Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/28—Phosphorus compounds with one or more P—C bonds
  • C07F9/38—Phosphonic acids [RP(=O)(OH)2]; Thiophosphonic acids ; [RP(=X1)(X2H)2(X1, X2 are each independently O, S or Se)]
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  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
  • A61K31/4155—1,2-Diazoles non condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
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  • A61K31/675—Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
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  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
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  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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  • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
  • C07D213/75—Amino or imino radicals, acylated by carboxylic or carbonic acids, or by sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof, e.g. carbamates
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  • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D213/78—Carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
  • C07D213/84—Nitriles
  • C07D213/85—Nitriles in position 3
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  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D231/18—One oxygen or sulfur atom
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  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
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  • C07D233/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D239/46—Two or more oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms
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  • C07D239/72—Quinazolines; Hydrogenated quinazolines
  • C07D239/78—Quinazolines; Hydrogenated quinazolines with hetero atoms directly attached in position 2
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  • C07D265/12—1,3-Oxazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
  • C07D265/14—1,3-Oxazines; Hydrogenated 1,3-oxazines condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with one six-membered ring
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  • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D307/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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  • C07D403/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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  • C07D471/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with one nitrogen atom, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D463/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
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  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
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  • C07F9/40—Esters thereof
  • C07F9/4003—Esters thereof the acid moiety containing a substituent or a structure which is considered as characteristic
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  • C07F9/6561—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom containing systems of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring or ring system, with or without other non-condensed hetero rings
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  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
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  • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
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• • G—PHYSICS
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Definitions

• the invention relates generally to compounds with antiviral activity arid more specifically with anti-HIV protease properties.
• AIDS is a major public health problem worldwide.
• drugs targeting HIV viruses are in wide use and have shown effectiveness, toxicity and development of resistant strains have limited their usefulness.
• Assay methods capable of determining the presence, absence or amounts of HIV viruses are of practical utility in the search for inhibitors as well as for diagnosing the presence of HIV.
• Human immunodeficiency virus (HTV) infection and related disease is a major public health problem worldwide.
• the retrovirus human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIN-1), a member of the primate lentivirus family (DeClercq E (1994) Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 724:438-456; Barre-Sinoussi F (1996) Lancet, 348:31-35), is generally accepted to be the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) Tarrago etal FASEB Journal 1994, 8:497-503).
• AIDS is the result of repeated replication of HIV- 1 and a decrease in immune capacity, most prominently a fall in the number of CD4+ lymphocytes.
• the mature virus has a single stranded R ⁇ A genome that encodes 15 proteins (Frankel etal (1998) Annual Review of Biochemistry, 67:1-25; Katz etal (1994) Annual Review of Biochemistry, 63:133-173), including three key enzymes: (i) protease (Prt) (von der Helm K (1996) Biological Chemistry, 377:765-774); (ii) reverse transcriptase (RT) (Hottiger etal (1996) Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler, 377:97-120), an enzyme unique to retro viruses; and (iii) integrase (Asante etal (1999) Advances in Virus Research 52:351-369; Wlodawer A (1999) Advances in Virus Research 52:335-350; Esposito etal (1999) Advances in Virus Research 52:319-333).
• Protease is responsible for processing the viral precursor polyproteins
• integrase is responsible for the integration of the double stranded D ⁇ A form of the viral genome into host D ⁇ A
• RT is the key enzyme in the replication of the viral genome.
• RT acts as both an R ⁇ A- and a D ⁇ A-dependent D ⁇ A polymerase, to convert the single stranded R ⁇ A genome into double stranded D ⁇ A.
• virally encoded Reverse Transcriptase (RT) mediates specific reactions during the natural reproduction of the virus, inhibition of HIV RT is an important therapeutic target for treatment of HIV infection and related disease.
• HIV protease is essential for the processing of the viral gag and gag-pol polypeptides into mature virion proteins. L. Ratner, et al., Nature, 313:277-284 (1985); L. H. Pearl and W. R. Taylor, Nature, 329:351 (1987). HIV exhibits the same gag/pol/env organization seen in other retroviruses. L. Ratner, et al., above; S. Wain-Hobson, et al., Cell, 40:9-17 (1985); R. Sanchez-Pescador, et al., Science, 227:484-492 (1985); and M. A. Muesing, et al., Nature, 313:450-458 (1985).
• a therapeutic target in AIDS involves inhibition of the viral protease (or proteinase) that is essential for processing HlV-fusion polypeptide precursors.
• the proteolytic maturation of the gag and gag/pol fusion polypeptides (a process indispensable for generation of infective viral particles) has been shown to be mediated by a protease that is, itself, encoded by the pol region of the viral genome.
• Drugs approved in the United States for AIDS therapy include nucleoside inhibitors of RT (Smith et al (1994) Clinical Investigator, 17:226-243), protease inhibitors and non- nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTI), ( ohnson et al (2000) Advances in Internal Medicine, 45 (1-40; Porche D (1999) Nursing Clinics of North America, 34:95-112).
• protease or proteinase
• the protease consisting of only 99 amino acids, is among the smallest enzymes known, and its demonstrated homology to aspartyl proteases such as pepsin and renin (L. H. Pearl and W. R. Taylor, Nature, 329:351-354 (1987); and I. Katoh, et al., Nature, 329:654-656 (1987)), led to inferences regarding the three-dimensional structure and mechanism of the enzyme (L. H. Pearl and W. R. Taylor, above) that have since been borne out experimentally. Active HIV protease has been expressed in bacteria (see, e.g., P. L. Darke, et al., J. Biol. Chem., 264:2307-2312 (1989)) and chemically synthesized (I.
• Inhibitors of HIV protease are useful to limit the establishment and progression of infection by therapeutic administration as well as in diagnostic assays for HIV.
• Protease inhibitor drugs approved by the FDA include:
• amprenavir (Agenerase®, GlaxoSmithKline, Vertex Pharmaceuticals) • lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra®, Abbott Laboratories)
• Experimental protease inhibitor drugs include:
• anti-HIV therapeutic agents i.e. drugs having improved antiviral and pharmacokinetic properties with enhanced activity against development of HIV resistance, improved oral bioavailability, greater potency and extended effective half-life in vivo.
• New HIV protease inhibitors should be active against mutant HIV strains, have distinct resistance profiles, fewer side effects, less complicated dosing schedules, and orally active.
• a less onerous dosage regimen such as one pill, once per day.
• oral administration of drugs is generally recognized as a convenient and economical method of administration, oral administration can result in either (a) uptake of the drug through the cellular and tissue barriers, e.g. blood/brain, epithelial, cell membrane, resulting in undesirable systemic distribution, or (b) temporary residence of the drag within the gastrointestinal tract.
• a drug e.g., cytotoxic agents and other anti-cancer or anti-viral drugs
• oral administration can result in either (a) uptake of the drug through the cellular and tissue barriers, e.g. blood/brain, epithelial, cell membrane, resulting in undesirable systemic distribution, or (b) temporary residence of the drag within the gastrointestinal tract.
• a major goal has been to develop methods for specifically targeting agents to cells and tissues.
• Benefits of such treatment includes avoiding the general physiological effects of inappropriate delivery of such agents to other cells and tissues, such as uninfected cells.
• Intracellular targeting may be achieved by methods and compositions which allow accumulation or retention of biologically active agents inside cells.
• the present invention provides novel compounds with HIV protease activity, i.e. novel human retroviral protease inhibitors. Therefore, the compounds of the invention may inhibit retroviral proteases and thus inhibit the replication of the virus. They are useful for treating human patients infected with a human retrovirus, such as human immunodeficiency virus (strains of HIV- 1 or HIV-2) or human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLV-I or HTLV-II) which results in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and/or related diseases.
• the present invention includes novel phosphonate HIV protease inhibitor (PI) compounds and phosphonate analogs of known approved and experimental protease inhibitors.
• the compounds of the invention optionally provide cellular accumulation as set forth below.
• the present invention relates generally to the accumulation or retention of therapeutic compounds inside cells.
• the invention is more particularly related to attaining high concentrations of phosphonate-containing molecules in HIV infected cells.
• Intracellular targeting may be achieved by methods and compositions which allow accumulation or retention of biologically active agents inside cells. Such effective targeting may be applicable to a variety of therapeutic formulations and procedures.
• compositions of the invention include new PI compounds having at least one phosphonate group.
• the invention includes all known approved and experimental protease inhibitors with at least one phosphonate group.
• the invention includes compounds having Formulas I, II, III, IV, V, VI,
• Formulas I- VIII are substituted with one or more covalently attached groups, including at least one phosphonate group.
• Formulas I- VIII are "scaffolds", i.e. substractures which are common to the specific compounds encompassed therein.
• Another aspect of the invention provides a pharmaceutical combination comprising an effective amount of a compound selected from Formulas I- VIII and a second compound having anti-HIV properties.
• Another aspect of the invention provides a method for the treatment or prevention of the symptoms or effects of an HIV infection in an infected animal which comprises administering to, i.e. treating, said animal with a pharmaceutical combination comprising an effective amount of a compound selected from Formulas I- VIII and a second compound having anti-HIV properties.
• the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound selected from Formulas I- VIII, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
• This invention pertains to a method of increasing cellular accumulation and retention of drag compounds, thus improving their therapeutic and diagnostic value.
• the invention also provides a method of inhibiting HIV, comprising administering to a mammal infected with HIV (HIV positive) an amount of a compound of Formulas I- VIII, effective to inhibit the growth of said HIV infected cells.
• the invention also provides a compound selected from Formulas I- VIII for use in medical therapy (preferably for use in treating cancer, e.g. sohd tumors), as well as the use of a compound of Formulas I- VIII for the manufacture of a medicament useful for the treatment of cancer, e.g. sohd tumors.
• the invention also provides processes and novel intermediates disclosed herein which are useful for preparing compounds of the invention. Some of the compounds of Formulas I- VIII are useful to prepare other compounds of Formulas I-VI-Q.
• the activity of HIN protease is inhibited by a method comprising the step of treating a sample suspected of containing HIV virus with a compound or composition of the invention.
• Another aspect of the invention provides a method for inhibiting the activity of HIV protease comprising the step of contacting a sample suspected of containing HIV virus with a composition of the invention.
• novel methods for synthesis analysis, separation, isolation, purification, characterization, and testing of the compounds of this invention are provided.
• phosphonate and phosphonate group mean a functional group or moiety within a molecule that comprises at least one phosphorus-carbon bond, and at least one phosphorus-oxygen double bond.
• the phosphorus atom is further substituted with oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen substituents. These substituents may be part of a prodrug moiety.
• phosphonate and “phosphonate group” include molecules with phosphonic acid, phosphonic monoester, phosphonic diester, phosphonamidate, phosphondiamidate and phosphonthioate functional groups.
• prodrug refers to any compound that when administered to a biological system generates the drug substance, i.e. active ingredient, as a result of spontaneous chemical reaction(s), enzyme catalyzed chemical reaction(s), photolysis, and/or metabolic chemical reaction(s).
• a prodrug is thus a covalently modified analog or latent form of a therapeutically-active compound.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” refers to a compound that is metabolized in the host, for example hydrolyzed or oxidized, by either enzymatic action or by general acid or base solvolysis, to form an active ingredient.
• Typical examples of prodrugs of the compounds of the invention have biologically labile protecting groups on a functional moiety of the compound.
• Prodrugs include compounds that can be oxidized, reduced, aminated, deaminated, esterified, deesterified, alkylated, dealkylated, acylated, deacylated, phosphorylated, dephosphorylated, photolyzed, hydrolyzed, or other functional group change or conversion involving forming or breaking chemical bonds on the prodrug.
• Prodrug moiety means a labile functional group which separates from the active inhibitory compound during metabolism, systemically, inside a cell, by hydrolysis, enzymatic cleavage, or by some other process (Bundgaard, Hans, “Design and Application of Prodrugs” in Textbook of Drug Design and Development (1991), P. Krogsgaard-Larsen and H. Bundgaard, Eds. Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 113-191).
• Enzymes which are capable of an enzymatic activation mechanism with the phosphonate prodrug compounds of the invention include, but are not limited to, amidases, esterases, microbial enzymes, phospholipases, cholinesterases, and phosphases.
• Prodrug moieties can serve to enhance solubility, absorption and lipophilicity to optimize drug delivery, bioavailability and efficacy.
• the acyloxyalkyl ester was first used as a prodrug strategy for carboxylic acids and then applied to phosphates and phosphonates by Farquhar et al (1983) J. Pharm. Sci.
• a prodrug moiety is part of a phosphonate group.
• the acyloxyalkyl ester was used to deliver phosphonic acids across cell membranes and to enhance oral bioavailability.
• a close variant of the acyloxyalkyl ester, the alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl ester (carbonate), may also enhance oral bioavailability as a prodrug moiety in the compounds of the combinations of the invention.
• the phosphonate group may be a phosphonate prodrug moiety.
• the prodrug moiety may be sensitive to hydrolysis, such as, but not limited to a pivaloyloxymethyl carbonate (POC) or POM group.
• the prodrug moiety may be sensitive to enzymatic potentiated cleavage, such as a lactate ester or a phosphonamidate-ester group.
• Aryl esters of phosphorus groups are reported to enhance oral bioavailability (DeLambert et al (1994) J. Med. Chem. 37: 498). Phenyl esters containing a carboxylic ester ortho to the phosphate have also been described (Khamnei and Torrence, (1996) J. Med. Chem. 39:4109-4115). Benzyl esters are reported to generate the parent phosphonic acid.
• substituents at the ortbo-or ⁇ r ⁇ -position may accelerate the hydrolysis.
• Benzyl analogs with an acylated phenol or an alkylated phenol may generate the phenolic compound through the action of enzymes, e.g. esterases, oxidases, etc., which in turn undergoes cleavage at the benzylic C-O bond to generate the phosphoric acid and the quinone methide intermediate.
• enzymes e.g. esterases, oxidases, etc.
• Examples of this class of prodrugs are described by Mitchell et al (1992) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 72345; Brook et al WO 91/19721.
• benzylic prodrugs have been described containing a carboxylic ester-containing group attached to the benzylic methylene (Glazier et al WO 91/19721).
• Thio-containing prodrags are reported to be useful for the intracellular delivery of phosphonate drugs.
• These proesters contain an ethylthio group in which the thiol group is either esterified with an acyl group or combined with another thiol group to form a disulfide.
• protecting group One function of a protecting group is to serve as intermediates in the synthesis of the parental drag substance.
• Chemical protecting groups and strategies for protection/deprotection are well known in the art. See: “Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry", Theodora W. Greene (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1991. Protecting groups are often utilized to mask the reactivity of certain functional groups, to assist in the efficiency of desired chemical reactions, e.g. making and breaking chemical bonds in an ordered and planned fashion. Protection of functional groups of a compound alters other physical properties besides the reactivity of the protected functional group, such as the polarity, lipophilicity (hydrophobicity), and other properties which can be measured by common analytical tools. Chemically protected intermediates may themselves be biologically active or inactive.
• Protected compounds may also exhibit altered, and in some cases, optimized properties in vitro and in vivo, such as passage through cellular membranes and resistance to enzymatic degradation or sequestration. In this role, protected compounds with intended therapeutic effects may be referred to as prodrugs.
• Another function of a protecting group is to convert the parental drug into a prodrug, whereby the parental drug is released upon conversion of the prodrug in vivo. Because active prodrugs may be absorbed more effectively than the parental drag, prodrugs may possess greater potency in vivo than the parental drag.
• Protecting groups are removed either in vitro, in the instance of chemical intermediates, or in vivo, in the case of prodrugs. With chemical intermediates, it is not particularly important that the resulting products after deprotection, e.g. alcohols, be physiologically acceptable, although in general it is more desirable if the products are pharmacologically innocuous.
• any reference to any of the compounds of the invention also includes a reference to a physiologically acceptable salt thereof.
• physiologically acceptable salts of the compounds of the invention include salts derived from an appropriate base, such as an alkali metal (for example, sodium), an alkaline earth (for example, magnesium), ammonium and
• Physiologically acceptable salts of an hydrogen atom or an amino group include salts of organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids; organic sulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids; and inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric and sulfamic acids.
• organic carboxylic acids such as acetic, benzoic, lactic, fumaric, tartaric, maleic, malonic, malic, isethionic, lactobionic and succinic acids
• organic sulfonic acids such as methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic and p-toluenesulfonic acids
• Physiologically acceptable salts of a compound of an hydroxy group include the anion of said compound in combination with a suitable cation such as Na + and NX " (wherein X is independently selected from H or a C 1 -C 4 alkyl group).
• salts of active ingredients of the compounds of the invention will be physiologically acceptable, i.e. they will be salts derived from a physiologically acceptable acid or base.
• salts of acids or bases which are not physiologically acceptable may also find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of a physiologically acceptable compound. All salts, whether or not derived form a physiologically acceptable acid or base, are within the scope of the present invention.
• Alkyl is C1-C18 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms. Examples are methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1 -propyl (n-Pr, n- propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3)2), 1-butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl,
• Alkenyl is C2-C18 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms with at least one site of unsaturation, i.e. a carbon-carbon, sp 2 double bond.
• Alkynyl is C2-C18 hydrocarbon containing normal, secondary, tertiary or cyclic carbon atoms with at least one site of unsaturation, i.e. a carbon-carbon, sp triple bond.
• Examples include, but are not limited to: acetylenic (-C---CH) and propargyl (-CH C ⁇ CH),
• Alkylene refers to a saturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 1-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkane.
• Typical alkylene radicals include, but are not limited to: methylene (-CH 2 -) 1,2-ethyl (-CH 2 CH 2 -), 1,3- propyl (-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -), 1,4-butyl (-CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -), and the like.
• Alkenylene refers to an unsaturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 2-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkene.
• Alkynylene refers to an unsaturated, branched or straight chain or cyclic hydrocarbon radical of 2-18 carbon atoms, and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkyne.
• Aryl means a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6-20 carbon atoms derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system. Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, radicals derived from benzene, substituted benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, and the like. "Arylalkyl” refers to an acyclic alkyl radical in which one of the hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon atom, typically a terminal or sp carbon atom, is replaced with an aryl radical.
• Typical arylalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, benzyl, 2-phenylethan-l-yl, 2-phenylethen-l-yl, naphthylmethyl, 2-naphthylethan-l-yl, 2-naphthylethen-l-yl, naphthobenzyl, 2-naphthophenylethan-l-yl and the like.
• the arylalkyl group comprises 6 to 20 carbon atoms, e.g. the alkyl moiety, including alkanyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups, of the arylalkyl group is 1 to 6 carbon atoms and the aryl moiety is 5 to 14 carbon atoms.
• Substituted alkyl mean alkyl, aryl, and arylalkyl respectively, in which one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with a substituent.
• Heterocycle as used herein includes by way of example and not limitation these heterocycles described in Paquette, Leo A.; “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W.A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of HeterocycUc Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1960) 82:5566.
• heterocycles include by way of example and not limitation pyridyl, dihydroypyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl (piperidyl), thiazolyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, sulfur oxidized tetrahydrothiophenyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, benzofuranyl, thianaphthalenyl, indolyl, indolenyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, piperidinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidonyl, pyrrolinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, bis-tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, bis-tetrahydropyranyl, tetra
• carbon bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine, position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridazine, position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine, position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine, position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiofuran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole, position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole, position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole, position 2 or 3 of an aziridine, position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine, position 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of a quinoline or position 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 of an isoquinoline.
• carbon bonded heterocycles include 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-pyridyl, 6-pyridyl, 3- pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6-pyridazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5- pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyrazinyl, 5-pyrazinyl, 6-pyrazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4- thiazolyl, or 5-thiazolyl.
• nitrogen bonded heterocycles are bonded at position 1 of an aziridine, azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, imidazole, imidazolidine, 2-imidazohne, 3-imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 3- pyrazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indole, indoline, lH-indazole, position 2 of a isoindole, or isoindoline, position 4 of a morpholine, and position 9 of a carbazole, or ⁇ -carboline.
• nitrogen bonded heterocycles include 1-aziridyl, 1-azetedyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 1- imidazolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, and 1-piperidinyl.
• Carbocycle means a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring having 3 to 7 carbon atoms as a monocycle or 7 to 12 carbon atoms as a bicycle.
• Monocyclic carbocycles have 3 to 6 ring atoms, still more typically 5 or 6 ring atoms.
• Bicyclic carbocycles have 7 to 12 ring atoms, e.g. arranged as abicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6] or [6,6] system, or 9 or 10 ring atoms arranged as a bicyclo [5,6] or [6,6] system.
• Examples of monocyclic carbocycles include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-l-enyl, l-cyclopent-2-enyl, l-cyclopent-3- enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-l-enyl, l-cyclohex-2-enyl, l-cyclohex-3-enyl, phenyl, spiryl and naphthyl.
• Linker or "link” means a chemical moiety comprising a covalent bond or a chain of atoms that covalently attaches a phosphonate group to a drug.
• Linkers include portions of substituents A 1 and A 3 enumerated in Formula I, or substituents At and A 3 enumerated in Formula II, which include moieties such as: repeating units of alkyloxy (e.g. polyethylenoxy, PEG, polymethyleneoxy) and alkylamino (e.g. polyethyleneamino, Jeffamine TM ); and diacid ester and amides including succinate, succinamide, diglycolate, malonate, and caproamide.
• alkyloxy e.g. polyethylenoxy, PEG, polymethyleneoxy
• alkylamino e.g. polyethyleneamino, Jeffamine TM
• diacid ester and amides including succinate, succinamide, diglycolate, malonate, and caproamide.
• the term “chiral” refers to molecules which have the property of non- superimposability of the mirror image partner, while the term “achiral” refers to molecules which are
• stereoisomers refers to compounds which have identical chemical constitution, but differ with regard to the arrangement of the atoms or groups in space.
• “Diastereomer” refers to a stereoisomer with two or more centers of chirality and whose molecules are not mirror images of one another. Diastereomers have different physical properties, e.g. melting points, boiling points, spectral properties, and reactivities. Mixtures of diastereomers may separate under high resolution analytical procedures such as electrophoresis and chromatography.
• Enantiomers refer to two stereoisomers of a compound which are non- superimpo sable mirror images of one another. Stereochemical definitions and conventions used herein generally follow S. P. Parker, Ed., McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Chemical Terms (1984) McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York; and Eliel, E. and Wilen, S., Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds (1994) John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms, i.e., they have the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized hght.
• the prefixes D and L or R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s).
• the prefixes d and 1, D and L, or (+) and (-) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized hght by the compound, with (-) or 1 meaning that the compound is levorotatory.
• a compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory.
• these stereoisomers are identical except that they are mirror images of one another.
• a specific stereoisomer may also be referred to as an enantiomer, and a mixture of such isomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture.
• racemic mixture A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture or a racemate, which may occur where there has been no stereoselection or stereospecificity in a chemical reaction or process.
• racemic mixture and “racemate” refer to an equimolar mixture of two enantiomeric species, devoid of optical activity.
• the compounds of the invention include those with HIV protease inhibitory activity.
• the compounds include HIV protease inhibitors.
• the compounds of the inventions bear a phosphonate group, which may be a prodrug moiety.
• ILPPI Intravir-like phosphonate protease inhibitors, Formula I
• AMLPPI Anmprenavir-like phosphonate protease inhibitors, Formula II
• KNILPPI KNI-like phosphonate protease inhibitors, Formula III
• RLPPI Renid-like phosphonate protease inhibitors, Formula IV
• LLPPI Lipinavir-like phosphonate protease inhibitors, Formula IV
• NLPPI Nonelfinavir-like phosphonate protease inhibitors, Formula V
• SLPPI Sequinavir-like phosphonate protease inhibitors, Formula V
• ATLPPI Atanzavir-like phosphonate protease inhibitors, Formula VI
• TLPPI Tipranavir-like phosphonate protease inhibitors, Formula VII
• ILPPI Indinavir-like phosphonate protease inhibitors, Formula I
• AMLPPI Anmprenavir-like phosphon
• Formula I compounds have a 3-hydroxy-5-amino-pentamide core.
• Formula II compounds have a 2-hydroxy-l, 3-amino-propylamide or 2-hydroxy-l,3-amino- propylamino sulfone core.
• Formula III compounds have a 2-hydroxy-3-amino-propylamide core.
• Formula IV compounds have a 2-hydroxy-4-amino-butylamine core.
• Formula V compounds have a acylated 1,3-diaminopropane core.
• Formula VI compounds have a 2- hydroxy-3-diaza-propylamide core.
• Formula VII compounds have a sulfonamide 5,6- dihydro-4-hydroxy-2-pyrone core.
• Formula VHIa-d compounds have a six or seven- membered ring, and a cyclic carbonyl, sulfhydryl, sulfoxide or sulfone core, where Y 1 is oxygen, sulfur, or substituted nitrogen and m2 is 0, 1 or 2.
• Formulas I, ⁇ , IE, IN, N, VI, VE and VIEa-d are substituted with one or more covalently attached groups, including at least one phosphonate group.
• Formulas I, II, El, IV, V, VI, VE and VEIa-d are substituted with one or more covalently attached A 0 groups, including simultaneous substitutions at any or all A .
• A is A , A or W .
• Compounds of Formulas I, E, El, IV, V, VI, VE and VIEa-d include at least one A 1 .
• a 1 is:
• a 2 is:
• a 3 is:
• Y 1 is independently O, S, ⁇ (R X ), N(O)(R x ), N(OR x ), N(O)(OR x ), or N(N(R X )( R x )).
• Y 2 is independently a bond, O, N(R X ), N(O)(R x ), N(OR x ), N(O)(OR x ), N(N(R X )( R x )),
• R x is independently H, W 3 , a protecting group, or the formula:
• Mia, Ml c, and Mid are independently 0 or 1; M12c is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12; and R y is independently H, W 3 , R 2 or a protecting group.
• R x is a group of the formula:
• mla, mlb, mlc, mid and mle are independently 0 or 1; ml2c is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12; R y is H, W 3 , R 2 or a protecting group; provided that: if mla, ml2c, and mid are 0, then mlb, mlc and mle are 0; if mla and ml2c are 0 and mid is not 0, then mlb and mlc are 0; if mla and mid are 0 and ml 2c is not 0, then mlb and at least one of mlc and mle are O; if mla is 0 and ml2c and mid are not 0, then mlb is 0; if ml2c and mid are 0 and mla is not 0, then at least two of mlb, mlc and mle are 0; if ml2c is is
• R 2 is independently H, R 3 or R wherein each R is independently substituted with 0 to 3 R 3 groups. Alternatively, taken together at a carbon atom, two R 2 groups form a ring, i.e. a spiro carbon.
• the ring may be, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. The ring may be substituted with 0 to 3 R 3 groups.
• R 3 is R 3a , R 3b , R 3c or R 3d , provided that when R 3 is bound to a heteroatom, then R 3 is R 3c or R 3d .
• R 3a is F, Cl, Br, I, -CN, N 3 or -NO 2 .
• R 3b is Y 1 .
• R 3c is -R x , -N(R X )(R X ), -SR X , -S(O)R x , -S(O) 2 R x , -S(O)(OR x ), -S(O) 2 (OR x ), -OC(Y 1 )R x , -OC(Y 1 )OR x , -OC(Y 1 )(N(R x )(R x )), -SC(Y 1 )R X , -SC(Y 1 )OR x , -SC(Y 1 )(N(R X )(R X )), -N(R X )C(Y !
• R 3d is -C(Y 1 )R X , -C(Y 1 )OR x or -C(Y ! )(N(R X )(R X )).
• R 4 is an alkyl of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, alkenyl of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, or alkynyl of
• R 5 is R 4 wherein each R 4 is substituted with 0 to 3 R 3 groups.
• R 5a is independently alkylene of 1 to 18 carbon atoms, alkenylene of 2 to 18 carbon atoms, or alkynylene of 2-18 carbon atoms any one of which alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene is substituted with 0-3 R groups.
• W 3 is W 4 or W 5 .
• W 4 is R 5 , -C(Y 1 )R 5 , -C(Y ! )W 5 , -SO 2 R 5 , or -SO 2 W W 5 is carbocycle or heterocycle wherein W 5 is independently substituted with 0 to 3 R 2 groups.
• W 3a is W 4a or W 5a .
• W 43 is R 5a , -C(Y x )R 5a , -C(Y ! )W 5a , -SO 2 R 5a , or -SO 2 W 5a .
• W 5a is a multivalent substituted carbocycle or heterocycle wherein W 5a is independently substituted with 0 to 3 R 2 groups.
• W 6 is W 3 independently substituted with 1, 2, or 3 A 3 groups.
• M2 is 0, 1 or 2;
• M12a is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12; and M12b is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12.
• W 5 and W 5a carbocycles and W 5 and W 5a heterocycles may be independently substituted with 0 to 3 R 2 groups.
• W 5 may be a saturated, unsaturated or aromatic ring comprising a mono- or bicyclic carbocycle or heterocycle.
• W 5 may have 3 to 10 ring atoms, e.g., 3 to 7 ring atoms.
• the W 5 rings are saturated when containing 3 ring atoms, saturated or mono-unsaturated when containing 4 ring atoms, saturated, or mono- or di-unsaturated when containing 5 ring atoms, and saturated, mono- or di-unsaturated, or aromatic when containing 6 ring atoms.
• a W 5 or W 5a heterocycle may be a monocycle having 3 to 7 ring members (2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, and S) or a bicycle having 7 to 10 ring members (4 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O, P, and S).
• W 5 and W 5a heterocyclic monocycles may have 3 to 6 ring atoms (2 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S); or 5 or 6 ring atoms (3 to 5 carbon atoms and 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from N and S).
• W 5 and W a heterocyclic bicycles have 7 to 10 ring atoms (6 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S) arranged as a bicyclo [4,5], [5,5], [5,6], or [6,6] system; or 9 to 10 ring atoms (8 to 9 carbon atoms and 1 to 2 hetero atoms selected from N and S) arranged as a bicyclo [5,6] or [6,6] system.
• the W 5 heterocycle may be bonded to Y 2 through a carbon, nitrogen, sulfur or other atom by a stable covalent bond.
• W 5 and W 5a heterocycles include for example, pyridyl, dihydropyridyl isomers, piperidine, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, s-triazinyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, furanyl, thiofuranyl, thienyl, and pyrrolyl.
• W 5 also includes, but is not limited to, examples such as:
• W and W 7 5a carbocycles and heterocycles may be independently substituted with 0 to R groups, as defined above.
• substituted W carbocycles include:
• substituted phenyl carbocycles include:
• Embodiments of A 1 include:
• W 5a is a carbocycle or a heterocycle and W 5a is independently substituted with
• Embodiments of A 1 also include:
• n is an integer from 1 to 18.
• Embodiments of A 3 include where M2 is 0, such as:
• Y 1 is oxygen
• Y 2b is oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N(R X ))
• N(R X ) such as:
• Y 2c is O, N(R y ) or S.
• R 1 may be H and n may be 1.
• W ⁇ 5 is a carbocycle such as phenyl or substituted phenyl.
• Such embodiments include:
• Y 2b is O or N(R X ); M12d is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8; and the phenyl carbocycle is substituted with 0 to 3 R 2 groups.
• a 3 include phenyl phosphonamidate amino acid, e.g. alanate esters and phenyl phosphonate-lactate esters:
• the chiral carbon of the amino acid and lactate moieties may be either the R or S configuration or the racemic mixture.
• Embodiments of R x include esters, carbamates, carbonates, thioesters, amides, thioamides, and urea groups:
• Embodiments of A include where W is W , such as:
• A is phenyl, substituted phenyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, pyridyl or substituted pyridyl.
• Exemplary embodiments of Formula I compounds include, but are not Hmited to, structures:
• a 1 denotes a covalent attachment site of a phosphonate group.
• Exemplary embodiments of Formula II compounds include, but are not hmited to, structures:
• a 1 denotes a covalent attachment site of a phosphonate group.
• Exemplary embodiments of Formula III compounds include, but are not limited to, structures: where A 1 denotes a covalent attachment site of a phosphonate group.
• Exemplary embodiments of Formula IV compounds include, but are not limited to, structures:
• a 1 denotes a covalent attachment site of a phosphonate group.
• Exemplary embodiments of Formula V compounds include, but are not limited to, structures: where A 1 denotes a covalent attachment site of a phosphonate group.
• Exemplary embodiments of Formula VI compounds include, but are not hmited to, structures:
• a 1 denotes a covalent attachment site of a phosphonate group.
• Exemplary embodiments of Formula VII compounds include, but are not hmited to, structures:
• a 1 denotes a covalent attachment site of a phosphonate group.
• exemplary embodiments of Formula VIEa compounds include structures:
• a 1 denotes a covalent attachment site of a phosphonate group.
• Another embodiment of the invention is directed toward an HIV protease inhibitor compound capable of accumulating in human PBMCs. Accumulation in human PBMCs is described in the examples herein.
• the compounds of this embodiment further comprise a phosponate or phosphonate prodrug. More typically, the phosphonate or phosphonate prodrug has the structure A as described herein.
• Each of the preferred embodiments of A described herein is a preferred embodiment of A in the present embodiment.
• the compounds of this embodiment demonstrate improved intracellular half-life of the compounds or intracellular metaboUtes of the compounds in human PBMCs when compared to analogs of the compounds not having the phosphonate or phosphonate prodrag.
• the half-life is improved by at least about 50%, more typically at least in the range 50-100%, still more typically at least about 100%, more typically yet greater than about 100%.
• the intracellular half-life of a metabohte of the compound in human PBMCs is improved when compared to an analog of the compound not having the phosphonate or phosphonate prodrag.
• the metabohte is typically generated intracellularly, more typically, it is generated within human PBMCs.
• the metabohte is a product of the cleavage of a phosphonate prodrug within human PBMCs. More typically yet, the phosphonate prodrag is cleaved to form a metabohte having at least one negative charge at physiological pH. Most typically, the phosphonate prodrag is enzymatically cleaved within human PBMCs to form a phosphonate having at least one active hydrogen atom of the formP-OH. Not withstanding other disclosure herein which describes the role or presents of phosphonates in the compounds of the invention, in another embodiment of the invention A 3 is A 3a which is of the formula:
• any A 3 group may be A 3a .
• a 3 is of the formula:
• M12a is other than 0 and at least one phosphonate group present in the compound is not bonded directly to W 3 . More typically, the phosphonate is not bonded directly to W 5 . In such an embodiment, the phosphorous atom of the phosphonate is not bonded directly to a carbon atom of a ring.
• an Amprenavir like phosphonate protease inhibitor as described above in the description and below in the claims, contains an A group of the formula:
• M12a is other than 0 and at least one phosphonate group present in the compound is not bonded directly to W 3 . More typically, the phosphonate is not bonded directly to W 5 . In such an embodiment, the phosphorous atom of the phosphonate is not bonded directly to a carbon atom of a ring.
• A is of the formula:
• M12a is 0 and at least one phosphonate group present in the compound is bonded directly to W . More typically, the phosphonate is bonded directly to W . In such an embodiment, the phosphorous atom of the phosphonate is bonded directly to a carbon atom of a ring.
• an Amprenavir like phosphonate protease inhibitor as described above in the description and below in the claims, contains an A group of the formula:
• M12a is 0 and at least one phosphonate group present in the compound is bonded directly to
• the phosphonate is bonded directly to W 5 .
• the phosphorous atom of the phosphonate is bonded directly to a carbon atom of a ring.
• Each embodiment of MBF is depicted as a substituted nucleus (Sc) in which the nucleus is designated by a number and each substituent is designated in order by letter or number.
• Tables 1.1 to 1.5 are a schedule of nuclei used in forming the embodiments of Table 100. Each nucleus (Sc) is given a number designation from Tables 1.1 to 1.5, and this designation appears first in each embodiment name.
• Tables 10.1 to 10.19 and 20.1 to 20.36 list the selected linking groups (Lg) and prodrag (Pd 1 and Pd 2 ) substituents, again by letter or number designation, respectively.
• each named embodiment of Table 100 is depicted by a number designating the nucleus from Table 1.1-1.5, followed by a letter designating the linking group (Lg) from Table 10.1-10.19, and two numbers designating the two prodrag groups (Pd 1 and Pd ) from Table 20.1-20.36.
• each embodiment of Table 100 appears as a name having the syntax:
• Each Sc group is shown having a tilda ("-")•
• the tilda is the point of covalent attachment of Sc to Lg.
• Q 1 and Q 2 of the linking groups (Lg) do not represent groups or atoms but are simply connectivity designations.
• Q 1 is the site of the covalent bond to the nucleus (Sc) and Q 2 is the site of the covalent bond to the phosphorous atom of formula MBF.
• Each prodrag group (Pd and Pd ) are covalently bonded to the phosphorous atom of MBF at the tilda symbol ("-")•
• Some embodiments of Tables 10.1- 10.19 and 20.1-20.36 may be designated as a combination of letters and numbers (Table 10.1- 10.19) or number and letter (Table 20.1-20.36). For example there are Table 10 entries for BJ1 and BJ2. In any event, entries of Table 10.1-10.19 always begin with a letter and those of Table 20.1-20.36 always begin with a number.
• the point of covalent attachment of Sc to Lg may be at any substitutable site on SC. Selection of the point of attachment is described herein. By way of example and not limitation, the point of attachment is selected from those depicted in the schemes and examples.
• 5.O.239.240 5.0.239.244; 5.0.154.228; 5.0.154.229 '; 5.O. 154.230; 5. 0.154.231 5.0.154.236, 5.0.154.237; 5.0.154.238; 5.0.154.239 5.O.154.154; 5. 0.154157; 5.0.154.166 5.0154.169; 5.0.154172 5.0.154.175 5.O.154.240; 5, 0.154.244;

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