TWI647257B - 用於製造奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之方法 - Google Patents
用於製造奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TWI647257B TWI647257B TW104124236A TW104124236A TWI647257B TW I647257 B TWI647257 B TW I647257B TW 104124236 A TW104124236 A TW 104124236A TW 104124236 A TW104124236 A TW 104124236A TW I647257 B TWI647257 B TW I647257B
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- filler
- cellulose
- pulp
- pigment
- viscosity
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Classifications
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Abstract
本發明係關於一種用於製造奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之方法以及藉由此方法所獲得之奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠及其用途,其中該製造方法係藉由提供纖維素纖維及至少一種填料及/或顏料;組合該纖維素纖維及該至少一種填料及/或顏料;並在該至少一種填料及/或顏料的存在下纖維化該纖維素纖維直到形成一凝膠的方式進行。
Description
本發明係關於一種用於製造奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之方法及藉由此方法所獲得之奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠。
纖維素係綠色植物之初生細胞壁的結構組分且為地球上最常見的有機化合物。許多應用及工業對其皆具高度興趣。
纖維素係紙及由棉花、亞麻及其他植物纖維所製成之紙板及紡織品的主要成分。纖維素可轉化成賽璐凡(一種透明薄膜)及螺縈(一種自20世紀開始已用於紡織品之重要纖維)。賽璐凡及螺縈皆為已知的”再生纖維素纖維”。
纖維素纖維亦用於液體過濾中以產生一惰性材料過濾床。纖維素係另外用於製造親水性及高度吸水之海棉。
用於工業用途之纖維素主要係獲自木漿及棉花。其主要用於製造紙板及紙;且其小部分轉化成種類廣泛之衍生產物。
纖維素紙漿之原料係由木材或植物如麻、亞麻及馬尼拉麻之莖加工處理而成。紙漿纖維主要係由纖維素及其他有機組分(半纖維素及木質素)組成。纖維素巨分子(由1-4個醣苷鍵結之β-D-單醣分子構成)係藉由氫鍵連接在一起而形成一所謂初生細纖維(微胞),其具有晶質及非晶質域。數
個初生細纖維(約55個)形成一所謂微纖維。約250個此微纖維形成一細纖維。
該細纖維係排列在不同層(其可包含木質素及/或半纖維素)中而形成一纖維,該個別纖維亦係藉由木質素鍵結在一起。
造紙所用之紙漿經常係藉由研磨木材及藉由熱及化學試劑視情況加工以除去纖維素纖維中非所需化合物的方式獲得。
該纖維係經研磨並切割成一特定細度(視所需性質而定)。該纖維之研磨係以精製機(如圓錐形轉子-定子粉碎機或雙盤精製機)達到。該精製機亦纖維化表面上之纖維,其意指使若干細纖維部分脫離纖維表面。此使造紙中可加之顏料具有較佳保持性並經常對其具有較佳黏著性且紙纖維之間亦有較高氫鍵結可能性。此使機械性質獲得改善。副作用亦為因散射中心之尺寸偏離半光波長之可接受最適值所造成之光散射損失而使該紙變得較密及更透明(玻璃紙及防油紙)。
當纖維在所施能量下變得精製化時,其因細胞壁破裂並撕裂成附屬條,即裂成細纖維而纖維化。若此破裂持續進行而使細纖維與纖維主體分離,其釋放出該細纖維。纖維分解成微纖維係稱為”微纖維化”。此程序可持續進行,直到無任何纖維殘留並僅剩下奈米尺寸(厚度)之細纖維。
若該程序進一步進行且此細纖維分解成越來越小的細纖維,其最終變成纖維素碎片或奈米凝膠。視此最後一個步驟進行的程度而定,若干奈米纖維可留在該奈米纖維凝膠之中。可將該分解成初生細纖維稱為”奈米纖維化”,其中該兩型態之間可能存在一平穩過渡狀態。該初
生細纖維在一水性環境中形成一凝膠(初生細纖維之介穩網狀物),可將該凝膠稱為”奈米纖維狀凝膠”。可將該由奈米纖維所形成之凝膠視為包含奈米纖維素。
當奈米纖維狀凝膠通常包含極細纖維,可視為部分由奈米纖維素所構成,對其等本身或任何其他所存在之材料顯示比更粗或無呈現奈米纖維素結構之細纖維更強之鍵結能力,其係理想的。
然後,可以慣用精製機達到之細度有限。此外,許多用於分解粒子之其他設備無法將纖維素纖維分解成奈米纖維,如US 2001/0045264中所提之疏鬆機,其僅可將既定粒級之纖維彼此分離。
同樣地,WO 02/090651係描述一種用於回收製造紙張、紙卡或紙板期間所產生之紙漿不良品之方法,其中藉由球磨機將此外含有纖維、顏料及/或纖維之較乾淨的不良品研磨成一特定粒度。然而,無提及所存在纖維之纖維化,更別提纖維化成奈米纖維或奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠。
若需將纖維進一步分解成細纖維或甚至纖維素分子,則需要其他方法。
例如,US 4,374,702描述一種用於製備奈米纖維化纖維素之方法,其包括將纖維狀纖維素之懸浮液體擠壓通過一具有小直徑銳孔之高壓均質機,重複該懸浮液通過該銳孔之推移,直到該纖維素懸浮液變成一實質穩定懸浮液,其中該懸浮液在該銳孔中係處於至少3000psi之壓降下並經受一高速剪切作用,接著一減速衝擊在固體表面上之高速,該方法將該纖維素轉化成微纖維化纖維素而無實質化學改變該纖維素起始物。無提及奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠。
US 6,183,596B1揭示一種用於製造超微纖維化纖維素之方法,其係藉使經事先攪成糊狀之漿料通過一具有兩或多個經排列之研磨機之摩擦設備以便將其一起磨成微纖維化紙漿而獲得微纖維化纖維素並另外以高壓均質機超微纖維化所獲得之微纖維化纖維素以獲得該超微纖維化纖維素的方式進行。然而,無提及奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠。
此外,可使用超細摩擦式研磨機,其中該研磨機藉由機械剪切將纖維縮小至微粒(參照如US 6,214,163 B1),然而,其無法自動產生奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠。
奈米纖維狀纖維素之機械製造係重要的。例如,在纖維化程序期間存有黏度增加之問題。此可使該程序完全停止或增加所需比能量。
因此,對一種不僅容易進行且高效節能之製造奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之方法仍存在需求。
本發明之一目的係提供此種用於製造奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之方法。
吾人已發現:在產出量隨黏度而變之機器中,藉由特定填料及/或顏料隨含纖維素纖維之紙漿添加及與其共加工而產生一較佳產出量可見奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之黏度有利地降低。
因此,上述問題係藉由本發明用於製造奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之方法獲得解決。
本方法的特徵在於下列步驟:
(a)提供纖維素纖維;
(b)提供至少一種填料及/或顏料;(c)組合該纖維素纖維及該至少一種填料及/或顏料;並(d)在該至少一種填料及/或顏料的存在下纖維化該纖維素纖維。
圖1顯示均質化含及不含碳酸鈣之紙漿混合物期間Brookfield黏度的發展。
圖2顯示均質化之前或之後所加含及不含碳酸鈣之紙漿混合物的Brookfield黏度。
圖3顯示均質化之前或之後所加含及不含碳酸鈣之紙漿混合物的黏度對剪切速率之相依性。
圖4a及b顯示僅纖維(圖4a)、均質化前纖維與100重量%碳酸鈣(以存在纖維之重量計)(圖4b)之SEM影像。
圖5a及b顯示僅纖維(圖5a)、均質化2小時後纖維與100重量%碳酸鈣(以存在纖維之重量計)(圖5b)之SEM影像。
圖6a至b顯示僅纖維(圖6a)、均質化10小時後纖維與100重量%碳酸鈣(以存在纖維之重量計)(圖6b)之SEM影像。
圖7顯示含及不含碳酸鈣填料之混合物形成凝膠之效率。
圖8顯示含有奈米尺寸碳酸鈣及滑石之填料之混合物形成凝膠之效率。
本發明內文中之奈米纖維狀纖維素係指至少部分分解成初生纖維之纖維。若此初生纖維係處於一水性環境中,形成一指為”奈米纖
維狀凝膠”之凝膠(亞穩定之初生纖維網狀物在細度限制下本質上係被視為奈米纖維),其中奈米纖維與奈米纖維狀凝膠之間存在一平穩過渡狀態,包括含有不同含量之奈米纖維之奈米纖維狀凝膠,根據本發明奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠術語係涵蓋所有此等物。
在此態樣中,本發明內文中之纖維化係指任何主要沿纖維及細纖維之長軸分解之而分別使其直徑降低之方法。
根據本發明方法,在至少一種填料及/或顏料的存在下纖維素纖維之纖維化提供一種奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠。進行該纖維化直到形成該凝膠,其中凝膠之形成係藉由監測具剪切速率相依性之黏度而獲得證實。在逐步增加剪切速率之後,獲得一反映黏度降低之某種曲線。若在逐步降低剪切速率之後,黏度再度增加,但在剪切趨近於零時至少部分剪切速率範圍內之對應值係低於增加剪切速率時之值,由黏度相對於減切速率所繪製圖形中之滯後現象所圖示。一旦觀察到此行為,根據本發明奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠已形成。
此外,在產出量隨黏度而變之機器中纖維化紙漿期間,根據本發明所形成凝膠之黏度較佳係低於已在無填料及/或顏料的存在下纖維化之對應奈米纖維狀纖維素懸浮物的黏度。
Brookfield黏度可以任何慣用Brookfield黏度計利用熟諳此技者已知之例行操作量得。
本發明方法中可使用之纖維素纖維可為選自包含以下各者之群之紙漿中所含者:桉樹紙漿、雲杉紙漿、松木紙漿、山毛櫸紙漿、麻紙漿、棉紙漿及其混合物。在一具體表現中,此纖維素纖維全部或部分可
源自一回收一含纖維素纖維之材料的步驟。因此,該紙漿亦可為回收紙漿。
原則上,纖維素纖維之尺寸不重要。適用於本發明者一般係任何市售纖或其纖維化所用裝置可處理之纖維。視纖維素纖維來源而定,其可具有從50釐米至0.1微米之長度。本發明較佳可使用此纖維以及較佳具有20釐米至0.5微米,更佳係10釐米至1釐米,一般為2至5釐米之長度者,其中較長或較短之纖維亦適用。
本發明較佳係使用以懸浮液形式,特別係水性懸浮液形式提供之纖維素纖維。此懸浮液較佳係具有0.2至35重量%,更佳係0.25至10重量%,甚更佳係0.5至5重量%,特別係1至4重量%,最佳係1.3至3重量%,如1.5重量%之固體含量。
該至少一種填料及/或顏料係選自包含下列各者之群:沉澱碳酸鈣(PCC)、天然研磨碳酸鈣(GCC)、白雲石、滑石、膨土、黏土、菱鎂礦、緞光白、海泡石、碳鈣鎂礦、矽藻土、矽酸鹽及其混合物。特佳係可具有六方方解石、方解石或霰石晶體結構之沉澱碳酸鈣及/或可選自大理石、石灰石及/或白堊之天然研磨碳酸鈣。
在一特殊具體表現中,較佳可使用超細微分散之稜柱形、偏三角面或菱形沉澱碳酸鈣。
該填料及/或顏料可以粉末形式提供,雖然較佳係以懸浮液形式,如水性懸浮液形式添加之。在此情況下,該懸浮液之固體含量不重要,只要其係可抽取之液體。
在一較佳具體表現中,該填料及/或顏料粒子具有從0.5至15微米,較佳係0.7至10微米,更佳係1至5微米,最佳係1.1至2微米,
如1.5微米或3.2微米之中數粒徑。
該填料及/或顏料粒子特佳係具有從0.01至15微米,較佳係0.1至10微米,更佳係0.3至5微米及最佳係0.5至4微米之中數粒徑。
對於重量中數粒徑d50之測定,d50大於0.5微米之粒子係使用購自美國Micromeritics公司之Sedigraph 5100裝置。該測量係在0.1重量%Na4P2O7之水性溶液中完成。該樣品係利用高速攪拌器及超音波分散。對於體積中數粒徑之測定,d50 500奈米之粒子係使用購自英國Malvern公司之Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS。該測量係在0.1重量%Na4P2O7之水性溶液中完成。該樣品係利用高速攪拌器及超音波分散。
該填料及/或顏料可與分散劑如彼等選自包含下列各者之群者結合:聚羧酸及/或其鹽或衍生物如以如丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、順丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、依康酸為主之酯,如丙烯醯胺或丙烯酸酯如甲基丙烯酸甲酯或其混合物之均聚物或共聚物;聚磷酸鹼金屬鹽、膦酸、檸檬酸及酒石酸及其鹽和酯;或其混合物。
纖維及至少一種填料及/或顏料之組合可藉由一或多個步驟將該填料及/或顏料添加至該纖維中的方式進行。該纖維亦可以一或多個步驟添加至該填料及/或顏料中。可在纖維化步驟之前或期間,可將該填料及/或顏料以及該纖維整個或分批加入。然而,較佳係在纖維化之前加入。
纖維化程序期間,該填料及/或顏料之尺寸以及該纖維之尺寸可改變。
以乾重計,纖維對填料及/或顏料之重量比較佳係從1:33至10:1,更佳係1:10至7:1,甚更佳係1:5至5:1,一般為1:3至3:
1,特別係1:2至2:1,最佳係1:1.5至1.5:1,如1:1。
填料及/或顏料之劑量可能重要。若存在太多填料及/或顏料,此可能影響凝膠之形成。因此,若在特定組合中無見到凝膠形成,可能必須降低填料及/或顏料之用量。
此外,在一具體表現中,該組合在纖維化之前係經儲存2至12小時,較佳係3至10小時,更佳係4至8小時,如6小時,因為此理想地使該纖維膨脹而有助於纖維化。
藉由儲存在較高pH下以及添加纖維素溶劑像(如)乙二胺銅(II)、酒石酸鐵鈉或鋰-氯/二甲基乙醯胺或藉由任何其他技術上已知方法可有助於纖維之膨脹。
纖維化係藉由任何因此適用的裝置進行。該裝置較佳係均質機。其亦可為如US 6,214,163或US 6,183,596中所述之超細摩擦式研磨機。
適合用於本發明者為任何市售均質機,特別係高壓均質機,其中該懸浮液係在高壓下擠壓通過一有限開口(其可包含一閥)並在高壓下緊靠受限開口正前方之硬衝擊表面地由該有限開口排出,因此縮小粒徑。該壓力可藉由幫浦如活塞幫浦產生且該衝擊表面可包含一環形閥開口周圍延伸之衝擊環。本發明可使用之均質機實例係GEA Niro Soavi之Ariete NS2006L。然而,尤其亦可使用如APV Gaulin系列、HST HL系列或Alfa Laval SHL系列之均質機。
此外,如超細摩擦式研磨機,如Super Mass Colloider之裝置亦可有利地用於本發明中。
本發明製造方法在其效率方面係特別有利的。如上所提及,
已知紙漿懸浮液或凝膠具有在纖維化程序中具有極高黏度而經常導致高能量消耗之缺點,其由經濟以及生態觀點來看係不合需求的。
一般,最小化該程序之黏度可獲得二項益處:(i)可更有效率地形成凝膠,但儘管如此,黏度仍隨該凝膠逐漸形成而提高(在下限上),(ii)藉由實施本發明可以黏度臨界程序製得更有益的凝膠直到黏度再度上升接近程序中可行之操作最大值,其意指進行至更細凝膠之進展係推進到比先前可達到者更遠。
因此,對於含有與根據本發明奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠相同類型及用量之紙漿,但不含填料及/或顏料之凝膠,為達到特定黏度所施加之總能量明顯較高。同理可應用於在纖維化後加入該填料及/或顏料之相同類型及用量之紙漿的凝膠或懸浮液。
因此,該奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠在為達到特定Brookfield黏度所需之總能量消耗方面的效率係高於已在無填料及/或顏料的存在下纖維化之對應奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠或懸浮液或不含填料及/或顏料之對應凝膠或懸浮液的效率。
因此,本發明另一態樣係提供一種藉由上述方法製備該奈米纖維狀凝膠而提高製造奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之效率的方法。
本發明另一態樣係藉由根據本發明方法所獲得之奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠,其在為達到特定Brookfield黏度所需之總能量消耗方面的效率較佳係高於已在無填料及/或顏料的存在下纖維化之對應奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠或不含填料及/或顏料之對應凝膠的效率。
由於該奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之機械強度性質,可將其有利地用於如材料複合物、塑料、塗料、橡膠、混凝土、陶瓷、黏著劑、食品或傷口癒合應用等應用中。
下述圖式及實施例和實驗係用於說明本發明且不應以任何方式限制之。
為例示本發明,利用均質機纖維化經高度精製之紙漿(利用紙廠中所用紙漿精製機將20°SR之標準桉樹紙漿精製成80-83°SR)及一此紙漿與定義量之碳酸鹽(100重量%係以存在纖維之乾重計,每單位乾重之乾重(d/d))之混合物。該紙漿(參考)及該混合物係在約1000巴壓力下均質化10小時並在定義時距下進行黏度測量及取得SEM照片。
均質化10小時後,參考物560mPa.s之黏度(在50℃下)可藉與100重量%之碳酸鈣(Omyacarb 1 AV)(以存在纖維之乾重計)共均質化而降低至435mPa.s。
為了檢視僅添加碳酸鈣是否會使經均質化紙漿之黏度降低或共均質化係必要的,令已均質化紙漿樣品與碳酸鈣(以存在纖維之乾重計,100重量%之碳酸鈣,d/d)混合,其係稱為摻合物。
“摻合物”的黏度(865mPa.s)係高於已共均質化混合物之黏度(435mPa.s),且甚至高於在無碳酸鈣存在下已共均質化之參考物的黏度(560mPa.s)。
另一方面,具有相同固體含量但無已均質化紙漿之碳酸鹽漿
料無顯示明顯高於含纖維樣品之黏度。
對於一均質機長期試驗,利用一攪拌器(以4000rpm之旋轉速度操作之溶解盤),令1000克(固體含量為約3重量%)之紙漿原試樣與1250克自來水混合而使固體含量為約1.3重量%。必要時,進一步攪拌時,加入對應量之碳酸鈣(Omyacarb 1-AV)(參照表1)。利用相應量之此漿料以如下所述般進行黏度測量及SEM顯微照片。將剩餘漿料移至該均質機之貯槽中。完成該測量後,以該程序回收黏度測量所用之樣品。
利用一均質機(GEA Niro Soavi;NS 2006L型)進行纖維化實驗。以一外部雙螺槳攪拌器攪拌該貯槽以防漿料沈降並保持良好轉化率。
無需施加壓力地(兩均質化階段之活塞完全拉回)並以最低泵抽速度啟動該機器。為調整壓力至約1000巴,僅推入第一階段之活塞。壓力達到1000巴時,開啟反應時間,其中觀察到±200巴之壓力變動。負壓或過壓下之稠度係藉由改變活塞位置獲得補償。
該漿料係保持循環。在均質化室之後(再度進入該貯槽之前)取出樣品以確保該纖維至少通過該均質化室一次。
該黏度測量係在Brookfield DV-II+黏度計上進行。馬達速度係設定在100rpm並在10、60及600秒後讀出黏度。在室溫或在50℃下測量該樣品。在熱控制超音波浴中加熱該樣品。
流變測量係利用具有CC28.7測量系統之Paar-Physika MCR 300進行。在20℃下測量該樣品。
掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)係藉將0.5克樣品加入200立方厘米之蒸餾水中,然後經由0.8微米孔硝化纖維素過濾器過濾之而獲得。在真空乾燥器中乾燥上置有樣品之過濾器。以50奈米金噴濺依此方式於隔膜過
濾器上所獲得之製備物並在不同放大倍數下以SEM評估之。
由圖1可獲得均質化期間黏度(Brookfield)之演變。在600秒後讀出黏度。在約35下測量該樣品℃(其係在均質化室後直接取得之樣品的溫度)。樣品1僅係紙漿並因此用作含碳酸鈣樣品2之參考物。如已提及般,黏度在纖維化期間增加。如可見般,含有100重量%碳酸鈣(以存在纖維之乾重計,d/d)總是具有低於參考物之黏度,但亦隨均質化時間之增加而增加。
為證實均質化期間碳酸鈣是否必須存在以降低黏度,亦製造及研究均質化後所加之已均質化(10小時)樣品1與100重量%碳酸鈣(以存在纖維之乾重計,d/d)之摻合物。在10、60及600秒後讀出黏度。在熱控制超音波浴中加熱樣品並在50℃下量得。
圖2顯示純已均質化紙漿(樣品1)及與100重量%碳酸鈣(以存在纖維之乾重計,d/d)共均質化之紙漿(樣品2)及均質化後所加已均質化紙漿與100重量%碳酸鈣(以存在纖維之乾重計,d/d)之混合物(摻合物)的黏度。在此態樣中,”10秒”、”60秒”及”600秒”係指在馬達”開機”後10、60及600秒後所獲得之Brookfield黏度值。
如可見般,已共均質化混合物具有低於參考物之黏度,而該摻合物具有一高於該對應共均質化混合物(樣品2)及參考物(樣品1)之黏度。
比較圖1及圖2中之最終黏度(10小時均質化時間),可見輕微不同之值。此差異係視為該紙漿混合物之黏度的溫度相依性。
如由圖3可見,所有樣品皆顯示剪切薄化行為。表2顯示參考物及與100重量%碳酸鈣共均質化混合物及100重量%之摻合物在18000秒-1之黏度。類似Brookfield測量之數據(圖2),與100重量%碳酸鹽共均質化者具有最低黏度(8mPa.s)及100重量%具有最高黏度(17mPa.s)之碳酸鈣摻合物。
此外,由圖3清楚可見在代表纖維與100重量%碳酸鈣共均質化之樣品2的情況下存在一後滯現象。
在低剪切速率下,黏度隨剪切增加而逐步降低直到剪切速率為約18000秒-1。接著緩慢降低剪切速率後,可觀察到比先前增加步驟中對應剪切速率下更低之黏度,其中該黏度現總保持低於先前步驟之黏度且低於類似剪切條件下摻合物及僅紙漿之樣品1的黏度。
此行為不僅顯示根據本發明可達到之低黏度並清楚指示凝膠之形成。
比較分別在均質化前之圖4a(係指樣品1)及圖4b(係指樣品2)與分別均質化2小時後之圖5a及圖5b和分別均質化10小時後之圖6a及圖6b,可見紙漿纖維隨均質化時間的增加而變得更細並不希望受此理論所
限制,在細纖維達到一特定細度後,其顯然包裹在碳酸鹽粒子周圍並在該碳酸鹽粒子頂部上形成某種層。
在本發明內文中”效率”係定義為每比能量消耗所獲得之Brookfield黏度(較高Brookfield黏度意指更穩定之凝膠,其意味較高程度之纖維化):
以超細摩擦式研磨機(獲自日本Masuko Sangyo股份有限公司安裝有砂粒級別為46(砂粒尺寸為297-420微米)之碳化矽石之Supermasscolloider(MKCA 6-2型))處理所有樣品(樣品4-9)。該磨石間之間隙經選擇為”-50微米”(如供應商所交付之手冊中所描述般,動力0點)。旋轉研磨機之速度在第1-5次通過時係設定在2500rpm,在第6及7次通過時設為2000rpm,於第8及9次通過時設為1500rpm,於第10及11次通過時設為1000rpm,於第12及13次通過時設為750rpm並於第14及15次通過時設為500rpm。
能量測量係藉將一電錶(ELKO System AG,DIZ D665Di)安置於主要電源與變壓器之間以測量整個Supermasscolloider系統所用能量(如供應商所交付般)的方式完成。該電錶每Wh傳送一訊號至數位計數器(Hengstler,tico 731)以可在通過結束時以一Wh之準確度讀得每次通過之能量消耗。
利用Mettler Toledo HB 43-S Halogen固態天平測量固體含
量。利用Mettler PK 36 Delta Range天平測得最終總質量。初始乾質量係實驗開始時所有乾過磅物之總和(可在單一實驗之調配物中找到詳細組成)。
Brookfield黏度係以Brookfield型DV-II+黏度計量得。
為獲得較佳Brookfield測量數據之可比較性,Brookfield黏度係在一系列稀釋中量得以計算固定固體含量下之Brookfield黏度。此外定義僅乾纖維素含量(源自乾紙漿)相對於水之比例為Brookfield黏度之參考參數。利用下列公式計算纖維素之固體含量(s.c.c):
s.c .c :纖維素固體含量
s.c:所量得樣品之固體含量
P c :纖維素含量份數,依定義=1
P f :填料份數,相對於纖維素含量份數之重量比例
經標準化之Brookfield黏度BV2%係藉由下列方法測得:
1.測量原始產物之固體含量及Brookfield黏度(100rpm,30秒後測量)。
2.藉由添加相應量之自來水製造三種原始產物之稀釋液並測量其固體含量(至少10克之重量)及Brookfield黏度(100rpm,30秒後測量)。
3.製作一xy散布圖(x:固體含量,y:Brookfield黏度)且將各點代入冪次率曲線(y=axb)。
4.利用參數a及b計算標準化纖維素固體含量xs為2重量%下之Brookfield黏度。
為修正Omyacarb 1-AV(樣品5-7)對凝膠之Brookfield黏度之本質影響,不含填料之對照凝膠(樣品4)係與相應量之Omyacarb 1-AV混合(以具有如樣品5-7之類似比例)。此混合物之BV2%係根據上述程序所測得並算得相對於不含填料之凝膠之修正百分率。該修正百分率為:對於0.1p(重量份;d/d;參照樣品5)填料:<0.1%(可忽略),3p(重量份;d/d;參照樣品6)填料:-14.5%,10p(重量份;d/d;參照樣品7)填料:-37.5%。
未進行樣品8及9之相應修正以致下述所呈現之”效率”值將被高估約15至20%之範圍。
如下計算每次通過之比能量消耗En:
En:第n次通過之比能量[MWh/dmt]
E n :第n次通過之量得能量[Wh]
m n :第n次通過之乾質量[克]
m 1 :初始乾質量[克]
m 15 :最終乾質量[克]
n:通過次數
σ:最終質量之固體含量[重量%]
M:最終總質量[克]
6.“效率”之計算
本發明內文中之”效率”(ε)係定義為每比能量消耗所獲得之Brookfield黏度(較高Brookfield黏度意指更穩定之凝膠,其意味較高程度之纖維化):
ε:”效率”
BV 2% :2重量%固體下之Brookfield黏度[mPas]
E 1-15 :一實例之總比能量[MWh/dmt]
利用一具有裝配溶解盤(d=70釐米)之Pendraulik攪拌器以2000rpm混合180克乾桉樹紙漿及5820克自來水至少10分鐘。以上述相應段之Supermasscolloider處理此混合物。進行此實施例三次以顯示其再現性。
利用一具有裝配溶解盤(d=70釐米)之Pendraulik攪拌器以2000rpm混合180克乾桉樹紙漿、5820克自來水及18克Omyacarb 1-AV(10:1紙漿相對於填料,乾/乾)至少10分鐘。以上述相應段之Supermasscolloider處理此混合物。進行此實施例三次以顯示其再現性。
利用一具有裝配溶解盤(d=70釐米)之Pendraulik攪拌器以2000rpm混合180克乾桉樹紙漿、5820克自來水及540克Omyacarb 1 AV(1:3紙漿相對於填料,乾/乾)至少10分鐘。以上述相應段之Supermasscolloider處理此混合物。進行此實施例兩次以顯示其再現性。
利用一具有裝配溶解盤(d=70釐米)之Pendraulik攪拌器以2000rpm混合180克乾桉樹紙漿、5820克自來水及1800克Omyacarb 1 AV(1:10紙漿相對於填料,乾/乾)至少10分鐘。以上述相應段之Supermasscolloider處理此混合物。
利用一具有裝配溶解盤(d=70釐米)之Pendraulik攪拌器以2000rpm混合180克乾桉樹紙漿、5820克自來水及180克Finntalc F40(1:1紙漿相對於填料,乾/乾)至少10分鐘。以上述相應段之Supermasscolloider處理此混合物。
利用一具有裝配溶解盤(d=70釐米)之Pendraulik攪拌器以2000rpm混合180克乾桉樹紙漿、5820克自來水及360克Nano GCC(1:1紙漿相對於填料,乾/乾)至少10分鐘。以上述相應段之Supermasscolloider處理此混合物。
比較樣品4-7時,在較多填料,即高達250%之填料的存在
下所製得之凝膠的效率明顯增加。相較於在無填料存在下所形成之凝膠,效率增量必須超過15%。
樣品8及9由於填料添加之本質Brookfield黏度增加而未經過Brookfield黏度修正(參見”Brookfield黏度測定”部分)。
然而,如由圖8可獲得,該效率係比對照實施例4中之一者高約75%且若假設該所量得效率值修正負20%,則仍高40%。
Claims (16)
- 一種用於製造奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之方法,其特徵在於下列步驟:(a)提供纖維素纖維;(b)提供至少一種填料及/或顏料;(c)組合該纖維素纖維及該至少一種填料及/或顏料;並(d)在該至少一種填料及/或顏料的存在下,在水性環境中纖維化該纖維素纖維直到該纖維至少部分分解成初生纖維且形成一奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠,其中凝膠之形成係藉由監測具剪切速率相依性之混合物黏度而獲得證實,其中在逐步增加剪切速率之後的混合物黏度降低比在隨後逐步降低剪切速率之後、在剪切趨近於零時至少部分剪切速率範圍內的對應黏度增加更強。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其特徵在於該奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之Brookfield黏度係低於已在無填料及/或顏料的存在下纖維化之對應奈米纖維狀纖維素懸浮物的Brookfield黏度。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1或2項中任一項之方法,其特徵在於該纖維素纖維係含有在紙漿中,該紙漿係選自由以下各者所組成之群,其包含:桉樹紙漿、雲杉紙漿、松木紙漿、山毛櫸紙漿、麻紙漿、棉紙漿及其混合物。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其特徵在於該纖維素纖維係以懸浮液形式提供,其具有0.2至35重量%之固體含量。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其特徵在於該填料及/或顏料係選自由下列各者所組成之群:沉澱碳酸鈣、天然研磨碳酸鈣、白雲石、滑石、膨土、黏土、菱鎂礦、緞光白、海泡石、碳鈣鎂礦、矽藻土、矽酸鹽及其混合物。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1項之方法,其特徵在於該填料及/或顏料係選自由下列各者所組成之群:沉澱碳酸鈣,其係具有六方方解石、方解石或霰石晶體結構者;天然研磨碳酸鈣,其係選自大理石、石灰石或白堊者;及其混合物。
- 根據申請專利範圍第5或6項之方法,其特徵在於該沉澱碳酸鈣係超細微分散之稜柱形、偏三角面或菱形沉澱碳酸鈣。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1或2項中任一項之方法,其特徵在於該填料及/或顏料粒子具有從0.5至15微米之重量中數粒徑。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1或2項中任一項之方法,其特徵在於該填料及/或顏料係與分散劑結合,該分散劑係選自由下列各者所組成之群:以丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、順丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、依康酸(itaconic acid)、丙烯醯胺或其混合物為主之聚羧酸鹽之均聚物或共聚物;聚磷酸鹼金屬鹽,膦酸、檸檬酸及酒石酸及其可溶性鹽;及其混合物。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1或2項中任一項之方法,其特徵在於纖維及至少一種填料及/或顏料之組合係藉由一或多個步驟將該填料及/或顏料添加至該纖維中的方式進行。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1或2項中任一項之方法,其特徵在於該填料及/或顏料係在纖維化步驟(d)之前或期間整個或分批加入。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1或2項中任一項之方法,其特徵在於以乾重計,纖維相對於填料及/或顏料之重量比係從1:10至10:1。
- 根據申請專利範圍第1或2項中任一項之方法,其特徵在於該纖維化係藉由均質機或超細摩擦式研磨機進行。
- 一種藉由根據申請專利範圍第1至13項中任一項之方法所獲得之奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠。
- 根據申請專利範圍第14項之奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠,其特徵在於該奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之Brookfield黏度係低於已在無填料及/或顏料的存在下纖維化之對應奈米纖維狀纖維素懸浮物的Brookfield黏度。
- 一種根據申請專利範圍第14或15項中任一項之奈米纖維狀纖維素凝膠之用途,其係用於選自由下列各者所組成之群的應用中:材料複合物、塑料、塗料、橡膠、混凝土、陶瓷、黏著劑、食品及傷口癒合。
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