JP6688551B2 - 三重特異性結合タンパク質と使用方法 - Google Patents
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Description
本出願は、2016年3月8日に出願された米国仮特許出願62/305,088号;2015年5月22日に出願された米国仮特許出願62/165,833号;および、2015年5月21日に出願された米国仮特許出願62/165,153号の利益を主張し、文献はすべて参照により全体として本明細書に組み込まれる。
本出願は、ASCIIフォーマットで電子的に提出され、参照によって本明細書に組み込まれる配列表を含んでいる。2016年5月17日に作成された上記のASCIIコピーは、47517_701_601_SL.txtと命名され、128,516バイトのサイズである。
本明細書で言及される全ての出版物、特許、および特許出願は、あたかも個々の出版物、特許、または特許出願が引用によって組み込まれるよう具体的かつ個別に示されるかのような同程度まで引用により本明細書に組み込まれる。
H2N−(A)−(B)−(C)−COOH、
H2N−(A)−(C)−(B)−COOH、
H2N−(B)−(A)−(C)−COOH、
H2N−(B)−(C)−(A)−COOH、
H2N−(C)−(B)−(A)−COOH、または
H2N−(C)−(A)−(B)−COOH。
T細胞の応答の特異性は、TCRによって抗原(主要組織適合複合体、MHCの文脈で表示された)の認識によって媒介される。TCRの一部として、CD3は、細胞表面に存在する、CD3γ(ガンマ)鎖、CD3δ(デルタ)鎖、および2つのCD3ε(イプシロン)鎖を含むタンパク質複合体である。完全なTCRを含むために、CD3は、CD3ζ(ゼータ)と同様に、TCRのα(アルファ)とβ(ベータ)鎖と一緒に会合する。固定された抗CD3抗体によるなどしてT細胞上にCD3をクラスター形成することで、T細胞受容体の結合に似ているがそのクローンに典型的な特異性とは無関係のT細胞活性化を引き起こす。
本明細書では、抗原結合ドメインの半減期を延ばすドメインが考慮される。そのようなドメインは、限定されないがHSA結合ドメイン、Fcドメイン、小分子、及び当該技術分野で既知の他の半減期延長ドメインを含むと考慮される。
記載されたCD3及び半減期拡張ドメインに加えて、本明細書に記載される三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質は、標的抗原に結合するドメインも含む。標的抗原は、疾患、障害、又は疾病に関与し及び/又は関連する。特に、標的抗原は、増殖性疾患、腫瘍性疾患、炎症性疾患、免疫障害、自己免疫疾患、感染症、ウイルス性疾患、アレルギー反応、寄生性反応、移植片対宿主疾患、又は宿主対移植片疾患に関連する。幾つかの実施形態において、標的抗原は、腫瘍細胞上で発現される腫瘍抗原である。代替的に、幾つかの実施形態において、標的抗原は、ウイルス又は細菌などの病原体に関連する。
本明細書に記載される三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質は、(i)アミノ酸が遺伝子コードによりコードされたものでないアミノ酸残基で置換され、(ii)成熟ポリペプチドがポリエチレングリコールなどの別の化合物と融合され、又は(iii)付加的なアミノ酸が、リーダー配列又は分泌配列、或いはタンパク質の精製のための配列などのタンパク質に融合される、誘導体又はアナログを包含する。
幾つかの実施形態において、本明細書に記載される三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質をコードするポリヌクレオチド分子も提供される。幾つかの実施形態において、ポリヌクレオチド分子は、DNA構築物として提供される。他の実施形態において、ポリヌクレオチド分子は、メッセンジャーRNA転写物として提供される。
幾つかの実施形態において、本明細書に記載される三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質、三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質のポリペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチドを含むベクター又はこのベクターにより形質転換される宿主細胞、及び少なくとも1つの薬学的に許容可能な担体を含む、医薬組成物も提供される。用語「薬学的に許容可能な担体」は、限定されないが、成分の生物活性の有効性に干渉せず、且つ投与される患者に有毒ではない、任意の担体を含む。適切な医薬担体の例は当該技術分野で周知であり、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水、水、エマルジョン、例えば油/水のエマルジョン、様々なタイプの湿潤剤、無菌液などを含む。そのような担体は、従来の方法により製剤され得、適切な用量で被験体に投与され得る。好ましくは、組成物は無菌性である。このような組成物はまた、防腐剤、乳化剤、及び分散剤などのアジュバントも含み得る。微生物の作用の予防は、様々な抗菌剤及び抗真菌剤の包含により確保され得る。
また本明細書には、幾つかの実施形態において、本明細書に記載される三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質の投与を含む、必要とする個体の免疫系を刺激する方法及び使用も提供される。幾つかの例において、本明細書に記載される三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質の投与は、標的抗原を発現する細胞の方へと細胞毒性を誘導及び/又は維持する。幾つかの例において、標的抗原を発現する細胞は、癌細胞又は腫瘍細胞、ウイルス感染細胞、細菌感染細胞、自己反応性T又はB細胞、損傷した赤血球細胞、動脈プラーク、又は繊維症組織である。
本明細書で使用されるように、「消失半減期」は、GoodmanとGillmanのThe Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics 21−25 (Alfred Goodman Gilman, Louis S. Goodman, and Alfred Gilman, eds., 6th ed. 1980)に記載されるように、その通常の意味で使用される。簡潔に、この用語は、薬物消失の時間経過の定量的測度を包含することを意味している。薬物濃度は通常、消失プロセスの飽和に必要なものに匹敵しないため、大抵の薬剤の消失は急激的なものである(即ち、一次速度論に従う)。急激なプロセスの速度は、時間の単位当たりの分数変化率を表すその速度定数kにより、又は、処理の50%の完了に必要な時間であるその半減期t1/2によって表され得る。これらの2つの定数の単位は、それぞれ時間−1(time−1)及び時間(time)である。一次反応速度定数及び反応の半減期は単純に関連づけられ(k×t1/2=0.693)、適宜交換され得る。一次消失キネティクスは、薬物の一定の画分が時間単位ごとに消失されることを命令するため、薬物濃度対時間の対数のプロットは、初期分布段階後(即ち、薬物吸収と分布が完了した後)の全ての時間で直線状である。薬物消失の半減期は、そのようなグラフから正確に判定され得る。
scFv CD3結合ドメインの生成
ヒトCD3ε鎖の正準配列は、Uniprot Accession No.P07766である。ヒトCD3γ鎖の正準配列は、Uniprot Accession No.P09693である。ヒトCD3δ鎖の正準配列は、Uniprot Accession No.P043234である。CD3ε、CD3γ、又はCD3δに対する抗体を、親和性成熟などの既知の技術を介して生成する。マウス抗CD3抗体を出発物質として使用する場合、マウス抗CD3抗体のヒト化は臨床設定に望ましいものであり、ここでマウスに特異的な残基は、本明細書に記載される三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質の処置を受ける被験体においてヒト−抗−マウス抗原(HAMA)応答を誘発し得る。ヒト化は、CDR領域及び/又はフレームワーク領域への他の修飾を随意に含む、適切なヒト生殖系列アクセプター・フレームワーク上にマウス抗CD3抗体からCDR領域を移植することにより、達成される。本明細書で提供されるように、抗体及び抗体フラグメントの残基の番号付けは、Kabat (Kabat E. A. et al, 1991; Chothia et al, 1987)に従っている。
CD20は、Bリンパ球上に存在する細胞表面タンパク質の1つである。CD20抗原は、正常及び悪性のプレBリンパ球及び成熟Bリンパ球に見出され、B細胞非ホジキンリンパ腫(NHL)の90%以上においてそれらを含んでいる。抗原は、造血幹細胞、活性化Bリンパ球(形質細胞)、及び正常組織には存在しない。そのため、マウス由来の大半の抗体の一部が記載された:1F5、2B8/C2B8、2H7、及び1H4。
抗CD3 scFvドメインを使用して、抗CD20 scFvドメインとHSA結合ドメイン(例えば、ペプチド又はVHドメイン)と組み合わせて三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質を構築し、ドメインを図1に示されるように組み立てる。CHO細胞における三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質の発現のために、全てのタンパク質ドメインのコード配列を、哺乳動物発現ベクター系へとクローン化する。簡潔に、ペプチドリンカーL1及びL2と共に、CD3結合ドメイン、HSA結合ドメイン、及びCD20結合ドメインをコードする遺伝子配列を別々に合成し、サブクローン化する。その後、結果として生じる構成物を、「CD20結合ドメイン−L1−CD3結合ドメイン−L2−HSA結合ドメイン」の順で共にライゲートして、最終的な構成物を得る。タンパク質の分泌及び精製をそれぞれ促進するために、N末端シグナルペプチド及びC末端ヘキサヒスチジン(6xHis)−タグのコード配列(SEQ ID NO:59)を含むように、全ての発現構築物を設計する。
CHO細胞発現系(Flp−In(登録商標), Life Technologies)、CHO−K1チャイニーズハムスター卵巣細胞の誘導体(ATCC、CCL−61)(Kao and Puck, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci USA 1968; 60(4):1275−81)を使用する。Life Technologiesにより提供される標準の細胞培養プロトコルに従って、付着細胞を二次培養する。
三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質から、2工程の手順でCHO細胞培養上清を精製する。構築物を、第1工程で親和性クロマトグラフィーにさらし、第2工程でSuperdex 200の上で分取サイズ排除クロマトグラフィー(SEC)にさらす。サンプルを緩衝液交換し、限外濾過により濃縮することで>1mg/mLの典型的な濃度とする。最終サンプルの純度及び均質性(典型的に>90%)を、還元条件及び非還元条件下でのSDS PAGE、次いで抗HSA又は抗イディオタイプ抗体を使用する免疫ブロット法、同様に分析SEC、それぞれによって評価した。精製されたタンパク質を、使用するまで−80℃でアリコートとして保存した。
実施例1の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質を、ヒトCD3+とCD20+細胞及びカニクイザルCD3+とCD20+細胞に対するそれらの結合親和性について試験する。
実施例1の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質を、CD20+標的細胞へのT細胞依存性の細胞毒性の媒介に対して、インビトロで評価する。
実施例1の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質を、動物研究において半減期消失について評価する。
実施例1の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質を、異種移植モデルにおいて評価する。
これは、B細胞リンパ腫の処置として、実施例1の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質を研究するための第I/II相の臨床試験である。
1.1 最大耐用量(MTD)を、試験の第I相セクションにおいて判定する。
1.2 適格基準を満たす患者を、実施例1の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質に対する試験に参加させる。
1.3 目標は、参加者において重度又は手に余る副作用無しに、安全に投与され得る実施例1の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質の最高用量を識別することである。与えられた用量は、以前の研究に登録された参加者の数、及び用量にどれくらい十分な耐性があったかに依存する。全ての参加者が同じ用量を受けるとは限らない。
2.1 次の第II相セクションをMTDにおいて処理し、その目標は、実施例1の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質による治療が、少なくとも20%の応答率を結果としてもたらすかどうかを判定することである。
第II相の第1の目的−−−実施例1の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質の治療により、少なくとも20%の患者が臨床応答(芽細胞応答、微細な応答、部分応答、又は完全応答)を達成したかどうかを判定すること
2001〜2007年の、現行のWorld Health Organisation Classificationに従い、組織学的に確認され新たに診断された、活動的なB細胞リンパ腫
疾患の任意のステージ。
R−CHOP又はR−CHOP様のレジメン(+/−移植)による処置。
年齢≧18歳
カルノフスキーパフォーマンスステータス≧50%又はECOGパフォーマンスステータス0−2
平均余命≧6週
<タンパク質産生>
三重特異性分子の配列を、リーダー配列が先行し、6xヒスチジンタグ(Histidine Tag)(SEQ ID NO:59)が後続して、哺乳動物発現ベクターpCDNA 3.4(Invitrogen)へとクローン化した。Expi293F細胞(Life Technologies A14527)を、Expi293培地中の0.2−8x1e6細胞/mlでOptimum Growth Flasks (Thomson)において懸濁液中で維持した。精製されたプラスミドDNAを、Expi293 Expression System Kit(Life Technologies A14635)プロトコルに従って、Expi293細胞へトランスフェクトし、トランスフェクション後4−6日間維持した。調整培地を、親和性および脱塩のクロマトグラフィーによって部分的に精製した。続いて、三重特異性タンパク質を、イオン交換によって磨き、または代替的に、Amicon Ultraの遠心濾過ユニット(EMD Millipore)で濃縮し、Superdex 200のサイズ排除培地(GE Healthcare)に適用し、賦形剤を含有している中性緩衝液中に溶解した。フラクションプール(Fraction pooling)および最終的な純度を、SDS−PAGEおよび分析的なSECによって評価した。
すべての結合ドメイン分子の親和性を、Octetの機器を使用して、バイオレイヤー干渉法によって測定した。
腫瘍細胞を死滅させるようにT細胞に指向する、三重特異性分子を含むT細胞エンゲージャー(engagers)の能力を測定するために、ヒトT細胞依存性細胞毒性(TDCC)アッセイが使用される(Nazarian et al. 2015. J Biomol Screen. 20:519−27)。このアッセイにおいて、T細胞および標的癌細胞株の細胞は、384ウェルのプレートにおいて10:1の比率で一緒に混合され、様々な量のT細胞エンゲージャーが加えられる。48時間後、T細胞は洗浄され、T細胞によって死滅されなかったプレート標的細胞に結合されたままにされる。残りの生細胞を定量化するために、CellTiter−Glo(登録商標)Luminescent Cell Viability Assay(Promega)が使用される。
T細胞が標的細胞の存在下で三重特異性分子によって活性化されるという証拠を得るために、TNFアルファおよびインターフェロンガンマのためのAlphaLISAアッセイ(Perkin Elmer)が使用される。このアッセイに関しては、初代ヒトT細胞およびヒト腫瘍細胞が、細胞毒性アッセイ下で記載されるような試験分子の存在下でインキュベートされる。インキュベーションの48時間後、アッセイ上清の2マイクロリットルの分割量が、製造業者の指示に従って分析される。
マトリゲル(Matrigel)(75μL)の層を、24ウェルのトランスウエル(Transwell)のインサート(0.4μm)に加え、その後、PBSを、上部および下部のチャンバーに加え(それぞれ、100μLおよび1025μL)、4℃で一晩平衡化した。100pmolのIgGまたはFab(ヤギ抗ヒトFc、Jackson ImmunoResearch)三重特異性分子を、上部チャンバーに加え、下部チャンバーへの各分子の拡散を、各分子に特異的なELISAによって経時的に定量化した。IgGおよびFabを、ELISAプレート上で固定されたロバ抗ヤギIgG(Jackson ImmunoResearch)によって捕捉し、ホースラディッシュペルオキシダーゼが抱合したロバ抗ヤギIgG(Jackson ImmunoResearch)およびTMB開発で検出した。三重特異性分子を、ELISAプレート上で固定されたヒト血清アルブミン(Athens Research & Technology)によって捕捉し、ホースラディッシュペルオキシダーゼが抱合した抗His抗体(Genscript)およびTMB開発で検出した。
EGFR標的化分子における3つの結合ドメインの親和性を、Octetの機器を使用してバイオレイヤー干渉法によって測定し、表1に要約する。
PSMA標的化分子における3つの結合ドメインの親和性を、Octetの機器を使用してバイオレイヤー干渉法によって測定し、表2に要約する。
三重特異性分子を、T細胞依存性細胞毒性(TDCC)アッセイにおいて、腫瘍標的依存的な方法でヒト腫瘍細胞を死滅させるように初代ヒトT細胞を誘導する、それらの能力に関して試験した。
本実施例では、ヒト卵巣癌細胞を死滅させるように、静止するヒトT細胞に再指向するために、Her2に特異的な7kDaのfynomerが使用される。
本明細書で試験された三重特異性分子が、T細胞を活性化し、腫瘍細胞を死滅させるようにこれらのT細胞に再指向したことを示すために、サイトカインTNFαおよびIFNγの産生を、T細胞が活性化されるとこれらのサイトカインを産生するため、T細胞の細胞死滅活性と平行して測定した。
本明細書で分析された三重特異性分子は、従来のIgG分子より小さく、したがって、モノクローナル抗体より速く拡散し、より好適に組織に浸透することが予期される。この特性を評価するために、マトリゲルによる拡散/移動アッセイを開発した。この目的のために、トランスウエルのアッセイプレートを、多くの組織中で見られる複合細胞外環境に類似しているゼラチン様タンパク質の混合物である、マトリゲルでコーティングした。三重特異性分子、全長IgGまたはFabフラグメントを、上部チャンバーに加えた。8時間および12時間後、下部チャンバーを、マトリックスを通って移動することができる巨大分子の量に関して評価した。図12に示されるように、三重特異性分子は、全長IgG分子よりはるかに速い速度で両方の時間点で移動した。
<親の抗CD3εファージの特徴づけ>
親の抗CD3εは、ビオチン−CD3εに対する優れた結合およびビオチン−HSAに対する低い結合を示した(図13)。
重鎖CDR1、重鎖CDR2、重鎖CDR3、軽鎖CDR1、軽鎖CDR2、および軽鎖CDR3ドメインのための単一の置換ライブラリーを提供した。残基は、変異原性によって一度に一つずつ変えられた。
単一の置換ライブラリーを、ビオチン化huCD3εに結合させ、洗浄し、溶出し、カウントした。ビオチン化cynoCD3を、ラウンド1の選択標的として使用し、2つの独立したライブラリー(〜2x選択)からの組み合わせのファージ結合後4時間洗浄した。ビオチン化hu−CD3を、ラウンド2の選択標的として使用し、両方のライブラリー(<2x選択)の結合後3時間洗浄した。第2ラウンドの選択からのPCRedインサートを、pcDNA3.4 His6発現ベクターへとサブクローン化した。180のクローンを選択し、DNAを、精製し、配列決定し、Expi293へとトランスフェクトした。ヒトCD3εに対する親和性の範囲を有する16のクローンのパネルを、より正確なKd判定のために選択した(表6)。
Claims (12)
- 三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質であって、
ここで、前記三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質は、
(a)ヒトCD3に特異的に結合する単鎖可変フラグメント(scFv)を含む第1のドメイン(A);
(b)ヒト血清アルブミンと結合する単一ドメイン抗体(sdAb)を含む第2のドメイン(B);および、
(c)EGFR、PSMA、HER2、またはMSLNである標的腫瘍抗原に特異的に結合するsdAbを含む第3のドメイン(C)を含み、
ここで、ドメインは、H2N−(C)−(B)−(A)−COOHの順序で、あるいはリンカーL1とL2によって、結合され、前記三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質は約60kDa未満である、三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質。 - 第1のドメインは、ムロモナブ−CD3(OKT3)、オテリキシズマブ(TRX4)、テプリズマブ(MGA031)、ビジリズマブ(Nuvion)、SP34、X35、VIT3、BMA030(BW264/56)、CLB−T3/3、CRIS7、YTH12.5、F111−409、CLB−T3.4.2、TR−66、WT32、SPv−T3b、11D8、XIII−141、XIII−46、XIII−87、12F6、T3/RW2−8C8、T3/RW2−4B6、OKT3D、M−T301、SMC2、F101.01、UCHT−1、およびWT−31からなる群から選択された相補性決定領域(CDR)を含む、請求項1に記載の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質。
- 第1のドメインはヒト化またはヒトである、請求項1に記載の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質。
- リンカーL1とL2は各々、(GS) n (SEQ ID NO:49)、(GGS) n (SEQ ID NO:50)、(GGGS) n (SEQ ID NO:51)、(GGSG) n (SEQ ID NO:52)、(GGSGG) n (SEQ ID NO:53)、あるいは、(GGGGS) n (SEQ ID NO:54)から独立して選択され、ここで、nは1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、あるいは10である、請求項1に記載の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質。
- リンカーL1とL2は、各々独立して(GGGGS) 4 (SEQ ID NO:55)または(GGGGS) 3 (SEQ ID NO:56)である、請求項1に記載の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質。
- (i)請求項1の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質、および、(ii)薬学的に許容可能な担体を含む、医薬組成物。
- 第1のドメインはCD3ε(イプシロン)に特異的である、請求項1に記載の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質。
- 第1のドメインはカニクイザルのCD3との交差反応性を有する、請求項1に記載の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質。
- 第3のドメインはEGFRに特異的に結合する、請求項1に記載の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質。
- 第3のドメインはPSMAに特異的に結合する、請求項1に記載の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質。
- 第3のドメインはHER2に特異的に結合する、請求項1に記載の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質。
- 第3のドメインはMSLNに特異的に結合する、請求項1に記載の三重特異性抗原結合タンパク質。
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