0.1 V step) can be applied to the memory cell while Vp1 is stepped down from 2.3 V to 0.6 V in a 0.1 V step.
- FIG. 35 shows various set voltage lists (I-type cells) of the output VH0 voltage of the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 and the output VL0 voltage of the low resistance (LR) power supply 212.
- the bit line BL voltage at the time of forming represents the application of the step-down write pulse voltage Vp1 shown in FIG. 34
- the bit line BL voltage at the time of LR and HR is a pulse having an amplitude of 2.4V. Indicates voltage application.
- VL is a voltage generated by the power supply 212 for LR
- Vp1 (2.4 V) is a write pulse voltage applied from the write circuit 271, and FIG. a)
- a write pulse voltage exceeding the point P and not exceeding the point N of the pulse RV characteristic shown in FIG. 10B is effectively applied to the memory cells M11, M12,.
- This is a voltage generated by the HR power supply 213 supplied to the circuit 271.
- VL is a voltage generated by the LR power supply 212 and VH is a voltage generated by the HR power supply 213 supplied to the write circuit 271.
- the voltage at the point O shown in the pulse RV characteristic at 10 (a) (+2.4 V) is set so as not to enter the unipolar region obtained by the preliminary evaluation. That is, control is performed so as to comply with the second control rule described above.
- the output VH0 voltage of the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 is applied to the source line with reference to the bit line, but a voltage drop due to parasitic resistance from the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 to the source line.
- the output VH0 voltage of the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 is set to be high so that the maximum voltage of the source line does not exceed the voltage at the point O (+ 2.4V). May be.
- Vp1 is a step-down write pulse voltage applied from the write circuit 271.
- VL is a voltage generated by the power supply 212 for LR.
- a high voltage write pulse voltage Vp1 is generated at the time of forming. It is set to 3.3V so that it can be applied.
- Vread is the read voltage (0.4 V) clamped by the sense amplifier 204, and in the pulse RV characteristics shown in FIG. Corresponds to the voltage value (+ 0.4V) adjusted so that the resistance state of the resistance change element does not change.
- VDD corresponds to the power supply voltage supplied to the nonvolatile memory device 270.
- FIG. 36 is a soft forming flowchart in the nonvolatile memory device 270, and the absolute value of the pulse voltage applied to the memory cells M11, M12,... Then, in the determination routine of the second step, since the maximum value of the pulse voltage Vp that can be applied is changed from 3.3V to 2.7V (S42), it is the same as the flowchart shown in FIG. The description is omitted.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device configured as described above, examples of operations in the data write cycle, the read cycle, and the soft forming will be described with reference to timing charts shown in FIGS. 37A to 37C and FIG. This will be described with reference to the block diagram of the variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention in FIG. 32 and the pulse RV characteristics diagram in FIG.
- FIG. 37 (a) to FIG. 37 (c) are timing charts showing an operation example of the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the case where the variable resistance layer is in the high resistance state is assigned to data “0”
- the case where the resistance change layer is in the low resistance state is assigned to data “1”
- an operation example thereof is shown. Further, the description is given only for the case where data is written to and read from the memory cell M11.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to the voltage Vp1 (2.4V) and the voltage VL (2.4V), respectively.
- the word line WL0 to be selected is set to the voltage VL (2.4V).
- the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 32 is still in the off state.
- a voltage of 2.4 V is applied to both the drain terminal and the source terminal of the NMOS transistor N11 in FIG. 32, no current flows regardless of the on / off state of the transistor.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, a pulse waveform having a voltage Vp1 (2.4 V) is applied again.
- Vp1 2.4 V
- a negative pulse voltage exceeding the point P and not exceeding the point N of the pulse RV characteristics shown in FIGS. 10A and 10B is applied to the memory cell M11 of FIG. Writing from the value to the low resistance value is performed.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the writing of data “1” is completed.
- the memory cell is selected with the source line, the word line, and the bit line.
- the resistance is reduced by applying a negative voltage pulse to the resistance change element of the memory cell.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V.
- the word line WL0 to be selected is set to a voltage VL (2.4V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 32 is turned on.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to the voltage VH (2.4V) for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, the pulse waveform that becomes the voltage 0V is applied again.
- the positive pulse voltage (+2.4 V) at the point O of the pulse RV characteristic shown in FIG. 10A is applied to the memory cell M11 in FIG. 32, and writing is performed from the low resistance value to the high resistance value. Is called.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the writing of data “0” is completed.
- memory cells in the row direction are selected on the source line and the word line, and then a pulse waveform in the positive voltage direction is applied to a specific bit line to select the memory cell in the source line, the word line, and the bit line.
- the resistance change element of the memory cell is increased in resistance by applying a positive voltage pulse.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VDD (1.8V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 is turned on.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set for a predetermined period, the read voltage Vread is set to 0.4V, and the sense amplifier 204 detects the value of the current flowing through the selected memory cell M11. Or data “1”. Thereafter, the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the data read operation is completed.
- FIG. 38 is a timing chart showing the soft forming operation of the nonvolatile memory device according to the embodiment of the present invention.
- the voltage states of the word line WL0, the bit line BL0, and the source line SL0 of the memory cell M11 to be formed are all 0V, and the divided voltage switching signals TRM1, TRM2,. , TRM33 and terminal DQ are all at L level.
- the memory cell M11 is in the initial state.
- the negative voltage pulse is set so that it can be applied.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is 2.7 V or less
- the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VDD (1.8V) in order to verify whether or not the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell is smaller than the forming reference resistance Rb (Rc ⁇ Rb). Then, the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 is turned on.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set for a predetermined period, the read voltage Vread is set to 0.4 V, and the sense amplifier 204 detects the current value flowing through the selected memory cell M11, whereby the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell M11 is determined. It is determined whether or not it is smaller than the forming reference resistor Rb (Rc ⁇ Rb).
- the sense amplifier output SAO outputs L level, and the terminal DQ "0" data is output to the external device (for example, a memory tester) to notify that the forming has failed (false).
- the word line WL0 and the bit line BL0 are set to a voltage of 0 V, and the verify read operation is completed.
- the LR writing for forming (sixth step) shown in FIG. 36 is performed.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to the voltage Vp1 (3.3 V) and The voltage is set to VL (3.3 V).
- a pulse waveform (negative voltage pulse of ⁇ 1.0 V) of Vp1 (3.3 V) is applied.
- the selected memory cell M11 remains in the initial state and is not formed. That is, forming ends in failure. Thereafter, the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and LR writing for forming is completed.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is 2.7 V or less
- the same verify read (Rc ⁇ Rb?) Operation as in the first fifth step is performed, but now the resistance value Rc remains in the initial resistance state and is equal to or higher than the reference resistance Rb.
- the sense amplifier output SAO outputs L level, outputs “0” data to the terminal DQ, notifies the external device (for example, a memory tester) that the forming has failed, and performs a verify read operation. Complete.
- the 6th step forming LR writing (second time) shown in FIG. 36 is performed.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to the voltage Vp1 (3.3 V) and The voltage is set to VL (3.3 V).
- Apply a pulse waveform negative voltage pulse of -1.1V) that becomes Vp1 (3.3V).
- the selected memory cell M11 remains in the initial state and is not formed. That is, forming ends in failure. Thereafter, the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the second forming LR writing is completed.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is 2.7 V or less
- a verify read (Rc ⁇ Rb?) Operation is performed.
- the sense amplifier output SAO is The L level is output, “0” data is output to the terminal DQ, the fact that the forming has failed (false) is transmitted to an external device (for example, a memory tester), and the verify read operation is completed.
- the 6th step forming LR writing (9th time) shown in FIG. 36 is performed.
- a negative voltage pulse ( ⁇ 1.8 V, pulse width 50 ns) for LR writing for forming to the selected memory cell the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to the voltage Vp1 (3.3 V) and The voltage is set to VL (3.3 V).
- a pulse waveform (a negative voltage pulse of ⁇ 1.8 V) of Vp1 (3.3 V) is applied.
- a conductive path is formed from the initial high resistance state, and a transition is made to the post-forming resistance value between the high resistance state HR and the low resistance state LR, and the forming is performed. This is the first time that forming has been successful.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0V, and the 9th LR writing for the forming is completed.
- the eighth step it is confirmed that the determination result of the fifth step before writing to the forming LR is forming fail (false), and the process proceeds to the ninth step, and only the voltage dividing switching signal TRM9 is set to H level.
- the write pulse voltage Vp is 2.7 V or less
- a verify read (Rc ⁇ Rb?) Operation is performed. Since the resistance value Rc of the selected memory cell M11 is now smaller than the reference resistance Rb, the sense amplifier output SAO is at the H level. , "1" data is output to the terminal DQ, the fact that the forming has passed (true) is transmitted to an external device (for example, a memory tester), and the verify read operation is completed.
- the eighth step it is confirmed that the determination result of the immediately preceding fifth step is the forming pass (true), and the soft forming is completed.
- a negative voltage pulse is applied while increasing the absolute value of the voltage in increments of 0.1 V, and the completion of forming is determined each time the voltage is applied. Since no voltage is applied, an excessive pulse voltage is not applied to the memory cell M11 after forming with the predetermined write pulse voltage Vp1.
- both the high-resistance write pulse voltage and the low-resistance write pulse voltage are set to 2.4 V, and the pulse width is set to 50 ns, and normal “0” data (HR conversion) and "1” data (LR conversion) can be written.
- the transitionable high resistance level is further increased.
- High resistance can be achieved by using a high resistance voltage near the maximum point that does not enter the unipolar region and increasing the resistance (that is, by complying with the second control rule described above).
- the level can be set as high as possible (see FIGS. 10 and 11), and the operation window between the low resistance state and the high resistance state can be enlarged. Therefore, high-speed reading and data reliability can be improved, and the possibility of erroneous reading can be greatly reduced.
- the low resistance voltage for writing “1” data is low so that the forming margin ⁇ is greater than 0.7 V and the transitionable high resistance level is not lowered. Needless to say, the voltage must be set.
- FIG. 39 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a nonvolatile memory device according to Embodiment 4 of the present invention.
- the non-volatile memory device 237 is provided with an external application terminal connection switch 239 with respect to the non-volatile memory device 200 according to the first embodiment to generate variable voltage pulses outside during soft forming. Different points.
- the external application terminal connection switch 239 is controlled to be in a conductive state by a control signal from the control circuit 210, so that an external device (for example, a memory tester) not shown in the figure can be connected from the external application terminal via the column selection circuit 203.
- a low resistance forming pulse can be applied to the selected memory cell.
- the write circuit 280 when the write circuit 280 receives the write signal output from the control circuit 210, the write circuit 280 applies a normal write voltage to the selected bit line with respect to the column selection circuit 203.
- the write power supply 211 is composed of a low resistance LR power supply 212 and a high resistance HR power supply 213.
- the output VH0 of the HR power supply 213 is input to the row driver 207, and
- the output VL 0 of the LR power supply 212 is input to the write circuit 280.
- the soft forming flowchart in the nonvolatile memory device 237 is the same as the flowchart shown in FIG. 23, the description is omitted here.
- the negative voltage pulse application (sixth step) is internally generated by the variable voltage pulse generation circuit 701 during the soft forming.
- an external device for example, The negative pulse for forming is applied from the outside by a memory tester (not shown). That is, the nonvolatile memory device 237 itself does not have a forming voltage pulse generation circuit that complies with the first control rule described above, but receives such forming voltage pulse via the external application terminal, A configuration for applying to a cell is provided.
- the soft forming method by external application can achieve the same effect as that of the first embodiment (internal generation of the step-up pulse), and by performing soft forming on each memory cell.
- the high resistance level that can be transitioned to a higher level, and using a high resistance voltage near the maximum point that does not enter the unipolar region.
- the high resistance level can be set as high as possible (see FIGS. 10 and 11), and the low resistance state And the high resistance state can be expanded, high-speed reading and data reliability can be improved, and the possibility of erroneous reading is greatly reduced.
- the ability since it is not necessary to provide a variable voltage pulse generation circuit inside, the chip area can be reduced and the cost can be reduced.
- the same effect can be obtained even when an I-type cell (step-down pulse application from the bit line side) is used. it can.
- FIG. 40 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a nonvolatile memory device according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- the nonvolatile memory device 241 has a configuration including a sense amplifier 240 and a forming circuit 244 with respect to the nonvolatile memory device 227 according to the second embodiment.
- the output VL0 of the low resistance (LR) power supply 212 is supplied to the row driver 231, and the output VH0 of the high resistance (HR) power supply 213 is supplied to the write circuit 230 and the forming circuit 244.
- the HR power supply 213 is a power supply circuit capable of supplying a voltage indicated by a point O in the pulse RV characteristic of FIG. 10A.
- the LR power supply 212 is configured as shown in FIG. ) In the pulse RV characteristic, it is possible to supply a voltage that is higher than the absolute value of the voltage indicated by the point P.
- the sense amplifier 240 is a normal sense amplifier having one so-called read determination level (reference resistance Rref) excluding the selection transistor 223 and the reference resistance Rb from the circuit diagram shown in FIG. 18, and a current flowing through the selected bit line. The amount is detected, and the high resistance state is determined as data “0”, and the low resistance state is determined as data “1”.
- a PMOS transistor 249 and an NMOS transistor 250 are inverter-connected between the voltage VH supplied from the HR power supply 213 and the ground potential to form a driver, and the output VO is
- the control signal supplied from the control circuit 210 is input to the input VIN through the column selection circuit 203 and connected to the bit line to which the selected memory cell to be formed is connected.
- the control circuit 210 controls the operation of the memory main body 242 based on a control signal input from the outside. During the forming operation, the control circuit 210 outputs a write signal instructing application of a voltage for forming (LR as an initialization). .. Are output to the row driver 231 and the forming circuit 244, and a single pulse is applied to each of the memory cells M11, M21,... Using the driver of the forming circuit 244 (NMOS transistor 250 capable of current limiting at the time of forming). Perform soft forming.
- 42 (a) and 42 (b) are diagrams for explaining bias conditions and various transistor sizes of the memory cell M11 and the bit line side driver during normal LR write and forming operations.
- VDD 3.3V
- the transistor width Wn of the NMOS transistor 251 of the driver is set sufficiently larger than the transistor width Ws of the NMOS transistor N11 so that the voltage can be efficiently applied to the resistance change element R11 so that the on-resistance is not seen so much. .
- a bias condition in which the resistance change element R11 forms by flowing is shown.
- FIGS. 42A and 42B the column selection switch and the wiring resistance are not shown on the assumption that the impedance is designed to be sufficiently small.
- FIGS. 42 (a) and 42 (b) are diagrams for analyzing an operating point at the time of resistance transition using the load characteristics of the transistor and the resistance change element in FIGS. 42 (a) and 42 (b). It is a schematic diagram of V characteristics, the vertical axis is the current I (arbitrary unit), and the horizontal axis is the applied voltage V.
- FIG. 43 (a) is an IV characteristic diagram for explaining the transition from the high resistance state HR to the low resistance state LR in correspondence with FIG. 42 (a).
- FIG. 43A the load characteristic of the NMOS transistor N11 operating in the saturation state is represented by a curve (1)
- the load characteristic of the resistance change element R11 in the HR state is represented by a straight line (2)
- the resistance in the LR state is represented by a straight line (3)
- the load characteristic of the resistance change element R11 in the initial resistance state is represented by a straight line (4).
- the LR voltage shown in FIG. 42A is applied when the resistance change element R11 is in the HR state, the voltage Vcell between the terminals of the memory cell M11 is about 1.7 V, and the operation immediately after the application is performed. The point becomes point Q. Thereafter, the resistance reduction starts, and the operating point of the resistance change element R11 is changed from the point Q to the point R (at this time so that the voltage between the terminals of the resistance change element R11 becomes the low resistance voltage VR (about 0.8 V).
- LR current is assumed to be ILR), and the load characteristic of the resistance change element R11 changes from (1) to (2), and the resistance reduction is completed.
- the normal LR voltage shown in FIG. 42A is applied to the initial high resistance state, the operating point is point S, and at this time, a predetermined forming threshold current It (FIG. 3A) is obtained.
- a1 the current necessary for transition from the initial state to the point D) cannot be passed, and the transition to the low resistance state cannot be made. In other words, the normal LR voltage application remains at the operating point S, indicating that forming cannot be performed.
- FIG. 43 (b) is an IV characteristic diagram for explaining the forming from the initial high resistance state to the low resistance state corresponding to FIG. 42 (b).
- FIG. 43B The load characteristics are drawn for the two elements of the variable resistance element R11 and the NMOS transistor 250 having a large resistance component.
- the load characteristic of the NMOS transistor 250 operating in the non-saturated state is represented by a curve (5)
- the load characteristic of the resistance change element R11 in the initial state is represented by a straight line (6)
- normal writing is performed.
- Forming is performed using the circuit 230, that is, the load characteristic of the resistance change element R11 in the low resistance state after forming along the load curve (1) is represented by a straight line (7), and soft forming is performed using the forming circuit 244. That is, the load characteristic of the resistance change element R11 in the low resistance state after forming along the load curve (5) is represented by a straight line (8).
- the word line voltage and the source line voltage are set to 3.3 V as in FIG.
- the forming (LR as an initialization) voltage is applied, the voltage Vcell between the terminals of the memory cell M11 is about 2.6 V, the operating point immediately after the application is the point T, and the operating point current becomes the threshold for forming. The value current It is exceeded. Thereafter, the resistance reduction starts, and the operating point of the resistance change element R11 transitions from the point T to the point U so that the voltage between the terminals of the resistance change element R11 becomes the low resistance voltage VR (about 0.8 V).
- the load characteristic of the resistance change element R11 changes from (6) to (7), and the forming is completed.
- a very large forming current IN flows to the resistance change element R11 at the time of forming at the operating point U, soft forming is not performed, and the transitionable high resistance level is lowered. End up.
- the voltage Va between the terminals of the resistance change element R11 and the NMOS transistor 250 is applied. Is about 2.6 V, and the operating point immediately after application is point V, and the operating point current exceeds the forming threshold current It. Thereafter, the resistance reduction starts, and the operating point of the resistance change element R11 transitions from the point V to the point W so that the voltage across the resistance change element R11 becomes the low resistance voltage VR (about 0.8 V).
- the load characteristic of the resistance change element R11 changes from (6) to (8), and the forming is completed.
- 44 (a) to 44 (c) are timing charts showing an operation example of the nonvolatile memory device according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- the case where the variable resistance layer is in the high resistance state is assigned to data “0”
- the case where the resistance change layer is in the low resistance state is assigned to data “1”
- an operation example thereof is shown. The description will be given only for the case where data is written to the memory cell M11.
- VL (2.4 V) and VH (2.4 V) are changed from the operating point Q of the IV characteristic shown in FIG. It has voltage and current supply capability that enables low resistance transition to R.
- VL (2.4V) is a voltage generated by the LR power supply 212
- VH (2.4V) is a voltage generated by the HR power supply 213.
- a positive voltage at the point O of the pulse RV characteristic shown in FIG. 10A is effectively applied to the memory cells M11, M12,.
- VL (3.3 V) is a voltage generated by the power supply 212 for LR
- VH (3.3 V) is HR. Voltage and current supply that enable the forming (LR as initialization) transition from the operating point V to the operating point W of the IV characteristics shown in FIG. Have the ability.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to the voltage VH (2.4 V) and the voltage VL (2.4 V), respectively.
- the word line WL0 to be selected is set to the voltage VL (2.4V).
- the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 40 is still in an off state.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, a pulse waveform that becomes the voltage VH is applied again.
- the memory cell M11 in FIG. 40 is written from the operating point Q to the operating point R, that is, from the high resistance value to the low resistance value in the IV characteristics of FIG.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the writing of data “1” is completed.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to a voltage of 0V.
- the selected word line WL0 is set to the voltage VL (2.4V), and the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 40 is turned on.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to the voltage VH (2.4V) for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, the pulse waveform that becomes the voltage 0V is applied again.
- the positive pulse voltage (+2.4 V) at the point O of the pulse RV characteristic in FIG. 10A is applied to the memory cell M11 in FIG. 40, and writing is performed from a low resistance value to a high resistance value.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V, and the writing of data “0” is completed.
- the selected bit line BL0 and the source line SL0 are set to the voltage VH (3.3 V) and the voltage VL (3.3 V), respectively.
- the word line WL0 to be selected is set to the voltage VL (3.3V).
- the NMOS transistor N11 of the selected memory cell M11 in FIG. 40 is still in an off state.
- the voltage 3.3 V is applied to both the drain terminal and the source terminal of the NMOS transistor N11 in FIG. 40, no current flows regardless of whether the transistor is on or off.
- the selected bit line BL0 is set to a voltage of 0 V for a predetermined period, and after the predetermined period, a pulse waveform having a voltage VH (3.3 V) is applied once again.
- VH 3.3 V
- the memory cell M11 of FIG. 40 has a current limit from the operating point V to the operating point W, that is, from the initial high resistance value to the low resistance value in the IV characteristics of FIG. Soft forming is performed.
- the word line WL0 is set to a voltage of 0V, and the soft forming operation is completed.
- the voltage pulse for forming is generated by using the voltage source in which the maximum value of the current that can be supplied is limited. Therefore, the soft forming is completed by one pulse application.
- the same effect as that of the third embodiment (I-type cell) can be obtained, and the forming operation can be speeded up, and the inspection time can be shortened, that is, the cost can be reduced.
- the width of the NMOS transistor constituting the driver is reduced from the bit line side where 0 V is applied to the I-type cell, the current supply capability is narrowed, and the excessive current during forming changes in resistance.
- the transistor width of the PMOS transistor constituting the source line side driver was reduced, the current supply capability was reduced so as not to exceed ILR, and at the time of forming You may suppress that an excessive electric current flows into a resistance change element.
- the I-type cell is used for explanation, but it goes without saying that a current-limiting forming circuit can be applied to the II-type cell as well.
- the NMOS transistor width of the driver is reduced and the current is limited.
- the current limitation may be performed using a high voltage transistor having a smaller current driving capability, or the like.
- the current limitation may be performed by inserting a fixed resistor for current limitation between the forming driver and the memory cell.
- the current limiting is performed by reducing the NMOS transistor width of the driver in the forming circuit.
- the current limiting may be performed by reducing the gate voltage of the NMOS transistor.
- the selection transistor of the memory cell is an NMOS transistor.
- a PMOS transistor may be used, or a rectifying element such as a bidirectional diode may be used instead of the selection transistor.
- FIG. 45 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a nonvolatile memory device according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- the non-volatile storage device 290 is configured to include an automatic forming control circuit 247 with respect to the non-volatile storage device 241 according to the fifth embodiment.
- the automatic forming control circuit 247 controls the operation of the memory main body 242 based on a control signal input from the outside. That is, the automatic forming control circuit 247 selects memory cells in order by controlling the row selection circuit 208, the column selection circuit 203, the write power supply 232, the forming circuit 244, and the like, and the resistance change element included in the selected memory cell. Is controlled to apply a forming voltage pulse.
- the automatic forming control circuit 247 automatically generates a row address signal and a column address signal in the forming cycle, and outputs an address signal to the row selection circuit 208 and the column selection circuit 203, respectively, and the memory cells M11, M21, M31, .., M12, M22, M32,... And all the memory cells M11, M21,... Are continuously selected while switching the bit line BL and the word line WL.
- a forming signal instructing application of a voltage for LR (initialization) is output to the forming circuit 244, and all the memory cells M11, M21,... Are soft-formed by the forming circuit 244 by one pulse application. Go.
- the automatic forming control circuit 247 is provided, and by performing continuous automatic processing of the soft forming operation on the memory array, the same effects as those of the fifth embodiment can be obtained, and further, the control can be performed from the outside.
- the soft forming operation can be speeded up, and the inspection time can be shortened, that is, the cost can be reduced.
- the automatic forming control circuit is provided in the fifth embodiment.
- the soft forming operation can be further accelerated. Is possible.
- multiple bits may be soft formed simultaneously.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory element forming method and variable resistance nonvolatile memory device according to the present invention have been described based on the first to sixth embodiments. However, the present invention is not limited to these embodiments. It is not limited. The present invention also includes forms obtained by making various modifications conceived by those skilled in the art to each embodiment and forms realized by arbitrarily combining the components in each embodiment without departing from the gist of the present invention. It is.
- the external application terminal in the fourth embodiment may be provided in the nonvolatile memory device in other embodiments.
- the nonvolatile memory device according to the present invention includes a variable voltage pulse generation circuit for forming and also includes an external application terminal for receiving a variable voltage pulse for forming from the outside and applying it to the resistance change element. Also good.
- variable resistance nonvolatile memory device having a memory cell composed of a variable resistance element whose resistance value reversibly changes based on an electrical signal and a switch element such as a transistor. Since the operation window in the high resistance state and the low resistance state can be enlarged, it is useful for realizing a memory that is highly reliable and capable of high-speed reading.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の第1の実施形態における抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置は、抵抗変化素子とMOSトランジスタとを直列に接続してなる1T1R型の不揮発性記憶装置であって、抵抗変化素子の高抵抗値レベルを制御可能とするフォーミング方法と、抵抗変化素子に対して最適な高抵抗化パルス電圧印加を可能とし、これにより、高抵抗状態と低抵抗状態の広い動作ウィンドウを提供するものである。
説明の準備として、本発明の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置に用いられる抵抗変化素子に関する基礎的なデータを説明する。
図4に示すように、最初にパルス電圧VPを開始電圧Vsn(図3A(a1)では、約-0.07V)に設定し(S1:第1ステップ)、パルス電圧VPが0Vより小さく、かつ最小負電圧Vnm(図3A(a1)では、-1.85V)以上かどうかを判定(S2:第2ステップ)し、判定結果が真(Yes)の場合には、設定したパルス電圧VPを用いて、図2に示す評価回路に対して、LR化負パルス電圧(約-0.07V、パルス幅100ns)を印加(S3:第3ステップ)する。その後、上部電極端子Aと下部電極側端子D間に+0.4Vを印加し、抵抗値を測定(S4:第4ステップ)する。次に、パルス電圧VPを-Vstep1(図3A(a1)では、Vstep1=約0.07V)ディクリメントし、約-0.14Vに設定(S5:第5ステップ)する。その後、第2ステップ(S2)から第5ステップ(S5)までを、パルス電圧VPが最小負電圧Vnmより小さくなるまで、繰り返す。第2ステップ(S2)でパルス電圧VPが最小負電圧Vnmより小さくなる場合(VP<Vnm)には、第6ステップ(S6)に移行する。
第6ステップ(S6)に移行後、パルス電圧VPを、直前に設定されたパルス電圧VP(図3A(a1)では、約-1.89V)+2Vstep1(図3A(a1)では、新しく設定されたVP=約-1.75V)に設定する。次に、パルス電圧VPが0Vより小さく、かつ最小負電圧Vnm以上かどうかを判定(S7:第7ステップ)し、判定結果が真(Yes)の場合には、設定したパルス電圧VPを用いて、図2に示す評価回路に対して、LR化負パルス電圧(約-1.75V、パルス幅100ns)を印加(S8:第8ステップ)する。その後、上部電極端子Aと下部電極側端子D間に+0.4Vを印加し、抵抗値を測定(S9:第9ステップ)する。次に、パルス電圧VPを+Vstep1だけインクリメントし、約-1.68Vに設定(S10:第10ステップ)する。その後、第7ステップ(S7)から第10ステップ(S10)までを、パルス電圧VPが0V以上になるまで、繰り返す。第7ステップ(S7)でパルス電圧VPが0V以上になる場合(VP≧0V)には、第11ステップ(S11)に移行する。
第11ステップ(S11)に移行後、パルス電圧VPを、開始電圧Vsp(図3A(a1)では、約0.1V)に設定(S11:第11ステップ)する。次に、パルス電圧VPが0Vより大きく、かつ最大正電圧Vpm(図3A(a1)では、6V)以下かどうかを判定(S12:第12ステップ)し、判定結果が真(Yes)の場合には、設定したパルス電圧VPを用いて、図2に示す評価回路に対して、HR化正パルス電圧(約0.1V、パルス幅100ns)を印加(S13:第13ステップ)する。その後、上部電極端子Aと下部電極側端子D間に+0.4Vを印加し、抵抗値を測定(S14:第14ステップ)する。次に、パルス電圧VPを+Vstep2(図3A(a1)では、Vstep2=約0.2V)だけインクリメントし、約0.3Vに設定(S15:第15ステップ)する。その後、第12ステップ(S12)から第15ステップ(S15)までを、パルス電圧VPが最大正電圧Vpmより大きくなるまで、繰り返す。第12ステップ(S12)でパルス電圧VPが最大正電圧Vpmより大きくなる場合(VP>Vpm)には、第16ステップ(S16)に移行する。
第16ステップ(S16)に移行後、パルス電圧VPを、直前に設定されたパルス電圧VP(図3A(a1)では、約6.1V)-2Vstep2(図3A(a1)では、新しく設定されたVP=約5.7V)に設定する。次に、パルス電圧VPが0Vより大きく、かつ最大正電圧Vpm以下かどうかを判定(S17:第17ステップ)し、判定結果が真(Yes)の場合には、設定したパルス電圧VPを用いて、図2に示す評価回路に対して、HR化正パルス電圧(約5.7V、パルス幅100ns)を印加(S18:第18ステップ)する。その後、上部電極端子Aと下部電極側端子D間に+0.4Vを印加し、抵抗値を測定(S19:第19ステップ)する。次に、パルス電圧VPを-Vstep2だけディクリメントし、約5.5Vに設定(S20:第20ステップ)する。その後、第17ステップ(S17)から第20ステップ(S20)までを、パルス電圧VPが0V以下になるまで、繰り返す。第17ステップ(S17)でパルス電圧VPが0V以下になる場合(VP≦0V)には、パルスRV測定(1ループ)を終了する。以降では、パルスRV特性は、全て図4で説明した測定フローに基づいて測定している。
基礎データ1では、1T1R型メモリセルのMOSトランジスタのオン抵抗を想定し、抵抗変化素子100に外部抵抗(1kΩ)を接続した評価回路を用いて、抵抗変化素子100の基本特性を2端子法で評価したが、次に、本発明の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置に用いられる1T1R型メモリセルに関する基礎的なデータを説明する。
まず、フォーミングについてはソフトフォーミングを実施し、かつ、高抵抗化時についてはユニポーラ領域に属する高い電圧を印加した場合(つまり、上述した2つの制御ルールのうち第1の制御ルールだけを実施した場合)について説明する。図7(a)~図7(c)は、そのような印加パターンでの、図5及び表1に示す1T1R型メモリセルにおける初期状態からのパルスRV特性図であり、横軸は、図5のメモリセルにおける上部電極端子Aと下部電極側端子C間に印加されるパルス電圧V(パルス幅50ns)である。ここでは、下部電極側端子Cを基準として、上部電極端子Aに下部電極側端子Cよりも高い電圧を印加する方向を正パルス電圧印加と表示し、逆に下部電極側端子Cに上部電極端子Aよりも高い電圧を印加する方向を負パルス電圧印加と表示している。また、縦軸は、各パルス電圧印加(この時、ゲート電圧Vg=3.3V)後における上部電極端子Aと下部電極側端子C間の抵抗値を表し、抵抗測定電圧は、+0.4V(この時、ゲート電圧Vg=1.8V)で実施している。
次に、フォーミングについてはソフトフォーミングを超える大きな電圧を印加し、かつ、高抵抗化時については抵抗変化素子の抵抗値が最大になる電圧以下の電圧(ユニポーラ領域には入らない電圧)を印加した場合(つまり、上述した2つの制御ルールのうち第2の制御ルールだけを実施した場合)について説明する。図8(a)~図8(c)は、そのような印加パターンでの、図5及び表1に示す1T1R型メモリセルにおける初期状態からのパルスRV特性図であり、横軸及び縦軸は、図7(a)~図7(c)と同様のため、ここでは詳しい説明は省略する。
次に、フォーミングについてはソフトフォーミングを実施し、かつ、高抵抗化時については抵抗変化素子の抵抗値が最大になる電圧以下の電圧(ユニポーラ領域には入らない電圧)を印加した場合(つまり、上述した上述した2つの制御ルールを実施した場合)について説明する。図10(a)~図10(c)は、そのような印加パターンでの、1T1R型メモリセルにおける初期状態からのパルスRV特性図であり、横軸及び縦軸は、図8と同様のため、ここでは詳しい説明は省略する。
ルールを実施するだけでも、そうでない場合に比べ、より大きな動作ウィンドウが確保される。
以下では、ここまでの本願発明のソフトフォーミングをまとめる。
図12(a)、図12(b)は、本願発明のソフトフォーミングを説明するための、抵抗変化素子を含むメモリセルの模式図である。図12(a)における抵抗変化素子600は、下部電極600a、抵抗変化層600b、上部電極600cがサンドイッチ状に形成され、下部電極600aから下部電極端子Eが引き出され、上部電極600cから上部電極端子Fが引き出されている。また、抵抗変化層600bは、下部電極600aに接する第1の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層600b-1、および上部電極600cに接する第2の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層600b-2を有している。
次に、ソフトフォーミングに必要な各抵抗状態の関係を説明する。
図14は、図5及び表1に示す酸素不足型のタンタル酸化物で構成される抵抗変化素子100を有するメモリセルアレイ(8kビット)において、メモリセル毎に徐々に電圧(電圧の絶対値)を大きくしながらソフトフォーミングを実施した場合のフォーミング電圧Vbの累積確率分布図を示す。横軸は、各メモリセルにおけるソフトフォーミング実施時のフォーミング電圧Vbを表し、縦軸は、そのフォーミング電圧Vbにおいて抵抗変化素子のソフトフォーミングが完了している確率(ここでは、全ての抵抗変化素子のうち、ソフトフォーミングが完了した抵抗変化素子の比率、つまり、累積確率)を表す。図14に示されるように、フォーミング電圧Vbは、1.1V~2.6Vとメモリセル毎に大きく異なる。よって、個別に抵抗変化素子の抵抗値をベリファイしながら、ソフトフォーミングする必要がある。
図15(a)~図15(i)は、ソフトフォーミングの推定メカニズムを説明するための図である。図15において、図1と同じ構成要素については同じ符号を用い、説明を省略する。
次に、本発明に係る抵抗変化素子の書き込み方法について、図16を参照しながら、説明する。
次に、本発明の第1の実施形態として、上記で説明した抵抗変化素子を用いた1T1R型の不揮発性記憶装置について説明する。
以上の様に構成された抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置について、先ず、主要な回路ブロックの動作を説明し、その後、抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置のデータ書き込み、フォーミングを行う場合の書き込みサイクル、及び通常読み出し、ベリファイ読み出しを行う場合の読み出しサイクルにおける動作を説明する。
次に、本発明の第2の実施形態として、上記で説明したI型セルを用いた1T1R型の不揮発性記憶装置について説明する。
以上の様に構成された抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置について、先ず、主要な回路ブロックの動作を説明し、その後、抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置のデータ書き込み、フォーミングを行う場合の書き込みサイクル、及び通常読み出し、ベリファイ読み出しを行う場合の読み出しサイクルにおける動作を説明する。
次に、本発明の第3の実施形態として、I型セルを用いてビット線側からステップアップパルスを印加してソフトフォーミングを実施する場合における1T1R型の不揮発性記憶装置について説明する。
以上の様に構成された抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置について、先ず、主要な回路ブロックの動作を説明し、その後、抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置のデータ書き込み、フォーミングを行う場合の書き込みサイクル、及び通常読み出し、ベリファイ読み出しを行う場合の読み出しサイクルにおける動作を説明する。
ルールを順守することにより)、遷移可能な高抵抗値レベルをより高く制御可能となり、かつ、ユニポーラ領域に入らない極大点付近の高抵抗化電圧を用いて、高抵抗化させることにより(つまり、上述の第2の制御ルールを順守することにより)、高抵抗値レベルを可能な限り高く設定することが可能(図10、図11参照)となり、低抵抗状態と高抵抗状態との動作ウィンドウを拡大でき、高速読み出し、及びデータ信頼性が向上可能となり、誤読み出し発生の恐れを大幅に低減可能となる。
次に、本発明の第4の実施形態として、ウエハー検査時に外部から直接低抵抗化フォーミングパルスを入力可能とするII型セルを用いた1T1R型の不揮発性記憶装置について説明する。
不揮発性記憶装置237におけるソフトフォーミングフロー図については、図23に示すフロー図と同一のため、ここでは、説明は省略する。但し、第1の実施形態では、ソフトフォーミング実施時に、“1”書き込み負パルス印加(第6ステップ)を可変電圧パルス発生回路701により内部発生させていたが、本実施形態では、外部装置(例えば、不図示のメモリテスター)により外部からフォーミング用の負パルスを印加する。つまり、不揮発性記憶装置237自身が上述した第1の制御ルールを順守したフォーミング用電圧パルスの発生回路を有するのではなく、外部印加端子を介して、そのようなフォーミング用電圧パルスを受け取り、メモリセルに印加する構成を備える。
次に、本発明の第5の実施形態として、上記で説明したベリファイソフトフォーミング法以外のソフトフォーミング手法として、電流制限した電圧パルスによる1パルス印加ソフトフォーミング回路を用いた1T1R型の不揮発性記憶装置について説明する。
図43(a)、図43(b)は、図42(a)、図42(b)におけるトランジスタと抵抗変化素子の負荷特性を用いて、抵抗遷移時における動作点解析を行うためのI-V特性の模式図であり、縦軸は、電流I(任意単位)であり、横軸は、印加電圧Vである。
次に、本発明の第6の実施形態として、自動フォーミング制御回路を設けた1T1R型の不揮発性記憶装置について説明する。
この自動フォーミング制御回路247は、フォーミングサイクルにおいて、行アドレス信号及び列アドレス信号を自動発生し、行選択回路208、及び列選択回路203にそれぞれアドレス信号を出力し、メモリセルM11、M21、M31、・・・、M12、M22、M32、・・・と、ビット線BL及びワード線WLを切り換えながら、全メモリセルM11、M21、・・・を連続的に選択し、さらに、この時、フォーミング(初期化としてのLR化)用電圧の印加を指示するフォーミング信号をフォーミング回路244へ出力し、全メモリセルM11、M21、・・・をそれぞれ、フォーミング回路244により1回のパルス印加でソフトフォーミングして行く。
2 下部電極
3 イオン源層
4 記憶層
5 絶縁層
6 上部電極
100、300、600 抵抗変化素子
100a、300a、600a 下部電極
100b、300b、600b 抵抗変化層
100b-1 第1の酸素不足型のタンタル酸化物層
100b-2 第2の酸素不足型のタンタル酸化物層
100c、300c、600c、238、242 上部電極
200、227、237、241、270、290 不揮発性記憶装置
201、228、272 メモリ本体
202、229 メモリアレイ
203 列選択回路
204、240 センスアンプ
205 データ入出力回路
206、230、271、280 書き込み回路
207、231、273 行ドライバ
208 行選択回路
209 アドレス入力回路
210 制御回路
211、232 書き込み用電源
212 低抵抗(LR)化用電源
213 高抵抗(HR)化用電源
214、234 書き込みドライバ回路
215 ボルテージフォロワ回路
216、233 分圧回路
235 ライトバッファ
218 カレントミラー回路
219、220 クランプトランジスタ
221 基準回路
222、223 選択トランジスタ
224 インバータ
225、226 トランジスタ
236 スイッチ
239 外部印加端子接続用スイッチ
242 メモリ本体
244 フォーミング回路
247 自動フォーミング制御回路
249 PMOSトランジスタ
250、251 NMOSトランジスタ
301 半導体基板
302a 第1のN型拡散層領域
302b 第2のN型拡散層領域
303a ゲート絶縁膜
303b ゲート電極
304 第1ビア
305 第1配線層
306 第2ビア
307 第2配線層
308 第3ビア
310 第4ビア
311 第3配線層
317 トランジスタ
401 スイッチ素子
500 1T1R型メモリセル
510 抵抗膜用第1ビア
511 抵抗膜用第2ビア
600b-1 第1の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層
600b-2 第2の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層
700、705 通常パルス発生回路
701、706 可変電圧パルス発生回路
702 通常判定基準回路
703 フォーミング判定基準回路
704 可変電圧発生回路
Claims (18)
- 抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して、製造後の第1の状態から、印加される電圧パルスの極性によって高抵抗状態と低抵抗状態とを可逆的に遷移し得る第2の状態に変化させる初期化であるフォーミングを施す方法であって、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、前記第1の状態では、前記高抵抗状態のときよりも大きい抵抗値をもち、
前記方法は、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の抵抗値が前記高抵抗状態における抵抗値よりも小さいか否かを判断する判断ステップと、
前記判断ステップで前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子の抵抗値が前記高抵抗状態における抵抗値よりも小さくないと判断された場合に、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を前記第1の状態から前記第2の状態に変化させるのに要する、絶対値が最低の電圧であるフォーミング開始電圧に、予め定められた電圧を加えて得られる電圧を絶対値最大電圧とし、絶対値が前記絶対値最大電圧を超えない電圧の電圧パルスを前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加する印加ステップとを含む
抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、第1の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層と、前記遷移金属酸化物層よりも高い酸素含有率をもつ第2の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層とを有し、
前記印加ステップでは、前記第2の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層の電位を基準として前記第1の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層に対して正の電圧をもつ電圧パルスを印加し、
前記予め定められた電圧は、前記第1及び第2の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層に依存して定まる値である
請求項1記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記第1の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層は、TaOxで表される組成を有する層であり、
前記第2の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層は、TaOy(ただし、x<y)で表される
組成を有する層であり、
前記予め定められた電圧は、0.7Vである
請求項2記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記判断ステップと前記印加ステップとは繰り返され、
前記印加ステップでは、直前に印加した電圧パルスよりも絶対値が大きな電圧の電圧パルスを印加する
請求項1記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記印加ステップでは、直前に印加した電圧パルスの電圧に前記予め定められた電圧を超えない電圧を加えて得られる電圧をもつ電圧パルスを印加する
請求項4記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、複数のメモリセルごとに配置され、
前記印加ステップでは、前記複数のメモリセルに配置された前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して、順に、同一電圧の電圧パルスを印加し終えた後に、直前に印加した電圧パルスよりも絶対値が大きな電圧の電圧パルスを印加する
請求項4記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 前記印加ステップでは、供給可能な電流の最大値が制限された電圧源を用いて、前記電圧パルスを印加する
請求項1記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子のフォーミング方法。 - 抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を用いた抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置であって、
印加される電圧パルスの極性によって高抵抗状態と低抵抗状態とを可逆的に遷移し得る抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子とスイッチ素子とが直列に接続された複数のメモリセルから構成されるメモリセルアレイと、
前記メモリセルアレイの中から、少なくとも1つメモリセルを選択する選択部と、
前記選択部で選択されたメモリセルに含まれる抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を、製造後における、前記高抵抗状態のときよりも大きい抵抗値をもつ第1の状態から、印加される電圧パルスの極性によって高抵抗状態と低抵抗状態とを可逆的に遷移し得る第2の状態に変化させるためのフォーミング用電圧パルスを発生するフォーミング用電圧パルス発生部と、
前記選択部で選択されたメモリセルに含まれる抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を高抵抗状態から低抵抗状態に、又は、低抵抗状態から高抵抗状態に遷移させるための書き込み用電圧パルスを発生する書き込み用電圧パルス発生部と、
前記選択部で選択されたメモリセルに含まれる抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子が前記高抵抗状態のときよりも低い抵抗値をもつ状態にあるか否かを判定するフォーミング判定部、及び、前記選択部で選択されたメモリセルに含まれる抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子が高抵抗状態か低抵抗状態かを判定する通常判定部と、を有する読み出し部とを備え、
前記フォーミング用電圧パルス発生部は、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子を前記第1の状態から前記第2の状態に変化させるのに要する、絶対値が最低の電圧であるフォーミング開始電圧に、予め定められた電圧を加えて得られる絶対値が最大となる電圧を絶対値最大電圧として、前記フォーミング用電圧パルスを前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加する
抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子は、第1の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層と、前記遷移金属酸化物層よりも高い酸素含有率をもつ第2の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層とを有し、
前記フォーミング用電圧パルス発生部は、前記第2の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層の電位を基準として前記第1の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層に対して正の電圧をもつ電圧パルスを印加し、
前記予め定められた電圧は、前記第1及び第2の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層に依存して定まる値である
請求項8記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記第1の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層は、TaOxで表される組成を有する層であり、
前記第2の酸素不足型の遷移金属酸化物層は、TaOy(ただし、x<y)で表される
組成を有する層であり、
前記予め定められた電圧は、0.7Vである
請求項9記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記フォーミング用電圧パルス発生部は、絶対値が小さい電圧から段階的に絶対値が大きい電圧の電圧パルスを発生する可変電圧パルス発生回路を含む
請求項8記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記可変電圧パルス発生回路は、直前に発生した電圧パルスの電圧に前記予め定められた電圧を超えない電圧を加えて得られる電圧をもつ電圧パルスを次に発生する
請求項11記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記フォーミング用電圧パルス発生部は、供給可能な電流の最大値が制限された電圧源を用いて、前記電圧パルスを発生する
請求項8記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - さらに、複数のビット線と複数のソース線とを有し、
前記複数のメモリセルのそれぞれは、前記複数のビット線の一つと前記複数のソース線の一つとの間に接続され、
前記選択部は、前記複数のソース線の少なくとも一つを選択する行選択部と、前記ビット線の少なくとも一つを選択する列選択部とを有し、
前記読み出し回路は、前記列選択部を介して、前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子と接続され、
前記フォーミング用電圧パルス発生部は、前記列選択部で選択されたビット線の電位を基準として前記行選択部で選択されたソース線に対して前記フォーミング用電圧パルスを印加する、又は、前記行選択部で選択されたソース線の電位を基準として前記列選択部で選択されたビット線に対して前記フォーミング用電圧パルスを印加する
請求項8記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - さらに、前記行選択部、前記列選択部及び前記フォーミング用電圧パルス発生部を制御することによって前記複数のメモリセルを順に選択し、選択したメモリセルに含まれる抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に対して前記フォーミング用電圧パルスを印加させる自動フォーミング制御回路を備える
請求項14記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記フォーミング用電圧パルス発生部は、絶対値が最大である前記絶対値最大電圧を絶対値が超えない電圧パルスを外部から入力するための端子を有し、前記端子を介して入力された電圧パルスを、前記フォーミング用電圧パルスとして発生する
請求項8記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記読み出し部は、前記フォーミング判定部及び前記通常判定部として、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子が前記高抵抗状態のときよりも低い抵抗値をもつか否かを判定するためのフォーミング用基準抵抗と、
前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子が高抵抗状態か低抵抗状態かを判定するための読み出し用基準抵抗と、
前記フォーミング用基準抵抗及び前記読み出し用基準抵抗のいずれかを選択する選択回路と、
前記選択回路で選択された前記フォーミング用基準抵抗又は前記読み出し用基準抵抗に対して一定の電圧を印加して流れる基準電流と、前記一定の電圧を前記抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶素子に印加して流れるメモリセル電流とを比較する比較回路とを有する
請求項8記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。 - 前記フォーミング用基準抵抗の抵抗値は、前記読み出し用基準抵抗の抵抗値よりも大きい
請求項17記載の抵抗変化型不揮発性記憶装置。
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