US9763735B2 - Hybrid catheter for endoluminal intervention - Google Patents

Hybrid catheter for endoluminal intervention Download PDF

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US9763735B2
US9763735B2 US14/001,639 US201214001639A US9763735B2 US 9763735 B2 US9763735 B2 US 9763735B2 US 201214001639 A US201214001639 A US 201214001639A US 9763735 B2 US9763735 B2 US 9763735B2
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laser
tip section
wall
cutter
catheter
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US20140052114A1 (en
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Ilan Ben-Oren
Yifat Ben-Oren Tamir
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Eximo Medical Ltd
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    • A61B2017/22082—Implements for squeezing-off ulcers or the like on the inside of inner organs of the body; Implements for scraping-out cavities of body organs, e.g. bones; Calculus removers; Calculus smashing apparatus; Apparatus for removing obstructions in blood vessels, not otherwise provided for after introduction of a substance
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    • A61B18/22—Surgical instruments, devices or methods for transferring non-mechanical forms of energy to or from the body by applying electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwaves using laser the beam being directed along or through a flexible conduit, e.g. an optical fibre; Couplings or hand-pieces therefor
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Definitions

  • the invention relates to a hybrid catheter for endoluminal intervention.
  • NP-CRNs nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasms
  • Barrett's esophagus is another common chronic condition. The prevalence in the U.S. population is estimated to be in the range of 1-2% of the adult population. Barrett's esophagus condition may lead to violent esophageal cancer, which is said to result in over 12,000 deaths per year in the U.S. alone and around 100,000 in China.
  • Barrett's Esophagus is a common disorder that is a major risk factor for esophagus cancer.
  • the prevalence of the disorder is estimated to be in the range of 1-2%. See Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T, et al. (December 2005) “Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in the general population: an endoscopic study”, Gastroenterology 129 (6): 1825-31.
  • the range of severity can vary from early stage to different grades of dysplasia to cancer. Prior attempts to manage this condition with Argon coagulation yielded controversial results.
  • RFA is useful for patients with BE and high-grade dysplasia (HGD), BE and intramucosal carcinoma as an adjunct to endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR).
  • HGD high-grade dysplasia
  • EMR endoscopic mucosal resection
  • LGD low-grade dysplasia
  • intestinal metaplasia is not clearly established, see David E. Fleischer_Virender K. Sharma, Interventional and Therapeutic Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Front Gastrointest Res. Basel, Karger, 2010, vol 27, pp 140-146.
  • EMR sometimes does not allow removing all of the Barrett's lining but can be successful in removing a small cancer or a localized area of high-grade dysplasia. Because it does not remove all of the Barrett's lining, the Barrett's lining left behind can develop other areas of high-grade dysplasia or cancer. Therefore, EMR is sometimes combined with photodynamic therapy in an attempt to remove remaining Barrett's tissue or with RF ablation.
  • Complications of the current available techniques include perforations (making a hole in the esophagus), bleeding, strictures, light sensitivity in PDT and even death.
  • Polyps that are not attached to the surface by a narrow elongated stalk are called sessile.
  • Other polyps are not significantly elevated from the adjacent mucosa are called flat. Accordingly, the removal of large sessile and flat colorectal is more difficult than removal of pedunculated polyps and in many cases require using special endoscopy techniques to avoid perforation.
  • EMR Endoscopic Mucosal Resection
  • ESD Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
  • ESD can be performed using a viscous injection solution for sustained submucosal lifting, a diathermy knife, and a plastic hood to help retract the polyp as it is dissected away from the muscularis propria.
  • Peripheral and arterial vascular diseases are also a common problem which may directly lead to morbidity and death.
  • U.S. alone it is estimated that over 4 million people suffer from peripheral artery disease which, in severe cases, is treated with surgery or even amputation.
  • the current state of the art in laser ablation technology for vascular intervention is based on use of an Excimer lasers with dedicated catheters such as Spectranetics' CVX-300® laser and TURBO-Booster® catheter.
  • Excimer lasers with dedicated catheters such as Spectranetics' CVX-300® laser and TURBO-Booster® catheter.
  • these technologies are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,673,064, 7,811,281 and 7,572,254.
  • the excimer laser used generally, is often a Xenon Chloride laser operative at 308 nm with pulse widths in the range of 100 nanoseconds.
  • These technologies are not ideal and have some limitations. For example, when dealing with heavy calcified plaques, there is a risk of perforation and damage from debris/plaque fragments.
  • the procedure requires a complex, large and costly system and the length of the procedure is quite significant in a manner that seems to limit its wide clinical utility.
  • the technique had difficulties in treatment of large vessels such as SFA (Superficial Femoral Artery) which is very important in management of peripheral artery disease (PAD) wherein vessels larger than 4-5 mm in diameter and long lesions have to be treated.
  • SFA Superficial Femoral Artery
  • PAD peripheral artery disease
  • Additional prior approaches include use of a laser to core the plaque and use of mechanical means to “ingest” and remove the plaque. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,979,939.
  • a fiber is introduced to create an opening through which the distal rotary is introduced and the second fiber is used to vaporize the material collected by the blade.
  • U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0125253 discloses a dual tip catheter for treating chronic total occlusions through which a fiber may be introduced.
  • leads have been in place for only a short period, they can frequently be removed by simple traction. After the leads are in place for long time scar tissue may withholds the leads during traction, the force applied to the leads is limited by the tensile strength of the insulation and conductor coils, therefore locking stylets and sheaths are used to enable a more forceful tension, but successful lead removal can still be very problematic when the leads is attached to sensitive tissue such myocardial wall. In severe cases lead extraction may require open surgery.
  • the Spectranetics Excimer Laser and Cook Medical's Evolution products are currently used for lead removal using transcatheter techniques. The “debulking” of the lead using an excimer laser has yielded good clinical results but requires a large and expensive laser that does not allow wide use in any cardiology unit and a relative long learning curve is required.
  • a device for detaching undesired tissue from an inner wall of a body cavity having a tip section in a shape of a cylinder's sector, the tip section comprising: a plurality of optical fibers located along an inner surface of the tip section and configured to transmit laser radiation to the undesired tissue; and a cutter having a shape of a cylinder's sector located inwardly and/or outwardly to the plurality of optical fibers, wherein said cutter is configured to cut through the undesired tissue and thereby detach at least a part of the undesired tissue from the inner wall of the body cavity.
  • a method for detaching undesired tissue from an inner wall of a body cavity comprising: using a plurality of optical fibers, transmitting laser radiation to an area of said undesired tissue, thereby modifying said area; and cutting through said modified area using a cutter, thereby detaching at least a part of said undesired tissue.
  • a catheter for debulking of an undesired deposit from an inner surface of at least one of a blood vessel wall and a stent located in a blood vessel having a tip section comprising: circumferentially-directed laser optics; and a circular-action cutter, wherein said circumferentially-directed laser optics is configured to transmit laser radiation for modifying an area of the undesired deposit thereby preparing said area for penetration of said cutter, wherein said cutter is configured to cut through said modified area and thereby debulk at least a part of the undesired deposit.
  • a method for debulking of undesired deposit from an inner surface of at least one of a blood vessel wall and a stent located in a blood vessel comprising, using a catheter: irradiating an area of the undesired deposit using a circumferentially-directed laser optics, thereby modifying said area; and cutting through said modified area using a circular-action cutter, thereby debulking at least a part of said undesired deposit.
  • a catheter for debulking of an undesired deposit from an inner surface of at least one of a blood vessel wall and a stent located in a blood vessel having a tip section comprising: a first wall having a circular cross section and having a sharp distal edge; and a plurality of optical fibers located along the surface of said first wall, wherein said plurality of optical fibers are configured to transmit laser radiation configured to modify the undesired deposit and thereby preparing the undesired deposit for penetration of said sharp distal edge of said first wall, wherein said first wall is configured to cut through said modified undesired deposit and thereby debulk at least a part of the undesired deposit.
  • a method for debulking of undesired deposit from an inner surface of at least one of a blood vessel wall and a stent located in a blood vessel comprising, using a catheter: using a catheter having a plurality of optical fibers, transmitting laser radiation towards an undesired deposit thereby modifying the undesired deposit and preparing the undesired deposit for penetration of a sharp distal edge of a catheter's wall; and advancing the catheter and cutting through the modified undesired deposit thereby debulking at least a part of said undesired deposit.
  • a catheter for pacemaker and ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator) lead extraction having a tip section comprising: a first wall having a circular cross section and having a sharp distal edge; and a plurality of optical fibers located along the surface of said first wall, wherein said plurality of optical fibers are configured to transmit laser radiation configured to modify the tissue surrounding the lead thereby preparing the tissue for penetration of said sharp distal edge of said first wall, wherein said first wall is configured to cut through said modified tissue and thereby detach the lead from the tissue.
  • a method for pacemaker and ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator) lead extraction comprising: using a catheter having a plurality of optical fibers, transmitting laser radiation towards a tissue surrounding the lead thereby modifying the tissue and preparing the tissue for penetration of a sharp distal edge of a catheter's wall; and advancing the catheter over the lead by cutting through the modified tissue surrounding the lead and thereby detach the lead from the tissue.
  • ICD Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
  • a catheter for pacemaker and ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator) lead extraction having a tip section comprising: circumferentially-directed laser optics; and a circular-action cutter, wherein said circumferentially-directed laser optics is configured to transmit laser radiation for modifying the tissue surrounding the lead thereby preparing said tissue for penetration of said cutter, wherein said cutter is configured to cut through said modified tissue and thereby detach the lead from the tissue.
  • an angle between said device and said endoscope's longitudinal axis is adjustable according to a required depth of peeling of said undesired tissue.
  • cutting comprises rotatably cutting using a blade rotatable along an inner surface of a cylindrical tip section of the catheter.
  • cutting comprises rotatably cutting using an annular blade.
  • cutting further comprising vibrating said cutter.
  • detaching the undesired tissue comprises peeling of the undesired tissue.
  • mechanically weakening comprises ablation of said tissue.
  • modifying said area of said undesired deposit comprises mechanically weakening said area.
  • modifying said tissue comprises mechanically weakening said area.
  • modifying said undesired deposit comprises mechanically weakening said area.
  • said circumferentially-directed laser optics comprises a plurality of optical fibers located along an inner surface of the cylindrical tip section.
  • said circumferentially-directed laser optics and said circular-action cutter are configured to operate simultaneously.
  • said circumferentially-directed laser optics and said circular-action cutter are configured to operate intermittently.
  • said cutter comprises a blade rotatable along said inner surface of said cylindrical tip section, inwardly or outwardly to said plurality of optical fibers.
  • said cutter comprises an annular blade located along an inner or an outer surface of the cylindrical tip section, inwardly or outwardly to said plurality of optical fibers.
  • said cutter is configured to have two positions, in a first position, the cutter extends further from a distal end of the tip section, and in a second position the cutter is retracted towards a proximal part of the tip section.
  • said cutter is configured to shift from the first position to the second position when a force above a predetermined value is applied on said cutter.
  • said cutter is configured to shift from the first position to the second position upon indication of a force applied on said cutter being above a predetermined value.
  • said cutter is configured to shift from the first position to the second position when a force above a predetermined value is applied on said cutter.
  • said cutter is configured to vibrate.
  • said cutter is said catheter's wall, wherein said wall has sharp distal edges.
  • said drug comprises: Elutax®, SeQuent®, CotarraTM with Paccocath® coating technology, TADD (from Caliber Therapeutics, Inc.), Advance® 18PTX®, DIOR®, IN.PACTTM Amphirion, Coroxane or any combination thereof.
  • said laser is a diode pump Holmium Fiber laser.
  • said laser is a pulse laser with emitting radiation in the range of 2.8-3 microns.
  • said laser is a pulse Thulium laser
  • said laser is a pulse Thulium fiber laser.
  • said laser is a Er:YAG laser
  • said laser is a fiber laser configured to emit at 2.8-3 microns.
  • said laser is a pulsed laser.
  • said laser is a solid state triple Nd:YAG laser.
  • said laser radiation is pulsed radiation.
  • said one or more lead retraction elements are configured to grab the lead only when the catheter is moving outside of the body.
  • said one or more lead retraction elements comprise a balloon.
  • said plurality of optical fibers and said cutter are configured to operate simultaneously.
  • said plurality of optical fibers and said cutter are configured to operate intermittently.
  • said plurality of optical fibers are configured to modify an area of the undesired tissue thereby preparing said area for penetration of said cutter, wherein said cutter is configured to cut through said modified area and thereby detach at least a part of the undesired tissue.
  • said plurality of optical fibers are located along an inner surface of said first wall.
  • said plurality of optical fibers are located along an outer surface of said first wall.
  • said plurality of optical fibers comprise one or more optical fibers having a proximal diameter larger than their distal diameter.
  • said second wall comprises a sharp distal edge.
  • said tip section is cylindrical.
  • said tip section is expandable.
  • the catheter further comprises a drug eluting balloon.
  • the catheter further comprises a light concentrator at a distal end of said tip section.
  • the catheter further comprises a second wall, wherein said plurality of optical fibers are located between said first and said second walls.
  • the catheter further comprises one or more imaging elements configured to provide information on an inner part of said blood vessel.
  • the catheter further comprises one or more imaging elements for monitoring the procedure.
  • the catheter further comprises one or more imaging elements configured to provide information on an inner part of said blood vessel.
  • the catheter further comprises one or more lead retraction elements.
  • the catheter further comprises one or more openings for administering a drug.
  • the circumferentially-directed laser optics comprises a plurality of optical fibers located along an inner surface of a cylindrical tip section of the catheter.
  • the device further comprises a light concentrator at a distal end of said tip section.
  • the device further comprises one or more imaging elements configured to provide information on an inner part of said cavity.
  • the device further comprises one or more openings for administering a drug.
  • the device further comprises openings or tubing for flushing a cleaning solution.
  • the device is configured for use in the gastrointestinal tract, urology or gynecology.
  • the device is configured to mount on a tip section of an endoscope.
  • the method further comprises administering a drug for preventing or treating restenosis.
  • the method further comprises flushing a cleaning solution.
  • the method further comprises imaging the inner part of said cavity.
  • the method further comprises imaging the procedure.
  • the method is used in endoluminal procedures in the gastrointestinal tract, urology or gynecology.
  • the undesired tissue comprises a flat lesion and wherein the gastrointestinal tract cavity comprises an inner wall of the stomach.
  • the undesired tissue comprises a flat lesion and wherein the gastrointestinal tract cavity comprises an inner wall surface of the stomach.
  • the undesired tissue comprises a sessile polyp, flat polyps and NP-CRN (Nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasms) and wherein the gastrointestinal tract cavity comprises an inner wall surface of the colon.
  • NP-CRN Nonpolypoid colorectal neoplasms
  • the undesired tissue comprises Barrett's tissue and wherein the gastrointestinal tract cavity comprises the esophagus, wherein said tip section is configured to match the typical anatomy of the esophagus.
  • the undesired tissue comprises Barrett's tissue and wherein the gastrointestinal tract cavity comprises the esophagus.
  • transmitting laser radiation and cutting are conducted simultaneously.
  • transmitting laser radiation and cutting are conducted intermittently.
  • FIG. 1A shows an exemplary cylindrical tip section of a hybrid catheter in perspective view
  • FIG. 1B shows an exemplary cylindrical tip section of a hybrid catheter in a front view
  • FIG. 1C shows an exemplary cylindrical tip section of a hybrid catheter inside a vessel with partial plaque blockage in a cross-sectional view
  • FIG. 2 shows an exemplary tip section of a hybrid catheter, with one or more alterations with respect to FIGS. 1A-C .
  • FIG. 3A shows a tip section which includes a hollow reflective light concentrator
  • FIG. 3B shows a tip section which includes a solid-state light concentrating waveguide
  • FIGS. 3C-3E show the usage of tapered fibers
  • FIGS. 4A-4B show a circular-action cutter
  • FIG. 5 shows a cross-sectional view of an expandable tip section
  • FIGS. 6A-B illustrate a tube 600 introduced through the catheter and ending with an array of nozzles or apertures
  • FIGS. 7A-B illustrate the use of a roller 700 to stain the tissue
  • FIGS. 8A-B illustrate apertures 800 built into the catheter's housing
  • FIGS. 9A-B illustrate an array of tubes or needles 900 a - b which are used to administer the drug
  • FIG. 10 shows an exemplary tip section of a hybrid device mounted on an endoscope
  • FIG. 11 shows a hybrid catheter mounted on an endoscope, during a procedure of detaching undesired tissue
  • FIG. 12 shows a catheter assembled on a commercially-available endoscope
  • FIGS. 13A-13C show a cross section of a hybrid catheter over a lead to be extracted.
  • An aspect of some embodiments relates to a hybrid catheter and methods for using the same in endoluminal interventions.
  • present embodiments may be useful in Barrett's Esophagus management, gastroenterology—such as for removal of sessile and flat lesions in the GI track, and in analogous applications requiring removal of tissue from the inner walls in gynecology and urology interventions.
  • various vascular applications such as atherectomy, angioplasty, debulking of plaque in in-stent restenosis, leads extraction, thrombectomy in chronic peripheral and coronary artery diseases and for management of acute blockage of vessels in coronary and neurovascular applications.
  • Another example is the use of embodiments in.
  • the hybrid catheter may be based on a combination of laser and mechanical removal (also “debulking”) of an undesired material from a bodily lumen.
  • the catheter may be configured to weaken and/or even cut and detach undesired material with a laser and then, even in cases where the plaque material was not entirely removed, detaching the rest of the plaque material by mechanical means, such as using a blade.
  • the laser may change the mechanical characteristics of tissue, and thereby improve performance of mechanical tools such as various types of blades or shavers. By way of example, the laser may make a soft tissue crispier so it can be effectively crushed using the mechanical tool.
  • usage of the present catheter may obviate the need to photo-ablate (evaporate) most or all of the undesired material. Accordingly, the process may be faster and result in lesser by-products than in common laser ablation, lesser associated mechanical stress and lesser other side effects such as thermal injury resulting from photo ablation.
  • the process may allow using smaller lasers wherein energy is focused at a smaller area and wherein mechanical tools remove traces remaining in the treated area and facilitate further penetration of the laser beam to proceed in effective ablation.
  • challenging calcified tissue may be successfully treated, despite the difficulty in many of today's common mechanical or excimer lasers to delicately detach such tissue from the vessel's walls.
  • the present catheter advantageously, provides for controlled cutting of plaque with minimal or no damage to the vessel's walls.
  • This hybrid catheter disclosed herein may be used (for example in atherectomy) alone and/or in conjunction with low pressure balloon angioplasty, stenting, for treating in-stent restenosis with no damage to the stent, and/or for treatment of acute blockages due to plaques and or thrombus (thrombectomy).
  • the catheter comprises a tip section, which may be essentially in a cylindrical shape, having circumferentially-directed laser optics, optionally in the form of one or more optical fibers, configured to deliver laser radiation, and a circular-action cutter including one or more blades configured to assist in cutting and/or detaching undesired materials (also “deposits”) from an inner surface of a blood vessel.
  • the one or more optical fibers may be circumferentially-directed, namely, they may be located along an inner surface of the cylindrical tip section, which is near the periphery of the tip section.
  • the circumferentially-directed optical fibers may be located elsewhere but directed, by way of orientation and/or optical focusing, to radiate an area in front of the circumference of the tip section.
  • the circular-action cutter may be located in a central part of the tip section, for example, surrounded by the optical fibers.
  • the circular-action cutter may be located in the periphery of the tip section and the one or more optical fibers are located in a central part of the tip section, for example, surrounded by blades.
  • the one or more optical fibers and the one or more blades are located in the periphery of the tip section.
  • the one or more optical fibers and the one or more blades are located in a central part of the tip section.
  • the circular-action cutter lays on a spring so that a maximum force applied by the cutter is predetermined in order to avoid potential damage, yet be effective.
  • the tip section may include an inner channel maintained at a relative low pressure to suck the undesired material which may be plaque, thrombus material, debris, saline solution used for cleaning and/or the like.
  • a motor is provided to rotate the circular-action cutter in order to improve fragment cutting and/or detaching.
  • the motor or a different motor may be used to rapidly vibrate the circular-action cutter in order to improve fragment cutting and/or detaching.
  • the circular-action cutter is heated to improve its performance. This may be done by an external heat source, electrical means and/or by the laser radiation.
  • the catheter tip may be expandable, such that its diameter may be increased after its introduction into the vessel.
  • the catheter tip may include means for deflection, such that effective working area will be larger than the catheter diameter and enable off-axis work.
  • the catheter may be useful in cases of Chronic Total Occlusions (CTO), where a guidewire cannot normally be used to pass lesions totally blocking the vessel, and therefore atherectomy is often not feasible, since usage of a guidewire often dictates a certain relative position, and angle in particular, of the catheter's tip section versus the vessel.
  • CTO Chronic Total Occlusions
  • An example of an appropriate laser of some embodiments is a solid state ultraviolet (UV) laser emitting pulses in approximately 355 nm and/or 266 nm.
  • An example of an appropriate laser is the Qauntel CFR400, emitting 50 mJ, 10 ns pulses of 355 nm at 50 Hz and/or 40 mJ of 266 nm at 40 Hz.
  • Another example is an Excimer laser.
  • thermal effects in the tissue may become a problem. This can be at least partially resolved by minimizing ablation area (depth and width), use of short laser pulses and with saline flushing.
  • Another option includes sequential illumination of fibers in a manner that not all the fibers are exposed to laser ration simultaneously, in order to enable thermal relaxation of the affected tissue.
  • dyes or substrates may be used to enhance absorption at certain wavelengths, such as 355 nm.
  • sensitization with haematoporphrin or tetracycline prior to the procedure in order to enhance ablation of the pretreated atheromatous plaque but not insensitised or normal arterial wall.
  • a laser of some embodiments is a laser emitting pulsed radiation in the mid-infrared (IR) region, such as in the range of 2.8-3 micrometers, a range where water is very effectively absorbed.
  • IR mid-infrared
  • radiation at around 2 microns may be used, with a preference for thulium laser emitting at 1910-1940 nm range wherein there is higher absorption of water preferably combined with Q-switched modulation wherein ablation is more effective and reduces lateral damage.
  • an Er:YAG may be used, or another source such as a Mid-IR Holmium Fiber Laser Directly Pumped with Diode Laser that emits at 2840 nm using fluoride fibers [see Optics Letters, Sep. 1, 2007, pp. 2496-2498].
  • a third harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser at 355 nm preferably a compact, all solid state, diode pumped laser.
  • the 355 nm radiation usually has a deeper penetration capability compared to the 308 nm radiation, in the depth range of 100 micron or more in relevant tissues and materials.
  • very short pulse widths (such as ⁇ 10 ns) are used, in order to obtain a higher power density, and, in particular, to be able to ablate calcified plaques.
  • the energy per pulse is in the range of 10-100 mJ and the pulse frequency is in the range of 10-100 Hz.
  • the area of ablation may be flushed with a saline solution in order to reduce side effects (such as cavitation), clean the area of ablation and catheter and/or facilitate collection of debris.
  • third harmonic lasers are generally less suitable to endovascular interventions than 308 nm lasers, due to longer penetration rates and reduced effectiveness of ablation (see, for example, Grundfest W S et al., Am J. Surg. 1985 August; 150(2):220-6; and Frank Laidback et al., Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 8:60-65 (1988)).
  • the present embodiments may successfully utilize third harmonic Nd:YAG lasers instead of complex and expensive Excimer lasers.
  • the present embodiments address several problems.
  • the laser and the mechanical cutter may share the task; the laser may ablate and/or weaken at least some of the material, while the mechanical cutter completes the job by finally detaching the material from the walls.
  • a laser that emits radiation in 266 nm may be used. This wavelength has a shorter penetration rate in addition use of compact Excimer laser emitting radiation at 308 nm, as currently used, can be utilized with the current embodiments.
  • a system may include means that enable an operator to switch between 266 nm and 355 nm, generated from the same Nd:YAG laser, and means to control power, repetition rate and/or exposure/illumination of specific fiber groups.
  • An alternative embodiment of the present invention replaces UV lasers with a laser with radiation in the 2 micron or 2.8-3 microns, in which ablation is very effective.
  • Holmium lasers are conventionally used for 2 microns but Thulium lasers have a stronger water absorption and smaller absorption length, which makes them especially suitable for some embodiments.
  • pulsed fiber thulium laser is used.
  • a solid state laser may be used in order to increase pulse power per pulse, which is currently limited in fiber lasers and in view of the limited pulse rate that can be used in order to minimize heat accumulation and damage.
  • Laser in 2.8-3 micrometer may be Er:YAG.
  • Er:YAG Q-switched are available with pulses in the hundreds of nanosecond range, which may be suitable for present embodiments.
  • fiber lasers which may be directly diode-pumped, such as a Mid-IR Holmium Fiber Laser, are used. This laser may be pumped from ground level ( 5 I 8 ) to an excited energy band ( 5 I 6 ) with radiation at about 1150 nm, and the relaxation bands may lead to emission at 2840 nm (relaxation to band 5 I 7 ) and 2100 nm in relaxation to ground state.
  • This laser may be pumped from ground level ( 5 I 8 ) to an excited energy band ( 5 I 6 ) with radiation at about 1150 nm, and the relaxation bands may lead to emission at 2840 nm (relaxation to band 5 I 7 ) and 2100 nm in relaxation to ground state.
  • this laser may be directly pumped with recently developed high-power, high-brightness diode lasers based on highly strained InGaAs quantum wells that produce output at 1148 nm. See Optics Letters, Sep. 1, 2007, pp. 2496-2498 and Stuart D. Jackson Optics Letters, Vol. 34, Issue 15, pp. 2327-2329 (2009).
  • the laser may be selected according to the selected resonator optics, for example fluoride fiber lasers to emit laser radiation on the 2.9- ⁇ m transition (516 to 517) and silica fiber lasers to emit radiation on the 2.1- ⁇ m transitions (517 to 518).
  • fluoride fiber lasers to emit laser radiation on the 2.9- ⁇ m transition
  • silica fiber lasers to emit radiation on the 2.1- ⁇ m transitions (517 to 518).
  • a laser with controlled pulse rate and/or power may be used to interact with the liquid between the fiber tip (exit of laser beam) and tissue, either to allow for “opening” of a passage for the beam (e.g., a channel wherein light is not absorbed when UV radiation is used) to the tissue prior and adjunctive to the required interaction with the tissue, and/or to facilitate the process (when mid-IR radiation is used) benefiting from the “water spray” effect.
  • the tip can be in mechanical contact with the tissue being ablated or not.
  • FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C show an exemplary cylindrical tip section 100 of a hybrid catheter in perspective, front and cross-section views, respectively, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.
  • the remainder of the catheter's shaft may, in some embodiments, be biocompatible polymer tubing, optionally coated, to minimize friction with the vessel's walls.
  • Tip section 100 is positioned at the distal end of the hybrid catheter, the end which is inserted into the blood vessel.
  • Tip section 100 may include a housing 102 , for example a cylindrical one, at least one optic fiber(s) 104 positioned along an inner surface of housing 102 , and a circular-action cutter (or simply “cutter”) 106 positioned inwardly of the optic fibers.
  • the circular-action cutter may be positioned outwardly of the optic fibers. It is intended that the following description of the embodiments in which the circular-action cutter is positioned inwardly, be applied, mutatis mutandis, to the alternative, not-shown embodiment.
  • optic fiber(s) 104 are delimited and/or supported by a first inner wall 108 .
  • cutter 106 is delimited and/or supported by a second inner wall 110 .
  • the catheter is used with a standard guidewire.
  • the catheter is connected to a suction pump that generates low pressure to collect undesired material, saline and/or the like through the catheter.
  • the pump may be a peristaltic pump, which mounts externally to the fluid path, to avoid any contamination of the pump.
  • this obviates the need to use disposable parts.
  • Optic fibers 104 serving as the laser optics of the present hybrid catheter, may be connected, at their proximal end (not shown) to a laser source characterized by one or more of the parameters laid out above. Optic fibers 104 may deliver the laser beams from the source towards the intervention site in the body. In tip section 100 of FIG. 1C , optic fibers 104 are shown as they emit laser towards undesired material 114 . One or more areas 116 in undesired material 114 may consequently be modified or even ablated by the laser. Then, cutter 106 may more readily cut into undesired material 114 and detach at least a part of it from the vessel's walls 118 .
  • Cutter 106 is optionally an annular blade extending to a certain depth inside tip section 100 and coupled to a suitable motor (not shown), located in the tip section or further in the shaft, supplying rotary and/or vibratory power to the blade.
  • a suitable motor not shown
  • one or more flexible members such as a spring 112
  • Tip section 100 of FIGS. 1A-C is shown with cutter 106 in its protruding position, while tip section 100 b of FIG. 1C is shown with the cutter, now marked 106 b , in its retracted position.
  • the length of protrusion out of housing 102 may be, for example, up to about 350 microns when treating blood vessels.
  • cutter 106 When protruding, cutter 106 is used for detaching undesired material (also “deposit”) 114 from an inner surface 118 of a blood vessel 120 . According to some embodiments, when a certain force (for example, above a predetermined value) is applied to cutter 106 from the front, which may be a result of blockage in blood vessel 120 , the cutter may shift its position and retract into housing 102 .
  • a certain force for example, above a predetermined value
  • the annular blade of cutter 106 may have sufficiently thin edges, such as around 100 microns. Suitable blades may be tailor-made by companies such as MDC Doctor Blades, Crescent and UKAM. The blade may optionally be mounted at the end of a rotatable tube rotated. Such tubes are available from manufacturers such as Pilling, offering a line of laser instrumentation and blade manufacture. The blade may be metal or manufactured by molding a material such as plastic which is optionally coated with a coating having proper characteristics for in-vivo use.
  • An exemplary tip section may have an external diameter of approximately 5 mm, an internal diameter (within the innermost layer, be it the cutter or an extra wall) of approximately 3.4 mm, and optical fibers each having an approximately 0.1-0.2 mm diameter.
  • FIG. 2 shows an exemplary tip section 200 of a hybrid catheter, which may be similar to tip section 100 of FIG. 1 with one or more alterations:
  • one or more fibers 222 of the optical fibers existing in tip section 200 may be used for imaging the lumen of a blood vessel 220 by transporting reflected and scattered light from inside the lumen to an external viewing and/or analysis device (not shown) located externally to the body. This may aid in avoiding perforation of vessel 220 and allowing for on-line monitoring of the intervention process.
  • tip section 200 may be maneuverable, so as to allow different viewing angles and/or in order to align the laser beams and a cutter 206 differently.
  • a cleaning channel (not shown) may be present inside tip section 200 and extending outside the body, through which channel suction 224 is applied in order to evacuate debris of the undesired material which were treated by the lasers and/or cutter 206 .
  • a conventional manner for detection of plaque and other lesions and for monitoring of vessel treatment is based on ultrasound and fluoroscopy.
  • one or more fibers 222 may be utilized for detection of lesions and/or to monitor the intervention process on-line, based on the reflection and/or scattering of the laser light from the vessel and/or the deposits.
  • a different source of illumination may be used, such as through one or more other fibers.
  • the captured light may be transmitted to a sensor such as a CCD, a CMOS or a MOS.
  • the sensing may include a filter or means for spectral imaging, to gain information about the material characteristics (plaque, tissue, calcified plaque, blood clot, etc.). This may enable a quick and effective procedure with minimal risk of perforation, and may enable debulking procedures wherein a guidewire cannot or should not be used.
  • the angle of tip section 200 may be controlled to enable by means of tip deflection, enabling removal of material in a cross-section larger than the catheter size. This may be done by mechanical means, such as by selective inflation and deflation of at least two balloons (not shown) attached to the tip section externally at different angles, or a balloon with different compartments 226 a - d . Another example is usage of links forming a joint 228 , controllable from outside the body using one or more wires (not shown).
  • the laser beam may be directed through fibers each having a core diameter optionally in the range of 40-250 microns.
  • a core diameter optionally in the range of 40-250 microns.
  • using fibers with an outer diameter of 50 microns will result in using approximately 300 fibers with a cross-section area smaller than 1 mm 2 , so that for a coupling efficiency of 75%, the energy at the exit of each fiber will be close to 40 mj/mm when pumped with a 50 mJ laser.
  • Adequate fibers for some embodiments may be all-silica fibers with a pure silica core.
  • Some embodiments include fibers with a numerical aperture (NA) in the range of 0.12-0.22.
  • NA numerical aperture
  • An example of a relevant fiber is FiberTech Optica's SUV100/110AN fiber for UV application and the low OH version SIR100/140AN for use with laser in the 1900-2100 nm range or Infrared Fiber Systems, IR Photonics and A.R.T. Photonics GmbH fibers for transmission of radiation in the 2900-3000 range.
  • Embodiments of single mode or multimode may be realized while preservation of beam quality is important but not mandatory in certain embodiments.
  • Some embodiments may include microlenses at the tip area to manipulate the beam at each individual fiber exit.
  • the catheter may include means for delivery of the laser power through relatively bigger optical fibers, e.g. 100 or even 300 micron fibers that do not extend all the way to the end of the tip section, as schematically illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3E .
  • FIG. 3A shows a tip section 300 which includes a hollow reflective light concentrator 304 a with a straight profile or a concave profile (as shown), used to concentrate light from at least two fibers (shown jointly at 304 ).
  • Hollow concentrator 406 a may have metal-based or dielectric coating.
  • Hollow concentrator 304 a may form a ring shape surrounding a cutter 306 , in manner that radiation from all the fibers is delivered with one concentrator, so that a relatively uniform ring of pulsed radiation is generated at the exit.
  • the exit may include a window (not shown in the figure).
  • the optical path may be maintained clean with flushing of saline. Flushing may be through an opening in the front or from the side, between the catheter and an extra lumen that can also facilitate catheter movement in the vessel or in certain embodiments through the central lumen.
  • FIG. 3B shows a tip section 330 which includes a solid-state light concentrating waveguide 334 a for concentrating light from at least two fibers (shown jointly at 304 ).
  • Solid-state waveguide 334 a may be made, for example, of Silica with a reflective coating, or a combination of two materials such as Silica and Fluoride-doped Silica.
  • Solid-state waveguide 334 a may be optically coated at the interface with the fiber(s), to improve optical throughput from the fiber(s) to the concentrator. Alternatively, the two may be welded.
  • FIGS. 3C-3E illustrate the usage of tapered fibers, such as those available from Oxford Electronics.
  • the fibers may be thick 340 at the proximal end of the catheter's shaft, and thin 342 at its distal end—as seen in cross-section.
  • FIG. 3E shows a single tapered fiber 340 a in perspective view.
  • FIG. 4A shows another option for a circular-action cutter, in accordance with an embodiment.
  • the circular-action cutter here may be a rotating blade 406 which is rotatable, for example, using a flexible shaft 460 which centrally rotates a plate 462 peripherally connected to the rotating blade.
  • Flexible shaft 460 may be capable of delivering a limited amount of torque, especially when there is bending in the artery, etc.
  • FIG. 4B is mostly similar to FIG. 4A , except for the way rotating blade 406 is being rotated.
  • Rotating blade 406 may be rotated by a miniature motor 464 and suitable transmission 466 .
  • Appropriate miniature motors are available from manufacturers such as Namiki, which developed a 1.5 mm-diameter micro-geared DC motor.
  • rotating blade 406 of FIGS. 4A-4B may have shapes that facilitates collection and/or scraping of debulked material, to facilitate collection of debris.
  • the diameter of the catheter, at least at its tip section may be expandable.
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of an expandable tip section 500 .
  • a housing 502 of tip section 500 may be made of a relatively flexible material, compared to the rest the catheter's shaft.
  • tip section 500 When the catheter reaches the debulking site, tip section 500 is expanded, to form an outwardly-tapered shape. This expansion may be achieved by introducing a mechanical element which applies pressure on one or more parts in tip section 500 . Fibers 504 that transmit the laser beam, may then be inserted into the catheter's walls. Since when the tip section 500 is expended the distance between the fibers also extends, more fibers may be inserted into the walls.
  • the mechanical element introduced to expand tip section 500 includes cutter 506 .
  • expandable tip section 500 may be used in conjunction with the tip section deflecting means of FIG. 2 .
  • Nitinol Nickel Titanium
  • the catheter, or at least its tip section is compressed before introduction into the body, and naturally returns to its pre-compressed shape after it is introduced to the lumen.
  • Nitinol may be used in a structure of a mesh or a braid, to provide sufficient radial force while enabling contraction with low enough radial forces when the catheter is retracted. Some flexibility may still remain at the tip section, to allow accommodation to the physiological shape of lumen.
  • the tip may also include means for controlled deflection.
  • the catheter may perform local delivery of drugs which reduce the incident of restenosis, such as Paclitaxel and its derivatives, or soluble forms such as Coroxane.
  • the drug may remain in the site post-treatment and assist in lumen recovery, while preventing overdosing and systematic effects.
  • the drug administration following the removal of undesired material from the vessel or stent may be achieved by means such as: (i) spraying of drug from nozzles in the external surface of the catheter, or with a tube that includes an array of nozzles at its end, threaded through a suitable channel in the catheter; (ii) by a roller that “paints” the tissue; (iii) by a drug-coated balloon; (iv) by a balloon that includes means to deliver drug through channels in its wall; (v) brushes in the catheter walls; (vi) tubes with nozzles which may change their direction on the way in and out the material removal site.
  • some embodiments provide means for deep administration of the drug, to be sustained in the deeper layers of the arterial wall or even in remaining plaque but not in the endothelium, thereby allowing new endothelial cells to grow and re-align the lumen, to inhibit restenosis in deep cell layers after the lumen has been restored and re-endothelialized. This may be accomplished by means such as pressure-controlled drug administration, administration below the surface and/or selection of adequate drug forms.
  • the treatment procedure may include administration of one or more substances that increase absorption of plaque at 335 nm such as treating with tetracycline for which the uptake by plaque is a few times larger than in normal tissue. See, for example, Murphy-Chutorian D, et al, Am J. Cardiol. 1985 May 1; 55(11):1293-7.
  • Examples of applicable drugs include: Elutax®, SeQuent®, CotassembleTM with Paccocath® coating technology, TADD (from Caliber Therapeutics, Inc.), Advance® 18PTX®, DIOR®, IN.PACTTM Amphirion, Coroxane and more.
  • FIGS. 6A-B , 7 A-B, 8 A-B and 9 A-B include schematical illustrations of a number of exemplary tip section embodiments suitable for local administration of drugs.
  • FIGS. 6A-B illustrate a tube 600 introduced through the catheter and ending with an array of nozzles or apertures 602 that spray the drug on demand.
  • FIGS. 7A-B illustrate the use of a roller 700 to stain the tissue.
  • the catheter may include means to allow the roller to get at least partially inside a groove 702 before the debulking procedure, and exit the groove when needed to transfer the drug to the tissue.
  • Roller 700 may include means to apply pressure to the walls in order to increase drug delivery and/or expand the stent in in-stent restenosis (ISR) applications.
  • ISR in-stent restenosis
  • FIGS. 8A-B illustrate apertures 800 built into the catheter's housing, and configured to be opened only when needed.
  • FIGS. 9A-B illustrate an array of tubes or needles 900 a - b which are used to administer the drug in a manner that will increase its sustainability.
  • Means to allow the angle of the tubes relative to the catheter to change before and after the debulking procedure and/or in the way inside and outside from the lumen/stent are provided.
  • the tubes may be facing forward 900 a when moving forward and backwards 900 b when moving backwards.
  • the tubes are optionally made of a flexible, biocompatible material.
  • Further examples of drug administration may include: a brush to transfer the drug through nipples in the wall of the catheter; a balloon for administration of drug; a balloon surrounding the catheter and being coated with the drug and inflated after the debulking procedure; a balloon with nipples that are used to administer drug on demand; and a coated balloon inserted through the cleaning channel of the catheter.
  • FIG. 10 - FIG. 12 illustrate catheters for detaching undesired tissue from an inner wall of a body cavity, for example, but not limited to, Barrett's esophagus management, according to embodiments of the invention.
  • the first embodiment is a hybrid catheter which combines a utility of laser radiation to ablate and cut/detach the undesired pathological tissue or modify its mechanical characteristics and mechanical means such a blade or a sharp edge of a wall of the catheter to complete the detaching.
  • the tissue is resected/disected using the laser radiation and the blade/wall's edge.
  • the blade/wall's edge does not need to be too sharp and are thus configured to cut the tissue without the risk of potential perforation or damage to the body cavity.
  • FIG. 10 shows an exemplary tip section 1000 of a hybrid device in perspective view, mounted on an endoscope 1500 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.
  • the remainder of the catheter namely—its shaft (not shown) may, in some embodiments, be biocompatible housing, optionally coated so as to reduce friction with the cavity's wall.
  • Endoscope 1500 may be any commercially available scope having, inter alia, working channel 1502 , for insertion of medical tools, water/air injector(s) 1504 for cleaning and insufflation, and illuminators 1506 .
  • Endoscope 1500 may also include a camera 1508 including CCD, CMOS or MOS sensors for example and optics.
  • Tip section 1000 is positioned at the distal end of the hybrid catheter, the end which is inserted into the body cavity such as the esophagus.
  • Tip section 1000 has a shape of a sector of a cylinder and is generally configured to be mounted on top of an endoscope (for example, as used in upper endoscopy or colonoscopy).
  • the shape of tip section 1000 is also configured match the typical anatomy of the body cavity to which it is intended to be inserted.
  • the tip section of the hybrid catheter (device) may have other appropriate shapes and forms, and can mounted in certain embodiments on another working tool that is used to manipulate it while the process is monitored with another camera such as in laparoscopic procedures.
  • Tip section 1000 may include two walls, an external wall 1002 and an internal wall 1004 .
  • One of the walls (external wall 1002 and an internal wall 1004 ) or both of them may have sharp distal edges to facilitate cutting through the undesired tissue.
  • One of the walls (external wall 1002 and an internal wall 1004 ) or both of them may be coated with a material that provides sharper edges.
  • At least one optic fiber(s), typically a plurality of optical fiber(s) 1006 are positioned between external wall 1002 and an internal wall 1004 .
  • there may exist a cutter similar to the cutter shown in FIGS. 1A-C only having a shape of a sector of a cylinder).
  • external wall 1002 , an internal wall 1004 and/or a cutter (blade) may have two positions, retracted position and protruded position (configured for cutting).
  • the external wall 1002 , an internal wall 1004 and/or a cutter (blade) are configured (such as by virtue of sharpness) to cut through the undesired tissue and thereby detach at least a part of the undesired tissue from the inner wall of the body cavity. If a blade is present, it may be a rotary-action blade and/or a vibrating blade. According to some embodiments, optical fibers 1006 are configured to transmit laser radiation configured to modify an area of the undesired tissue thereby preparing said area for penetration of external wall 1002 , an internal wall 1004 and/or a cutter (blade).
  • the blade may be mounted in a spring so that when force is applied beyond a certain predetermined level the blade enters into its compartment (shifts to retracted position).
  • the position of the blade may be controlled by a physician. This way, the blade is not sharp enough to cut the tissue without the laser so as to avoid potential perforation. Flushing of saline or another appropriate solution at the edge of the catheter may be used to maintain an optical clean path, remove unnecessary material and reduce potential thermal damage and use a “water spray” effect with mid-IR radiation sources.
  • Hybrid catheter 1001 includes a tip section 1000 , transmitting laser radiation and cutting through the tissue.
  • hybrid catheter 1001 is used to remove the Barrett's tissue 1008 .
  • the illustration shows that different layers can be targeted and removed.
  • Barrett's tissue 1008 (or any other undesired tissue) is cut by catheter and lifted.
  • the catheter, such as catheter 1001 may be (not necessarily) assembled on a commercially available endoscope, such as endoscope 1600 ( FIG. 12 ).
  • the tip section of the hybrid catheter (particularly but not limited to) in interventions in the GI track may be position in predetermined angle versus the scope axis and thereby predetermining the depth of penetration of the tip according to the peeling depth required.
  • “Peeling” like mode can be thought of in analogy to a “carpenter plane” but using a “hybrid blade”.
  • the depth of peeling can be adjusted according to the clinical condition such as the depth for Barrett's removal or required according to the stage of the disease and similarly in flat lesion in other places of the GI track. Accordingly the position of the blade knife can be adjusted as well as the distance between the blade and the plane.
  • the catheter with a hybrid blade can be located at a predetermined angle/position and distance from the plane of the endoscope or another tool used to hold the tip.
  • catheter can be used to make the initial incision of the tissue as a few laser pulses are used to enable generation of a cut to allow the blade to cut through the required layers and then followed by movement of the catheter with the help of the scope over the organ in forward or backwards direction according to the position angle of the catheter.
  • the catheter is inserted through the working channel of a standard endoscope or through a special opening made in a dedicated scope.
  • Some embodiments include using a tip with a memory shape that is contracted for introduction through the working channel and is expanded when it exits the endoscope tip.
  • Such a catheter may be based on use of Nitinol.
  • the laser wavelength can be selected to enable reduced tissue penetration or surface ablation such as in 355 nm or 2.8-3 microns lasers or deeper with the 266 nm laser.
  • tissue penetration or surface ablation such as in 355 nm or 2.8-3 microns lasers or deeper with the 266 nm laser.
  • an embodiment of the invention includes a use of a mid-IR laser which had a longer penetration depth.
  • hybrid catheter for debulking of required tissue from lumens such as in the GI track is the side effect of the laser and this is enhancing homeostasis and avoid bleeding. Depending on the specific laser used the effect may not be sufficient to avoid bleeding and some embodiments may include use of an additional laser for the purpose of hemostasis preferably delivered through the same optical fibers.
  • the catheter is connected to a suction pump that generates low pressure to collect undesired material, saline and/or the like through the catheter.
  • the pump may be a peristaltic pump, which mounts externally to the fluid path, to avoid any contamination of the pump.
  • this obviates the need to use disposable parts.
  • the hybrid catheter blade can also be used for improved biopsy procedures enabling relative large sample to be collected for further histology analysis and thereby decrease sampling errors, which are associated with high risk in patients with BE or in gynecology and urology applications.
  • the hybrid catheter may further include imaging means to detect the required area that has to be treated and to monitor the process on-line, thereby enabling effective “focal therapy” according to the diseases severity from early stage such as Barrett's esophagus without dysplasia to more advanced disease with minimal complications, as it limits damage to the surrounding healthy tissue and avoid mucosal perforation. Similar considerations may apply in gynecology and urology applications.
  • Means to obtain images of the working area may include, for example, commercial fiberscope such Medit INC F2.4 (2.4 mm 45 degrees FOV, with 30,000 pixels) or Olympus LF-2 (designed for tracheal intubation) that can be inserted into 5 mm tubes and includes a 1.5 mm channel for easier aspiration/instillation of fluids, providing images with 90 degrees field of view from >3 mm so the fiber can be placed accordingly.
  • the hybrid catheter may be combined with a commercial endoscope, such as a gastroscope preferably such that has enhanced imaging capabilities such a narrow band imaging (NBI) to detect the pathological areas with higher resolution.
  • a commercial endoscope such as a gastroscope preferably such that has enhanced imaging capabilities such a narrow band imaging (NBI) to detect the pathological areas with higher resolution.
  • NBI narrow band imaging
  • an Olympus GIF-H180J model (or equivalent) may be used, which has a 9.9 mm diameter at the distal end so the hybrid catheter can be attached to the walls in a manner that it can be conveniently introduced to the body.
  • This enables four-way angulations (210° up, 900 down, and 100° right/left) a 140° field of view and close-up high resolution image can be obtained as close as 2 mm from the tissue, so the laser blade catheter can be attached accordingly to the tip of the scope (relatively advanced in few mm at the front).
  • a hybrid catheter having a tip section having optical fibers for transmitting (pulse) laser radiation and inner and/or outer walls having facet that are sharp enough to complete the cutting and debulking (extracting) of leads initiated by the laser but not sharp enough to work alone in order to maintain the procedure's safety.
  • Using the hybrid catheter allows decreasing the requirements from the laser and thus enables use of small solid state lasers, in such way that when the debulking of the leads is not completed by laser cutting the tissue surrounding the leads is performed mechanically (by sharp wall(s) and/or by a blade).
  • FIGS. 13A-C show cross section illustrations of three types of a hybrid catheter for pacemaker and ICD (Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator) lead extraction.
  • ICD Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
  • FIG. 13A shows a cross section of hybrid catheter 2002 over lead 2000 which is to be extracted.
  • Catheter 2002 has a tip section 2004 , typically having a circular cross section.
  • Tip section 2004 comprises an inner wall 2006 and an outer wall 2008 , at least one of which having a sharp (for example tapered) distal end which thus function like blades.
  • Optical fiber(s) 2010 are located between inner wall 2006 and outer wall 2008 and are configured to transmit laser radiation through the distal end of tip section 2004 (as marked by the arrows).
  • the laser radiation modifies (e.g., ablate, partially ablate, weaken, cut, etc.) the tissue surrounding the lead and thereby preparing the tissue for penetration of the sharp distal edge of inner wall 2006 and outer wall 2008 , such that walls are configured to cut through the modified tissue and thereby detach lead 2000 from the tissue.
  • the catheter may include means to hold the lead in order to extract it from the body.
  • a lead locking device e.g. Spectranetics Lead Locking Device (LLD®)
  • LLD® Spectranetics Lead Locking Device
  • Spectranetics SLS® II another catheter used for laser ablation
  • FIGS. 13B and 13C Two examples of means for holding and retracting the lead are schematically illustrated in FIGS. 13B and 13C , in accordance with some embodiments.
  • FIG. 13B shows a cross section of hybrid catheter 3000 over lead 2000 which is to be extracted.
  • Catheter 3000 may be similar to catheter 2002 , but further includes a “donut shaped” balloon ( 3002 / 3004 ) connected to an inner wall of hybrid catheter 3000 .
  • a “donut shaped” balloon 3002 / 3004
  • the balloon is deflated ( 3002 ).
  • the balloon is inflated ( 3004 ) and “holds” lead 2000 and thus assist in its extraction.
  • FIG. 13C shows a cross section of hybrid catheter 4000 over lead 2000 which is to be extracted.
  • Catheter 4000 may be similar to catheter 2002 , but further includes “grabbing elements” 4002 , configured to allow smooth penetration of catheter 4000 through the tissue surroundings lead 2000 but to hold lead 2000 in a predetermined force when moving outside.
  • the catheter may include means to release this holding in cases there is a need to retract the catheter without the lead.

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US15/649,234 Active US10363099B2 (en) 2011-02-24 2017-07-13 Hybrid catheter for vascular intervention
US15/684,911 Active US10258409B2 (en) 2011-02-24 2017-08-23 Hybrid catheter for endoluminal intervention
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US16/436,650 Active US11576724B2 (en) 2011-02-24 2019-06-10 Hybrid catheter for vascular intervention
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