WO2005020337A1 - 発光装置 - Google Patents
発光装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2005020337A1 WO2005020337A1 PCT/JP2004/011158 JP2004011158W WO2005020337A1 WO 2005020337 A1 WO2005020337 A1 WO 2005020337A1 JP 2004011158 W JP2004011158 W JP 2004011158W WO 2005020337 A1 WO2005020337 A1 WO 2005020337A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- emitting device
- light
- light emitting
- nitride semiconductor
- Prior art date
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- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 185
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 142
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 123
- JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Gallium nitride Chemical compound [Ga]#N JMASRVWKEDWRBT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 208
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 44
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Classifications
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- H01L33/02—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor bodies
- H01L33/26—Materials of the light emitting region
- H01L33/30—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of Group III and Group V of the Periodic Table
- H01L33/32—Materials of the light emitting region containing only elements of Group III and Group V of the Periodic Table containing nitrogen
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- H01L33/00—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L33/36—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the electrodes
- H01L33/38—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the electrodes with a particular shape
- H01L33/382—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the electrodes with a particular shape the electrode extending partially in or entirely through the semiconductor body
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- H01L33/48—Semiconductor devices having potential barriers specially adapted for light emission; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by the semiconductor body packages
- H01L33/50—Wavelength conversion elements
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- H01L33/58—Optical field-shaping elements
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a light emitting device, and more specifically, to a light emitting device formed from a nitride semiconductor.
- the light emitting device in the present invention may refer only to a semiconductor element or a semiconductor chip formed mainly of a nitride semiconductor substrate and a semiconductor layer laminated thereon, In some cases, it refers only to devices mounted on mounted components and sealed with resin. Furthermore, it may be used for both meanings.
- a semiconductor chip may be simply referred to as a chip.
- the substrate and the epitaxy layer formed thereon on the chip may be simply referred to as the substrate.
- LEDs are currently widely used for lighting small electronic devices such as portable information terminals, but will be used for lighting in large spaces or large areas in the future. It has the potential to be used. In order to be used for lighting large spaces and large areas, it is necessary to increase the light output of LEDs. Therefore, it is necessary to apply a large current to the LED electrodes to solve the problem of temperature rise due to heat generation.
- Fig. 59 shows a structure of a GaN-based LED that is currently proposed (Patent Document 1).
- an n-type GaN layer 102 is provided on a sapphire substrate 101, and a quantum well structure 103 is formed between the n-type GaN layer 102 and the p-type GaN layer 104. Light emission occurs in this quantum well structure 103.
- a p-electrode 105 is formed so as to make ohmic contact
- an n-electrode 106 is formed so as to make ohmic contact.
- the p-electrode 105 and the n-electrode 106 are connected to the mounted component 109 via solder balls 107 and 108.
- the mounted components are composed of a Si substrate, and a circuit is formed to protect against external surge voltages. In other words, emphasis is placed on surge voltage such as transient voltage and electrostatic discharge as the main factor of circuit failure for group III nitride semiconductors such as Ga, Al, and In.
- a power shunt circuit for protecting the light emitting device is formed by a Zener diode or the like so that a reverse voltage is not applied. The protection from surge voltage will be explained in detail later.
- the (al) p-type GaN layer 104 is down-mounted so as to emit light on the back side of the sapphire substrate 101, and the (a2) n-type GaN layer 102
- the feature is that it forms The structure of this GaN-based LED is very complex, as shown in Figure 59.
- (A2) The n-electrode layer was formed on the n-type GaN layer 102, which causes such a complicated structure because the sapphire substrate 101 is an insulator, so that an n-type electrode cannot be provided on the sapphire substrate. is there.
- GaAs-based, GaP-based, and GaN-based compound semiconductors used in light-emitting devices that are not limited to the light-emitting devices using the sapphire substrate described above, a protection circuit from transient voltage and electrostatic discharge is provided in the light-emitting device. Proposals have been made frequently (see Patent Document 24).
- the withstand voltage in the reverse direction is as low as about 50 V and the withstand voltage in the forward direction is only about 150 V.Therefore, it is important to provide a power shunt circuit for the above protection. I have.
- a chip such as the GaN-based chip is formed on a submount Si substrate, and a protection circuit including a Zener diode is formed on the Si substrate.
- a protection circuit including a Zener diode is formed on the Si substrate.
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-286457
- Patent Document 3 JP-A-11-54801
- Patent Document 4 JP-A-11-220176
- the structure is complicated and the manufacturing cost cannot be avoided. In order to exploit demand for lighting in large spaces, it is essential that LEDs are inexpensive, so the above structure is not desirable. Further, since the p-electrode 105 and the n-electrode 106 are arranged on the side of the down-mounting surface, the area of the electrode, especially the area of the p-electrode is limited. In order to obtain a high output by applying a large current, it is desirable that the p-electrode has a particularly large area. However, the structure shown in FIG. 59 is limited, and as a result, the light output is limited. Furthermore, it is not preferable to dispose two electrode layers on one surface to release the heat generated by the current.
- the heat radiation area is limited and the thermal resistance (temperature rise due to input of unit energy per unit area) is large. Therefore, it is not possible to increase the injection current per light emitting device.
- the area of the p-electrode is limited as described above, it is customary to design the heat with little margin.
- the design of the thermal conditions in the light emitting device is of fundamental importance, and in the case of obtaining a large output, the design is limited by the thermal conditions described above. However, it is inevitable to adopt a complicated electrode shape in order to ease it.
- the issue of luminous efficiency is also an important force.
- the totally reflected light propagates through the GaN layer and exits from the side of the GaN layer.
- the total amount of reflected light accounts for a considerable proportion, and since the GaN layer is thin, the energy density of light emitted from the side is high.
- the sealing resin located on the side of the GaN layer and irradiated with the light is damaged, which causes a problem of shortening the life of the light emitting device.
- a GaN-based LED having a structure in which light is extracted from the p-layer side (n-electrode on the back of the SiC substrate, Z-SiC substrate, Zn-type GaN layer / quantum well laminated structure (light-emitting layer) / p-type GaN layer / p-electrode). Since the light absorption of the p-electrode is large, high-output light cannot be emitted to the outside efficiently. If the coverage of the p-electrode is reduced, that is, if the aperture ratio is increased to increase the amount of light emission, the p-type GaN layer has a high electric resistance, so that current must flow through the entire p-type GaN layer.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a light emitting device that is easy to manufacture because of its simple structure, and that can stably obtain high luminous efficiency over a long period of time.
- the light emitting device of the present invention provides a nitride semiconductor substrate, an n-type nitride semiconductor layer on a side of the first main surface of the nitride semiconductor substrate, and an n-type nitride semiconductor as viewed from the nitride semiconductor substrate.
- the light-emitting device includes a p-type nitride semiconductor layer located farther from the layer and a light-emitting layer located between the n-type nitride semiconductor layer and the p-type nitride semiconductor layer.
- the specific resistance of the nitride semiconductor substrate is 0.5 ⁇ 'cm or less
- the side of the p-type nitride semiconductor layer is mounted down
- the side opposite to the first main surface of the nitride semiconductor substrate is mounted. Emit light from the second main surface, which is the main surface of the.
- the electric resistance is low, and the n-type electrode is provided on the back surface (second main surface) of the nitride semiconductor substrate. Since the poles are provided, even if the n-electrode is provided with a small coverage ratio, that is, a large aperture ratio, a current can be allowed to flow through the entire nitride semiconductor substrate. For this reason, the rate at which light is absorbed by the emission surface is reduced, and luminous efficiency can be increased. It goes without saying that light emission may be performed not only from the second main surface but also from the side surface. The same applies to the following light emitting devices.
- a p-type electrode layer can be formed on the entire surface of the p-type nitride semiconductor layer, and a large current can be obtained. It is possible to adopt a favorable structure for suppressing the flow of heat and for releasing the generated heat by conduction. That is, restrictions imposed by thermal requirements are greatly reduced. Therefore, it is not necessary to reduce the electric resistance to a comb shape in which the p-electrode and the n-electrode are intricately formed.
- the GaN substrate has excellent conductivity, it is not necessary to provide a protection circuit for surge voltage, and the withstand voltage can be extremely excellent.
- the nitride semiconductor "substrate” refers to a plate-like object having a relatively thick thickness that can be carried independently and is difficult to maintain its own shape by itself when transported. And “layer”. The same applies to the GaN substrate and the A1N substrate described below.
- Another light emitting device of the present invention also includes a GaN substrate of a nitride semiconductor substrate, and an n-type AlGaN layer of an n-type nitride semiconductor layer on the first main surface side of the GaN substrate. ⁇ 1) and GaN-based
- a light-emitting device comprising a light-emitting layer located between an IGaN layer and a p-type AlGaN layer.
- the dislocation density of the GaN substrate is 10 8 / cm 2 or less, and the p-type AlGaN
- the layer side is down-mounted, and light is emitted from the second main surface, which is the main surface opposite to the first main surface of the GaN substrate.
- the GaN substrate in the present invention has conductivity, and it is easy to reduce the electric resistance.
- High crystallinity because the dislocation density is 10 8 / cm 2 or less; and
- the high aperture ratio can increase the light output from the second main surface. It also emits light from the side.
- Still another light-emitting device of the present invention is a light-emitting device, comprising: a conductive A1N substrate of a nitride semiconductor substrate; and an n-type AlGaN layer of an n-type nitride semiconductor layer on the first main surface side of the A1N substrate. (0 ⁇ 1),
- the thermal conductivity of the A1N substrate is 100 W / (m'K) or more, the p-type AlGaN layer side is down-mounted, and the main surface opposite to the first main surface of the A1N substrate is
- the heat can be transmitted to the lead frame and the like from 1 to suppress the temperature rise in the light emitting device.
- heat can be dissipated from the A1N substrate, which contributes to suppression of temperature rise.
- the above A1N substrate is assumed to be a conductive A1N substrate into which impurities have been introduced in order to have conductivity.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an LED of Example A of the present invention in Example 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a laminated structure including a light emitting layer of the LED of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 3 is a view showing a state of a wafer when a chip having a laminated structure of Example A of the present invention is collected from the wafer.
- FIG. 4 is a view showing an arrangement of electrodes in FIG. 3.
- FIG. 5 is a view showing Comparative Example B.
- FIG. 6 is a view showing a laminated structure including a light emitting layer of the LED of Comparative Example B.
- FIG. 7 is a view showing a state of a wafer when a chip having a laminated structure of Comparative Example B is collected from the wafer.
- FIG. 8 is a view showing an arrangement of electrodes in FIG. 7.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the relationship between the applied current and the optical output of Example A of the present invention and Comparative Example B.
- FIG. 10 shows the relationship between current density and light output in the light-emitting layers of Inventive Example A and Comparative Example B.
- FIG. 13 is a plan view of the LED of Invention Example C1 in FIG. 12.
- FIG. 14 is a view showing an LED of Comparative Example E.
- FIG. 15 is a plan view of the LED of Comparative Example E shown in FIG.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing an LED of Example F of the present invention in Example 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a view showing the arrangement of electrodes when a chip having a laminated structure of Example F of the present invention is collected from a wafer.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram schematically showing a current flow in an LED chip by a calculation simulation.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing a current density ratio in a light emitting layer of an LED in Example 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing the relationship between the applied current and the light output of the LED (without fluorescent material) in Example 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing the relationship between the applied current and the light output of an LED (with a fluorescent material: white) in Example 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing the relationship between current density and light output in the light emitting layer of an LED (with a fluorescent material: white) in Example 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 24 is a view showing a modification F-3 of the LED in the embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 25 is a plan view of the LED in FIG. 24.
- FIG. 26 is a diagram showing an outline of an LED transmittance measurement test in Example 4 of the present invention. [27] FIG. 27 is a diagram showing a situation where light passes through the substrate in the transmittance measurement test shown in FIG. 26.
- FIG. 28 A diagram showing the effect of substrate thickness on transmittance.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a state after performing element isolation etching.
- FIG. 30 is a view showing a state in which, in Example 5 of the present invention, the LED of Comparative Example M is subjected to element separation etching in order to collect the wafer force, and an n-electrode is to be formed at the bottom of the etching groove. It is.
- FIG. 31 is a view showing a state in which, in Example 5 of the present invention, the LED of Comparative Example N is etched from the wafer to perform element isolation and an n-electrode is to be formed at the bottom of the etching groove. It is.
- FIG. 32 is a view showing an LED of Example Q of the present invention in Example 7 of the present invention.
- FIG. 33 is a drawing showing an LED of Invention Example R of Embodiment 7 of the invention.
- FIG. 34 is a view showing LEDs of Examples S and T of the present invention in Example 8 of the present invention.
- FIG. 35 is a drawing showing an LED of Invention Example U of Example 8 of the invention.
- FIG. 36 is a view showing an LED of Example W of the present invention W of Example 8 of the present invention.
- FIG. 37 is a graph showing the influence of oxygen concentration on the specific resistance of a GaN substrate in Example 9 of the present invention.
- FIG. 38 is a view showing the influence of the oxygen concentration on the light transmittance (wavelength: 450 nm) of the GaN substrate in Example 9 of the present invention.
- FIG. 40 is a diagram showing a state in which a core in a GaN substrate is inherited by an epitaxy layer in Example 10 of the present invention.
- FIG. 41 is a view showing a core inherited by an epitaxy layer having a hole-shaped concave portion.
- FIG. 42 is a view showing an off-angle distribution from a c-plane of a GaN substrate of 20 mm ⁇ 20 mm in Example 11 of the present invention.
- FIG. 43 is a diagram showing a structure in which a buffer layer is arranged between a GaN substrate and an AlGaN cladding layer in Example 11 of the present invention.
- FIG. 44 is a view showing a result of expanding an off-angle range in which an optical output of 8 mW or more can be obtained in Example 11 of the present invention.
- FIG. 45 is a diagram showing a light emitting device in Example 12 of the present invention.
- FIG. 46 is a cross-sectional view focusing on a p-electrode of a light-emitting element according to Example 13 of the present invention.
- FIG. 47 is a plan view seen through a p-electrode of the light-emitting element of FIG. 46.
- FIG. 48 is a view showing light emission and reflection in Example 13 of the present invention S5 of Example 13.
- FIG. 49 is a graph showing light emission and reflection in Comparative Example T6 of Example 13.
- FIG. 50 is a graph showing light emission and reflection in Example A of the present invention, which was given as a comparative example of Example 13.
- FIG. 51 is a diagram showing a main surface of a GaN substrate in which a plate-like crystal reflection region appears in a lattice in Example 14 of the present invention.
- FIG. 52 is a cross-sectional view of a GaN substrate showing a plate-like crystal reflection region in FIG. 51.
- FIG. 53 is a cross-sectional view showing Example S6 of the present invention in Example 14 of the present invention.
- FIG. 54 is a plan view showing another plate-like crystal region arranged in parallel to that of FIG. 51, which is included in Example 14 of the present invention.
- FIG. 55 is a cross-sectional view of FIG. 54.
- FIG. 56 is a cross-sectional view showing light emission and reflection in Example 15 of the present invention S7 of Example 15 of the present invention.
- FIG. 57 is a cross-sectional view showing light emission and reflection in Example S8 of the present invention which is another example of Example 15 of the present invention.
- FIG. 58 is a cross-sectional view showing light emission and reflection in Comparative Example T7.
- FIG. 59 is a diagram showing a conventional LED.
- the nitride resistivity of the semiconductor substrate 0.5 Omega 'cm condition hereinafter, even in GaN substrate dislocation density is 10 8 ZCM 2 or less, and the thermal conductivity is 1 OOWZ (m. K) or more Al N
- the substrate is also filled.
- the selective embodiment of the light emitting device of the present invention including the above nitride semiconductor substrate is a selective embodiment of another light emitting device of the present invention using a GaN substrate or an A1N substrate as a semiconductor substrate. Needless to say, it can be applied to a GaN substrate or A1N substrate, which is one of the semiconductor substrates.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an LED of Example A of the present invention in Example 1 of the present invention.
- a laminated structure including a light-emitting layer, which will be described in detail later, is formed, and a p-electrode 12 is provided.
- the present embodiment has one feature in that the p-electrode 12 is down-mounted on the lead frame mount 21a by the conductive adhesive.
- the second main surface la of the GaN substrate 1 is a surface that emits light emitted from the light emitting layer, and the n electrode 11 is provided on this surface.
- the n-electrode 11 does not cover the entire second main surface. It is important to increase the proportion of the portion not covered by the n-electrode 11. Increasing the aperture ratio reduces the amount of light that is blocked by the n-electrode, and can increase the emission efficiency of emitting light to the outside.
- FIG. 2 shows an enlarged view of the stacked structure from the GaN substrate 1 to the p-electrode 12 in the above configuration. In FIG. 2, the stacked structure in FIG. 1 is upside down.
- n-type GaN epitaxial layer 2 is located on GaN substrate 1, and n-type AlGaN layer 3 is formed thereon.
- a quantum well (MQW: Multi-Quantum Well) 4 consisting of an AlGaN layer, an AlInGaN layer, and a force x1 xx 1-xxy 1-x-y is formed thereon.
- A1 A p-type AlGaN layer 5 is arranged so as to sandwich the GaN layer 3, and a p-type GaN layer 6 is disposed thereon.
- a p-type electrode 12 is formed on the p-type GaN layer 6 so as to cover the entire surface, and is mounted down. Next, the method for manufacturing the LED of Example A of the present invention will be described.
- MQW Multi-Quantum Well
- the emission wavelength was 450 nm, and the internal quantum efficiency calculated for convenience by comparing the PL (Photo Luminescence) intensity at low temperature of 4.2 K with the PL intensity at room temperature of 298 K was 50%.
- the type GaN layer had lE18 / cm 3 .
- This wafer is further etched with a CI-based gas from the Mg-doped p-type layer side to the Si-doped n-type layer by photolithography and RIE (Reactive Ion Etching). By this etching, as shown in FIG. 3, an element isolation groove 25 was formed to perform element isolation.
- the width L3 of the element separation groove is 100 ⁇ m.
- the second main surface of the GaN substrate, the back N surface, is placed at the center of the chip every 400 ⁇ m by photolithography technology, evaporation, and lift-off method. Electrodes were attached (see Figures 3 and 4). As an ⁇ electrode, a laminated structure of (Ti layer 20 nm / Al layer 100 nm / Ti layer 20 nm / Au layer 200 nm) was formed in order from the bottom in contact with the GaN substrate. This was heated in a nitrogen (N) atmosphere to reduce the contact resistance to 1E-5 ⁇ 'cm 2 or less.
- N nitrogen
- the chip was mounted on the mount portion 21a of the lead frame such that the p-type GaN layer side of the chip was in contact with the chip, thereby forming a light emitting device.
- the light emitting device and the mount are fixed by the conductive adhesive 14 applied to the mount portion, and conduction is obtained.
- the light emitting device was mounted so that the p-type GaN layer of the light emitting device was in contact with the entire mount.
- the adhesive used was an Ag-based adhesive with good thermal conductivity
- the lead frame was a CuW-based adhesive with good thermal conductivity. Thereby, the obtained thermal resistance was 8 ° C / W.
- the light-emitting device was formed into a lamp by performing resin sealing with an epoxy resin.
- a p-electrode 112 is down-mounted on a lead frame mount with a conductive adhesive 114. Further, the n-electrode is connected to the lead frame mount 121a separated from the lead frame mount to which the p-electrode is connected by the conductive adhesive 114.
- a stacked structure including a light emitting layer (FIG. 6) is provided thereon, and is in contact with a predetermined range of the n-type GaN layer 102.
- the n-type GaN layer 102 is formed on the sapphire substrate 101, and the n-electrode 111 is provided in a range outside the range where the above-mentioned laminated structure is in contact.
- the n-electrode 111 is electrically connected to the lead frame mount 121a or the lead frame lead 121b by a wire or a conductive adhesive.
- the light that has also emitted light from the light-emitting layer is emitted to the outside through the sapphire substrate 101.
- the epoxy resin 115 is sealed so as to cover the above-described laminated structure including the sapphire substrate.
- Example A of the present invention in order to improve the heat dissipation from the light emitting device, the light emitting device was mounted so that the p-type GaN layer of the light emitting device was entirely in contact with the mounting portion.
- the contact area between the p-type GaN layer 106 and the p-electrode 112 was 0.0675 mm 2 . Since heat generated by the light emitting device is generated in the quantum well layer 104 and the p-type GaN layer 106, the heat radiation is mainly determined by the area of the p-electrode 112. In the case of FIG.
- the n-electrode 111 is also connected to the mount part 121a of the lead frame by the conductive adhesive 114, but the heat radiation area is substantially the above-mentioned contact area of 0.0675 mm 2 .
- the contact area between the p-type GaN layer 6 and the p-electrode 12 in Inventive Example A is 0.09 mm 2 .
- the materials of the adhesive and the lead frame were the same as those of Example A of the present invention.
- the thermal resistance was 10.4 ° CZW, which was 1.3 times worse than that of Example A of the present invention.
- Example A of the present invention After mounting Example A of the present invention and Comparative Example B in an integrating sphere, a predetermined current was applied, and the light output values collected and output from the detector were compared. The results are shown in FIG. According to FIG. 9, current is injected into the MQW layer without leakage, and non-radiative recombination in the MQW layer occurs.
- the light output value increases in proportion to the increase of the applied current. For example, with the injection of 20 mA, the output of Example A of the present invention was 8 mW, and the output of Comparative Example B was 7.2 mW.
- Example A of the present invention a GaN-based epitaxial film / ZGaN substrate is mainly used, while in Comparative Example B, a GaN-based epitaxial film / sapphire substrate is mainly used. Since the refractive index of the sapphire substrate is about 1.8, which is considerably smaller than the refractive index of GaN of 2.4, in Comparative Example B, the light formed and propagated in the GaN-based epitaxial film is At the interface between the epitaxial film and the sapphire substrate, total reflection is easier than in Example A of the present invention. Due to this, the output of Comparative Example B is smaller than that of Inventive Example A.
- Example A of the present invention there is no portion where the current density becomes extremely large by providing the n-electrode on the second main surface side of the substrate, where the heat radiation area is sufficiently large for the generated heat. It means that it has a structure.
- Comparative Example B the heat radiation area was smaller than that of Example A of the present invention, and was provided on the n-type GaN layer with the n-electrode exposed, so that the n-type GaN layer was parallel to the layer. This means that the current density of the flowing current has become extremely large. As a result, in Comparative Example B, the heat generation further increases.
- the present invention example A has a position where the n-electrode and the p-electrode are opposed to each other. It is also possible to prevent an unnecessary increase in manufacturing cost such as providing a film for electrically insulating between the electrode and the n-electrode.
- test results of the present invention example A and the comparative example B with respect to the electrostatic withstand voltage will be described.
- Example A of the present invention In the test, a light emitting device and a capacitor charged with static electricity were opposed to each other to generate a discharge between them. At this time, in Comparative Example B, it was broken at a static voltage of about 100V. On the other hand, in Example A of the present invention, there was no breakdown up to about 8000V. In Example A of the present invention, It was found to have about 80 times the electrostatic withstand voltage of Example B.
- Example A of the present invention since a GaN-based light emitting device is formed on a GaN substrate, even if a GaN-based light emitting chip is down-mounted and light is emitted from the back surface of the GaN substrate, there is no problem. Since there is no difference in the refractive index between the two, light propagates from the GaN-based light-emitting chip to the GaN substrate without total reflection. Therefore, the light output on the main surface of the GaN substrate can be increased as compared with a structure in which a GaN-based light emitting device is formed using a sapphire substrate. Further, since the light is not extremely concentrated and emitted from the side of the GaN layer, the sealing resin is not damaged, and the life of the sealing resin is not restricted.
- Example 2 of the present invention describes Example C of the present invention when the area is further increased.
- Example C of the present invention has the same structure as that of Example A of the present invention shown in FIG. 1, but the dimension L1 is 0.3 mm (300 ⁇ ) in Example A of the present invention.
- L1 is 3 mm, which is 10 times larger, and therefore, the area is 100 times larger.
- the production method of Invention Example C is as follows.
- n-electrodes with a diameter of 100 xm were attached at the center of the chip every 3.1 mm by photolithography, evaporation, and the lift-off method.
- n-electrode a laminated structure of (Ti layer 20 nm ZAl layer 100 ⁇ mZTi layer 20 nm ZAu layer 200 nm) was formed in order from the bottom in contact with the back surface of the GaN substrate. This was heated in an inert atmosphere to reduce the contact resistance to 1E-5 ⁇ 'cm 2 or less.
- FIG. 12 and FIG. 13 are diagrams showing a C1 example of the present invention, which is a modification of the C example of the present invention.
- the present invention example C1 is characterized in that the n-electrode 11 is arranged at four corners of the GaN substrate, that is, at four corners.
- a reflection cup 37 is arranged on the lead frame so as to surround the semiconductor chip.
- Example C1 of the present invention In the production of Example C1 of the present invention, the same processing as in Example A of the present invention was performed. However, four Au wires were used for the bonding wires, and the diameter of each cross section was 25 ⁇ m. The shape of each n-electrode located at the four corners is 45 ⁇ mO.
- Comparative Example D will be described.
- the structure of Comparative Example D is the same as the structure shown in FIG.
- L1 of Comparative Example D was 3 mm, which is 10 times that of L / 300 in Comparative Example B of FIG. 5 was 300 / im (0.3 mm).
- the dimension L4 of the portion of the n-type GaN layer forming the n-electrode is 150 ⁇ , which is the same as Comparative Example B in FIG.
- the manufacturing method of Comparative Example D is as follows.
- the p-electrode was provided in the p-type GaN layer except for the exposed area 150 mO of the n-type GaN layer for arranging the element isolation groove and the n-electrode from the element area of 3.1 mm.
- the thickness, heat treatment, and contact resistance were the same as those of Example A of the present invention.
- Comparative Example E is the same as Comparative Examples B and D in that a p-electrode 112 and an n-electrode 111 are both provided on the down-mounting side using a sapphire substrate as shown in FIG. As shown in the plan view of FIG. 15, the p-electrode 1 12 is in the raised shape, the n-electrode 111 is placed between the raised teeth, and the p-electrode 112 is positioned between the p-electrode 112 and the n-electrode 111.
- n-electrodes 111 were provided every 0.5 mm, and a comb-shaped electrode having a width of 0.1 mm was provided (see FIGS. 14 and 15).
- a p-electrode was provided on the remaining back surface of the n-type GaN layer 102 while separating the n-electrode 111 and the p-electrode 112 by 0.1 mm.
- an insulator 119 for surface protection was provided in the gap between the n-electrode and the p-electrode so that each electrode did not short-circuit.
- a conductive adhesive 114 is provided at the position corresponding to each electrode position of the mounting portion 121a of the lead frame. Was mounted on the lead frame.
- Example C of the present invention After mounting Example C of the present invention and Comparative Example D in an integrating sphere, a predetermined current was applied, and the light output values condensed and output from the detector were compared.
- a current of 20 mA was applied, the output of Example C of the present invention was 8 mW, while that of Comparative Example D was 7.2 mW.
- a current of 2 A 2000 mA was applied, in the example C of the present invention, an output of 800 mW, which was 100 times higher, was obtained. However, it was damaged in Comparative Example D.
- Comparative Example D a structure in which the current flowing from the n-type electrode to the MQW light-emitting portion in the direction parallel to the n-type GaN layer was dispersed was fabricated.
- Comparative Example E an output of 7.2 mW at an applied current of 20 mA and 720 mW at 2 A were obtained, which was 0.9 times the output of Example C of the present invention.
- Example C of the present invention As described above, if an attempt is made to obtain a performance close to that of Example C of the present invention, a very complicated structure and process are required as compared with Example C of the present invention, so that the manufacturing cost becomes extremely large.
- Example C of the present invention it was not possible to break down to about 8000V. That is, in the example of the present invention, a very high electrostatic withstand voltage of about 80 times could be obtained.
- Example C1 of the present invention the aperture ratio is much higher than 50% and almost 100%. Also, by being located at the corner of the GaN substrate, the obstacle to light extraction is significantly reduced compared to the case where it is located at the center. In the case shown in FIG. 12, the n-electrode is located outside the active layer in plan view, so that the n-electrode has no effect on light extraction. As a result, it is possible to obtain an even higher output in Invention Example C1 than in Invention C.
- Example 3 of the present invention the effects of the aperture ratio on the light emitting surface and the electrical resistance of the GaN substrate on the light output were measured.
- the aperture ratio was adjusted by changing the substrate area or the p-electrode size and the n-electrode size.
- the force using the LED having the structure shown in Fig. 1 was used.
- the test piece in which the fluorescent material 26 was arranged to form a white LED was also tested.
- the test specimens are Example F of the present invention and Comparative Examples G and H in which the specific resistance of the GaN substrate does not fall within the scope of the present invention. Specimen F described later, Each of G and H was sealed with an epoxy resin without containing the fluorescent material shown in FIG. 1, and a white LED mounted with the fluorescent material shown in FIG. 16 was produced.
- the aperture ratio was ⁇ (p electrode area / n electrode area) / p electrode area ⁇ ⁇ 100 (%).
- the method for producing the above-mentioned inventive example F and comparative examples G and H will be described below.
- a lamp that emits white light was also manufactured.
- a fluorescent material that can obtain 1801 m per watt of 450 nm light output was used.
- the resulting light emitting device has a 0.49 mm aperture.
- the resulting light emitting device has an 8 mm aperture.
- Example F of the present invention With respect to Example F of the present invention and Comparative Examples G and H, the current distribution in a range where the current spreads relatively uniformly from the n-electrode to the MQW layer was calculated by simulation. The results of this simulation are reflected in the device designs of Example F of the present invention and Comparative Examples G and H.
- Figure 18 shows an image of the spread of the current.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing the current density ratio at the distance r, where r is the radial distance from the center of the light emitting layer 4 of the MQW. The current density is 1 at the center of the n-electrode.
- Example F of the present invention The current density was highest immediately below the n-electrode, and the current density decreased as the distance from the n-electrode increased.
- the range in which a current density of 1/3 or more directly below the n-electrode can be obtained is 12 mm in diameter centered just below the n-electrode. Based on this result, the size of the light-emitting device was set to 8 mm inclusive.
- an n-type electrode with a diameter of 100 ⁇ was attached to the center of the chip at a distance of 8.1 mm by photolithography, evaporation, and the lift-off method.
- an n-type electrode with a diameter of 100 zm was attached to the center of the chip every 0.5 mm on the N face of the GaN substrate by photolithography, vapor deposition, and the lift-off method.
- the aperture ratio is approximately 97% per element.
- the thickness, heat treatment, and contact resistance are the same as in Examples A to E of the present invention.
- the size of the chip of the present invention E was 8 mm in total.
- the electrical resistance of the GaN substrate is the same as that of Comparative Example G, and the current spread is 0.7 mm in diameter.
- the n-electrode Must have a diameter of 7.51 mm.
- the scribing width is set to 0.1 mm on the second main surface (light emitting surface) of the GaN substrate, using photolithography technology, vapor deposition, and lift.
- An n-electrode with a diameter of 7.51 mm was attached every 8.1 mm by the off method. In this case, the aperture ratio is approximately 31% per element.
- Example F of the present invention and Comparative Examples G and H were adjusted to 8 mW, 7.8 mW and 2.5 mW, respectively, so as to match the area ratio of the portion where no electrode was arranged.
- the output increased in proportion to the increase of the applied current up to the output of 0.1 W when the current density of the light emitting portion was 110 Ocmcm 2 at the applied current of 0.26 A.
- the output was saturated as the temperature increased due to heat generation, and the light emitting device was broken by applying a current of 10A.
- FIG. 22 and FIG. 23 show the results of measuring the luminance of the above three types of test specimens.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing the relationship between the applied current of the whitened LED by arranging the fluorescent material and the obtained luminance
- FIG. 23 is a diagram similarly showing the relationship between the current and the luminance.
- Inventive Example F and Comparative Example H even if the same fluorescent material was used, the brightness obtained varies depending on the area ratio of the portion where no electrode is arranged.Therefore, with an applied current of 10 A, 7201 m / chip and 2341 m / chip And In Comparative Example G, the thermal limit was 181 m / chip at an applied current of 0.26 A, and it was broken when an applied current of 10 A was applied. According to FIGS. 22 and 23, only Example F of the present invention obtained high luminance at a high current.
- the reason why the current application is set to a maximum of 10 A in the present embodiment is that if the current is further increased, the Joule heat generation density at the n-electrode may become too large and the heat generation may increase.
- Example F_3 of the present invention the n-electrode had a 450-zm aperture and was arranged at four corners of the GaN substrate (see FIGS. 24 and 25). As shown in FIGS. 24 and 25, the n-electrodes located at the four corners are each electrically connected to the lead frame by a bonding wire. Au wire is used as the bonding wire, and its cross-sectional diameter is 300 xm. The aperture ratio in this case is almost 100%. Further, similarly to the inventive example C1, a reflective cup 37, which is a cup-shaped reflector, was disposed.
- the fluorescent material was not mounted, and the fluorescent material was mounted on the integrating sphere, and then a predetermined current was applied to emit light.
- a predetermined current was applied to emit light.
- the light output value output from the detector that condenses the light was measured, it was 8 mW when a current of 20 mA was applied, 4 W when the applied current was 500 A, 10 A, and 28 W when a current of 70 A was applied. Output was obtained.
- the electrodes and wires are Since there is no obstacle to light extraction, the light output can be further increased.
- Example 4 of the present invention describes the effect of the GaN substrate thickness on the optical output.
- the light absorption of the GaN substrate was measured using three specimens of the present invention I, J, and K having the same structure as the LED shown in FIG. A method for manufacturing a test body will be described.
- a stacked structure of Mg-doped p-type AlGaN layer / Mg-doped p-type GaN layer) was formed.
- the emission wavelength was 380 nm, and the internal quantum efficiency calculated for convenience by comparing the PL intensity at 4.2 K at low temperature with the PL intensity at 298 K at room temperature was 50%.
- the range where the current spreads relatively uniformly from the point-like n-electrode to the MQW layer was calculated by simulation. As a result, the current density was highest immediately below the n-electrode, and decreased as the distance from the n-electrode increased. In addition, the range in which a current density of 1/3 or more directly below the n-electrode can be obtained is 3 mm in diameter centered just below the n-electrode, so the size of the light-emitting device is 1.6 mm, which is included in it.
- an n-type electrode with a diameter of 100 / im was attached every 1.7 mm by photolithography, vapor deposition, and the lift-off method.
- the portion of the GaN substrate without the n-type electrode on the Ga surface, that is, the aperture ratio is almost 100% per device. Thickness
- Example A of the present invention Heat treatment, and contact resistance are the same as those of Example A of the present invention.
- the resulting light emitting device has a 1.6 mm aperture.
- Atomic ratio of A1 ⁇ 0 ⁇ 2, 0.5, 1 and 3 types were used.
- N layers are sequentially formed.
- ⁇ electrode with a diameter of 100 ⁇ m was attached every 400 ⁇ m according to the method.
- ⁇ electrode is Al GaN substrate
- the size of the light emitting element (chip) was the same as that of Example G of the present invention, that is, 1.6 mm.
- ⁇ -type electrodes with a diameter of 100 ⁇ m were attached every 1.7 mm by photolithography, deposition, and lift-off.
- the ratio of the portion without the n-electrode on the second main surface (light emission surface) of the GaN substrate, that is, the aperture ratio is almost 100% per device.
- the thickness, heat treatment, and contact resistance were the same as in Example I of the present invention.
- the substrates 1 of the present invention examples I and J and the comparative example K having different substrate thicknesses were prepared, and the transmittance for incident light having a wavelength of 380 nm was measured.
- Figures 26 and 27 show the outline of the light transmittance measurement test.
- the thickness of the inventive example ⁇ Force S lmm (1000 ⁇ m) and thickness.
- Figure 28 summarizes the test results.
- the transmittances of inventive examples I and J and comparative example K were 70%, 90% and 10%, respectively.
- High light extraction can also be obtained by thinning the GaN substrate. Even if the thickness is too thin, the spread of the current from the n-electrode to the MQW is too small, and if it is too thick, the extraction efficiency deteriorates as described above, so the force depending on the emission wavelength is 50 ⁇ m—500 ⁇ m is desirable.
- the manufacturing cost of the GaN substrate can be reduced, and a light emitting device with lower cost can be manufactured. It becomes. It goes without saying that the cost can be reduced by reducing the thickness of the substrate regardless of the emission wavelength.
- the manufacturing yield of the thickness of the n-type GaN layer formed on the substrate will be described.
- the test pieces used are three examples of the present invention L having the same structure as the present invention A using the GaN substrate, and comparative examples M and N having the same structure as the comparative example B using the sapphire substrate.
- N layer ZMg doped p-type GaN layer is formed.
- the Si-doped n-type GaN layer 2 The thickness t was 100 nm.
- Example L of the present invention One (113) The same processing as the corresponding processing in Example A of the present invention was performed. At this time, when the etching groove 25 for element separation is formed, the etching groove bottom portion 25a is not completely flat as shown in FIG. In the case of Example L of the present invention, no electrode or the like is provided in this portion even when the central portion reaches the GaN substrate or the buffer layer as described above, so that the depth in this portion and the flatness of the bottom portion vary slightly. Also has a small effect on production yields.
- the thickness of the Si-doped n-type GaN layer 102 was 3 ⁇ m.
- MQW layer with three stacked layers of GaN layer and In GaN layer Mg-doped p of Z cladding layer p
- AlGaN layer / Mg-doped p-type GaN layer was formed. Referring to FIG. 6, Si-doped n-type G
- the thickness of the aN layer 102 was 100 nm.
- Comparative Example N since the sapphire substrate is an insulator, the n-electrode needs to be provided on the same growth film side as the p-electrode. Then, this wafer is further etched with C1-based gas from the Mg-doped p-type layer side to the Si-doped n-type GaN layer by photolithography and RIE to expose the n-type GaN layer to provide an n-type electrode. I tried to make it. However, as shown in Fig. 31, in Comparative Example N, the thickness of the Si-doped n-type GaN layer was as thin as 100 nm (0.1 ⁇ m), so that the n-type GaN layer was uniformly exposed in the wafer. I can't do that. For this reason, the exposed surface was an n-type AlGaN layer or a GaN buffer layer depending on the location. Hot phosphoric acid, etc.
- Example L of the present invention As a result of measuring the optical output in the same manner as in Example 1, in Example L of the present invention, an output of 8 mW was obtained at an applied current of 20 mA. On the other hand, with the same applied current, the output of Comparative Example M was 7.2 mW. In the structure of Example L of the present invention, the same output was obtained even when the thickness of the n-type GaN layer was reduced from 3 ⁇ m to 100 nm. Also, since the n-electrode can be provided on the N-plane of the conductive GaN substrate, it is not necessary to expose the Si-doped n-type GaN layer.
- the thickness of the light-emitting element grown on the substrate depends on the target wavelength and output, but is usually at most 6 / im or less, and most of the thickness of the Si-doped n-type GaN layer is In the example of the present invention, the thickness can be reduced from 3 ⁇ l ⁇ to 100 nm. As a result, according to the example of the present invention, it is possible to drastically reduce the cost of film growth.
- Example 6 One (Example 6)-In Example 6 of the present invention, the effect of the dislocation density of the GaN substrate on the optical output will be described.
- the test specimens used were the same as the invention sample A, and two specimens of the invention example O having a dislocation density of 1E6Zcm 2 and the comparative example P having a dislocation density of 1E9 / cm 2 .
- Example O of the present invention As a result of measuring the optical output, in Example O of the present invention and Comparative Example P, an output of 8 mW was obtained at an applied current of 20 mA, and outputs of 40 mW and 30 mW were obtained at an applied current of 100 mA. Was. Thus, Example O of the present invention can obtain a higher light emission output when compared with Comparative Example P.
- Example Q of the present invention is the LED shown in FIG. 32 in which the surface and the end face are made non-specular
- Example R of the present invention is the LED shown in FIG. 33 in which the non-specular is not performed.
- Non-mirror surfaces were obtained by dry or wet etching such as RIE.
- a mechanical polishing method may be used in addition to the non-mirroring method by etching.
- a method by wet etching using a KOH aqueous solution as an etchant was applied. After sufficiently stirring the 4 mol / l KOH aqueous solution while maintaining the temperature at 40 ° C, the wafer was immersed in a stirrer for 30 minutes to make the N face of the GaN substrate and the end face of the element non-mirror.
- Example Q of the present invention As a result of measuring the optical output in the same manner as in Example 1, the present invention Q and the comparative example R obtained outputs of 4.8 W and 4 W respectively at an applied current of 10 A.
- the fluorescent material was provided and the color was white
- an output of 11501 m was obtained in Example Q of the present invention and 9601 m in Comparative Example R at an applied current of 10 A. That is, in Example Q of the present invention, a higher emission output could be obtained. It goes without saying that the same effect is obtained even when the emission wavelength is changed. This is because when the surface and the end surface of the substrate and the n-type GaN layer are mirror-finished, as shown in Fig.
- Example 8 of the present invention describes the effect of the reflectance of the p-type electrode on the light output.
- the p-electrode is manufactured by the following method. A 4 nm thick Ni layer and a 4 nm thick Au layer are formed in order from the bottom in contact with the p-type GaN layer. Next, heat treatment is performed in an inert atmosphere. Thereafter, an Ag layer having a thickness of 100 nm is formed on the Au layer.
- the contact resistance of the p-electrode produced by the above method was 5E-4 ⁇ 'cm 2 .
- the transmittance of the p-electrode was measured after the same heat treatment was performed on the p-electrode formed on the glass plate and formed in order from the bottom layer (4 nm thick Ni layer / 4 nm thick Au layer). As a result, the transmittance of the Ni layer side force to 450 nm incident light was 70%. In addition, the reflectance was measured by attaching a 100 nm thick Ag layer to a glass plate. As a result, a reflectance of 88% was obtained for 450 nm incident light. Therefore, (4 nm thick Ni layer / 4 nm thick Au layer / 100 ⁇ m Ag layer) was formed on a glass plate with Ni layer as the lower layer, and the reflectance was measured after the same heat treatment.
- the p-electrode is manufactured by the following method. A 4 nm thick Ni layer and a 4 nm thick Au layer are formed on the p-type GaN layer in this order from the bottom. Thereafter, heat treatment is performed in an inert atmosphere. Next, a 100 nm thick A1 layer and a 100 nm thick Au layer are formed on the above Au layer. The The contact resistance of the p-electrode produced by the above method was 5E-4 ⁇ 'cm 2 .
- a laminated film of (4 nm thick Ni layer / 4 nm thick Au layer) was attached to a glass plate and subjected to the same heat treatment, and the transmittance was measured. As a result, 450 nm incident light from the Ni side was measured. 70%. Furthermore, the reflectance was measured by attaching a 100 nm thick A1 layer to a glass plate and found to be 84% for 450 nm incident light. In addition, from the bottom, a laminated film of (4 nm thick Ni layer / 4 nm thick Au layer / 100 nm thick A1 layer) was formed on a glass plate, and after the same heat treatment, the reflectance was measured. The result is 42 for 450 nm incident light.
- a reflectance of / 0 was obtained. This reflectivity is as follows. After the incident light of wavelength 450nm passes through (4nm thick Ni layer / 4nm thick Au electrode layer) with 70% transmittance, it is reflected by A1 layer with 42% reflectance and re- And the reflectivity calculated when 70% transmittance is transmitted through a 4 nm thick Ni layer / 4 Au thick electrode layer.
- Rh As a p-electrode, Rh was applied to the p-type GaN layer over the entire surface with a thickness of lOOnm, which is an ohmic electrode with high reflectivity to the p-type GaN layer. Contact resistance is 5e_4 ⁇ 'cm 2. The transmittance of this electrode was measured by attaching Rh to a glass plate and found to be 60% for 450 nm incident light.
- Invention Example W is the same as Invention Example F.
- Fig. 34 is a schematic diagram of the reflection on the mounting side of the present invention S and T
- Fig. 35 is a schematic diagram of the reflection on the mounting side of the present invention U
- the reflection on the mounting side of the present invention W FIG. 36 shows a schematic diagram of the above.
- the high reflection layer 35 is disposed between the p electrode 12 and the conductive adhesive 14, whereas in the invention example U, the p electrode 12 itself is made of a high reflectance material.
- Example V of the present invention the surface is further made non-mirror.
- no particular consideration is given to reflection on the mounting side.
- the emission output could be further improved.
- Example V of the present invention by making the N-plane and the end face of the GaN substrate non-mirror, further improvement was made possible.
- Example 9 of the present invention the relationship between the oxygen concentration of the GaN substrate, the specific resistance, and the light transmittance was grasped. Based on this relationship, p-down mounting, that is, in a light-emitting element with a GaN substrate as the light emitting surface, is characterized by establishing the optimal relationship between GaN substrate thickness and oxygen concentration for a given light emitting area. . As described above, since the light emission surface is a GaN substrate in the p-down mounting, the oxygen concentration that has a large effect on the specific resistance and the light transmittance is particularly important, as shown below.
- FIG. 37 is a diagram showing the effect of oxygen concentration on the specific resistance of a GaN substrate. From FIG. 37, the following specific resistance 0.5 Omega cm, child achieved by an oxygen concentration at least 1E17 ZCM 3 or more You can.
- FIG. 38 is a diagram showing the influence of the oxygen concentration on the transmittance of light having a wavelength of 45011111 when the GaN substrate 400111 is used. The figure shows that when the oxygen concentration exceeds 2E19 / cm 3 , the transmittance of light with a wavelength of 450 nm sharply decreases. 37 and 38, it can be seen that increasing the oxygen concentration is effective in reducing the specific resistance of the GaN substrate and enlarging the light emitting surface, but lowering the light transmittance. Therefore, it is very important to set the oxygen concentration, the thickness of the GaN substrate, and the plane size of the light emission as the GaN substrate used for the light emitting device mounted p-down.
- Fig. 39 shows the results of measuring the light output of the lamp and the planar size through which the current flows uniformly when a lamp was manufactured from a GaN substrate having a varied thickness and oxygen concentration for Example A of the present invention.
- FIG. Regarding the light output of the lamp the light output tends to decrease as the thickness increases or as the oxygen concentration increases.
- the maximum planar size through which current flows uniformly the larger the thickness and the higher the oxygen concentration, the larger the size.
- the light output is 8 mW equivalent or more when applying 20 mA in the size of Example A of the present invention.
- 6E18 atoms / cm 3 or more an oxygen concentration in the GaN substrate having a thickness of 200 ⁇ ⁇ (8E18 atoms / cm 3 or more in one side 5mm square) to 20mA when marked pressurized with the size of invention sample a
- a uniform light emission can be obtained after securing a light output of 8 mW or more.
- a square of 4 mm on a side corresponds to an application of 3.6 ⁇ (5.6 ⁇ ), and 3.6 ⁇ ( 5.6 ⁇ )
- a uniform light emission can be obtained after securing an optical output of 1.4 W (2.3 W) or more in proportion to the applied current.
- the side 4mm square 3E18 atoms / cm 3 or more in the case of side 5mm square, oxygen concentration 4E18 atoms / cm 3 or more.
- the oxygen concentration is 2E19 / cm 3 or less, an optical output of 8 mW or more cannot be obtained when 20 mA is applied in the size of Example A of the present invention.
- a current is uniformly applied to a square having a side of 10 mm, which is equivalent to 8 mW when a current of 20 mA is applied in the size of Example A of the present invention.
- the oxygen concentration range that enables the above output to be obtained is wide enough for practical use. It can be seen that at a thickness of 200 ⁇ m, an oxygen concentration of 2E19 or more can be achieved with an oxygen concentration lower than Zcm 3 . At a thickness of 400 am, this is possible with an oxygen concentration of 8E18 / cm 3 or more.
- It has a stacked structure of MQW / cladding layer Mg-doped p-type AlGaN layer / Mg-doped p-type GaN layer) in which three layers of N layers and three layers are stacked.
- Comparative Example T1 A GaN substrate having a thickness of 400 zm and being made n-type with an oxygen concentration of 5E19 / cm 3 was used.
- the specific resistance of this GaN substrate is 0.002 ⁇ cm, and the transmittance for light with a wavelength of 450 nm is 35%.
- the conditions other than the above are the same as those of the invention sample S1.
- Comparative Example T2 A GaN substrate having a thickness of 400 zm and being made n-type with an oxygen concentration of 2E16 / cm 3 was used.
- the specific resistance of this GaN substrate is 1.0 ⁇ cm, and the transmittance for light with a wavelength of 450 nm is 90%.
- the conditions other than the above are the same as those of the invention sample S1.
- Example S1 20 m by assembling the light-emitting element with p-down mounting of the test sample
- an optical output of 8 mW was obtained in Example S1 of the present invention.
- the optical output of Comparative Example T1 was only 4 mW
- the optical output of Comparative Example T2 was only 5 mW.
- the optical output of 4 mW of Comparative Example T1 can be said to be an output corresponding to the transmittance of the GaN substrate.
- the state of light emission was observed from the second main surface side of the GaN substrate, which was the light emitting surface, and the intensity of light emission was observed in the plane.
- the emission intensity is extremely strong around the n-electrode.
- the emission intensity rapidly decreases as the distance from the n-electrode increases. This is because the current passing through the n-electrode spreads sufficiently in the plane of the light emitting device due to the large specific resistance of the GaN substrate. For this reason, light emission occurred only around the p-electrode where the current was concentrated. As a result, the light emission output of the entire light emitting device of Comparative Example T2 was inferior to that of Inventive Example S1.
- the tenth embodiment of the present invention is characterized in that the light output is increased by limiting the density of the dislocation bundle in the GaN substrate in the light emitting device mounted p-down.
- the light output is increased by limiting the density of the dislocation bundle in the GaN substrate in the light emitting device mounted p-down.
- dislocations generated inevitably are concentrated and collected, and dislocation fluxes are distributed in a dispersive manner.
- the GaN substrate is placed on the light emission side, so if the dislocation flux density exceeds a predetermined value (dislocation flux density 4E2 / cm 2 ), the production yield of the light emitting device is estimated It was confirmed that the event had a dramatic effect.
- the dislocation bundle of the GaN substrate is inherited by the p-type GaN layer 6 of an epitaxy film such as a p-type GaN layer, and appears as a core 61 on the epitaxy film. Therefore, the dislocation flux density and the core density are almost the same.
- the core 61 becomes a hole-shaped concave portion as shown in FIG. 41, depending on the conditions for forming the epitaxial film. The density of the concave holes has a dramatic effect on the production yield of a p-down mounting light emitting device using a GaN substrate as an emitting surface.
- test pieces used are as follows.
- Example S2 A 0 & N substrate in which dislocation bundles are distributed on average one per 500 111 500 111 was used. This corresponds to a dislocation flux density of 4E2 / cm 2 . Other conditions are the same as in Example S1 of the present invention.
- Comparative Example T3 In the comparative example, a GaN group in which one dislocation bundle is distributed per 10 ⁇ m ⁇ 10 ⁇ m A plate was used. This corresponds to a dislocation flux density of 1E6 / cm 2 . The other conditions were the same as in Example S2 of the present invention.
- a light emitting element as a device having an optical output of less than 8mW was disassembled and a chip was taken out and examined.
- the removed chip is removed with an appropriate acid solution and the electrode is removed and observed from the p-type semiconductor layer side, several epitaxy growth layers are not formed in the GaN substrate where dislocation fluxes are distributed.
- a hole-shaped recess having a diameter of about 1 zm was observed. The above-mentioned hole-shaped recess was not recognized when the light output was 8 mW or more.
- Embodiment 11 of the present invention is characterized in that an n-type AlGaN buffer layer and an n-type GaN buffer layer are arranged between a GaN substrate and an n-type AlGaN cladding layer 3.
- the substrate has a warped force.
- a GaN substrate has a particularly large warp. Therefore, in the case of a GaN substrate, the off-angle greatly varies within the substrate plane as shown in FIG. FIG. 42 shows an example of an off-angle distribution of c-plane force of a 20 mm ⁇ 20 mm GaN substrate.
- the region Rl located at the corner and having a small off-angle of 0.05 ° level and the region having a large off-angle of 1.5 ° level The light emitting device formed in R2 cannot obtain an optical output of 8 mW or more for an applied current of 20 mA.
- This is Ga This is due to the poor crystallinity of the epitaxial film formed on the N substrate.
- an n-type AlGaN buffer layer 31 and an n-type GaN buffer layer 2 having a lattice constant intermediate between the GaN substrate 1 and the AlGaN cladding layer 3 are arranged. An attempt was made to mitigate the difference in lattice constant. More specifically, the feature is that the n-type AlGaN buffer layer 31 is arranged at the above position.
- test specimens used are as follows.
- Example 1 was used in a plane of 20 mm X 20 mm, with the off angle from the c-plane continuing from the area of 0.05 ° to the area of 1.5 °.
- the specific resistance of the GaN substrate is 0.01 ⁇ 'cm, dislocation density of lE7 / cm 2, a thickness of 400 / im.
- a plurality of light emitting elements were manufactured from each position according to the manufacturing process (al) -one (all) of Example A of the present invention in Example 1.
- an n-type GaN layer was formed in contact with the GaN substrate 1, and an AlGaN layer was placed between the GaN substrate and the n-type GaN layer.
- Example S3 of the present invention When a current of 20 mA was applied to the light emitting device, in Example S3 of the present invention, light was emitted in a 0.05-1.5 ° region including the above regions Rl and R2 of the GaN substrate of 20 mm X 20 mm. An output of 8 mW or more was obtained (see Fig. 44). In Comparative Example T4, the power S was able to obtain an optical output of 8 mW or more only in the light emitting element formed on the area where the off angle was 0.1 ° and 1.0 °. Light output of 8mW was not reached at off-angle levels of 0.05 ° and 1.5 °
- Example S3 of the present invention even when a GaN substrate whose off-angle fluctuates greatly is used, by disposing the AlGaN buffer layer as described above, an epitaxy layer having excellent crystallinity can be obtained.
- Example 11 2 Example 11-2 of the present invention is similar to Example 11, except that an n-type AlGaN buffer layer and an n-type GaN buffer are provided between the GaN substrate and the n-type AlGaN cladding layer 3.
- the feature is that by disposing the layers, the hole-shaped concave portion shown in FIG. 41 which is generated when an epitaxy film is formed in the dislocation bundle portion of the GaN substrate as in Example 10 is eliminated.
- the inside of the wafer on the side of the epitaxial layer was observed with a differential interference microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result, it was confirmed that there was no hole-shaped concave portion as shown in FIG. All of the GaN substrate with a diameter of 2 inches described above were assembled into a light emitting device except for an edge of about 5 mm from the outer periphery. One out of every 50 light emitting elements was extracted, a current of 20 mA was applied, and the yield at which an optical output of 8 mW or more was obtained was investigated. The result was a 100% yield.
- Example 12 of the present invention a p-type AlGaN layer having enhanced conductivity was arranged outside the MQW4 / p-type AlGaN cladding layer 5 / p-type GaN layer 6, and the reflectivity was high and the Ag electrode was used as the p-electrode.
- the feature is that only the layers are arranged on the entire surface. Therefore, no other metal electrode considering the work function is provided. With this configuration, a high reflectance is provided at the bottom portion on the down side, so that light absorption that occurs when another metal electrode is used is reduced, and light emission efficiency can be increased.
- test specimens are as follows.
- Example S4 of the present invention Similar to Example A of the present invention, Ga as the first main surface of the GaN substrate was used. It has the following laminated structure on the surface.
- Example A of the present invention of Example 1 the treatment step of the force (a7) for forming the Ni / Au electrode layer was not performed in the treatment step (a7), but instead the Ag electrode layer having a thickness of 100 nm was used. Was formed.
- Comparative Example T5 In the structure of Inventive Example A of Example 1, an Ag electrode layer having a thickness of 100 nm was further arranged in contact with the NiZAu electrode layer.
- Example S4 of the present invention since the p-type InGaN layer 32 was in contact with the p-type GaN layer 6, the excitement level was low. For this reason, the carrier concentration increases and the work resistance is not so large Even if the Ag reflection film 33, which is not so large, is arranged in contact with the p-type InGaN layer 32 as a p-electrode, the contact resistance between the Ag reflection film 33 and the p-type InGaN layer 32 is still small. Not so big. When the drive voltage of the light emitting device of Example S4 of the present invention was compared with the drive voltage of the light emitting device of Comparative Example T5, the difference was less than 0.05 V, and a significant difference could not be recognized.
- Example S4 of the present invention an optical output of 11.5mW was obtained when a current of 20mA was applied, whereas in Comparative Example T5 it was 9.6mW. In addition, Example A of the present invention was 8 mW.
- Example S4 of the present invention a large light output is obtained in Example S4 of the present invention because light traveling from the light emitting layer toward the p semiconductor layer is absorbed by the Ni / Au electrode layer because there is no Ni / Au electrode layer. The reason for this is that the light is reflected by the Ag layer with a reflectivity of 88%.
- the inventive example S4 the light output that could be extracted outside reached 1.2 times that of the comparative example T5.
- the force S using an Ag film for the p-electrode, and other materials that have high reflectivity and high contact resistance with the p-type InGaN layer 32 may be used, for example.
- A1, Rh can be used.
- Example 13 In Example 13 of the present invention, the light output was improved by arranging Ni / Au layers discretely in contact with the p-type GaN layer for the p-electrode and coating the Ag film to fill the gap.
- FIG. 46 is a cross-sectional view focusing on the p-electrode.
- NiZAu electrode layers 12a are discretely arranged at a predetermined pitch on the bottom surface of the down side of the epitaxial layer. Further, an Ag layer 33 is arranged so as to fill the space therebetween and cover the down-side bottom surface of the epitaxial layer and the NiZAu electrode layer 12a.
- FIG. 47 is a plan view showing the p-electrode through the upper part of the p-electrode.
- a typical pitch of the discrete Ni / Au electrode layers 12a is 3 ⁇ m.
- the pitch of 3 ⁇ m is based on the fact that in a normal p-type GaN layer or p-type AlGaN cladding layer, the diameter within the range where the current spreads from its specific resistance is 6 ⁇ m. Let's do it. In other words, by setting the pitch to 3 ⁇ m, current reaches from one discrete electrode to the next. In order for the current to flow through the electrode layer without leakage, the pitch should be 3 xm or less.However, if the pitch is made too small, the effective light extraction by the discretely arranged Ni / Au electrode layer Will be reduced.
- invention Example S5 Produced according to the same manufacturing process as Inventive Example A of Example 1, except that a 4 nm thick Ni layer was formed in contact with the p-type GaN layer in the p-electrode fabrication step (a7). Then, a 4 nm-thick Au layer was formed on the entire surface. Next, patterning was performed using a resist mask to form discretely distributed Ni / Au electrodes (see FIGS. 46 and 47). Next, by performing a heat treatment in an inert gas atmosphere, the contact resistance was set to 5 ⁇ -4 ⁇ 'cm 2 .
- an Ag layer was formed on the entire surface so as to fill the gap between the NiZAu electrodes and to cover the Ni / Au electrodes, thereby forming a reflective electrode.
- the occupancy of the discretely arranged NiZAu layer in the p-type GaN layer was 20%, and the occupancy of Ag was 80%.
- the pitch of the Ni / Au electrode layer 12 was 3 ⁇ m (see FIG. 48).
- Example T6 A laminated structure was formed on a GaN substrate according to the same manufacturing process as Example A of the present invention in Example 1.
- the p-electrode is in contact with the p-type GaN layer according to the fabrication process (a7).
- a Ni / Au layer was placed on the surface, and heat treatment was performed.
- an Ag layer was further formed on the entire surface in contact with the Ni / Au layer (see FIG. 49).
- FIG. 50 shows the reflection behavior of light toward the down side of the same light-emitting element as Example A of the present invention.
- Example S5 of the present invention Light output was measured by applying a current of 20 mA to each of the light emitting devices manufactured as described above.
- Example S5 of the present invention an optical output of 11.5 mW was obtained, but in Comparative Example T6, it was 9.6 mW.
- the ratio of light reflected from the p-electrode and emitted from the emission surface reaches 86% of the light from the active layer toward the mount side (down side) (see FIG. 48). On the other hand, it was 67% in Comparative Example T6 (FIG. 49).
- the ratio in Inventive Example A was 40% (FIG. 50).
- Example S5 of the present invention the light heading to the down side is reflected by 88% of the p-electrode due to Ag occupying 80% of the p-electrode, and occupies 20% of the p-electrode.
- the NiZAu layer reflects 20% of the light with a reflectance exceeding 40% (simply not 40%).
- the above ratio is 86%.
- Comparative Example T6 the light was further reflected by the Ag layer located on the down side of the Ni / Au layer, and the ratio of reflection was larger than that of Example A of the present invention.
- Comparative Example T6 belongs most widely to the present invention examples.
- the present embodiment is merely a comparative example for convenience of explanation.
- Ni / Au electrode layer described above may be replaced with a Pt electrode layer or a Pd electrode layer.
- the reflective electrode Ag layer may be replaced with a Pt layer or a Rh layer.
- the fourteenth embodiment of the present invention is directed to a case where a plurality of parallel GaN substrates propagated from the GaN substrate to the epitaxial layer.
- the feature is that the plate-like crystal inversion region is removed, and a p-electrode is arranged for each gap region of the plate-like crystal inversion region.
- the GaN substrate it is distributed parallel to the thickness direction of the GaN substrate and appears in a stripe form on the main surface of the GaN substrate, and the crystal inversion region propagates to the epitaxial layers 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.
- the plate-like crystal inversion regions shown in FIGS. 51 and 52 are arranged in a lattice on the main surface.
- the plate-like crystal inversion region and the dislocation bundle are the same in that the crystal arrangement is inverted with respect to the surroundings.
- the difference between the two is that the dislocation bundle gathers the dislocations into a string or a thick line, and thus the crystal inversion region is a string shape, whereas the plate-like crystal inversion region has a plate shape. It is in. That is, in the plate-like crystal inversion region, dislocations are distributed at a high density in a planar region having a thickness.
- the crystal inversion region in the above-mentioned epitaxy layer is completely removed, and the crystal inversion region of the GaN substrate is removed to a predetermined depth on the first main surface side, and each epitaxy layer is separated.
- the feature is that a p-electrode is provided for each separated epitaxial layer (see Fig. 53).
- the plate-like crystal inversion region may be formed from a lattice-like crystal inversion region where the plate-like crystal inversion region intersects on the main surface as shown in FIG. 51, or may be formed on the main surface as described later. A parallel arrangement in which the distribution is uniform in a certain direction may be used.
- the first main surface on the epitaxy layer side has a (0001) plane, that is, a c-plane.
- the crystal inversion region having a plane-symmetric relationship with the first main surface is the (000-1) plane, that is, the ⁇ c plane, and grows with the c axis inverted.
- the surface is a Ga-plane in which Ga atoms are arranged, and in the crystal inversion region, the surface is an N-plane in which N atoms are arranged.
- Example S6 of the present invention a GaN substrate in which crystal inversion regions each having a width of 30 ⁇ m were arranged in a lattice pattern at intervals of 100 / im on the first main surface was used.
- the crystal inversion region propagates to the epitaxial film formed on the GaN substrate.
- a laminated structure was formed by the same manufacturing method as that of Example A of the present invention (see step (al)-(a6) of Example A of the present invention).
- the following processing is performed instead of (a7). That is, using a mask pattern that covers only the crystal inversion region propagated to the P-type GaN layer as shown in FIG. 52, a p-electrode layer is formed only in the c-plane region of the mask gap, and then the mask pattern is removed.
- the semiconductor substrate having the mask coated on the entire second main surface (rear surface) of the GaN substrate is held in KOH at 8N (regulated) at 80 ° C., and the crystal on the first main surface is removed.
- the inversion region was removed by etching into the GaN substrate through an epitaxial layer such as a p-type GaN layer to form a groove 52. Since the plate-like crystal inversion region 51 has a high density of dislocations, it can be easily etched by KOH.
- the etching depth in the GaN substrate is such that the interfacial force between the epitaxial layer and the GaN substrate is 150 ⁇ m below the GaN substrate.
- the mask was removed, and an insulating film was deposited so as to fill the groove 52 (FIG. 53).
- Example S6 of the present invention the plate-like crystal inversion regions were arranged in a lattice shape.
- the plate-like crystal inversion regions need not be in a lattice shape.
- a plate-like crystal inversion region may be arranged only in parallel along a certain direction on the main surface of the GaN substrate. Further, even when a nitride semiconductor substrate in which point-like (actually, plane or small circle) crystal inversion regions are regularly present is used, the same as in Example S6 of the present invention according to the size and depth of the etching hole. An optical output larger than that of Example A of the present invention can be obtained.
- Embodiment 15 of the present invention is characterized in that, as shown in FIG. 56, a fluorescent plate 46 is arranged above a semiconductor chip so as to face the GaN substrate 1 and sealed with a resin 15.
- a fluorescent plate 46 is arranged above a semiconductor chip so as to face the GaN substrate 1 and sealed with a resin 15.
- the fluorescent screen is placed facing the GaN substrate, which is the radiation surface in p-down mounting.
- Specimens used are inventive examples S7 and S8 and comparative example T7 shown in FIG.
- Invention Example S7 is basically produced according to the manufacturing process of Invention Example F shown in Example 3. As shown in FIG. 56, a phosphor plate 46 was arranged on a chip mounted with p-down so as to face the back surface of the GaN substrate 1, and sealed with an epoxy resin 15 to obtain a white light emitting device.
- the above-described fluorescent plate 46 was manufactured by the following manufacturing method. 1 (Iodine) by halogen transport method
- the diffused massive ZnSSe crystal was prepared, and the massive ZnSSe crystal was heated in an atmosphere of Zn and Cu to diffuse Cu into ZnSSe.
- the bulk ZnSSe crystal was polished to a thickness of 0.5 mm using a coarse polishing machine, and then cut into a shape that could fit in the lead frame.
- Example S8 of the Invention In Example S8 of the invention, irregularities were formed on the surface 46a of the fluorescent plate 46 facing the GaN substrate (see FIG. 57). The height of the unevenness was 2 zm, and the average pitch of the unevenness was 5 zm. Other structures were the same as those of the inventive example S7.
- a fluorescent plate 46 was arranged above a chip mounted with a p-top so as to face the chip, and sealed with an epoxy resin 15 to obtain a white light emitting device.
- Example S7 of the present invention 8001 m was obtained, and in Example S8 of the present invention, 8801 m, a high luminance was obtained.
- the luminance of Comparative Example T7 was 5,401 m.
- the above GaN substrate is n-typed by oxygen doping, the oxygen concentration, the oxygen atom 1E1 7 pieces / cm 3 - in the range of 2E19 atoms / cm 3, the thickness of the GaN substrate 100 beta m- 600 ⁇ m.
- the oxygen concentration at least 1E17, as described above / cm 3 or more it is possible to improve the specific resistance of the GaN substrate, it is possible to widen sufficiently current introduced from the p-electrode in GaN substrate, the active Luminescence can be produced using the full width of the layer.
- the oxygen concentration to 2E19 / cm 3 or less, it is possible to secure a transmittance of 60% or more for light having a wavelength of 450 nm, thereby increasing the transmittance of the GaN substrate serving as a radiation surface and increasing the light output. Can be secured.
- the above oxygen concentration range depends on the thickness of the GaN substrate It works particularly effectively when the force is 00 ⁇ —600 ⁇ .
- the above oxygen concentration is in the range of 5E18 atoms / cm 3 — 2E19 atoms / cm 3
- the thickness of the GaN substrate may be in the range of 200 ⁇ m to 400 ⁇ m, and both sides of the light-emitting rectangular surface of the second main surface may be in the range of 10 mm or less.
- the oxygen concentration of the, 3E18 oxygen atoms pieces / cm 3 - 5E18 atoms in the range of / cm 3 was in the range of 400 ⁇ m 600 ⁇ m, the second major surface Both sides of the light-emitting rectangular surface may be within a range of 3 mm or less.
- the oxygen concentration of the, 5E18 oxygen atoms / cm 3 - 5E19 atoms in the range of / cm 3 the thickness of the GaN substrate was in the range of 100 ⁇ m 200 ⁇ m, emitting light of the second main surface Both sides of the rectangular surface can be less than 3mm.
- Dislocation flux force A GaN substrate that is distributed on the first main surface of the GaN substrate at an average density of 4E6 / cm 2 or less may be used.
- the above dislocation bundles average 4E2 cells to the first major surface / cm 2 distributed in the following densities, rectangular both surfaces of the sides 200 mu m 400 for emitting light of the second main surface It may be in the range of ⁇ m.
- the n-type AlGaN buffer layer is in contact with the GaN substrate and the n-type AlGaN buffer layer is in contact with the n-type AlGaN buffer layer.
- the configuration may be such that the n-type GaN buffer layer is located and the n-type AlGaN layer (0 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 1) is in contact with the n-type GaN buffer layer.
- the n-type AlGaN layer is placed between the GaN substrate and the n-type AlGaN layer (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), which is the cladding layer of the active layer, as described above.
- a buffer layer and an n-type GaN buffer layer may be arranged.
- the above-mentioned laminated structure has a region in which the off angle is 0.10 ° or
- Dislocation fluxes are distributed on the GaN substrate described above, and dislocation fluxes are distributed on the epitaxy layer located on the n-type GaN buffer layer in contact with the n-type AlGaN buffer layer and the n-type A1GaN buffer layer. Propagating, let's go, as a composition.
- the manufacturing yield can be significantly increased. That is, by disposing the n-type AlGaN buffer layer and the n-type GaN buffer layer as described above, it is possible to substantially eliminate dislocation bundles in the epitaxial laminated structure including the light emitting layer. That is, the dislocation bundle can be terminated near the GaN substrate or a layer immediately above the GaN substrate by the n-type AlGaN buffer layer and the n-type AlGaN buffer layer.
- the p-type GaN buffer layer located on the down side in contact with the p-type AlGaN layer (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1) and the p-type InGaN contact layer located in contact with the p-type GaN buffer layer May be provided.
- the p-type InG having excellent electrical conductivity is formed under the p-electrode layer. Since an aN contact layer can be provided, the necessity of selecting a material for the p-electrode layer with the work function or the like being the most important is reduced. For this reason, for example, the material of the p-electrode can be selected by giving the most importance to the reflectance and the like.
- [0181] can be such that the range of the Mg concentration force Mg atoms 1E18- 1E21 atoms / cm 3 of the above ⁇ -type InGaN contact layer.
- the above-described configuration may have a p-electrode layer composed of an Ag layer in contact with the p-type InGaN contact layer.
- the light output can be increased by increasing the reflectance from the mounting portion, that is, the bottom of the light emitting element to reduce the loss of light.
- the above-mentioned GaN substrate has a plate-like crystal inversion region extending continuously in the thickness direction and in the plane of the GaN substrate, and the plate-like crystal inversion region in the GaN substrate and the GaN substrate.
- the plate-shaped crystal inversion region propagated to the n-type and p-type nitride semiconductor layers formed above is removed from the p-type nitride semiconductor layer side to the position through the n-type nitride semiconductor layer and into the GaN substrate Then, a p-electrode is provided for each p-type nitride semiconductor layer in contact with the p-type nitride semiconductor layer remaining after the removal.
- the light extraction surface can be increased, so that the light output can be improved.
- the plate-like crystal inversion region may be removed with a KOH aqueous solution to a position in the GaN substrate.
- the first p-electrode which is in contact with the p-type nitride semiconductor layer and is arranged discretely over the surface of the p-type nitride semiconductor layer, fills a gap between the first p-electrode and the first p-electrode.
- a second p-electrode made of Ag which covers the p-type nitride semiconductor layer and the first p-electrode.
- the coverage of the discretely arranged first p-electrodes on the surface of the p-type nitride semiconductor layer may be in the range of 10 to 40%.
- the fluorescent plate may be arranged so as to be away from the nitride semiconductor substrate and to face the second main surface of the nitride semiconductor substrate.
- the fluorescent plate By arranging the fluorescent plate directly above the nitride semiconductor substrate that constitutes the light emitting section with the p-down mounted, the light reflected back from the back surface of the fluorescent plate is re-reflected by the nitride semiconductor surface, and To the side. As a result, the light output can be improved.
- the surface of the above-described phosphor plate facing the second main surface of the nitride semiconductor substrate can be subjected to an unevenness treatment.
- the above-described nitride semiconductor substrate may function as a grounding member for releasing power of the transient voltage or electrostatic discharge to the ground.
- a nitride semiconductor substrate having a high electrical conductivity requires a light-emitting element to respond to a transient voltage applied between the nitride semiconductor substrate and the side of the down-mounted p-type AlGaN layer ⁇ electrostatic discharge. In order to protect them from high voltages, they can function as grounding members that release those high voltages to the ground. Therefore, it is not necessary to provide a protection circuit such as a power shunt circuit including a zener diode to cope with the above-mentioned transient voltage or electrostatic discharge. Transient voltages and electrostatic discharges are the main causes of circuit failure for III-nitride semiconductors. If the electrical conductivity of the nitride semiconductor substrate is high as described above, it can be used as a grounding member, and manufacturing. The process can be greatly shortened, and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.
- the above light emitting element can emit light by applying a voltage of 4 V or less.
- a nitride semiconductor substrate having a high electric conductivity, that is, a low electric resistance it is possible to inject a current sufficient for light emission into the light emitting layer by applying a low voltage, and to emit light. This Therefore, since a smaller number of batteries can be mounted, it is possible to contribute to a reduction in size, weight, and cost of a lighting device incorporating a light emitting element. It is also effective in reducing power consumption.
- the thickness of the nitride semiconductor substrate is set to 50 ⁇ m or more.
- the GaN substrate or the n-type nitride semiconductor be thick.
- the thickness of the substrate is less than ⁇ ⁇ m, if the area of the n-electrode is reduced, it does not spread sufficiently when it reaches the active layer of the quantum well structure, and does not emit light in the active layer. The light emission is insufficient and some parts are generated.
- the thickness of the substrate By setting the thickness of the substrate to 50 zm or more, even if the area of the n-electrode is reduced due to the low electric resistance, the current spreads sufficiently in the substrate and the light emitting portion in the active layer is reduced. Can be expanded sufficiently. More preferably, it should be at least 75 x m. However, if the thickness is too large, the absorption by the substrate cannot be neglected.
- An electrode having an aperture ratio of 50% or more may be provided on the second main surface of the nitride semiconductor substrate.
- the emission efficiency of light from the second main surface can be increased.
- the light output absorbed by the n-electrode decreases as the rotation efficiency increases, so that the light output can be increased.
- the aperture ratio is more preferably at least 75%, further preferably at least 90%.
- an electrode provided on the nitride semiconductor substrate, the contact area between the nitride semiconductor substrate can be such that 0.055 mm 2 or more.
- the cross-sectional area of the bonding wire for electrically connecting the electrode and the lead frame is equal to or less than 0.
- the cross-sectional area of the bonding wire that electrically connects the electrode and the lead frame is set to 0. 07 mm 2 or more.
- electrode is positioned is divided into two or more corners of the nitride semiconductor substrate, the total contact area between the electrode and the nitride semiconductors substrate is at 0.055 mm 2 or more, and is located on the lead frame and the corner one
- the sum of the cross-sectional areas of the bonding wires electrically connecting the electrodes can be 0.002 mm 2 or more.
- the sum of the cross-sectional area of Bondin Guwaiya for electrically connecting the electrode and the lead frame located above the corner may be 0.07 mm 2 or more.
- the area of the portion emitting light of the above second main surface may be 0. 25 mm 2 or more.
- the range that can be replaced with existing lighting equipment is increased. If the area of the light emitting part is less than 0.25 mm 2 , the number of light emitting elements to be used becomes too large, and it is impossible to replace existing lighting equipment.
- the part that emits light is as follows. In a nitride compound semiconductor substrate, the larger the current is, the better. This means that the light emission area can be increased as the electric resistance decreases.For example, if the specific resistance of the nitride compound semiconductor substrate is 0.01 ⁇ 'cm, as in Example F of the present invention, it is about 8 mm ⁇ 8 mm. can do.
- the light emitting portion of the second main surface of the nitride semiconductor substrate may have a size of lmm x 1mm or more.
- the light emitting portion of the second main surface of the nitride semiconductor substrate may be 3 mm ⁇ 3 mm or more. Further, the light emitting portion on the second main surface of the nitride semiconductor substrate may have a size of 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm or more.
- the size of lmm X lmm or more means a size including 1mm X lmm.
- the above light emitting element may be configured to have a thermal resistance of 30 ° C / W or less.
- the luminous efficiency of the light emitting element is reduced due to the temperature rise. If the temperature rise is excessive, the light emitting element is damaged. For this reason, in a light emitting element, temperature or thermal resistance is an important design factor. Conventionally, the thermal resistance has been approximately 60 ° C / W (Patent Document 1). However, as described above, by setting the thermal resistance to be 30 ° C./W or less, the luminous efficiency is significantly reduced even if the power supplied to the light emitting element is sufficiently applied, or the light emitting element No damage is caused. The halving of the thermal resistance as described above was first realized by using a GnN substrate having a small specific resistance as described above.
- the temperature of the portion where the temperature rises most in the continuous light-emitting state can be set to 150 ° C or lower.
- the temperature where the temperature rises most that is, the temperature of the light emitting layer is set to 150 ° C or lower, and a sufficiently high luminous efficiency can be secured. Further, the life can be greatly extended as compared with the conventional light emitting device.
- the thickness of the n-type nitride semiconductor layer is preferably 3 / im or less.
- the n-type nitride semiconductor layer is formed by epitaxial growth on the nitride semiconductor substrate. If it is excessively thick, a long time is required for a film forming process, and the cost of raw materials increases. By setting the thickness of the n-type nitride semiconductor layer to 3 ⁇ or less as described above, a great cost reduction can be obtained. More preferably, it is better to be 2 / im or less.
- a non-mirror surface treatment may be applied to a portion not covered with the electrode.
- Non-mirror treatment may be applied to the side of the laminated structure, needless to say.
- the surface force subjected to the non-mirror surface treatment described above is applied to an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide (K) H), an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), an aqueous solution of ammonia (NH 4), or another alkaline aqueous solution.
- K potassium hydroxide
- NaOH sodium hydroxide
- NH 4 aqueous solution of ammonia
- a non-specular surface may be used.
- the surface may be made non-specular using one.
- the surface subjected to the non-mirror surface treatment may be a surface non-mirrorized using RIE.
- RIE reactive ion etching
- wet etching with an alkaline aqueous solution can be used to obtain a predetermined uneven interval by combining with photolithography technology.
- the electrode provided on the p-type nitride semiconductor layer can be formed of a material having a reflectance of 0.5 or more.
- a phosphor may be arranged so as to cover the second main surface of the nitride semiconductor substrate. Further, the nitride semiconductor substrate may contain at least one of an impurity emitting fluorescence and a defect.
- the light emitting device of the present invention includes at least two of the above light emitting devices, and these light emitting devices are connected in series.
- a lighting component in which a plurality of the above-described high-efficiency light-emitting elements are mounted on a lead frame or the like using a high-voltage power supply.
- a car battery for example, a car battery
- the voltage is about 12 V
- light can be emitted by connecting the light emitting elements of the present invention in four or more stages in series.
- Another light-emitting element of the present invention includes two or more of the above-described light-emitting elements, and these light-emitting elements may be connected in parallel. With the above configuration, a lighting component including the above-described high-efficiency light-emitting element can be obtained using a high-current power supply.
- Still another light-emitting element of the present invention and a power supply circuit for causing the light-emitting elements to emit light, wherein two or more parallel parts in which two or more light-emitting elements are connected in parallel are connected in series. May be connected.
- the power supply circuit described above may include a parallel / vertical switching unit when the capacity of the lighting device is variable, and the parallel / horizontal switching unit may switch the wiring applied to the light emitting element.
- the light-emitting device of the present invention uses a nitride semiconductor substrate having high conductivity and a p-down mounting structure. As a result, (1) it is excellent in heat dissipation and does not require a complicated electrode structure. (2) Excellent conductivity, excellent large-area light emission without the need to provide a protection circuit to protect the light-emitting element from transient voltage ⁇ electrostatic discharge, and excellent electrostatic withstand voltage. Since there is no large discontinuity in the refractive index from large to small from the light emitting layer to the substrate, total reflection is unlikely to occur from the light emitting layer to the emission surface. No degradation (4) Light emission at low voltage does not require a large-capacity power supply, so it is particularly suitable for lighting equipment for automobiles. (5) Its simple structure makes it easy to manufacture and inexpensive. There is also excellent maintenance. For this reason, it is expected that it will be widely used in various lighting products including lighting devices for automobiles in the future.
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US20050062060A1 (en) | 2005-03-24 |
CN1774821A (zh) | 2006-05-17 |
JP2005210053A (ja) | 2005-08-04 |
KR20060059955A (ko) | 2006-06-02 |
SG145722A1 (en) | 2008-09-29 |
EP1571716A1 (en) | 2005-09-07 |
CN100414724C (zh) | 2008-08-27 |
JP3841092B2 (ja) | 2006-11-01 |
CA2509785A1 (en) | 2005-03-03 |
US20080210959A1 (en) | 2008-09-04 |
US7202509B2 (en) | 2007-04-10 |
TW200522392A (en) | 2005-07-01 |
US7687822B2 (en) | 2010-03-30 |
KR100919657B1 (ko) | 2009-09-30 |
TWI348226B (ja) | 2011-09-01 |
EP1571716A4 (en) | 2012-07-25 |
JP2005223362A (ja) | 2005-08-18 |
WO2005020337A8 (ja) | 2005-05-12 |
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