CN108997498A - 抗-pd-l1抗体及它们用于增强t细胞功能的用途 - Google Patents
抗-pd-l1抗体及它们用于增强t细胞功能的用途 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本申请涉及抗‑PD‑L1抗体,编码它们的核酸,其治疗性组合物,以及它们用于增强T细胞功能从而上调细胞介导的免疫应答的用途和用于治疗T细胞功能障碍病症的用途,所述病症包括感染(例如急性的和慢性的)和肿瘤免疫。
Description
本申请是申请日为2009年12月8日、发明名称为“抗-PD-L1抗体及它们用于增强T细胞功能的用途”的中国专利申请No.201410743500.4的分案申请。
相关申请
本申请根据35 USC 119(e)要求2008年12月9日提交的美国临时申请号61/121092的优先权的权益,其公开的全文通过引用并入本文。
发明领域
本发明一般涉及免疫功能和涉及增强T细胞功能,包括上调细胞介导的免疫应答,和涉及T细胞功能障碍病症的治疗。
发明背景
共刺激或向T细胞提供两种不同信号是通过抗原呈递细胞(APCs)对静息T淋巴细胞的淋巴细胞活化的广泛接受的模型。Lafferty等,Aust.J.Exp.Biol.Med.Sci.(澳大利亚实验生物学和医学科学杂志)53:27-42(1975)。这种模型进一步提供从非自身中辨别自身和免疫耐受。Bretscher等,Science(科学)169:1042-1049(1970);Bretscher,P.A.,P.N.A.S.USA 96:185-190(1999);Jenkins等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)165:302-319(1987)。在识别呈递在主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)环境中的异源抗原肽之后,初次信号或抗原特异性信号通过T细胞受体(TCR)转导。次级或共刺激信号通过表达在抗原呈递细胞(APCs)上的共刺激分子传递给T细胞,诱导T细胞促进克隆扩增、细胞因子分泌和效应子功能。Lenschow等,Ann.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学年度综述)14:233(1996)。没有共刺激时,T细胞不感受抗原刺激,不启动有效免疫应答,还可导致对异源抗原的衰竭或耐受(exhaustionor tolerance)。
简单的两-信号模型可能是过于简化了,因为TCR信号的强度实际上对T细胞活化和分化具有定量影响。Viola等,Science(科学)273:104-106(1996);Sloan-Lancaster,Nature(自然)363:156-159(1993)。此外,如果TCR信号强度足够高,即使在没有共刺激信号时也可发生T细胞活化。更重要的是,T细胞对正性的和负性的(positive and negative)次级共刺激信号均接收。此类正性的和负性的信号的调节对最大化对宿主的保护性免疫应答同时维持免疫耐受和防止自身免疫是重要的。负性次级信号对诱导T细胞耐受似乎是必需的,而正性信号促进T细胞的活化。尽管简单的两-信号模型仍然提供对幼稚淋巴细胞的有效解释,宿主的免疫应答是动态过程,也可将共刺激信号提供给暴露于抗原的T细胞。
共刺激的机制有治疗意义,因为已经显示对共刺激信号的操作提供了增强或终止基于细胞的免疫应答的手段。最近,已经发现T细胞功能障碍或无反应性(anergy)与诱导且持续的表达抑制性受体程序性死亡1多肽(PD-1)同时发生。因此,治疗性靶向PD-1和其它通过与PD-1相互作用传导信号的分子(如程序性死亡配体1(PD-L1)和程序性死亡配体2(PD-L2))是强烈感兴趣的领域。已经提出抑制PD-L1信号传导作为增强用于治疗癌症(例如肿瘤免疫)和感染(包括急性和慢性(例如持续性)感染)的T细胞免疫力的手段。然而,因为仍然需要对针对这种途径的靶标的最佳治疗进行商业化,存在重大的尚未满足的医疗需求。
发明概述
本申请提供抗-PD-L1抗体,包括编码此类抗体的核酸和含有此类抗体的组合物,以及提供它们用于增强T细胞功能从而上调细胞介导的免疫应答的用途和提供治疗T细胞功能障碍病症,所述病症包括感染(例如急性的和慢性的)和肿瘤免疫。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供分离的重链可变区多肽,其包含HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3序列,其中:
(a)所述HVR-H1序列是GFTFSX1SWIH(SEQ ID NO:1);
(b)所述HVR-H2序列是AWIX2PYGGSX3YYADSVKG(SEQ ID NO:2);
(c)所述HVR-H3序列是RHWPGGFDY(SEQ ID NO:3);
而且其中:X1是D或G;X2是S或L;X3是T或S。
在一个具体方面中,X1是D;X2是S并且X3是T。另一方面,所述多肽还包含根据下式在HVR之间并置的可变区重链构架序列:(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-H3)-(HC-FR4)。再一方面,所述构架序列来自于人共有构架序列。还一方面,所述构架序列是VH亚型III共有构架。又一方面,所述构架序列的至少一个如下所述:
HC-FR1是EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAAS(SEQ ID NO:4)
HC-FR2是WVRQAPGKGLEWV(SEQ ID NO:5)
HC-FR3是RFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAR(SEQ ID NO:6)
HC-FR4是WGQGTLVTVSA(SEQ ID NO:7)。
又一方面,所述重链多肽还与包含HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3的可变区轻链组合,其中:
(a)所述HVR-L1序列是RASQX4X5X6TX7X8A(SEQ ID NOs:8);
(b)所述HVR-L2序列是SASX9LX10S(SEQ ID NOs:9);
(c)所述HVR-L3序列是QQX11X12X13X14PX15T(SEQ ID NOs:10);
而且其中:X4是D或V;X5是V或I;X6是S或N;X7是A或F;X8是V或L;X9是F或T;X10是Y或A;X11是Y,G,F,或S;X12是L,Y,F或W;X13是Y,N,A,T,G,F或I;X14是H,V,P,T或I;X15是A,W,R,P或T。
又一方面,X4是D;X5是V;X6是S;X7是A;X8是V;X9是F;X10是Y;X11是Y;X12是L;X13是Y;X14是H;X15是A。又一方面,所述轻链还包含根据下式在HVR之间并置的可变区轻链构架序列:(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。又一方面,所述构架序列来自于人共有构架序列。又一方面,所述构架序列是VLκI共有构架。又一方面,所述构架序列的至少一个如下所述:
LC-FR1是DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITC(SEQ ID NO:11);
LC-FR2是WYQQKPGKAPKLLIY(SEQ ID NO:12);
LC-FR3是GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC(SEQ ID NO:13);
LC-FR4是FGQGTKVEIKR(SEQ ID NO:14)。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供分离的抗-PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a)所述重链包含HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3,而且其中:
(i)所述HVR-H1序列是GFTFSX1SWIH(SEQ ID NO:1);
(ii)所述HVR-H2序列是AWIX2PYGGSX3YYADSVKG(SEQ ID NO:2);
(iii)所述HVR-H3序列是RHWPGGFDY(SEQ ID NO:3);和
(b)所述轻链包含HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3,而且其中:
(i)所述HVR-L1序列是RASQX4X5X6TX7X8A(SEQ ID NOs:8);
(ii)所述HVR-L2序列是SASX9LX10S(SEQ ID NOs:9);和
(iii)所述HVR-L3序列是QQX11X12X13X14PX15T(SEQ ID NOs:10);
而且其中:X1是D或G;X2是S或L;X3是T或S;X4是D或V;X5是V或I;X6是S或N;X7是A或F;X8是V或L;X9是F或T;X10是Y或A;X11是Y,G,F,或S;X12是L,Y,F或W;X13是Y,N,A,T,G,F或I;X14是H,V,P,T或I;X15是A,W,R,P或T。
在一个具体方面中,X1是D;X2是S并且X3是T。另一方面,X4是D;X5是V;X6是S;X7是A;X8是V;X9是F;X10是Y;X11是Y;X12是L;X13是Y;X14是H;X15是A。又一方面,X1是D;X2是S并且X3是T,X4是D;X5是V;X6是S;X7是A;X8是V;X9是F;X10是Y;X11是Y;X12是L;X13是Y;X14是H并且X15是A。
还一方面,所述重链可变区包含如下在HVR之间并置的一个或多个构架序列:(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-H3)-(HC-FR4),所述轻链可变区包含如下在HVR之间并置的一个或多个构架序列:(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。又一方面,所述构架序列来自于人共有构架序列。又一方面,所述重链构架序列来自于Kabat亚型I、II或III序列。又一方面,所述重链构架序列是VH亚型III共有构架。又一方面,所述重链构架序列的一个或多个如下所述:
又一方面,所述轻链构架序列来自于KabatκI、II、III或IV亚型序列。又一方面,所述轻链构架序列是VLκI共有构架。又一方面,所述轻链构架序列的一个或多个如下所述:
在又一个具体方面中,所述抗体还包含人或鼠恒定区。又一方面,所述人恒定区选自由IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4组成的组。在又一个具体方面中,所述人恒定区是IgG1。又一方面,所述鼠恒定区选自由IgG1、IgG2A、IgG2B、IgG3组成的组。又一方面,所述鼠恒定区是IgG2A。在又一个具体方面中,所述抗体具有降低的或最小的效应子功能。在又一个具体方面中,所述最小的效应子功能由“更差效应子的Fc突变(effector-less Fc mutation)”或去糖基化(aglycosylation)产生。在又一个实施方案中,所述更差效应子的Fc突变是在恒定区中N297A或D265A/N297A置换。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供抗-PD-L1抗体,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a)所述重链还包含HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3序列,其分别与GFTFSDSWIH(SEQ IDNO:15),AWISPYGGSTYYADSVKG(SEQ ID NO:16)和RHWPGGFDY(SEQ ID NO:3)具有至少85%的序列同一性,或
(b)所述轻链还包含HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3序列,其分别与RASQDVSTAVA(SEQ IDNO:17),SASFLYS(SEQ ID NO:18)和QQYLYHPAT(SEQ ID NO:19)具有至少85%的序列同一性。
在一个具体方面中,所述序列同一性是86%,87%,88%,89%,90%,91%,92%,93%,94%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%或100%。另一方面,所述重链可变区包含如下在HVR之间并置的一个或多个构架序列:(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-H3)-(HC-FR4),所述轻链可变区包含如下在HVR之间并置的一个或多个构架序列:(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。又一方面,所述构架序列来自于人共有构架序列。又一方面,所述重链构架序列来自于Kabat亚型I、II或III序列。又一方面,所述重链构架序列是VH亚型III共有构架。又一方面,所述重链构架序列的一个或多个如下所述:
又一方面,所述轻链构架序列来自于KabatκI、II、III或IV亚型序列。又一方面,所述轻链构架序列是VLκI共有构架。又一方面,所述轻链构架序列的一个或多个如下所述:
在又一个具体方面中,所述抗体还包含人或鼠恒定区。又一方面,所述人恒定区选自由IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4组成的组。在又一个具体方面中,所述人恒定区是IgG1。又一方面,所述鼠恒定区选自由IgG1、IgG2A、IgG2B、IgG3组成的组。又一方面,所述鼠恒定区是IgG2A。在又一个具体方面中,所述抗体具有降低的或最小的效应子功能。在又一个具体方面中,所述最小的效应子功能由“更差效应子的Fc突变”或去糖基化产生。在又一个实施方案中,所述更差效应子的Fc突变是在恒定区中N297A或D265A/N297A置换。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供分离的抗-PD-L1抗体,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a)所述重链序列与下述重链序列具有至少85%的序列同一性:
(b)所述轻链序列与下述轻链序列具有至少85%的序列同一性:
在一个具体方面中,所述序列同一性是86%,87%,88%,89%,90%,91%,92%,93%,94%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%或100%。另一方面,所述重链可变区包含如下在HVR之间并置的一个或多个构架序列:(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-H3)-(HC-FR4),所述轻链可变区包含如下在HVR之间并置的一个或多个构架序列:(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。又一方面,所述构架序列来自于人共有构架序列。又一方面,所述重链构架序列来自于Kabat亚型I、II或III序列。又一方面,所述重链构架序列是VH亚型III共有构架。又一方面,所述重链构架序列的一个或多个如下所述:
又一方面,所述轻链构架序列来自于KabatκI、II、III或IV亚型序列。又一方面,所述轻链构架序列是VLκI共有构架。又一方面,所述轻链构架序列的一个或多个如下所述:
在又一个具体方面中,所述抗体还包含人或鼠恒定区。又一方面,所述人恒定区选自由IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4组成的组。在又一个具体方面中,所述人恒定区是IgG1。又一方面,所述鼠恒定区选自由IgG1、IgG2A、IgG2B、IgG3组成的组。又一方面,所述鼠恒定区是IgG2A。在又一个具体方面中,所述抗体具有降低的或最小的效应子功能。在又一个具体方面中,所述最小的效应子功能来自于在原核细胞中产生。在又一个具体方面中,所述最小的效应子功能由“更差效应子的Fc突变”或去糖基化产生。在又一个实施方案中,所述更差效应子的Fc突变是在恒定区中N297A或D265A/N297A置换。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供组合物,其包含上文描述的任何一种抗-PD-L1抗体与至少一种药学上可接受的载体的组合。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供分离的核酸,其编码抗-PD-L1抗体的轻链或重链可变区序列,其中:
(a)所述重链还包含HVR-H1、HVR-H2和HVR-H3序列,其分别与GFTFSDSWIH(SEQ IDNO:15),AWISPYGGSTYYADSVKG(SEQ ID NO:16)和RHWPGGFDY(SEQ ID NO:3)具有至少85%的序列同一性,和
(b)所述轻链还包含HVR-L1、HVR-L2和HVR-L3序列,其分别与RASQDVSTAVA(SEQ IDNO:17),SASFLYS(SEQ ID NO:18)和QQYLYHPAT(SEQ ID NO:19)具有至少85%的序列同一性。
在一个具体方面中,所述序列同一性是86%,87%,88%,89%,90%,91%,92%,93%,94%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%或100%。一方面,所述重链可变区包含如下在HVR之间并置的一个或多个构架序列:(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-H3)-(HC-FR4),所述轻链可变区包含如下在HVR之间并置的一个或多个构架序列:(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。又一方面,所述构架序列来自于人共有构架序列。又一方面,所述重链构架序列来自于Kabat亚型I、II或III序列。又一方面,所述重链构架序列是VH亚型III共有构架。又一方面,所述重链构架序列的一个或多个如下所述:
又一方面,所述轻链构架序列来自于KabatκI、II、III或IV亚型序列。又一方面,所述轻链构架序列是VLκI共有构架。又一方面,所述轻链构架序列的一个或多个如下所述:
在又一个具体方面中,所述抗体还包含人或鼠恒定区。又一方面,所述人恒定区选自由IgG1、IgG2、IgG3、IgG4组成的组。在又一个具体方面中,所述人恒定区是IgG1。又一方面,所述鼠恒定区选自由IgG1、IgG2A、IgG2B、IgG3组成的组。又一方面,所述鼠恒定区是IgG2A。在又一个具体方面中,所述抗体具有降低的或最小的效应子功能。在又一个具体方面中,所述最小的效应子功能来自于在原核细胞中产生。在又一个具体方面中,所述最小的效应子功能由“更差效应子的Fc突变”或去糖基化产生。在又一个实施方案中,所述更差效应子的Fc突变是在恒定区中N297A或D265A/N297A置换。
又一方面,所述核酸还包含载体,该载体适合用于表达编码前述任何一种抗-PD-L1抗体的核酸。在又一个具体方面中,所述载体还包含适合用于表达该核酸的宿主细胞。在又一个具体方面中,所述宿主细胞是真核细胞或原核细胞。在又一个具体方面中,所述真核细胞是哺乳动物细胞,如中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供制备抗-PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段的方法,其包括在适合用于产生此类抗体或片段的条件下,培养含有适合于表达的形式的核酸的宿主细胞,该核酸编码前述任何一种抗-PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段,并且回收所述抗体或片段。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供组合物,其包含本文提供的抗-PD-L1抗体或其抗原结合片段和至少一种药学上可接受的载体。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供制品,其包括含有治疗有效量的本文描述的组合物的容器和包装说明书(package insert),该包装说明书说明用于治疗T-细胞功能障碍病症的用途。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供制品,其包含任何一种上文描述的抗-PD-L1组合物和至少一种BNCA分子的组合。一方面,BNCA分子是抗体、抗原结合抗体片段、BNCA寡肽、BNCARNAi或BNCA小分子。另一方面,B7负性共刺激分子选自由以下各项组成的组:CTLA-4,PD-1,PD-L1,PD-L2,B7.1,B7-H3和B7-H4。
在又一个实施方案中,制品包含任何一种上文描述的抗-PD-L1组合物和化疗剂的组合。一方面,所述化疗剂是吉西他滨(gemcitabine)。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供制品,其包含任何一种上文描述的抗-PD-L1抗体和一种或多种正性共刺激分子的激动剂的组合。一方面,正性共刺激分子是B7家族共刺激分子。另一方面,所述正性共刺激分子选自由下述各项组成的组:CD28,CD80,CD86,ICOS/ICOSL。又一方面,所述正性共刺激分子是TNFR家族共刺激分子。还一方面,所述TNFR共刺激分子选自由下述各项组成的组:OX40/OX40L,4-1BB/4-1BBL,CD27/CD27L,CD30/CD30L和HVEM/LIGHT,及其可溶性片段,构建体和激动性抗体。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供制品,其包含任何一种上文描述的抗-PD-L1抗体和一种或多种抗生素的组合。一方面,所述抗生素选自由下述各项组成的组:抗病毒剂、抗菌剂、抗真菌剂、抗原生动物剂。
另一方面,所述抗病毒剂选自由下述各项组成的组:逆转录酶抑制剂、蛋白酶抑制剂、整合酶抑制剂、进入或融合抑制剂、成熟抑制剂、病毒释放抑制剂、免疫应答增强剂、抗病毒协同增强剂、疫苗、肝激动剂和草药疗法。又一方面,所述组合包括一种或多种类型的抗病毒剂。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供制品,其包含任何一种上文描述的抗-PD-L1抗体和一种或多种疫苗的组合。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供增强T细胞功能的方法,其包括施用有效量的任何一种上文描述的抗-PD-L1抗体或组合物。一方面,所述抗-PD-L1抗体或组合物使得功能障碍的T细胞无功能障碍。
在又一个实施方案中,本发明提供治疗T细胞功能障碍病症的方法,其包括施用治疗有效量的任何一种上文描述的抗-PD-L1抗体或组合物。在一个具体方面中,所述T细胞功能障碍病症是感染或肿瘤免疫。另一方面,所述感染是急性的或慢性的。另一方面,所述慢性感染是持续性的、潜伏的感染或缓慢感染。又一方面,所述慢性感染是由选自由细菌、病毒、真菌和原生动物组成的组的病原体导致的。还一方面,降低了所述病原体在宿主中的水平。又一方面,所述方法还包括用疫苗治疗。又一方面,所述方法还包括用抗生素治疗。又一方面,所述病原体是细菌,所述方法还包括施用抗菌剂。又一方面,所述细菌选自由下述各项组成的组:分枝杆菌属物种(Mycobacterium spp.)、沙门氏菌属物种(Salmonellaspp.)、李斯特菌属物种(Listeria spp,)、链球菌属物种(Streptococcus spp.)、嗜血杆菌属物种(Haemophilus,spp.)、奈瑟菌属物种(Neisseria spp.)、克雷伯氏菌属物种(Klebsiella spp.)、疏螺旋体属物种(Borrelia spp.)、脆弱拟杆菌(Bacterioidesfragillis)、密螺旋体属物种(Treponema spp.)和幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)。又一方面,所述病原体是病毒,所述方法还包括施用抗病毒剂。又一方面,所述病毒选自由下述各项组成的组:乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis–B,-C)、单纯性疱疹病毒-I、-II(herpes simplex virus-I,-II)、人免疫缺陷病毒-I、-II(human immunodeficiencyvirus-I,-II)、巨细胞病毒(cytomegalovirus)、EB病毒(Eppstein Barr virus)、人乳头状瘤病毒(human papillomavirus)、人类T淋巴细胞白血病病毒-I、-II(human Tlymphotrophic viruses,-I,-II)、水痘带状疱疹病毒(varicalla zoster)。又一方面,所述病原体是真菌,所述方法还包括施用抗真菌剂。又一方面,所述病症选自由下述各项组成的组:曲霉病(aspergilosis)、芽生菌病(blastomycosis)、白色念珠菌病(candidiasisalbicans)、球孢子菌病(coccidioiodmycosis immitis)、组织胞浆菌病(histoplasmosis)、类球孢子菌病(paracoccidioiomycosis)、微孢子虫病(microsporidiosis)。又一方面,所述病原体是原生动物,所述方法还包括施用抗原生动物剂。又一方面,所述病症选自由下述各项组成的组:利什曼病(leishmaniasis)、疟原虫病(plasmodiosis)(即,疟疾(malaria))、隐孢子虫病(cryptosporidiosis)、弓形体病(toxoplasmosis)、锥虫病(trypanosomiasis)和蠕虫感染(helminth infection),包括那些由吸虫(trematodes)(例如血吸虫病(schistosomiasis))、绦虫(cestodes)(例如包虫病(echinococcosis))和线虫(nemotodes)(如旋毛虫病(trchinosis)、蛔虫病(ascariasis)、丝虫病(filariosis)和类圆线虫病(strongylodiosis))导致的病症。
又一方面,所述T细胞功能障碍病症是肿瘤免疫。又一方面,所述PD-L1抗体或组合物和进一步包括传统疗法的治疗方案组合,所述传统疗法选自由下述各项组成的组:放射疗法、化学疗法、靶向疗法、免疫疗法、激素疗法、血管发生抑制和姑息护理(palliativecare)。在又一个具体方面中,所述化学疗法治疗选自由下述各项组成的组:吉西他滨(gemcitabine)、环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide)、多柔比星(doxorubicin)、紫杉醇(paclitaxel)、顺铂(cisplatin)。在又一个具体方面中,所述肿瘤免疫力由选自由下述各项组成的组的癌症导致:乳腺癌(breast cancer)、肺癌(lung cancer)、结肠癌(coloncancer)、卵巢癌(ovarian cancer)、黑色素瘤(melanoma)、膀胱癌(bladder cancer)、肾癌(kidney cancer)、肝癌(liver cancer)、唾液腺癌(salivary cancer)、胃癌(stomachcancer)、神经胶质瘤(gliomas)、甲状腺癌(thyroid cancer)、胸腺癌(thymic cancer)、上皮癌(epithelial cancer)、头和颈癌(head and neck cancers)、胃癌和胰腺癌(gastricand pancreatic cancer)。
附图简述
图1是图解示例,描述了通过B7家族细胞表面分子的T细胞的共刺激。
图2是示意图,显示PMEL/B16T细胞刺激测定的实验设计。
图3是柱状图,显示了抗-PD-L1 Ab通过增强PMEL CD8+ T细胞中响应黑色素细胞肽gp100的IFN-γ的产生对抗原-特异性T细胞功能的效应。在存在抗-PD-L1抗体的刺激过程中产生IFN-γ的CD8+ T细胞的百分比和它们的IFN-γ产生水平两者均增加。
图4是柱状图,显示抗-PD-L1 Ab通过增强Ova-特异性CD4+ T细胞的增殖对抗原-特异性T细胞功能的效应,其通过抗-PD-L1 Ab YW243.55.S1在用Ova-致敏的(Ova-pulsed)A20B细胞/mPD-L1 APCs次级刺激完成。
图5是系列FACS图,显示通过抗-PD-L1抗体YW243.55S1在混合淋巴细胞反应中(Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction)增强人CD8T细胞的增殖。也报道了通过稀释法在CFSE强度中测量的增殖细胞的百分数。
图6是用嵌合形式的抗-PD-L1 Ab YW243.55S70治疗慢性LCMV的实验设计的示意图。箭头指示在用2x106pfu克隆13LCMV感染后14天开始6次给药抗-PD-L1的时机。
图7A和7B是图表,显示在通过抗-PD-L1 Ab YW243.55.S70体内治疗慢性LCMV感染后的离体(ex vivo)细胞中增强的CD8效应子功能。通过YW243.55.S70阻断PD-L1增加了CD8+T细胞的脱粒(如通过表面CD107A的增加所测量的)(图7A)和增加了响应LCMV肽gp33的产生IFN-γ细胞%(图7B)。gp33-特异性细胞的频率通过用H2-Db gp33五聚体染色显示。
图8A和8B显示在用抗-PD-L1抗体体内治疗后慢性LCMV感染中血液和组织LCMV滴度的降低。在图8A中,来自于不同标示组织的病毒滴度在第21天和第28天(分别为Ab治疗后的一周和两周)进行分析。在图8B中,在第0,7,14,21和28天分析血清病毒滴度,LCMV接种发生在第0天,治疗在第14天开始。
图9A显示由于治疗性处理已经建立的肿瘤(治疗开始于第14天,当肿瘤是250mm3时)后应用抗-PD-L1抗体,MC38.Ova结肠癌肿瘤生长的显著降低。图9B是直方图,显示通过流式细胞术测量的组织培养中MC38.Ova细胞上PD-L1表达的表面水平。PD-L2不被MC38.Ova细胞表达。
图10是图表,显示单独的PD-L1阻断治疗以及联合抗-VEGF或者联合吉西他滨(Gemcitabine)在C57BL/6小鼠中对MC38.Ova肿瘤生长的效应。
图11A-B分别是通过噬菌体展示鉴定的11个抗-PD-L1抗体的重链和轻链可变区序列。有阴影的条显示不同定义的CDR,而框内区域显示HVR的范围。
优选实施方案的详细描述
本文提及的所有参考文献通过引用明确并入本文。
通用技术
除非另有说明,本发明的实施将采用分子生物学(包括重组技术)、微生物学、细胞生物学、生物化学和免疫学的常规技术,这些都在本领域的技术范围内。这些技术在文献中有充分解释,诸如Molecular Cloning:A Laboratory Manual(分子克隆:实验室手册),第二版(Sambrook等,1989);Oligonucleotide Synthesis(寡核苷酸合成)(M.J.Gait,编辑,1984);Animal Cell Culture(动物细胞培养)(R.I.Freshney,编辑,1987);Methods inEnzymology(酶学中的方法)(Academic Press,Inc.);.Current Protocols in MolecularBiology(当代分子生物学方案)(F.M.Ausubel等,编辑1987,和定期更新);PCR:ThePolymerase Chain Reaction(PCR:聚合酶链反应),(Mullis等,编辑,1994);A PracticalGuide to Molecular Cloning(分子克隆实用指南)(Perbal Bernard V.,1988);PhageDisplay:A Laboratory Manual(噬菌体展示:实验室手册)(Barbas等,2001)。
I.宿主免疫
A.淋巴细胞发育和活化
人类中两种主要类型的淋巴细胞是T(胸腺来源的)和B(骨髓来源的)。这些细胞来自于骨髓和胎肝(fetal liver)中已经定向为淋巴发育途径的造血干细胞。这些干细胞的后代沿着不同途径成熟为B或T淋巴细胞。人类中B淋巴细胞发育完全在骨髓内进行。另一方面,T细胞从离开骨髓通过血流移动到胸腺的不成熟的前体发育,在胸腺它们增殖并分化为成熟的T淋巴细胞。
从胸腺或骨髓出现的成熟的淋巴细胞处于静止或“静息”状态,即它们是有丝分裂不活跃的。当分散到血流中,这些“幼稚”或“处女”淋巴细胞移动到多种次级或外周淋巴器官,诸如脾、淋巴结或扁桃体。大部分处女淋巴细胞具有固有的短的寿命,在离开骨髓或胸腺一些天后死亡。然而,如果此类细胞接受存在抗原的信号,它们可活化并经历连续轮次的细胞分裂。然后所产生的后代细胞中的一些回复到静息状态成为记忆淋巴细胞–B和T细胞,其对于再次遇到刺激变应原而基本上是致敏的。活化的处女淋巴细胞的其它后代是效应细胞,其仅存活一些天,但执行特异性防御活性。
淋巴细胞活化是指有序系列事件,通过它当受刺激时静息淋巴细胞经过分裂和产生后代,后代中的一些变为效应细胞。完整应答包括诱导细胞增殖(有丝分裂发生)和表达免疫功能。当特异性配体结合它们表面上的受体时淋巴细胞被激活。该配体对于T细胞和B细胞是不同的,但产生的细胞内生理机制是类似的。
一些异源抗原本身可诱导淋巴细胞活化,特别是与B细胞上的表面免疫球蛋白或T细胞上其它糖蛋白交联的大的聚合抗原。然而,大部分抗原不是聚合的,即使大量直接结合B细胞也不能导致激活。这些更常见抗原当与附近活化的辅助T-淋巴细胞共刺激时激活B细胞。此类刺激可来自于T细胞分泌的淋巴因子,但是其最有效的传递是通过使B细胞直接与T细胞表面蛋白接触,该T细胞表面蛋白与某些B细胞表面受体相互作用产生次级信号。
B.T细胞
T淋巴细胞不表达免疫球蛋白,反而通过称为T细胞受体(TCR)的表面蛋白检测异源物质的存在。这些受体通过直接接触或通过影响其它免疫细胞的活性识别抗原。与巨噬细胞一起,T细胞是参与细胞介导的免疫的主要细胞类型。
不像B细胞,T细胞仅在特定环境中能够检测异源物质。具体而言,只有在异源蛋白首先被切割成小肽,其然后展示在第二宿主细胞(称为抗原呈递细胞(APC))表面上时,T淋巴细胞将识别该异源蛋白。许多类型的宿主细胞能够在某些条件下呈递抗原,但是某些类型更特异地适合这一目的并且在控制T细胞活性中特别重要,包括巨噬细胞和其它B细胞。抗原呈递部分依赖于特异性蛋白,称为主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)蛋白,其处于呈递细胞表面上。因此,为了刺激细胞介导的免疫,异源肽必须与MHC肽组合呈递到T细胞,这种组合必须被T细胞受体识别。
存在两种主要T细胞亚型,细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(Tc细胞或CTLs)和辅助T细胞(TH)细胞,其可粗略地通过基于细胞表面表达标记CD8和CD4来鉴别。Tc细胞在病毒防御中是重要的,能够通过识别某些细胞表面表达的病毒肽直接杀死病毒。TH细胞促进其它细胞类型的增殖、成熟和免疫功能,例如淋巴因子分泌从而控制B细胞、巨噬细胞和细胞毒性T细胞的活性。处女和记忆T淋巴细胞通常均处于静息状态,在这种状态它们不显示显著的辅助或细胞毒活性。当被激活时,这些细胞经历数轮有丝分裂以产生子代细胞。这些子代细胞中的一些返回静息状态作为记忆细胞,但其它变成效应细胞,活跃地表达辅助或细胞毒活性。这些子代细胞与它们的亲本相似:CD4+细胞仅能产生CD4+后代,而CD8+细胞仅能产生CD8+后代。效应T细胞表达不在静息T细胞上表达的细胞表面标记,诸如CD25,CD28,CD29,CD40L,转铁蛋白受体和II类MHC蛋白。当激活刺激撤回时,细胞毒性或辅助活性在数天的期间随着效应细胞的死亡或回复静息状态而逐渐消退。
与B细胞的活化相似,T淋巴细胞对大部分抗原的应答也需要两种类型的同时刺激。第一种是抗原,其如果被MHC蛋白适当展示在抗原呈递细胞,可被T细胞受体识别并结合。尽管这种抗原-MHC复合物的确向细胞内发送信号,其通常不足以导致T细胞活化。完全活化,诸如辅助T细胞所发生的,需要与其它特异性配体一起的共刺激,该配体称为辅助刺激因子,表达在抗原呈递细胞表面上。另一方面,细胞毒性T细胞的活化通常需要IL-2,其是活化的辅助T细胞分泌的细胞因子。
C.免疫应答
哺乳动物免疫系统与其它身体防御相区别的三种主要功能性质包括:(1)特异性–在大量靶分子中独特地识别和应答或不应答的能力,(2)识别–从非自身中确定自身的从而与所有数不清的蛋白和其它有机分子和平共存,但仍然对引入身体的异源物质强烈反应的能力,和(3)记忆–通过经验建模从而与特定异源病原体的后来的相遇将激发比初次相遇发生更快且强烈的应答的能力。当这些功能中的一个或多个受到破坏,将导致生理病症。
处女淋巴细胞从初级淋巴器官持续地释放到外周,每种携带能够进行抗原结合的表面受体。B细胞中抗原结合通过表面结合的免疫球蛋白介导,而T细胞中通过T细胞受体介导。但处女淋巴细胞被激活时,它们增殖产生子代细胞,子代细胞然后可进行进一步的活化和增殖循环。对给定抗原的应答的速度和强度大部分由克隆选择决定:子代细胞或特异于特定抗原的克隆越大,能够识别和参与免疫应答的细胞数目越多。每个免疫应答是复杂的,并由涉及数种细胞类型的顺次事件复杂地调节。当免疫原进入体内并遇到专门种类的细胞(称为抗原呈递细胞(APCs))时其被触发。这些APCs捕获微小量的免疫原并以能够被抗原特异性辅助T淋巴细胞识别的形式展示。然后辅助T细胞被激活并且反过来促进其它类型的淋巴细胞(诸如B细胞或细胞毒性T细胞)的活化。然后活化的淋巴细胞增殖并执行它们特异性的效应子功能。在这种过程的每个阶段,淋巴细胞和APC通过直接接触或通过分泌调节细胞因子相互通讯。
被APC捕获的外来抗原经历一系列变化称为抗原加工。此类加工(特别是蛋白免疫原的加工)涉及变性和部分蛋白水解消化,从而该免疫原被切割成短肽。然后所产生的有限数目的肽与II类MHC蛋白非共价结合并运输到APC表面,该过程称为抗原呈递。与APC直接接触的CD4+辅助T淋巴细胞可被活化,但其仅在表达能够识别并结合APC呈递的特定肽-MHC复合物的T细胞受体蛋白时才被活化。
辅助T(TH)细胞是免疫应答的主要协调者(orchestrators),因为需要它们来活化两种其它淋巴效应细胞:细胞毒性T(Tc)细胞和抗体分泌浆细胞。TH活化在免疫应答早期发生并且需要至少两个信号。一个信号由T细胞抗原受体与APC表面通过CD3蛋白复合物传递的抗原性肽-MHC复合物的结合提供,而第二个通过APC的共刺激信号被认为是来自于T细胞表面上独立的信号传递蛋白与APC上特异性配体的结合。一种已知的此类相互作用是T细胞蛋白CD28和已知为B7的APC表面蛋白的家族。其它表面蛋白配对也可以介导共刺激。共刺激的过程随后更详细地描述。认为本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体通过拮抗由通过PD-L1的信号传导提供的负性共刺激信号增强共刺激。
总之,两个信号诱导辅助T细胞开始分泌细胞因子白细胞介素-2(IL-2),也开始在其表面上表达特异性高亲合力IL-2受体。IL-2对于T淋巴细胞是高度强力的促有丝分裂因子,对活化的T细胞的增殖反应是必需的。IL-2对分泌它的细胞的效应-一种已知为自分泌效应的现象。还已经显示即使T细胞已经接收到两种信号,如果其本身IL-2受体被阻断其将不会增殖。IL-2也可通过所谓的旁分泌效应作用于紧邻的细胞。这种效应对于激活Tc细胞是特别重要的,Tc细胞通常不产生足够刺激它们自身增殖的IL-2。除了IL-2以外,活化的TH细胞分泌其它细胞因子并促进B细胞、巨噬细胞和其它细胞类型的生长、分化和功能。
APC和抗原特异性TH细胞之间的接触也具有对APC的效应-其中最重要的之一是释放IL-1。认为这种细胞因子以自分泌方式作用以增加II类MHC蛋白和多种粘附分子的表面表达由此增强TH细胞的结合和增强抗原的呈递。同时,IL-1以旁分泌的方式发挥对TH细胞的功能以促进IL-2分泌和IL-2受体的表达。
在TH细胞以上述方式活化的过程中,一些B细胞也可以通过它们的抗原受体结合免疫原,其是膜结合形式的抗体,它们将在晚些时候分泌。不像T细胞,B细胞以其游离的未加工的形式识别免疫原。特异性抗原结合提供一种类型的信号,其能够导致B细胞活化。第二种类型由活化的TH细胞提供,该细胞通过在其表面上结合非免疫球蛋白受体表达辅助激活B细胞的蛋白。这些TH-来源的信号(其作用于B细胞而不论其抗原特异性)称为辅助因子。这些辅助因子包括IL-2,IL-4和IL-6。然而,辅助通过细胞-细胞接触更有效地获得,该细胞-细胞接触允许T细胞表面上的蛋白与B细胞上的那些直接接触。当一种被称为CD40配体(CD40L)的蛋白(其仅在TH细胞被激活后表达在TH细胞上)与B细胞上称为CD40的蛋白结合时,发生最有效形式的接触-介导的辅助。在称为旁观者(by-stander)活化的过程中,与活化的B细胞的接触甚至能够足以激活静息B细胞,即使该B细胞的表面免疫球蛋白尚未结合抗原。
Tc淋巴细胞发挥功能来清除在它们表面上表达异源抗原的细胞(诸如病毒感染的宿主细胞)。大部分Tc细胞表达CD8而非CD4,因而识别与I类而非II类MHC蛋白相关的抗原。当体细胞被病毒感染,一些致免疫的病毒蛋白可在细胞内进行加工,然后所产生的肽作为与I类MHC分子一起的表面复合物出现。然后这些肽-MHC复合物可被抗原特异性克隆的T细胞受体识别,提供Tc-细胞活化必需的两个信号中的一个。这种第一信号单独诱导Tc细胞上的高亲合力的IL-2受体。第二信号由从附近的活化的TH淋巴细胞分泌的IL-2提供。一旦接收到两个信号,活化的Tc细胞获得细胞毒活性,使其能够杀死其所结合的细胞,以及杀死其它携带相同肽-MHC I类复合物的细胞。在一些情况中,杀死由于Tc释放特异性毒素到靶细胞上发生;在其它情况中,Tc诱导靶细胞通过凋亡而自杀。活化的Tc细胞也增殖,产生额外的具有相同抗原特异性的Tc细胞。
D.通过免疫球蛋白超家族的共刺激:
1.B7.1/B7.2–CD28/CTLA-4
可能最佳表征的T细胞共刺激途径是通过B7.1(CD80)/B7.2(CD86)–CD28/CTLA-4(CD152)的信号传导。这种信号传导途径对于T细胞活化和耐受是重要的。Karandikar等,J.Neuroimmunol.(神经免疫学杂志)89:10-18(1998);Oosterwegal等,Curr.Opin.Immunol.(当代免疫学观点)11:294-300(1999);Salomon等,Annu.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学年度综述)19:225-252(2001);Sansom,D.M.,Immunol.101:169-177(2000);Chambers等,Annu.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学年度综述)19:565-592(2001)。
B7.1[Freeman等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)174:625-631(1991);Freedman等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)137:3260-3267(1987);Yokochi等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)128:823-827(1982)]和B7.2[Freeman等,Science(科学)262:909-911(1993);Freeman等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)178:2185-2192(1993);Azuma等,Nature(自然)366:76-79(1993)]具有针对两种刺激受体CD-28和CTLA-4的双重特异性。Aruffo等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报)84:8573-8577(1987);Gross等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)144:3201-3210(1990)。CD28组成型表达在T细胞的表面上[Gross等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)149:380-388(1992)],而CTLA-4,更高亲合力的受体,具有随着T细胞活化迅速上调的表达。Peach等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)180:2049-2058(1994);Linsley等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)176:1595-1604(1992);Kinsley等,Immunity(免疫)1:793-801(1994);Linsley等,Immunity(免疫)4:535-543(1996)。大部分APC群体以低水平组成型表达B7.2,当B7.1在活化后晚期诱导表达时其被迅速上调。Freeman等,Science(科学)262:909-911(1993);Hathcock等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)180:631-640(1994)。B7.2以前的表达和小鼠敲除数据表明B7.2对于起始免疫应答是更重要的共刺激的分子,但其它方面两个分子具有大部分重叠的功能。McAdam等,Immuno.Rev.(免疫学综述)165:631-640(1994)。
CD28与B7.1和B7.2相互作用以传递信号,该信号与TCR信号协同来促进T细胞活化。Lenschow等,Annu.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学年度综述)165:233-258(1996);Lanzavecchia等,Cell(细胞)96:1-4(1999)。没有TCR信号时,CD28信号传导不具有生理意义。CD28信号传导调节T细胞活化的阈值并显著降低T细胞活化所需TCR结合的数目。Viola等,Science(科学)273:104-106(1996)。CD28活化通过促进T细胞存活维持T细胞应答,由此使细胞因子能够起始T细胞克隆扩增和分化。Thompson等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报)86:1333-1337(1989);Lucas等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)154:5757-5768(1995);Shahinian等,Science(科学)261:609-612(1993);Sperling等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)157:3909-3917(1996);Boise等,Immunity(免疫)3:87-98(1995)。CD28还优化以前活化的T细胞的应答,促进白细胞介素2(IL-2)的产生和T细胞的存活。尽管一些应答是不依赖于CD28的,尚不清楚这种共刺激的独立性是来自于强的抗原刺激,还是依赖于其它未知共刺激途径的结果。
CTLA-4活化导致负性信号,其抑制TCR-和CD-28介导的信号转导。CTLA-4的参与导致IL-2合成的抑制和通过细胞周期的进展并导致T细胞应答的终止。Walunas等,Immunity(免疫)1:405-413(1994);Walunas等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)183:2541-2550(1996);Krummel等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)182:459-466(1995);Brunner等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)162:5813-5820(1999);Greenwald等,Immunity(免疫)14:145-155(2001)。CTLA-4在调节T细胞应答(包括外周T细胞耐受)中发挥重要作用。尽管尚不清楚信号传导如何通过CTLA-4和CD28进行协调,一些可能包括通过诱导免疫抑制细胞因子,外部竞争CD28与B7的结合,直接拮抗CD28信号传导和/或TCR-介导的信号传导。
因此,拮抗CTLA-4(例如,拮抗性抗-CTLA抗体)和/或激动B7.1/B7.2/CD28可用于增强感染(例如急性的和慢性的)治疗和肿瘤免疫中的免疫应答。
2.ICOS/ICOSL信号传导:
APC和T细胞之间相互作用的另一个途径通过ICOS(CD278)和ICOSL(B7-H2,CD275)发生。ICOS/ICOSL信号传导促进T-辅助细胞分化和效应子功能,对于白细胞介素-10(IL-10)的产生特别重要,但在调节T细胞扩增和IL-2产生中的作用更为普通,包括调节T细胞、T细胞耐受和自身免疫。
与CD28相比,ICOS不在幼稚T细胞上组成型表达,但在TCR结合后在T细胞上迅速被诱导。Hutloff等,Nature(自然)397:263-266(1999);Yoshinaga等,Nature(自然)402:827-832(1999);Beier等,Eur.J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)30:3707-3717(2000);Coyle等,Immunity(免疫)13:95-105(2000);Mages等,Eur.J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)30:1040-1047(2000);McAdam等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)165:5035-5040(2000)。这表明ICOS提供对于活化T细胞的共刺激信号。尽管通过CD28的共刺激增强了ICOS表达,并且ICOS表达在不存在B7.1和B7.2时降低,ICOS并不完全依赖于CD28信号。McAdam等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)165:5035-5040(2000);Aicher等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)164:4689-4696(2000);Kopf等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)192:53-61(2000)。ICOS在分化的初始阶段过程中在T辅助细胞类型1和2(TH1和TH2)上被上调,但在TH2细胞上保持高水平,在TH1细胞上降低。在生发中心(germinal center)中ICOS在T细胞上的表达模式,Beier等,Eur.J.Immunol.(欧洲免疫学杂志)30:3707-3717(2000);Mages等,Eur.J.Immunol.(欧洲免疫学杂志)30:1040-1047(2000)表明了ICOS在T细胞辅助B细胞中的作用。功能研究已经证明了这一点,甚至ICOS的表达已经在大鼠B细胞上证实,尽管没有在其它物种中证实。Tezuka等,Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.(生物化学和生物物理学研究通讯)276:335-345(2000:McAdam等,Nature(自然)409:102-105(2001);Dong等,Nature(自然)409:97-101(2001);Dong等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)166:3659-3662(2001);Tafuri等,Nature(自然)409:105-109(2001)。
ICOS/ICOSL信号传导的一个作用似乎是调节通过最近激活的以及效应T细胞的细胞因子的产生(例如,IL-4,IL-13)。Hutloff等,Nature(自然)397:263-266(1999);Coyle等,Immunity(免疫)13:95-105(2000);Dong等,Nature(自然)409:97-101(2001)。在变应性气道疾病的研究中,TH2效应子功能,但不是TH2分化通过ICOS阻断得到证实。Tesciuba等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)167:1996-2003(2001)。表明ICOS也可调节TH1效应子功能,TH1和TH2细胞因子的产生可通过ICOS-Ig融合蛋白经体外再活化进行抑制。Kopf等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)192:53-61(2000)。
ICOS的另一个可能功能涉及维持TH1应答。在多发性硬化的自身免疫脑脊髓炎(EAE)实验模型中,髓磷脂-特异性CD4+T细胞介导的TH1疾病显示ICOS阻断的结果当共刺激在T细胞致敏过程中被阻断然后在EAE的效应期过程中时可能不同。Dong等,Nature(自然)409:97-101(2001);Rottman等,Nature Immunol.(自然免疫学)2:605-611(2001);Sporici等,Clin.Immunol.(临床免疫学)100:277-288(2001)。髓磷脂少突神经胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)诱导的EAE在ICOS-/-敲除小鼠中大大加重,同时与野生型相比IFN-γ的产生增加。类似地,在诱导EAE过程中的ICOS阻断加重疾病也导致IFN-γ产生的增加。因此,致敏过程中的ICOS阻断导致应答的TH1极化。有趣的是,髓磷脂-特异性的TCR转基因T细胞在ICOS-Ig存在下的体外致敏抑制它们诱导EAE的能力,与体内观察的ICOS-Ig阻断的结果完全相反。Sporici等,见上文。体外和体内相反结果的差异尚不清楚,但可能反应ICOS对IL-10产生调节T细胞以及效应T细胞在体内ICOS阻断过程中的作用。通过IL-10的共刺激在增强IL-10产生中非常有效,比通过CD28的共刺激更有效。Hutloff等,见上文。IL-10、IL-12调节环在调节EAE中是关键的,因为IL-10-/-而非IL4-/-小鼠发生加重的EAE。Segal等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)187:537-546(1998)。
ICOS另一个可能的作用是增强T细胞依赖性B细胞体液应答。ICOS-/-和ICOSL-/-小鼠已经显示对于T细胞依赖性B细胞应答需要ICOS。Hutloff等,Nature(自然)397:263-66(1999);Chapoval等,Nat.Immunol.2:269-74(2001);Coyle等,Immunity(免疫)13:95-105(2000);McAdam等,Nature(自然)409:102-5(2001);Tafuri等,Nature(自然)409:105-9(2001);Suh等,Nat.Immunol.(自然免疫学)4:899-906(2003)。ICOS-/-小鼠也显示应答初次免疫的而降低的生发中心,应答次级激发的生发中心形成的严重缺陷和IgG类型转换的缺陷。ICOS在T:B细胞相互作用中的功能通过鉴定在成人发生的常见变异型免疫缺陷病的患者的T细胞中ICOS的纯合缺失得到进一步验证。Grimbacher等,Nat.Immunol.(自然免疫学)4:261-68(2003)。
因此,激动ICOS/ICOSL(例如,激动性抗-ICOS抗体、可溶性ICOS/ICOSL配体)可用于增强在治疗感染(例如,急性的和慢性的)和/或肿瘤免疫中的免疫应答。
3.PD-1途径:
调节T细胞活化的重要负性共刺激信号通过程序性死亡–1受体(PD-1)(CD279)及其配体结合配偶体PD-L1(B7-H1,CD274)和PD-L2(B7-DC,CD273)提供。PD-1的负调节作用通过易于自身免疫的PD-1敲除(Pdcd1-/-)揭示。Nishimura等,Immunity(免疫)11:141-51(1999);Nishimura等,Science(科学)291:319-22(2001)。PD-1与CD28和CTLA-4相关,但缺少允许同二聚化的膜邻近半胱氨酸。PD-1的胞质结构域含有基于免疫受体酪氨酸的抑制基序(ITIM,V/IxYxxL/V)。PD-1仅结合PD-L1和PD-L2。Freeman等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)192:1-9(2000);Dong等,NatureMed.(自然医学)5:1365-1369(1999);Latchman等,NatureImmunol.(自然免疫学)2:261-268(2001);Tseng等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)193:839-846(2001)。
PD-1可在T细胞、B细胞、天然杀伤T细胞、活化的单核细胞和树突状细胞(DCs)上表达。PD-1被激活的人CD4+和CD8+T细胞、B细胞和骨髓细胞表达,但不被未刺激的这些细胞表达。这与CD28和CTLA-4更受限制的表达形成对比。Nishimura等,Int.Immunol.(国际免疫学)8:773-80(1996);Boettler等,J.Virol.(病毒学杂志)80:3532-40(2006)。已经从活化的人T细胞中克隆了至少4种PD-1的变体,包括缺少(i)外显子2,(ii)外显子3,(iii)外显子2和3或(iv)外显子2至4的转录本。Nielsen等,Cell.Immunol.(细胞免疫学)235:109-16(2005)。除了PD-1Δex3之外,所有变体在静息外周血单核细胞(PBMCs)中作为全长PD-1以相似水平表达。在用抗-CD3和抗-CD28活化人T细胞时,所有变体的表达显著被诱导。PD-1Δex3变体缺少跨膜结构域,并与可溶性CTLA-4相似,后者在自身免疫中发挥重要作用。Ueda等,Nature(自然)423:506-11(2003)。这种变体在患有类风湿性关节炎的患者滑膜液和血清中富集。Wan等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)177:8844-50(2006)。
两种PD-1配体的差别在于它们的表达模式。PD-L1在小鼠T和B细胞、CDs、巨噬细胞、间充质干细胞和骨髓来源的肥大细胞上组成型表达。Yamazaki等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)169:5538-45(2002)。PD-L1在广泛范围的非造血细胞(例如角膜、肺、血管上皮、肝非实质细胞、间充质干细胞、胰岛、胎盘合胞体滋养层细胞、角质化细胞)上表达[Keir等,Annu.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学年度综述)26:677-704(2008)],并在很多细胞类型活化后上调。类型I和类型II干扰素(IFN’s)上调PD-L1。Eppihimer等,Microcirculation(微循环)9:133-45(2002);Schreiner等,J.Neuroimmunol.(神经免疫学杂志)155:172-82(2004)。当MyD88,TRAF6和MEK被抑制时,PD-L1在细胞中的表达降低。Liu等,Blood(血液)110:296-304(2007)。JAK2也参与PD-L1诱导。Lee等,FEBS Lett.580:755-62(2006);Liu等,Blood(血液)110:296-304(2007)。磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物(PTEN)(一种修饰磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)和Akt信号传导的细胞磷酸酶)的丧失或抑制增加了癌症中转录后PD-L1表达。Parsa等,Nat.Med.(自然医学)13:84-88(2007)。
PD-L2表达比PD-L1更受限制。PD-L2在DCs、巨噬细胞和骨髓来源的肥大细胞上诱导表达。PD-L2也在大约二分之一至三分之二的静息腹膜B1细胞上表达,但不在常规的B2B细胞上表达。Zhong等,Eur.J.Immunol.(欧洲免疫学杂志)37:2405-10(2007)。PD-L2+B1细胞结合磷脂酰胆碱,可能对于抵抗细菌抗原的先天免疫应答是重要的。通过IFN-γ对PD-L2的诱导部分地依赖于NF-κB。Liang等,Eur.J.Immunol.(欧洲免疫学杂志)33:2706-16(2003)。PD-L2也可通过GM-CF、IL-4和IFN-γ在单核细胞和巨噬细胞上诱导。Yamazaki等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)169:5538-45(2002);Loke等,PNAS 100:5336-41(2003)。
PD-1信号传导典型地对细胞因子产生比对细胞增殖具有更大效应,对IFN-γ、TNF-α和IL-2的产生具有显著效应。PD-1介导的抑制性信号传导也依赖于TCR信号传导的强度,在低水平的TCR刺激传递更大的抑制。这种降低可通过经CD28的共刺激[Freeman等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)192:1027-34(2000)]或IL-2的存在[Carter等,Eur.J.Immunol.(欧洲免疫学杂志)32:634-43(2002)]而得到克服。
经PD-L1和PD-L2的信号传导可能是双向的证据正在增加。即,除了修饰TCR或BCR信号传导之外,信号传导也可能传递回表达PD-L1和PD-L2的细胞。尽管用天然人抗-PD-L2抗体(分离自患有Waldenstrom’s巨球蛋白血症的患者)处理树突状细胞未发现上调MHC II或B7共刺激分子,此类细胞的确产生更大量的促炎细胞因子,特别是TNF-α和IL-6,并刺激T细胞增殖。Nguyen等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)196:1393-98(2002)。用这种抗体处理小鼠也(1)增强对转板(transplated)的b16黑素瘤的抵抗并迅速诱导肿瘤-特异性的CTL。Radhakrishnan等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)170:1830-38(2003);Radhakrishnan等,Cancer Res.(癌症研究)64:4965-72(2004);Heckman等,Eur.J.Immunol.(欧洲免疫学杂志)37:1827-35(2007);(2)阻断小鼠变应性哮喘模型中气道炎症疾病的发展。Radhakrishnan等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)173:1360-65(2004);Radhakrishnan等,J.Allergy Clin.Immunol.(变态反应临床免疫学杂志)116:668-74(2005)。
向树突状细胞(“DC’s”)反向信号传导的进一步的证据来自于对骨髓来源的DC与可溶性PD-1(融合到Ig恒定区的PD-1EC结构域–“s-PD-1”)一起培养的研究。Kuipers等,Eur.J.Immunol.(欧洲免疫学杂志)36:2472-82(2006)。这种sPD-1以可通过施用抗-PD-1逆转的方式抑制DC活化并增加IL-10的产生。
另外,数个研究显示了独立于PD-1的PD-L1或PD-L2的受体。B7.1已经被鉴定为PD-L1的结合配偶体。Butte等,Immunity(免疫)27:111-22(2007)。化学交联研究显示PD-L1和B7.1可通过它们的IgV-样结构域相互作用。B7.1:PD-L1相互作用可诱导向T细胞中的抑制性信号。在CD4+T细胞上通过B7.1连接PD-L1或在CD4+T细胞上通过PD-L1连接B7.1传递抑制性信号。当通过在抗-CD3加上B7.1包被的珠子刺激时,缺少CD28和CTLA-4的T细胞显示降低的增殖和细胞因子产生。在缺少针对B7.1的所有受体(即,CD28,CTLA-4和PD-L1)的T细胞中,T细胞增殖和细胞因子产生不再被抗-CD3加上B7.1包被的珠抑制。这表明在没有CD28和CTLA-4时B7.1在T细胞上特异性地通过PD-L1发挥作用。相似地,当在存在抗-CD3加上PD-L1包被的珠子进行刺激时,缺少PD-1的T细胞显示降低的增殖和细胞因子产生,表明在T细胞上PD-L1连接对B7.1的抑制性效应。当T细胞缺少所有针对PD-L1的已知受体(即,无PD-1和B7.1)时,T细胞增殖不再被抗-CD3加上PD-L1包被的珠子破坏。因此,PD-L1可通过B7.1或PD-1发挥对T细胞的抑制性效应。
B7.1和PD-L1的直接相互作用表明目前对共刺激的理解是不完全的,低估了这些分子的表达对T细胞的重要性。PD-L1-/-T细胞的研究显示T细胞上的PD-L1可下调T细胞细胞因子的产生。Latchman等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报)101:10691-96(2004)。因为在T细胞、B细胞、DCs和巨噬细胞上PD-L1和B7.1两者均表达,有可能存在这些细胞类型上的B7.1和PD-L1之间的定向相互作用。另外,非造血细胞上的PD-L1可与T细胞上的B7.1和PD-1相互作用,提出了PD-L1是否参与它们的调节的问题。B7.1:PD-L1相互作用的抑制性效应的一个可能解释是T细胞PD-L1可从与CD28相互作用中俘获或隔离APC B7.1。
因此,拮抗经PD-L1的信号传导,包括从与PD-1、B7.1或两者的相互作用中阻断PD-L1,由此阻止PD-L1发送负性共刺激信号到T细胞和其它抗原呈递细胞,可能增强应答感染(例如,急性的和慢性的)和肿瘤免疫的免疫。此外,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可与PD-1:PD-L1信号传导的其它组分的拮抗剂(例如拮抗性抗-PD-1和抗-PD-L2抗体)组合。
4.B7-H3
共刺激信号也可通过广泛表达在淋巴和非淋巴组织中的B7-H3(B7RP-2,CD276,PRO352)提供。Chapoval等,Nat.Immunol.(自然免疫学)2:269-74(2001)。在人中,B7-H3具有4Ig和2Ig变体,4Ig形式是主要的,而2Ig变体在小鼠中是主要的。Sun等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)168:6294-97(2002);Steinberger等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)172:2352-59(2004);Ling等,Genomics(基因组学)82:365-77(2003)。
最近的研究已经显示B7-H3既是T细胞应答的刺激剂又是T细胞应答的抑制剂。刺激性活化的证据如下提供:(1)与抗-CD3组合,B7-H3/Ig融合物共刺激CD4+和CD8+T细胞的增殖,并刺激IFN-γ和CD8的裂解活性,Chapoval等,Nat.Immunol.(自然免疫学)2:269-74(2001);和(2)向EL-4淋巴瘤模型的肿瘤中注射B7-H3表达质粒导致50%的肿瘤的完全消退,其依赖于CD8+T细胞和NK细胞。然而,数个最近研究已经显示这种分子的抑制性作用。B7-H3-/-APC敲除显示在MLR应答中同种异体反应性T细胞增殖的两倍的增加。CD4T细胞通过抗-CD3和抗-CD28的活化在转染了任何一种形式的B7-H3的HLA-DR2中受到抑制。Ling等,Genomics(基因组学)82:365-77(2003)。结果是降低的增殖和IFN-γ,TNF-α,IL-10和GM-CSF的产生。对这些研究的调和(reconsiliation)在于对于B7-H3存在两种功能相反的受体,与CD28和CTLA-4如何经B7.1和B7.2调节信号传导类似。
因此,B7-H3信号传导的阻断当与本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体组合时可促进增强对感染和肿瘤免疫的免疫应答。
5.B7-H4
最近添加到B7家族的是B7-H4(B7x,B7-S1,B7-H.5,VTCN1,PRO1291),其是T细胞应答的负性调节物。Zang等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.(美国国家科学院学报)100(18),10388-10392(2003);Watanabe等,Nat.Immunol.(自然免疫学)4(7),670-679(2003);Prasad,等,Immunity(免疫)18(6),863-873(2003);Sica等,Immunity(免疫)18(6),849-861(2003)。人和小鼠的B7-H4在淋巴器官(脾和胸腺)和非淋巴器官(包括肺、肝、睾丸、卵巢、胎盘、骨骼肌、胰和小肠)中均广泛表达。在正常人组织中通过IHC未检测到B7-H4或B7-H4在翻译水平的调节。IHC显示B7-H4在肺和卵巢肿瘤中高表达,实时聚合酶链反应(PCR)分析表明小鼠B7-H4也在前列腺、肺和结肠癌细胞系中高表达。B7-H4结合活化的但非幼稚T细胞上尚且未知的受体,这不同于CTLA-4、ICOS、PD-1和B7-H3受体。尽管最初报道BTLA是B7-H4的配体,所报道的B7-H4/Ig融合物与野生型结合但不结合BTLA-/-细胞迫使人得到结论HVEM而非BTLA是B7-H4的独特配体。Sedy等,Nat.Immunol.(自然免疫学)6:90-98(2004)。
B7-H4转染子和固定的B7-H4/Ig融合物的研究证明B7-H4传递抑制TCR-介导的CD4+和CD8+T细胞增殖、细胞周期在G0/G1期的进展和IL-2产生的信号。Sica等,Immunity(免疫)18:849-61(2003);Zang等,PNAS 100:10388-92(2003);Prasad等,Immunity(免疫)18:863-73(2003)。B7.1共刺激不能克服B7-H4/Ig诱导的抑制。阻断抗-B7-H4抗体增加了T细胞增殖和体外IL-2的产生。体内施用与施用完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)中钥孔血蓝蛋白(KLH)相当的抗-B7-H4抗体经过用KLH体外再刺激后导致抗-KLH抗体IgM产生的中度增加和T细胞增殖和IL-2产生的两到三倍增加,表明体内在存在抗-B7-H4时更大的T细胞的致敏。抗-B7-H4阻断抗体显著加速EAE的发生和严重性,在抗-B7-H4治疗的自身免疫小鼠模型的脑中增加了CD4+和CD8+T细胞和CD11b+巨噬细胞。B7-H4上可获得的组合的实验数据表明其可下调外周组织的免疫应答并在调节T细胞耐受中发挥作用。B7-H4的表达也可在肿瘤免疫中逃避宿主的免疫应答中发挥作用。Choi等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)171:4650-54(2003)。因此,拮抗B7-H4当与本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体组合时可用于增强对感染和肿瘤免疫的免疫应答。
6.BTLA:
B7家族成员BTLA(CD272,BTLA-1)与PD-1和CTLA功能类似。最初鉴定为Th1细胞的选择性标记,BTLA仅在淋巴细胞上表达。与CTLA-4,ICOS和PD-1相似,活化过程中BTLA在T细胞上被诱导。然而,与ICOS相比(其在Th2细胞上保持增加,但在Th1细胞中下调),BTLA保持在Th1细胞上表达,而不在Th2细胞上表达。与PD-1相似,BTLA也在B细胞上表达。Gavrieli等,Biochem.Biophys.Res.Commun.(生物化学和生物物理学研究通讯)312:1236-43(2003)。然而,BTLA在静息和活化的B细胞上均表达,而PD-1在活化的B细胞上上调。BTLA具有两个ITIM基序。
BTLA在B和T淋巴细胞上均发挥抑制性效应。Watanabe等,Nat.Immunol.(自然免疫学)4:670-79(2003)。BLTA-/-B细胞显示对抗-IgM中度的应答,但对体外抗-CD3显示增加的应答。极化的BTLA-/-Th1细胞显示应答体外抗原暴露的增殖的大约两倍的增加。在体内,BTLA-/-小鼠显示半抗原-特异性的抗体应答的三倍增加和对EAE增强的易感性。BTLA-/-小鼠的表型与PD-1-/-小鼠表型相似,表现出对自身免疫增加的易感性,但比CTLA-4-/-小鼠更微细的表型。然而,考虑到其作为负性调节子的作用,阻断BTLA证明当与本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体组合时可用于增强感染和抗肿瘤免疫中的免疫应答。
有趣的是,最近已经显示Ig超家族成员BTLA也与TNFR家族成员HVEM相互作用。Sedy等,Nat.Immunol.(自然免疫学)6:90-98(2005);Gonzalez等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报)102:1116-1121(2005)。HVEM在下文TNFR家族共刺激因子下综述。
E.TNFR家族共刺激因子
1.OX40/OX40L(CD134)
OX40(CD134,TXPG1L,TNFRSF4)和OX40L(CD134L,CD252,GP34,TNFSF4,TXGP1)缺陷小鼠具有对病毒和普通蛋白抗原两者和在接触-敏感性反应中具有降低的初次CD4+T细胞应答。Chen等,Immunity(免疫)11:689-698(1999);Kopf等,Immunity(免疫)11:699-708(1999);Murata等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)191:365-374(2000);Gramaglia等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)165:3043-3050(2000)。在初次应答的晚期产生更低频率的抗原特异性效应T细胞和更少的记忆T细胞发育。Gramaglia等,见上文。与CD27缺失的T细胞相比,OX40缺失的幼稚CD4+T细胞群体中早期增殖未受破坏。然而,在活化后4-5天发生降低的增殖和显著的凋亡性细胞死亡,结果是很少T细胞长期存活。Rogers等,Immunity(免疫)15:445-455(2001)。对于OX40-缺失的CD8+T细胞,初始细胞分裂未受影响,但初次效应细胞的积累在遇到抗原后3-6天显著降低。Croft等,Nat.Immunol.(自然免疫学)3:609-620(2003)。
通过树突状细胞或T细胞转基因表达OX40L增加了抗原-应答CD4+T细胞的数目,产生与异常T细胞活化相关的自身免疫-样症状。Brocker等,Eur.J.Immunol.(欧洲免疫学杂志)29:1610-1616(1999);Murata等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)169:4628-4636(2002)。免疫接种后,注射激动性抗-OX40抗体导致在初次应答的峰值时更多数目的抗原-反应性CD4+T细胞的积累,伴随所产生的记忆T细胞数目的增加。Gramaglia等,见上文.,Bansai-Pakala等,Nature Med.(自然医学)7:907-912(2001),Maxwell等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)164:107-112(2000);Weatherill等,Cell.Immunol.(细胞免疫学)209:63-75(2001)。当抗原-致敏的小鼠用对OX40特异性激动性抗体处理时发生增加的初次效应CTL的积累。De Smedt等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)168:661-670(2002)。
认为OX40提供晚期作用信号,其允许在初次免疫应答的峰值新产生的效应细胞存活。也有好的证据证明OX40在CD28下游发挥功能-除了增加由CD28信号介导的OX40的表达之外,相对于OX40缺失的CD28缺失的功能分析已经显示在不存在CD28信号时早期初次T细胞应答显著破坏,但是在没有OX40信号时仅晚期应答被破坏。Rogers等,Immunity(免疫)15:445-455(2001);Bertram等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)168:3777-3785(2002)。
因此,OX40/OX40L的活化(诸如通过应用激动性抗体)当与本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体组合时可能用于治疗T细胞功能障碍病症。
2. 4-1BB(CD137)/4-1BBL,
与OX40/OX40L相似,缺失4-1BB(CD137,TNFRSF9)和4-1BBL(TNFSF9)的T细胞当没有4-1BBL时在初次应答中显示更少的抗原-反应性CD8+T细胞积累和更少的记忆T细胞发育。DeBenedette等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)163:4833-4841(1999);Tan等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)163:4859-4868(1999);Tan等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)164:2320-2325(2000)。另外,阻断4-1BBL不改变CD8+T细胞的初始增殖应答,但是抑制3-6天后初次应答峰值的效应CTL的积累,这是由于已经分裂数次的细胞的凋亡导致的。Cooper等,Eur.J.Immunol.(欧洲免疫学杂志)32:521-529(2002)。激动性抗-4-1BB抗体和抗-4-1BBL-转染的APC也产生相似的结果:体内CTL和CD4+T细胞应答显著增加。Melero等,Nature Med.(自然医学)3:682-685(1997);Melero等,Eur.J.Immunol.(欧洲免疫学杂志)28:1116-1121(1998);Takahashi等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)162:5037-5040(1999);Guinn等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)162:5003-5010(1999);Halstead等,Nature Immunol.(自然免疫学)3:536-541(2002);Takahashi等,Immunol.Lett.76:183-191(2001);Bansal-Pakala等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)169:5005-5009(2002)。4-1BB-特异性的抗体不改变初始增殖应答,支持4-1BBL阻断实验的结论,表明4-1BB在提供细胞存活信号中的晚期活性。
与OX40相似,认为4-1BB提供晚期作用信号,其允许初次免疫应答的峰值新产生的效应细胞的存活。也存在好的证据证明4-1BB比CD28更晚发挥功能—除了由CD28信号介导的OX40和4-1BB的表达增加之外,CD28缺失对比4-1BB缺失的功能分析已经显示在没有CD28信号时早期初次T细胞应答显著破坏,但在没有OX40信号时仅晚期应答被破坏。Rogers等,Immunity(免疫)15:445-455(2001);Bertram等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)168:3777-3785(2002)。
激动性抗-CD137抗体可诱导癌症中的肿瘤消退,其中CD8+CTL发挥中心作用。Melero等,Nat.Med.(自然医学)3:682-5(1997);Hirano等,Cancer Res.(癌症研究)65(3):1089-96(2005)。在此类肿瘤中组成型和可诱导的PD-L1表达赋予抗性,其在阻断PD-L1时是可逆转的。Hirano等。
因此,4-1BB/4-BBL的活化(诸如通过应用激动性抗体),特别是与PD-L1拮抗剂(例如抗-PD-L1抗体)组合可能用于治疗T细胞功能障碍病症。
3.CD27/CD27L(CD70)
在体外阻断研究(其中破坏了CD27/CD70相互作用)中已经证明了CD27(TNFRSF7,S152)和CD27L(CD70,TNFSF7)信号传导在T细胞应答的初始阶段的重要性。Oshima等,Int.Immunol.(国际免疫学)10:517-526(1998);Agematsu等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)153:1421-1429(1994);Hintzen等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)154:2612-2623(1995)。缺少CD27的T细胞最初正常分裂,但然后在活化后较差地增殖3或更多天。Hendriks等,NatureImmunol.(自然免疫学)1:433-440(2000)。这表明CD27参与促进幼稚T细胞群体的初始扩增,这是通过早期抑制T细胞死亡或通过作用于细胞周期以允许活化后2-3天持续的分裂进行。这一点通过CD27-缺陷小鼠的体内研究得到加强,该研究中发生更少数目的抗原特异性应答(第4-8天)和在3周或更多周的期间更少的记忆T细胞发育。Hendriks等,见上文。T细胞活化后早期CD27的表达被上调,表明其主要传递维持在效应子应答峰值之前的早期增殖的信号。
因此,CD27/CD27L的活化(包括通过应用激动性抗体活化)特别是与本文描述的抗-PD-L1抗体组合,可能用于治疗T细胞功能障碍病症。
4.CD30/CD30L(CD153)
CD30(TNFRSF8,Ki-1)和CD30L(CD153,TNFSF8)信号传导对体外数种T细胞功能是共刺激的。Del Prete等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)182:1655-1661(1995),Bowen等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)156:442-449(1995)。对CD30L的阻断试剂抑制Th2细胞发育并增强Th1细胞体外发育。这种活性与显示CD30优选地由Th2细胞和类型2细胞毒性Tc2细胞表达的数据一致。Del Prete等,见上文,Nakamura等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)158:2090-2098(1996)。在未极化的初次应答中CD30在幼稚T细胞活化后的3-4天表达。Nakamura等,见上文显示其功能不限于类型2细胞因子-支配的应答。
尽管CD30/CD30L信号传导的精确机制不清楚,已经表明其可能类似于OX40和4-1BB。当过继性转移的抗原特异性CD8+T细胞转移到CD30L-缺陷小鼠中时,它们不在初次应答的峰值大量积累,并且更少的记忆T细胞发育。因此,CD30可能也提供增殖和/或存活信号以允许在初次应答的峰值产生大量抗原特异性T细胞。
因此,CD27/CD27L的活化(包括通过应用激动性抗体),特别是与本文描述的抗-PD-L1抗体组合,可能用于治疗T细胞功能障碍病症。
5.HVEM/LIGHT
HVEM(HVEA,ATAR,LIGHTR,TNFRSF14,PRO509)和LIGHT(CD258,HVEML,TR2,TNFSF14,PRO726)对T细胞共刺激的效应由于以下原因而变得复杂:1)LIGHT也结合淋巴细胞毒素-β受体(LTβR)的能力,和2)HVEM结合可溶性LTα3。因此,任何对HVEM/LIGHT效应的研究应当考虑对于这种信号传导系统的其它结合配偶体的效应。阻断LIGHT可抑制早期T细胞增殖和同种异体混合-淋巴细胞反应(MLRs)中细胞因子的分泌。Tamada等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)164:4105-4110(2000),Kwon等,J.Biol.Chem.(生物化学杂志)272:14272-14276(1997);Harrop等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)161:1786-1794(1998);Tamada等,NatureMed.(自然医学)6:283-289(2000)。当在MHC-不匹配的心脏同种异体移植中阻断LIGHT时,促炎细胞因子的产生被抑制。Ye等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)195:795-800(2002)。此外,同种异体皮肤移植物在LIGHT和CD28两者均缺失的受体中受到伴随延迟的动力学的排斥。Scheu等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)195:1613-1624(2002)。提议延迟的移植物排斥可能表明T细胞克隆扩增或细胞因子产生的早期抑制。这种结论得到以下支持:(i)体外研究显示LIGHT-缺陷应答同种异体抗原的脾细胞具有降低的TH1和TH2两种细胞因子的产生和弱的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞活性(CTL)活性的产生[Sheu等,见上文.],和(ii)体内研究显示阻断LIGHT降低同种异体反应性CTL的产生。Tamada等,Nature Med.(自然医学)6:283-289(2000)。
因此,HVEM/LIGHT(诸如通过应用激动性抗体),特别是与本文描述的抗-PD-L1抗体组合,可用于治疗T细胞功能障碍病症。
II.定义
“变应原”或“免疫原”是任何能够触发免疫应答的分子。用于本文时,该术语覆盖抗原分子本身或其来源,诸如花粉粒、动物皮屑、昆虫毒液或食品。这与术语抗原相比较,抗原是指能够被免疫球蛋白或T细胞受体特异性识别的分子。任何能够诱导免疫应答的异源物质是潜在的变应原。许多天然和合成来源的不同化学药品已知是变应原性的。复杂天然有机化学品(特别是蛋白质)可能导致抗体介导的变态反应,而简单有机化合物、无机化学品和金属更优选地导致T细胞介导的变态反应。在一些情况下,相同变应原可导致多于一种类型的变态反应。暴露于变应原可以是通过吸入、注射、注射或皮肤接触。
在免疫功能障碍的环境中,“功能障碍(Dysfunction)”是指对抗原性刺激的免疫降低的应答状态。该术语包括衰竭(exhaustion)和/或无反应性(anergy)两者的共同要素,其中可发生抗原识别,但跟着发生的免疫应答对控制感染或肿瘤生长是无效的。
“耐受”或“免疫耐受”是免疫系统不能启动对特定抗原的防御性免疫应答。耐受可以是天然的或自身的,其中身体不攻击其本身蛋白和抗原,或耐受可以是被诱导的,来自于对免疫系统的操作。中心耐受在淋巴细胞发育过程中发生,在胸腺和骨髓中进行。在这种过程中,识别自身抗原的T和B淋巴细胞在它们发育成完全免疫活性的细胞之前被消除。这种过程在胎儿发育中最活跃,但在产生未成熟的淋巴细胞的整个生命中持续。外周T细胞耐受是指对存在于外周组织中的自身抗原的功能无应答性,在T和B细胞成熟并进入外周后发生。这些过程包括通过“调节性”T细胞抑制自身反应性细胞和在没有伴随炎症的共刺激信号时遇到抗原的淋巴细胞中产生低反应性(无反应性)。“获得的”或“诱导耐受”是指免疫系统对外部抗原的适应,其特征是淋巴组织对给定抗原的特异性无-反应性,对于该抗原在其它情况下将可能诱导细胞介导的免疫或体液免疫。在成人中,耐受可临床诱导,其通过反复施用大剂量抗原或刺激免疫应答所需的阈值以下的小剂量,诸如经过静脉内或舌下施用可溶性抗原进行。免疫抑制也协助耐受的诱导。自身耐受的破坏可导致自身免疫。
“增强T细胞功能”意思是诱导、导致或刺激T细胞具有持续的或扩大的生物学功能,或恢复或重新激活衰竭的或失活的T细胞。增强T细胞功能的实例包括:相对于介入之前的此类水平增加从CD8+T细胞的γ-干扰素的分泌、增加增殖、增加抗原应答性(例如,病毒或病原体清除)。在一个实施方案中,增强的水平是至少50%,备选地60%,70%,80%,90%,100%,120%,150%,200%。测量这种增强的方式是本领域普通技术人员已知的。
“T细胞功能障碍病症”是T细胞的病症或状态,其特征在于对抗原性刺激降低的应答性。在具体实施方案中,T细胞功能障碍病症是与通过PD-1不适当增加的信号传导特异性相关的病症。在另一个实施方案中,T细胞功能障碍病症是其中T细胞是无反应性的或具有降低的分泌细胞因子、增殖或执行细胞溶解活动的能力的病症。在一个具体方面中,降低的应答性导致无效控制病原体或表达免疫原的肿瘤。以T细胞功能障碍为特征的T细胞功能障碍病症的实例包括未解决的急性感染、慢性感染和肿瘤免疫。
“慢性感染”是指这样的感染,其中传染原(例如,病原体如病毒、细菌、原生动物寄生虫、真菌或诸如此类)已经在感染的宿主中诱导了免疫应答,但尚未如在急性感染过程中一样被从宿主中清除或消除。慢性感染可以是持续性的、潜伏性的或缓慢的。尽管急性感染典型地被免疫系统在数天或数周(如流感)内解决,持续性的感染可以相对低的水平持续数月、数年、数十年或一生(例如,乙型肝炎)。相比之下,潜伏性的感染的特征是长期的无症状活动,被一段时间的迅速增加的高度感染和升高的病原体水平不时打断(例如单纯疱疹)。最后,缓慢感染的特征是疾病症状的逐渐和连续增加,诸如长期的潜伏期,随后在临床症状出现后是延长的和进展的临床过程开始。不像潜伏性的和持续性的感染,慢感染可以不以病毒增殖的急性期开始(例如,小RNA病毒感染(picornaviruses infection)、绵羊髓鞘脱落病毒(visna virus)、瘙痒病(scrapie)、克雅氏病(Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease))。能够诱导慢性感染的示例性传染剂包括病毒(例如,巨细胞病毒、EB病毒、乙型肝炎病毒、丙型肝炎病毒、单纯疱疹病毒I型和II型、人免疫缺陷病毒1型和2型,人乳头状瘤病毒、人T淋巴细胞病毒1型和2型,水痘-带状疱疹病毒等等),细菌(例如,结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacteriumtuberculosis),李斯特菌属物种(Listeria spp.),肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiellapneumoniae),肺炎链球菌(Streptococcus pneumoniae),金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus),疏螺旋体属物种(Borrelia spp.),幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)等等),原生动物寄生虫(例如,利什曼原虫属物种(Leishmaniaspp.),恶性疟原虫(Plasmodium falciparum),血吸虫属物种(Schistosoma spp.),弓形虫属物种(Toxoplasma spp.),锥虫属物种(Trypanosoma spp.),Taenia carssiceps等等),和真菌(例如,曲霉属物种(Aspergillus spp.),白色念珠菌(Candida albicans),粗球孢子菌(Coccidioides immitis),夹膜组织胞浆菌(Histoplasma capsulatum),卡氏肺囊虫(Pneumocystis carinii)等等)。另外的传染剂包括朊病毒或错误折叠的蛋白质,其通过在这些组织中进一步传播蛋白错误折叠影响脑或神经元结构,导致形成淀粉样蛋白斑(其导致细胞死亡、组织损伤和最终死亡)。由朊病毒感染导致的疾病的实例包括:克雅氏病及其变种(Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and its varieties),Gerstmann--Scheinker综合征(GSS)(Gerstmann--Scheinker syndrome(GSS)),致命性家族性失眠症(sFI)(fatal familial insomnia(sFI)),库鲁病(kuru),瘙痒病(scrapie),牛的牛海绵状脑病(BSE)(又名“疯牛”病)(Bovine spongiform encephalopathy(BSE)incattle(aka“mad cow”disease)),以及其他各种动物形式的脑病[例如,传染性水貂脑病(TME)(transmissible mink encephalopathy(TME)),白尾鹿(white-tailed deer)、麋鹿(elk)和骡鹿(mule deer)中慢性消耗性疾病(chronic wasting disease(CWD)),猫海绵状脑病(feline spongiform encephalopathy),尼牙薮羚(nyala)、羚羊(oryx)和更大角羚(greater kudu)中的外来有蹄类脑病(EUE)(exotic ungulate encephalopathy(EUE),鸵鸟的海绵状脑病(spongiform encephalopathy of the ostrich)]。
“肿瘤免疫”是指这样的过程,其中肿瘤逃避免疫识别和清除。因此,作为治疗概念,当所述逃避减弱时肿瘤免疫得到“治疗”,肿瘤被免疫系统识别并攻击。肿瘤识别的实例包括肿瘤结合、肿瘤收缩和肿瘤清除。
“B7-负性共刺激拮抗剂”(“BNCA”)是这样的试剂,其降低、阻断、抑制、消除或干扰负性共刺激信号,所述负性共刺激信号由或通过由B7家族的成员介导的T淋巴细胞上表达的细胞表面蛋白介导。一方面,BNCA可单独或与本发明的抗-PD-l抗体组合使功能障碍的T细胞变得无-功能障碍。另一方面,BNCA可以是这样的试剂,其抑制B7-负性共刺激分子的核酸或蛋白合成、表达、信号传导和/或表达后加工。又一方面,BNCA是抗体、结合抗原的抗体片段、BNCA寡肽、BNCARNAi或BNCA小分子,其降低、阻断、抑制、消除或干扰B7-负性共刺激分子的信号转导。示例性B7负性共刺激分子包括:CTLA-4,PD-L1,PD-1,B7.1(T细胞上表达的),PD-L2,B7-H3和B7-H4。
正性共刺激激动剂是这样的分子,其增加、增强、增进或协助由或通过表达在T淋巴细胞上的细胞表面蛋白介导的共刺激信号。一方面,正性共刺激分子可以是激活正性共刺激途径的细胞外结构域、可溶性构建体或激动性抗体。示例性正性共刺激分子包括B7超家族分子,例如,B7.1,B7.2,CD28和ICOS/ICOSL。另外的实例包括TNFR家族共刺激分子,例如,OX40/OX40L,41-BB/41-BBL,CD27/CD27L,CD30/CD30L和HVEM/LIGHT。
“小分子”或“小有机分子”是具有低于大约500道尔顿(Daltons)的分子量的分子。
“干扰RNA”“RNAi”是10-50个核苷酸长的减少靶基因表达的RNA,其中部分链足够互补(例如,与靶基因具有至少80%的同一性)。RNA干扰的方法是指靶标特异性的抑制基因表达(即“基因沉默”),发生在转录后水平(例如,翻译),并且包括RNA介导的基因表达抑制的所有转录后和转录机制,诸如以下描述的那些:P.D.Zamore,Science(科学)296:1265(2002)和Hannan和Rossi,Nature(自然)431:371-378(2004)。用于本文时,RNAi可以是小干扰RNA(siRNA)、短发夹RNA(shRNA)和/或微小RNA(miRNA)的形式。此类RNAi分子常常是双链RNA复合物,其能够以分离互补或部分互补的RNA链的形式表达。设计双链RNA复合物的方法是本领域已知的。例如,在Sandy等,BioTechniques 39:215-224(2005)中可找到对合适的shRNA和siRNA的设计和合成。
“小干扰RNA”或siRNA是10-50个核苷酸长的减少靶基因表达的双链RNA(dsRNA)双螺旋,其中第一条链的部分链足够互补(例如,与靶基因具有至少80%的同一性)。siRNAs是特异性设计的以避免抗病毒应答,其特征是增加的干扰素合成、非特异性蛋白合成抑制和RNA降解,其常常导致哺乳动物细胞中与使用RNAi相关的细胞的自杀或死亡。Paddison等,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99(3):1443-8.(2002).
术语“发夹”是指7-20个核苷酸的成环RNA结构。“短发夹RNA”或shRNA是10-50个核苷酸长度的单链RNA,其特征是减少靶基因表达的发夹弯曲,其中RNA链部分足够互补(例如,与靶基因具有至少80%的同一性)。术语“茎-环”是指同一个分子碱基对的两个区之间的配对以形成以短的未配对的环为末端的双螺旋,产生棒糖形结构。
“微小RNA”或“miRNA”(以前称为stRNA)是大约10-70个核苷酸长度的单链RNA,最初转录为以“茎-环”结构为特征的前-miRNA,其随后在通过RNA诱导的沉默复合物(RISC)进一步加工后加工为成熟miRNA。
“BNCA干扰RNA”或“BNCA RNAi”结合(优选特异性结合)BNCA核酸并降低其表达。这意味着存在BNCARNAi时的B7负性共刺激分子的表达与对照(其中不存在BNCARNAi)中的B7负性共刺激分子的表达相比更低。BNCARNAi可使用已知的方法鉴定和合成(Shi Y.,Trendsin Genetics 19(1):9-12(2003),WO2003056012,WO2003064621,WO2001/075164,WO2002/044321。
“BNCA寡肽”是结合,优选特异性结合B7负性共刺激多肽的寡肽,分别包括如本文所描述的受体,配体或信号传导组分。此类寡肽可使用已知的寡肽合成方法化学合成或可使用重组技术制备和纯化。此类寡肽通常至少大约5个氨基酸长,备选地至少大约6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,或100个氨基酸的长度或更长。此类寡肽可使用已知的技术不经过过度实验进行鉴定。在这一方面,注意为获得能够特异性结合多肽靶标的寡肽而筛选寡肽文库的技术是本领域熟知的(参见,例如,美国专利号5,556,762,5,750,373,4,708,871,4,833,092,5,223,409,5,403,484,5,571,689,5,663,143;PCT公开号WO 84/03506和WO84/03564;Geysen等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.(美国国家科学院学报),81:3998-4002(1984);Geysen等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.(美国国家科学院学报),82:178-182(1985);Geysen等,in Synthetic Peptides as Antigens,130-149(1986);Geysen等,J.Immunol.Meth.,102:259-274(1987);Schoofs等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志),140:611-616(1988),Cwirla,S.E.等Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报),87:6378(1990);Lowman,H.B.等Biochemistry,30:10832(1991);Clackson,T.等Nature(自然),352:624(1991);Marks,J.D.等,J.Mol.Biol.,222:581(1991);Kang,A.S.等Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报),88:8363(1991),和Smith,G.P.,CurrentOpin.Biotechnol.,2:668(1991)。
“BNCA小分子拮抗剂”或“BNCA小分子”是本文定义的寡肽或抗体之外的有机分子,其抑制(优选特异性抑制)B7负性共刺激多肽。此类B7负性共刺激信号传导抑制优选地使得功能障碍的T细胞应答抗原刺激。BNCA小分子的实例可使用已知的方法鉴定和化学合成(参见,例如,PCT公开号WO2000/00823和WO2000/39585)。此类BNCA小分子通常低于大约2000道尔顿大小,备选地低于大约1500,750,500,250或200道尔顿大小,能够结合(优选特异性结合)本文描述的B7负性刺激多肽,并能够使用熟知的技术不经过度实验来鉴定。在这一方面,注意为获得能够结合多肽靶标的分子而筛选有机分子文库的技术是本领域熟知的(参见,例如,PCT公开号WO00/00823和WO00/39585)。
术语“抗生素”包括在施用浓度和给药间隔特异性抑制或消除微生物生长但对宿主不致命的任何分子,所述微生物诸如病毒、细菌、真菌或原生动物。用于本文时,术语抗生素包括抗菌剂、抗病毒剂、抗真菌剂和抗原生动物剂。在一个具体方面中,抗生素在施用浓度和给药间隔对宿主是无毒的。抗细菌的抗生素或抗菌剂可广泛的分类为杀菌的(即,直接杀死)或抑菌的(即,阻止分裂)。抗杀菌的抗生素可进一步再分类为窄谱(即,仅影响小类细菌亚型,例如,革兰氏阴性等)或广谱(即,影响广泛种类)。抗生素的实例包括:(i)氨基糖苷类(aminoglycosides)、例如,阿米卡星(amikacin)、庆大霉素(gentamicin)、卡那霉素(kanamycin)、新霉素(neomycin)、奈替米星(netilmicin)、链霉素(streptomycin)、妥布霉素(tobramycin)、巴龙霉素(paromycin)、(ii)安莎霉素类(ansamycins)、例如,格尔德霉素(geldanamycin)、除莠霉素(herbimycin)、(iii)碳头孢烯类(carbacephems)、例如,氯碳头孢(loracarbef)、(iv)、碳青霉烯类(carbapenems)、例如,ertapenum、多利培南(doripenem)、亚胺培南/西司他丁(imipenem/cilastatin)、美罗培南(meropenem)、(v)头孢菌素类(cephaolsporins)(第一代)、例如,头孢羟氨苄(cefadroxil)、头孢唑林(cefazolin)、头孢噻吩(cefalotin)、头孢氨苄(cefalexin)、(vi)头孢菌素类(cephalosporins)(第二代)、例如,ceflaclor、头孢孟多(cefamandole)、头孢西丁(cefoxitin)、头孢丙烯(cefprozil)、头孢呋辛(cefuroxime)、(vi)头孢菌素类(cephalosporins)(第三代)、例如,头孢克肟(cefixime)、头孢地尼(cefdinir)、头孢托仑(cefditoren)、头孢哌酮(cefoperazone)、头孢噻肟(cefotaxime)、头孢泊肟(cefpodoxime)、头孢他啶(ceftazidime)、头孢布烯(ceftibuten)、头孢唑肟(ceftizoxime)、头孢曲松(ceftriaxone)、(vii)头孢菌素类(cephalosporins)(第四代)、例如,头孢吡肟(cefepime)、(viii)、头孢菌素类(cephalosporins)(第五代)、例如,ceftobiprole、(ix)糖肽类(glycopeptides),例如,替考拉宁(teicoplanin)、万古霉素(vancomycin)、(x)大环内酯类(macrolides),例如,(axithromycin)、克拉霉素(clarithromycin)、(dirithromycine)、红霉素(erythromycin)、罗红霉素(roxithromycin)、醋竹桃霉素(troleandomycin)、泰利霉素(telithromycin)、大观霉素(spectinomycin)、(xi)单环β-内酰胺类(monobactams),例如,(axtreonam),(xii)青霉素类(penicilins),例如,阿莫西林(amoxicillin)、氨苄西林(ampicillin)、axlocillin、羧苄西林(carbenicillin)、氯唑西林(cloxacillin)、双氯西林(dicloxacillin)、氟氯西林(flucloxacillin)、美洛西林(mezlocillin)、甲氧西林(meticillin)、萘夫西林(nafcilin)、苯唑西林(oxacillin)、青霉素(penicillin)、peperacillin、替卡西林(ticarcillin),(xiii)抗生素多肽,例如,杆菌肽(bacitracin)、粘菌素(colistin)、多粘菌素B(polymyxin B),(xiv)喹诺酮类(quinolones),例如,环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)、依诺沙星(enoxacin)、加替沙星(gatifloxacin)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin)、(lemefloxacin)、莫西沙星(moxifloxacin)、诺氟沙星(norfloxacin)、orfloxacin、曲伐沙星(trovafloxacin)、(xv)磺胺类药(sulfonamides),例如,磺胺米隆(mafenide)、偶氮磺胺(prontosil)、磺胺醋酰(sulfacetamide)、磺胺甲二唑(sulfamethizole)、磺胺(sulfanilamide)、柳氮磺吡啶(sulfasalazine)、磺胺异噁唑(sulfisoxazole)、甲氧苄啶(trimethoprim)、甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲噁唑(trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole(TMP-SMX))、(xvi)四环素类(tetracyclines),例如,地美环素(demeclocycline)、多西环素(doxycycline)、米诺环素(minocycline)、土霉素(oxytetracycline)、四环素(tetracycline),和(xvii)其他诸如胂凡纳明(arspenamine)、氯霉素(chloramphenicol)、克林霉素(clindamycin)、林可霉素(lincomycin)、乙胺丁醇(ethambutol)、磷霉素(fosfomycin)、夫西地酸(fusidic acid)、呋喃唑酮(furazolidone)、异烟肼(isoniazid)、利奈唑胺(linezolid)、双唑泰栓(metronidazole)、莫匹罗星(mupirocin)、呋喃妥因(nitrofurantoin)、platensimycin、吡嗪酰胺(pyrazinamide)、奎奴普丁/达福普汀(quinupristin/dalfopristin)、利福平/异福酰胺(rifampin/rifampicin)或替硝唑(tinidazole)。
术语“抗病毒剂”包括抑制或消除病毒生长、发病(morbity)和/或存活的任何分子。这包括抗逆转录病毒药物如(1)逆转录酶抑制剂包括例如:(a)核苷类似物逆转录酶抑制剂(NRTIs)(例如,阿昔洛韦/无环鸟苷(aciclovir/acyclovir),西多福韦(cidofovir),齐多夫定/叠氮胸苷(azidothymidine/zidovudine(AZT,)),去羟肌苷(didanosine(ddI,));扎西他滨(zalcitabine(ddC,));司他夫定(stavudine(d4T,));拉米夫定(lamivudine(3TC,));阿巴卡韦(abacavir);恩曲他滨(emtricitabine);溴夫定(brivudine);恩替卡韦(entecavir);碘苷(idoxuridine);viramidine(taribavirin,产自于ValeantPharmacueticals)),胞嘧啶核苷类似物聚合酶抑制剂PCI-6130和前体药物变体(例如,R7128),产自于Pharmasset/Roche;核苷类似物抑制剂,产自于Merck/IsisPharmaceuticals–MK-0608,(b)核苷酸类似物逆转录酶抑制剂(NtRTIs)例如,替诺福韦(tenofovir);阿德福韦(adefovir);福米韦生(fomivirsen);(c)非-核苷逆转录酶抑制剂,(NNRTIs),依法韦仑(efavirenz);奈韦拉平(nevirapine),地拉韦啶(delavirdine),etravirine洛韦胺(loviride);HCV RNA-依赖性RNA聚合酶的非-核苷抑制剂,产自于ViroChem Pharma–VCH-759,HCV聚合酶抑制剂的非-核苷抑制剂,产自于Pfizer-PF-868554;和(d)聚合酶抑制剂,包括丙型肝炎病毒的RNA-依赖性RNA聚合酶,产自于Boehringer Ingelheim-BILB-1941,RNA聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Roche–R1626;ACH-0137171,复制酶抑制剂,产自于AchillionPharmaceuticals,R7128–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Roche/Pharmasset,ABT-333,和ABT-072–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Abbott,BI 207127–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Boehringer Ingelheim,PSI-7851–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Pharmasset,ANA598–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于AnadysPharmaceuticals,MK-3281–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Merck,IDX184–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Idenix,GSK 625433–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Glaxo Smith Kline,INX-189–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Inhibitex,NM283–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Idenix,HCV796–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Wyeth,GL60667和GS9190–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Gilead,PF-00868554 0聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Pfizer,VCH759,VCH916,VX222和VX759–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Virochem,IDX184和IDX375–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Idenix,BMS650032–聚合酶抑制剂,产自于Bristol MyersSquibb;(2)蛋白酶抑制剂包括例如:沙奎那韦(saquinavir),利托那韦(ritonavir),茚地那韦(indinavir),那非那韦(nelfinavir),安泼那韦(amprenavir),洛匹那韦(lopinavir),atazanavir呋山那韦(fosamprenavir),替拉那韦(tipranavir),darunavirtelapravir(VX-950);第二代HCV蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Vertex Pharmaceuticals-VX-500和VX-813;NS3/4A蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Intermune/Roche-ITMN-191/R-7227,boceprevir,蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Schering-Plough-SCH 503034,HCV NS3/4A蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Medivir/Tibotec–TMC435/TMC435350,ACH-1625蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于AchillionPharmaceuticals,ACH-806–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Achillion/Gilead,BI201335和BILN2061–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Boehringer Ingelheim,SCH 900518/SP900518(narlaprevir)–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Schering-Plough,MK-7009–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Merck,BMS-650032,BMS-790052和BMS-791325–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Bristol MyeresSquibb,R7227–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Roche,PHX1766–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Phenomix,AVL-181–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Avila Therapeutics,胆绿素(biliverdin),CTS-1027–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Roche Biosciences,VX985–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Vertex,VCH-759和VCH-917–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Virochem/Vertex,IDX-136和316–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Idenix,ABT-450–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Abbott,VBY 376–蛋白酶抑制剂,产自于Virobay;(3)整合酶抑制剂包括例如:raltegravirelvitegravir;(4)核苷类似物/核苷酸类似物抑制剂的联合疗法,atripla(替诺福韦(tenofovir)+embricitabine+依法韦仑(efavirenz)),双汰芝(combivir)(拉米夫定+齐多夫定)(lamivudein+zidovudine),(5)进入或融合抑制剂包括例如:maraviroc,恩夫韦肽(enfuvirtide),二十二醇(docosanol),抗-CD4抗体,抗-gp120抗体,抗-CCR5抗体,HCV NS5a拮抗剂:(a)A-831,A-689和AZD 2836,产自于Arrow Therapeutics,(b)BMS-790052和BMS-824393,产自于Bristol Myers Squibb,(c)GSK-625433,产自于Glaxo Smith Kline,(d)NS4a拮抗剂ACH-1095;((5)成熟抑制剂包括例如:bevirimat和vivecon;(6)病毒释放抑制剂包括例如:扎那米韦),奥塞米韦(oseltamivir),arbidol;((7)免疫应答增强剂,包括例如干扰素-例如,BLX-883和BLX 883 CR,产自于BiolexTherapeutics,belerofon,产自于Nautilus Biotech,长效IFN-α,IFN-α SR,产自于LGLife Sciences,长效IFN-α2b CR和IFN-α2b XL,产自于Flamel Technologies,聚乙二醇化的IFN-α(例如,PEG-IFN-α-2a,PEG-IFN-α-2b,),IFN-a2b-人血清白蛋白融合蛋白干扰素-β包括IFN-β-1b干扰素-γ,干扰素-λ,聚乙二醇化的干扰素-λ(例如,PEG-rIL-29,产自于ZymoGenetics/NovoNordisk),干扰素-ω/白细胞II干扰素(例如,Intarcia Therapeutics),toll-样受体7激动剂包括咪喹莫特(imiquimod),艾沙托立宾(isatoribine)及其前体药物变体(例如,ANA-975和ANA-971),产自于Anadys Pharmaceuticals,oglufanide(IM862,L-Glu-L-Trp-OH)及其脂质-或-糖基偶联的变体,产自于Implicit Bioscience,NOV-205(例如,-肽抗病毒剂,产自于Novelos Therapeutics,Inc.),抗病毒剂EHC18,产自于Enzo Biochem,γ-D-谷氨酰-L-色氨酸(例如,SCV-07,SciClone Pharmaceuticals/Verta),aloferon(例如,aloferon-1-HGVSGHGQHGVHG,aloferon-2-GVSGHGQHGVHG),CPG 10101–TLR-9激动剂,产自于Coley Pharmaceuticals/Actilon;(8)抗病毒协同作用增强剂,即单独具有小的抗病毒性质或无抗病毒性质,但增强其它抗病毒剂的效应,–例如,choroquine,葡萄柚汁(grapefruit juice),羟基脲(hydroxyurea),来氟米特(leflunomide),麦考酚酸(mycophenolic acid),白藜芦醇(resveratrol),利托那韦(ritonavi);以及其它抗病毒药物如金刚烷胺(amantadine),依度尿苷(edoxudine),泛昔洛韦(famciclovir喷昔洛韦(penciclovir),fascarnet,fosfonet,更昔洛韦(ganciclovir),gardasil,伊巴他滨(ibacitabine),imunovir,吗啉胍(moroxydine),nexavir,peramivir,普来可那立(pleconaril),鬼臼毒素(podophyllotoxin),利巴韦林(ribavirin),金刚乙胺(rimantadine),曲氟尿苷(trifluridine),三协唯(trizivir),曲金刚胺(tromantadine),truvada,伐昔洛韦(valaciclovir),缬更昔洛韦(valganciclovir),阿糖腺苷(vidarabine),和干扰素增强剂如EMZ702,产自于Transition Therapeutics,二盐酸组胺(histamine dihydrochloride)(例如,+IFN-α);和(9)各种或未分类的抗病毒剂如:KPE-02003002(Artenimol),产自于Kemin Pharmaceuticals,mitoquinone–辅酶Q10抗氧化剂激动剂,产自于Antipodean Pharmaceuticals,α-葡萄糖苷酶(glucosydase)I抑制剂(例如,MX-3253-西戈斯韦(celgosivir),产自于Migenix Pharmaceuticals),澳粟精胺(castanospermine),糖皮质激素拮抗剂(例如,HCV IRES抑制剂,米非司酮(mifepristone),VGX-410C,产自于VGX Pharmaceuticals),肝激动剂(例如,PYN17,产自于Phynova Pharmaceuticals),衍生自传统草药疗法的抗-病毒剂,例如,PYN18,产自于Phynova Pharmaceuticals,胱天蛋白酶抑制剂(例如,LB-84451-产自于LG LifeSciences,emricasan-PF-03491390/IDN-6556,产自于Pfizer),通过阻止与亲环蛋白A(cyclophilin A)结合抑制病毒复制的环孢霉素(cyclosporine)类似物,(例如,SDZ NIM911,产自于Novartis,Debio-025,产自于Debiopharm)。
术语“抗-真菌剂”包括抑制或消除真菌生长、发病(morbity)和/或存活的任何分子。这包括例如,(1)聚烯抗真菌药(polyene antifungals)诸如那他霉素(natamyin)、龟裂杀菌素(rimocidin)、非律平(filipin)、制霉菌素(nystatin)、两性霉素B(AmphotericinB)、坎底辛(candicin);(2)咪唑(imidazoles)诸如咪康唑(miconazole)、(ketoconazole益康唑(econazole)、联苯卡唑(bifonazole)、布康唑(butoconazole)、酮康唑(fenticonazole)、异康唑(isoconazole)、奥昔康唑(oxiconazole)、舍他康唑(sertaconazole)、硫康唑(sulconazole)、噻康唑(tioconazole)、(3)三唑(triazoles)诸如氟康唑(fluconazole)、伊曲康唑(itraconazole)、isavuconazole、雷夫康唑(ravuconazole)、泊沙康唑(posaconazole)、伏立康唑(voriconazole)、特康唑(terconazole);(4)丙烯胺(allylamines)诸如特比萘芬(terbinafine)、阿莫罗芬(amorolfine)、萘替芬(naftifine萘替芬霜)、布替萘芬(butenafine);(5)棘球白素(Echinocandins),诸如阿尼芬净(anidulafungin)、卡泊芬净(caspofungin)、(micafungin)和其它具有抗-真菌性质的物质诸如苯甲酸(benzoic acid)、cicclopix、氟胞嘧啶(flucytosine)、灰黄霉素(griseofulvin)、甲紫(gentian violet)、卤普罗近(haloprogin)、托萘酯(tolnaftate)、十一烯酸(undecylenic acid)、茶树油(tea tree oil)--ISO 4730(茶树精油(Oil of Melaleuca),松油烯-4-醇型)、香茅油(citronella oil)、柠檬草(lemon grass)、橙皮油(orange oil)、玫瑰草油(palmarosaoil)、绿叶刺蕊草(patchouli)、lemon myrtle、印度楝树种子油(neem seed oil)、椰子油(Coconut Oil)。
术语“抗-原生动物剂”或“抗-原生动物的药剂”包括抑制或消除原生动物生物体生长、发病和/或存活的任何分子。抗-原生动物剂的实例包括,(1)抗-疟疾试剂,例如,奎宁(quinine)、(quinimax)、奎尼丁(quinidine)、quinimax、氯喹(chloroquine)、Hydroxycloroquine阿莫地喹(amodiaquine)、乙胺嘧啶(pyrimethamine磺胺多辛(sulphadoxine)、氯胍(proguanil)、甲氟喹(mefloquine)、卤泛群(halofantrine)、伯氨喹(primaquine)、(artemesinin)和其衍生物(例如,蒿甲醚(artemether)、artensunate、二氢青蒿素(dihydroartemisinin)、蒿甲醚(arteether))、克林霉素(clindamycin)及其组合;(2)蛋白酶抑制剂和药物,苄硝唑(benznidaole)、布帕伐醌(buparvaquone)、卡巴胂(carbarsone)、氯碘羟喹(clioquinol)、双硫仑(disulfiram)、依氟鸟氨酸(eflornithine)、依米丁(emetine)、双唑泰栓(furazolidone)、锑酸葡胺(meglumine antimoniate)、美拉胂醇(melarsoprol)、双唑泰栓(metronidazole)、米替福新(miltefosine)、硝呋替莫(nifurtimox)、硝唑尼特(nitazoxanide)、奥硝唑(ornidazole)、硫酸巴龙霉素(paromomycin sulfate)、喷他脒(pentamidine)、乙胺嘧啶(pyrimethamine)、塞克硝唑(secnidazole)、替硝唑(tinidazole)。
术语“疫苗”用于本文时包括任何非致病免疫原,当其接种到宿主中时,诱导针对特异性病原体的保护性免疫。疫苗可具有许多形式。疫苗可以是完整生物体,与病原体共享重要抗原,但是本身不致病(例如,牛痘)。疫苗也可从杀死的(例如,萨尔克脊髓灰质炎疫苗)或减毒的(失去产生疾病的能力-如萨宾脊髓灰质炎疫苗)来制备。疫苗还可从分离自致病生物体的纯化的大分子来制备。例如,类毒素疫苗(例如,破伤风和白喉)含有灭活形式的可溶性细菌毒素–导致抗-毒素抗体的产生,但对完整细菌没有免疫性。亚单位疫苗(例如,乙型肝炎病毒)仅含有分离自感兴趣的病原体的单个免疫原性蛋白。半抗原偶联疫苗将分离自感兴趣的病原体的某些碳水化合物或多肽表位附着到免疫原性载体,诸如破伤风类毒素。这些策略基本使用表位作为半抗原来诱导抗体产生,其然后识别天然病原体的相同表位。然而,为了最大效力,此类疫苗必须包含B和T细胞细胞表位两者,必需选择T细胞表位以保证它们能够被识别、呈递并被宿主个体的免疫系统应答。
DNA疫苗利用宿主细胞摄取并表达编码肌肉内注射的致病蛋白质的DNA的能力。
可以与用于本发明描述的方法的抗-PD-L1抗体组合使用的抗病毒疫苗的实例包括:Pevion Biotech.的HCV疫苗(virasome),Transgene viron设计用来增强针对NS3,NS4和NS5B的细胞(细胞毒性T淋巴细胞CD4+和CD8+)免疫应答的TG4040(MVA-HCV),-Inovio Biomedical的密码子优化的NS3/4a DNA疫苗,Novartis的HCV/CpG疫苗,GI-5005–Globeimmune的HCV疫苗,IC41,Intercell的具有HCV CD4和CD8 T表位联合聚-L-精氨酸的混合物。
如果作为与佐剂的混合物施用,宿主对免疫原的应答可被增强。免疫佐剂以下述方式的一种或多种发挥功能:(1)延长免疫原的滞留,(2)增加免疫原的有效大小(因此促进吞噬和向巨噬细胞的呈递),(3)刺激巨噬细胞或其它免疫细胞向注射位点的流入,或(4)促进局部细胞因子产生和其它免疫学活动。佐剂实例包括:完全弗氏佐剂(CFA),铝盐和分枝杆菌衍生蛋白诸如胞壁酰二肽或三肽。
术语“抗体”包括单克隆抗体(包括全长抗体,其具有免疫球蛋白Fc区),具有多表位特异性的抗体组合物,多特异性抗体(例如,双特异性抗体),双抗体和单链分子,以及抗体片段(例如,Fab,F(ab')2,和Fv)。本文中术语“免疫球蛋白”(Ig)和“抗体”可互换地使用。
基本的4链抗体单元是由两条相同的轻链(L)和两条相同的重链(H)构成的异四聚体糖蛋白。IgM抗体由5个基本的异四聚体单元及称作J链的另外多肽组成,包含10个抗原结合位点;而IgA抗体包含2-5个基本的4链单元,其可与J链组合聚合形成多价装配物。在IgG的情况中,4链单元通常约150,000道尔顿。每条轻链通过一个共价二硫键与重链相连,而两条重链通过一个或多个二硫键彼此相连,二硫键的数目取决于重链的同种型。每条重链和轻链还具有间隔规律的链内二硫桥。每条重链在N-末端具有可变结构域(VH),接着是三个(对于每种α和γ链)和四个(对于μ和ε同种型)恒定结构域(CH)。每条轻链在N-末端具有可变结构域(VL),接着是其另一端的恒定结构域。VL与VH排列在一起,而CL与重链的第一恒定结构域(CH1)排列在一起。特定的氨基酸残基被认为在轻链和重链可变结构域之间形成界面。成对的VH和VL一起形成一个抗原结合位点。关于不同类别抗体的结构和性质,参见如Basic and Clinical Immunology(基本和临床酶学),第八版,Daniel P.Sties,AbbaI.Terr和Tristram G.Parsolw(编辑),Appleton&Lange,Norwalk,CT,1994,第71页和第6章。来自任何脊椎动物物种的轻链,根据其恒定结构域氨基酸序列,可归入两种称作κ和λ的截然不同型中的一种。根据其重链恒定结构域(CH)氨基酸序列,免疫球蛋白可归入不同的类或同种型。有五类免疫球蛋白:IgA、IgD、IgE、IgG和IgM,分别具有称作α、δ、ε、γ和μ的重链。根据CH序列和功能的相对较小差异,γ和α类可进一步分为亚类,例如人表达下列亚类:IgG1、IgG2A、IgG2B、IgG3、IgG4、IgA1和IgA2。
"分离的"抗体是这样的抗体,其已经从其产生环境的组分(例如天然或重组的)中鉴定、分离和/或回收。优选地,分离的多肽不与来自于其产生环境的所有其它组分结合。其产生环境的污染组分(诸如来自于重组转染的细胞)是将典型地干扰该抗体的研究、诊断或诊疗应用的物质,可包括酶、激素和其它蛋白或非蛋白溶质。在优选实施方案中,该多肽将被纯化至:(1)达到大于通过例如Lowry法测量的抗体的95%(重量),在一些实施方案中,达到大于99%(重量);(2)足以通过使用转杯式测序仪获得至少15个残基的N-末端或内部氨基酸序列的程度,或(3)根据使用考马斯蓝(或优选银染)非还原性或还原性条件下的SDS-PAGE达到同质。由于抗体天然环境的至少一种成分不会存在,因此分离的抗体包括重组细胞内的原位抗体。然而,分离的多肽或抗体通常通过至少一个纯化步骤来制备。
抗体的“可变区”或“可变结构域”是指抗体的重链或轻链的氨基末端结构域。重链和轻链的可变结构域可分别称为“VH”和“VL”。这些结构域通常是抗体的最可变的部分(相对于相同类型的其它抗体)并含有抗原结合位点。
术语“可变的”指可变结构域中的某些区段在抗体序列中差异广泛的情况。V结构域介导抗原结合并限定特定抗体对其特定抗原的特异性。然而,变异性并非均匀分布于可变结构域跨越的全部氨基酸。相反,其集中在三个称为高变区(HVR)的区段(在轻链和重链可变结构域中均有)。可变结构域中更为高度保守的部分称为构架区(FR)。天然重链和轻链的可变结构域各自包含四个FR区,它们大多采取β-折叠构象,通过形成环状连接且在有些情况中形成β-折叠结构一部分的三个HVR连接。每条链中的HVR通过FR区非常接近的保持在一起,并与另一条链的HVR一起促成抗体的抗原结合位点的形成(参见Kabat等,Sequencesof Immunological Interest(免疫学感兴趣的序列),第五版.National Institute ofHealth(国立卫生研究所),Bethesda,MD.(1991))。恒定结构域不直接参与抗体与抗原的结合,但展现出多种效应子功能,如在抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性中抗体的参与。
术语“单克隆抗体”在用于本文时指从一群基本上同质的抗体中获得的抗体,即除了可能以少量存在的可能的天然出现的突变和/或翻译后修饰(例如异构化、酰胺化)之外,构成群体的各个抗体是相同的。单克隆抗体是高度特异性的,针对单个抗原位点。与多克隆抗体制剂(其典型地包括针对不同决定簇(表位)的不同抗体)相比,每个单克隆抗体针对抗原上的单个决定簇。除它们的特异性外,单克隆抗体的优势在于它们通过杂交瘤培养合成,未受到其它免疫球蛋白的污染。修饰语“单克隆”表明抗体从基本上同质的抗体群获得的特征,不应解释为要求通过任何特定方法来生产抗体。例如,将根据本发明使用的单克隆抗体可通过多种技术来生成,包括例如杂交瘤法(例如,Kohler和Milstein,Nature(自然),256:495-97(1975);Hongo等,Hybridoma(杂交瘤),14(3):253-260(1995),Harlow等,Antibodies:A Laboratory Manual(抗体:实验室指南),(Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press,第二版.1988);Hammerling等,在:Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas(单克隆抗体和T细胞杂交瘤)563-681,(Elsevier,N.Y.,1981))中、重组DNA法(参见例如,美国专利No.4,816,567)、噬菌体展示技术(参见例如,Clackson等,Nature(自然),352:624-628(1991);Marks等,J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志),222:581-597(1992);Sidhu等,J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志)338(2):299-310(2004);Lee等,J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志)340(5):1073-1093(2004);Fellouse,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报)101(34):12467-12472(2004);和Lee等J.Immunol.Methods(免疫学方法杂志)284(1-2):119-132(2004)、及用于从具有部分或整个人免疫球蛋白基因座或编码人免疫球蛋白序列的基因的动物生成人或人样抗体的技术(参见例如,WO 1998/24893;WO 1996/34096;WO 1996/33735;WO 1991/10741;Jakobovits等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报),90:2551(1993);Jakobovits等,Nature(自然),362:255-258(1993);Bruggemann等,Year in Immunol.(免疫学年鉴),7:33(1993);美国专利Nos.5,545,807;5,545,806;5,569,825;5,625,126;5,633,425;和5,661,016,Marks等,Bio/Technology(生物/技术),10:779-783(1992);Lonberg等,Nature(自然),368:856-859(1994);Morrison,Nature(自然),368:812-813(1994);Fishwild等,Nature Biotechnol.(自然:生物技术),14:845-851(1996);Neuberger,NatureBiotechnol.(自然:生物技术),14:826(1996);和Lonberg和Huszar,Intern.Rev.Immunol.,13:65-93(1995)。
术语“裸抗体”是指不偶联细胞毒性部分或放射性标记的抗体。
术语“全长抗体,”“完整抗体”或“完全抗体”可互换地使用,是指基本上是其完整形式的抗体(与抗体片段相对比)。具体而言,完全抗体包括那些具有重链和轻链包括Fc区的抗体。恒定结构域可以是天然序列恒定结构域(例如,人天然序列恒定结构域)或其氨基酸序列变体。在一些情况中,完整抗体可具有一种或多种效应子功能。
“抗体片段”包含完整抗体的一部分,优选完整抗体的抗原结合区和/或可变区。抗体片段的例子包括Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2和Fv片段;双抗体;线性抗体(参见美国专利5,641,870,实施例2;Zapata等,Protein Eng.(蛋白质工程)8(10):1057-1062[1995]);单链抗体分子;及由抗体片段形成的多特异性抗体。用木瓜蛋白酶消化抗体产生称作“Fab”片段的两个相同的抗原结合片段,和一个残余“Fc”片段,其名称反映了它易于结晶的能力。Fab片段由完整轻链及重链可变结构域(VH)和一条重链第一恒定结构域(CH1)组成。每个Fab片段在抗原结合方面是单价的,即其具有单个抗原结合位点。胃蛋白酶处理抗体产生一个较大F(ab’)2片段,它粗略相当于两个通过二硫键相连的Fab片段,具有不同抗原结合活性且仍能够交联抗原。Fab’片段因在CH1结构域的羧基末端增加了一些另外的残基(包括来自抗体铰链区的一个或多个半胱氨酸)而与Fab片段有所不同。Fab’-SH是本文中对其中恒定结构域的半胱氨酸残基携带一个游离硫醇基的Fab’的称谓。F(ab’)2抗体片段最初是作为成对Fab’片段生成的,在Fab’片段之间具有铰链半胱氨酸。抗体片段的其它化学偶联也是已知的。
Fc片段包含通过二硫键保持在一起的两条重链的羧基末端部分。抗体的效应子功能是由Fc区中的序列决定的,该区还是由在某些类型细胞上发现的Fc受体(FcR)所识别的区。
“Fv”是含有完整抗原识别和结合位点的最小抗体片段。该片段由紧密、非共价结合的一个重链可变结构域和一个轻链可变结构域的二聚体组成。从这两个结构域的折叠中突出了六个高变环(重链和轻链各3个环),贡献出抗原结合的氨基酸残基并赋予抗体以抗原结合特异性。然而,即使是单个可变结构域(或只包含对抗原特异的三个HVR的半个Fv)也具有识别和结合抗原的能力,尽管亲合力低于完整结合位点。
“单链Fv”也可缩写为“sFv”或“scFv”,是包含抗体VH和VL结构域连接成一条多肽链的抗体片段。优选的是,sFv多肽在VH和VL结构域之间还包含多肽接头,使得sFv形成期望的抗原结合结构。关于sFv的综述参见Pluckthun于The Pharmacology of MonoclonalAntibodies(单克隆抗体药理学),vol.113,Rosenburg和Moore编辑,Springer-Verlag,NewYork,pp.269-315(1994)。
本发明的抗体的“功能片段”包括完整抗体的一部分,通常包括该完整抗体的抗原结合或可变区,或抗体的Fc区,其保留或具有修饰的FcR结合能力。抗体片段的实例包括线性抗体、单链抗体分子和由抗体片段形成的多特异性抗体。
术语“双抗体(diabodies)”是指如下制备的小抗体片段,通过使用短接头(大约5-10个残基)在VH和VL结构域之间构建sFv片段(见前段)从而获得该V结构域的链间而非链内配对由此产生二价片段,即具有两种抗原结合位点的片段。双特异性双抗体是两种“交叉”的sFv片段的异二聚体,其中两种抗体的VH和VL结构域存在于不同多肽链上。双抗体在例如EP 404,097;WO 93/11161;和Hollinger等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报),90:6444-6448(1993)中有更详细的描述。
单克隆抗体在本文中具体地包括“嵌合”抗体(免疫球蛋白),其中重链和/或轻链的一部分与衍生自特定物种或属于特定抗体类别或亚类的抗体中的相应序列相同或同源,而链的剩余部分与衍生自另一物种或属于另一抗体类别或亚类的抗体中的相应序列相同或同源,以及此类抗体的片段,只要它们展现出期望的生物学活性(美国专利No.4,816,567;Morrison等,Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报)81:6851-6855(1984))。本文感兴趣的嵌合抗体包括抗体,其中该抗体的抗原结合区来自于由例如用感兴趣的抗原免疫猕猴产生的抗体。用于本文时,“人源化抗体”用作“嵌合抗体”的子集。
非人(例如鼠)抗体的“人源化”形式指最低限度包含衍生自非人免疫球蛋白的序列的嵌合抗体。在一个实施方案中,人源化抗体是人免疫球蛋白(受体抗体),其中受体的HVR残基(此后定义)用具有期望特异性、亲合力和/或能力的非人物种(供体抗体)(诸如小鼠、大鼠、兔或非人灵长类动物)的HVR残基替换。在有些情况中,将人免疫球蛋白的构架(FR)残基用相应的非人残基替换。此外,人源化抗体可包含在受体抗体中或在供体抗体中没有发现的残基。可以进行这些修饰是为了进一步改进抗体的性能,如结合亲合力。一般而言,人源化抗体将包含基本上全部的至少一个、典型地两个可变结构域,其中所有或基本上所有高变环对应于非人免疫球蛋白序列的高变环,且所有或基本上所有FR区是人免疫球蛋白序列的FR,尽管FR区可包括一个或多个改善抗体性能(如结合亲合力、异构化、免疫原性等等)的单个FR残基置换。FR中这些氨基酸替换的数目一般在H链不超过6个,在L链不超过3个。人源化抗体任选还将包含至少部分免疫球蛋白恒定区(Fc),典型地是人免疫球蛋白的恒定区。更多细节参见例如Jones等,自然(Nature)321:522-525(1986);Riechmann等,自然(Nature)332:323-329(1988);及Presta,Curr.Op.Struct.Biol.2:593-596(1992)。还可参见例如Vaswani和Hamilton,Ann.Allergy,Asthma&Immunol.1:105-115(1998);Harris,Biochem.Soc.Transactions 23:1035-1038(1995);Hurle和Gross,Curr.Op.Biotech.5:428-433(1994);及美国专利号6,982,321和7,087,409。
“人抗体”指这样的抗体,其具有与由人生成的抗体的氨基酸序列对应的氨基酸序列和/或使用本文所公开的用于生成人抗体的任何技术产生。人抗体的这种定义明确排除包含非人抗原结合残基的人源化抗体。人抗体可使用本领域已知的多种技术来生成,包括噬菌体展示文库。Hoogenboom和Winter,分子生物学杂志(J.Mol.Biol.)227:381(1991);Marks等,分子生物学杂志(J.Mol.Biol.)222:581(1991)。可获得的制备人单克隆抗体的方法在Cole等,单克隆抗体和癌症治疗(Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy),Alan R.Liss,p.77(1985);Boerner等,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)147(1):86-95(1991)中描述。还参见van Dijk和van de Winkel,现代药学评论(Curr.Opin.Pharmacol.),5:368-74(2001)。人抗体可以如下制备,即将抗原施用于转基因动物,其经修饰而应答抗原激发生成此类抗体,但是其内源基因座已经失去能力,例如经免疫的异种移植小鼠(xenomice)(参见例如美国专利号6,075,181和6,150,584,关于XENOMOUSETM技术)。还可参见例如Li等,美国国家科学院学报(Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA),103:3557-3562(2006),关于经人B细胞杂交瘤技术产生的人抗体。
术语“高变区”、“HVR”或“HV”在用于本文时指抗体可变结构域中序列上高度可变和/或形成结构上定义的环的区域。通常,抗体包含六个HVR:三个在VH中(H1、H2、H3),三个在VL中(L1、L2、L3)。在天然抗体中,H3和L3展示这六个HVR的最大多样性,而且认为特别是H3在赋予抗体以精细特异性中发挥独特作用。参见例如Xu等免疫性(Immunity)13:37-45(2000);Johnson和Wu于:分子生物学中的方法(Methods in Molecular Biology)248:1-25(Lo,编辑,Human出版社,Totowa,NJ,2003)。事实上,仅由重链组成的天然存在骆驼科动物抗体(camelid antibody)在缺乏轻链时是有功能的且稳定的。参见例如Hamers-Casterman等自然(Nature)363:446-448(1993);Sheriff等自然结构生物学(Nature Struct.Biol.)3:733-736(1996)。
本文中使用且涵盖许多HVR的叙述。Kabat互补性决定区(CDR)是以序列变异性为基础的,而且是最常用的(Kabat等,免疫目的蛋白序列(Sequences of Proteins ofImmunological Interest),第5版.Public Health Service,国家健康研究所(NationalInstitutes of Health),Bethesda,MD.(1991))。Chothia改为指结构环的位置(Chothia和Lesk分子生物学杂志(J.Mol.Biol.)196:901-917(1987))。AbM HVR代表Kabat HVR与Chothia结构环之间的折衷,而且由Oxford Molecular的AbM抗体建模软件使用。“contact”HVR是以对可获得的复合物晶体结构的分析为基础的。下文记录了这些HVR中每一个的残基。
HVR可包括如下“延伸的HVR”:VL中的24-36或24-34(L1)、46-56或50-56(L2)和89-97或89-96(L3)及VH中的26-35(H1)、50-65或49-65(H2)和93-102、94-102或95-102(H3)。对于这些定义中的每一个,可变结构域残基是依照Kabat等,见上文编号的。
术语“依照Kabat的可变结构域残基编号方式”或“依照Kabat的氨基酸位置编号方式”及其变化形式指Kabat等,见上文中的用于抗体编制的重链可变结构域或轻链可变结构域编辑的编号系统。使用此编号系统,实际的线性氨基酸序列可包含较少或另外的氨基酸,对应于可变结构域FR或HVR的缩短或插入。例如,重链可变结构域可包含H2的残基52后的单一氨基酸插入(依照Kabat为残基52a)及重链FR残基82后的插入残基(例如依照Kabat为残基82a、82b和82c等)。给定抗体的Kabat残基编号方式可通过将抗体序列与“标准”Kabat编号序列对比同源区来确定。
“构架”或“FR”残基指除本文中所定义的HVR残基之外的那些可变结构域残基。
“人共有构架”或“接纳体人构架”是指这样的构架,即在选择人免疫球蛋白VL或VH构架序列中,其代表最常出现的氨基酸残基。一般而言,对人免疫球蛋白VL或VH序列的选择是从可变结构域序列的亚型中选择。一般而言,该序列的亚型是如Kabat等,免疫目的蛋白序列(Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest),第5版.Public HealthService,国家健康研究所(National Institutes of Health),Bethesda,MD(1991))中的亚型。实例包括,对于VL,该亚型可以是如Kabat等(见上文)中的亚型κI,κII,κIII或κIV。另外,对于VH,该亚型可以是如Kabat等(见上文)中的亚型I,亚型II或亚型III。备选地,可如上所述获得人共有构架,其中特定残基,如人构架残基基于其与供体构架的同源性进行选择,该选择通过将供体构架与多种人构架序列的集合的比对来进行。接纳体人构架“衍生自”人免疫球蛋白构架或人共有构架可以包含其相同的氨基酸序列,或其可以包含预先存在的氨基酸序列的变化。在一些实施方案中,预先存在的氨基酸变化的数目是10以下,9以下,8以下,7以下,6以下,5以下,4以下,3以下或2以下。
“VH亚型III共有构架”包含获自在Kabat等(见上文)的可变重链亚型III中的氨基酸序列的共有序列。在一个实施方案中,VH亚型III共有构架氨基酸序列包含下列序列的每个的至少一部分或全部:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAAS(HC-FR1)(SEQ ID NO:4),WVRQAPGKGLEWV(HC-FR2),(SEQ ID NO:5),RFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAR(HC-FR3,SEQ ID NO:6),WGQGTLVTVSA(HC-FR4),(SEQ ID NO:7)。
A“VLκI共有构架”包含获自在Kabat等(见上文)的可变轻链κ亚型I的氨基酸序列的共有序列。在一个实施方案中,VH亚型I共有构架氨基酸序列包含下列序列的每个的至少一部分或全部:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITC(LC-FR1)(SEQ ID NO:11),WYQQKPGKAPKLLIY(LC-FR2)(SEQ ID NO:12),GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC(LC-FR3)(SEQ ID NO:13),FGQGTKVEIKR(LC-FR4)(SEQ ID NO:14)。
在指定位点(例如在Fc区)的“氨基酸修饰”是指置换或删除指定残基,或在指定残基附近插入至少一个氨基酸残基。在指定残基“附近”插入的意思是在其一至两个残基内插入。插入可以在指定残基的N末端或C末端。本文优选的氨基酸修饰是置换。
“亲合力成熟的”抗体指在抗体的一个或多个HVR中具有一处或多处改变、导致该抗体对抗原的亲合力与没有这些改变的母体抗体相比有所提高的抗体。在一个实施方案中,亲合力成熟的抗体具有纳摩尔或甚至皮摩尔量级的对靶抗原的亲合力。亲合力成熟的抗体可通过本领域已知方法来生成。例如,Marks等,生物/技术(Bio/Technology)10:779-783(1992)记载了通过VH和VL结构域改组进行的亲合力成熟。以下文献记载了HVR和/或构架残基的随机诱变:例如:Barbas等,美国国家科学院学报(Proc.Nat.Acad.Sci.USA)91:3809-3813(1994);Schier等,基因(Gene)169:147-155(1995);Yelton等,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)155:1994-2004(1995);Jackson等,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)154(7):3310-9(1995);及Hawkins等,分子生物学杂志(J.Mol.Biol.)226:889-896(1992)。
用于本文时,术语“特异性结合”或“特异于”是指可测量和可重复的相互作用,诸如靶标和抗体之间的结合,其确定在异源分子(包括生物分子)群体存在时靶标的存在。例如,特异性结合靶标(其可以是表位)的抗体是这样的抗体,与结合其它靶标相比其以更大亲合力、活动性、更容易地和/或更长时间地结合该靶标。在一个实施方案中,抗体对不相关靶标的结合程度低于大约10%的抗体与靶标的结合,例如通过放射性免疫测定(RIA)测量。在某些实施方案中,特异性结合靶标的抗体具有≤1μM,≤100nM,≤10nM,≤1nM,或≤0.1nM的解离常数(Kd)。在某些实施方案中,抗体特异性结合蛋白上的表位,其在来自于不同物种的蛋白之间是保守的。在另一个实施方案中,特异性结合可包括但不是必需专一结合。
“封闭抗体”或“拮抗性”抗体是抑制或降低其结合的抗原的生物学活性的抗体。在一些实施方案中,封闭抗体或拮抗性抗体基本或完全抑制抗原的生物学活性。本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体阻断通过PD-1的信号传导从而从功能障碍的状态恢复T细胞对抗原刺激的功能应答。
“激动性”或激活性抗体是增强或启动其结合的抗原的信号传导的抗体。在一些实施方案中,激动性抗体在不存在天然配体时导致或激活信号传导。
术语“固相”描述了本发明的抗体可附着其上的非水性基质。本文中所涵盖的固相的例子包括那些部分或完全由玻璃(例如可控孔径玻璃)、多糖(例如琼脂糖)、聚丙烯酰胺、聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯醇和硅酮制成的固相。在某些实施方案中,根据语境,固相可包括测定板的孔;在其它实施方案中,它指纯化柱(例如亲和色谱柱)。此术语还包括离散颗粒的不连续固相,诸如美国专利No.4,275,149中所述那些。
“抗体效应子功能”指那些可归于抗体Fc区(天然序列Fc区或氨基酸序列变体Fc区)的生物学活性,且其随抗体同种型而变化。抗体效应子功能的例子包括:C1q结合和补体依赖性细胞毒性;Fc受体结合;抗体-依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性(ADCC);吞噬作用;细胞表面受体(例如B细胞受体)的下调;和B细胞活化。“降低或最小化”抗体效应子功能意味着其从野生型或未修饰的抗体降低至少50%(备选地60%,65%,70%,75%,80%,85%,90%,95%,96%,97%,98%,99%)。本领域普通技术人员可容易地确定和测量抗体的效应子功能。在优选的实施方案中,抗体的补体结合、补体依赖性细胞毒性和抗体依赖性细胞毒性的效应子功能受到影响。在本发明的一些实施方案中,效应子功能的消除是通过恒定区消除糖基化的突变(例如“更差效应子的突变”)来完成。一方面,更差效应子的突变是CH2区中N297A或DANA突变(D265A+N297A)。Shields等,J.Biol.Chem.(生物化学杂志)276(9):6591-6604(2001)。备选地,其它导致效应子功能降低或消除的突变包括:K322A和L234A/L235A(LALA)。备选地,效应子功能的降低或消除可通过产生技术,诸如在不糖基化的宿主细胞(例如大肠杆菌(E.coli.))中表达完成,或在导致无效或低效促进效应子功能的改变模式的宿主细胞中完成(例如,Shinkawa等,J.Biol.Chem.(生物化学杂志)278(5):3466-3473(2003)。
“抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒性”或ADCC指如下细胞毒性形式,其中某些细胞毒性细胞(例如天然杀伤(NK)细胞、嗜中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞)上存在的Fc受体(FcR)所结合的分泌型Ig使这些细胞毒性效应细胞特异性结合携带抗原的靶细胞,随后用细胞毒素杀死该靶细胞。所述抗体“武装”细胞毒性细胞,而且是通过这种机制杀死靶细胞所必需的。介导ADCC的主要细胞(NK细胞)只表达FcγRIII,而单核细胞表达FcγRI、FcγRII和FcγRIII。Ravetch和Kinet,Annu.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学年度综述)9:457-92(1991)的464页表3总结了造血细胞上的Fc表达。为了评估目的分子的ADCC活性,可进行体外ADCC测定法,诸如美国专利No.5,500,362或5,821,337中所记载的。可用于此类测定法的效应细胞包括外周血单核细胞(PBMC)和天然杀伤(NK)细胞。备选地或额外地,可在体内评估目的分子的ADCC活性,例如在动物模型中,诸如Clynes等在PNAS USA 95:652-656(1998)所披露的。
除非本文另有说明,免疫球蛋白重链的残基编号方式是如Kabat等,见上文中的EU索引的编号方式。“如Kabat中的EU索引”指人IgG1 EU抗体的残基编号方式。
本文的术语“Fc区”用于定义免疫球蛋白重链的C端区,包括天然序列Fc区和变异Fc区。虽然免疫球蛋白重链Fc区的边界可以变化,但是人IgG重链Fc区通常定义为从其Cys226或Pro230的氨基酸残基至其羧基末端的区段。Fc区的C-末端赖氨酸(依照EU编号系统的残基447)可以例如在生产或纯化抗体的过程中去除,或者通过对编码抗体重链的核酸进行重组性改造而去除。因而,完整抗体的组合物可包括所有K447残基都被去除的抗体群、无一K447残基被去除的抗体群、以及具有有和无K447残基的抗体混合物的抗体群。用于本发明的抗体中的适当天然序列Fc区包括人IgG1,IgG2(IgG2A,IgG2B),IgG3和IgG4。
“Fc受体”或“FcR”描述与抗体Fc区结合的受体。优选的FcR是天然序列的人FcR。此外,优选的FcR是与IgG抗体结合的FcR(γ受体),而且其包括FcγRI,FcγRII和FcγRIII亚类的受体,包括这些受体的等位变体和可变剪接形式。FcγRII受体包括FcγRIIA(“活化受体”)和FcγRIIB(“抑制受体”),它们具有相似的氨基酸序列,区别主要在于其胞质结构域。活化受体FcγRIIA在其胞质结构域中包含免疫受体基于酪氨酸的活化基序(ITAM)。抑制受体FcγRIIB在其胞质结构域中包含免疫受体基于酪氨酸的抑制基序(ITIM)(参见M.Annu.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学年度综述)15:203-234(1997)。FcR的综述参见Ravetch和Kinet,Annu.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学年度综述)9:457-92(1991);Capel等,Immunomethods(免疫方法)4:25-34(1994);和de Haas等,J.Lab.Clin.Med.(实验室临床医学杂志)126:330-41(1995)。术语“FcR”在本文中涵盖其它FcR,包括未来将会鉴定的FcR。
术语“Fc受体”或“FcR”还包括新生儿受体,FcRn,它负责将母体IgG转移给胎儿。Guyer等,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)117:587(1976)和Kim等,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)24:249(1994)。测量对FcRn的结合的方法是已知的(参见例如Ghetie和Ward.,今日免疫学(Immunol.Today)18(12):592-8(1997);Ghetie等,自然生物技术(NatureBiotechnology),15(7):637-40(1997);Hinton等,生物化学杂志(J.Biol.Chem.)279(8):6213-6(2004);WO 2004/92219(Hinton等))。可测定人FcRn高亲合力结合多肽与FcRn的体内结合和血清半衰期,例如在表达人FcRn的转基因小鼠或经转染人细胞系中,或者在施用了具有变异Fc区的多肽的灵长类动物中。WO2004/42072(Presta)记载了对FcR的结合提高或降低的抗体变体。还可参见例如Shields等,生物化学杂志(J.Biol.Chem.)9(2):6591-6604(2001)。
“效应细胞”指表达一种或多种FcR并执行效应子功能的白细胞。一方面,效应细胞至少表达FcγRIII并执行ADCC效应子功能。介导ADCC的人白细胞的例子包括外周血单核细胞(PBMc)、天然杀伤(NK)细胞、单核细胞、细胞毒性T细胞和嗜中性粒细胞。效应细胞可以从天然来源,例如血液分离。效应细胞通常是与效应期相关的淋巴细胞,并发挥功能产生细胞因子(辅助T细胞)、杀死病原体感染的细胞(细胞毒性T细胞)或分泌抗体(分化的B细胞)。
“补体依赖性细胞毒性”或“CDC”指存在补体时靶细胞的溶解作用。经典补体途径的激活是由补体系统第一组分(C1q)结合与其同族抗原结合的(适当子类的)抗体起始的。为了评估补体激活,可进行CDC测定法,例如Gazzano-Santoro等,J.Immunol.Methods(免疫学方法杂志)202:163(1996)所记载的。具有更改的Fc区氨基酸序列及提高或降低的C1q结合能力的抗体变体记载于美国专利号6,194,551B1和WO99/51642。那些专利出版物的内容通过引用明确并入本文。还参见Idusogie等,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)164:4178-4184(2000)。
IgG中的N-糖基化位点是CH2结构域中的Asn297。本发明还提供抗原结合、人源化抗体的组合物,其具有降低或没有效应子功能的Fc区。完成它的一种方式是A297N置换,其在抗-CD20抗体中以前已经显示消除补体结合和效应子功能(“更差效应子的Fc突变”)。Idusgie等,见上文。由于这种突变,在哺乳动物细胞诸如CHO中产生含有这种Fc突变的本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体将不具有任何糖基化,其反过来导致降低的或最小的效应子功能。备选地,抗体效应子功能可通过在非哺乳动物细胞诸如大肠杆菌中表达而不用CH2置换进行消除。
“结合亲合力”通常指分子(例如抗体)的单一结合位点与其结合配偶体(例如抗原)之间全部非共价相互作用总和的强度。除非另有说明,在用于本文时,“结合亲合力”指反映结合对的成员(例如抗体与抗原)之间1:1相互作用的内在结合亲合力。分子X对其配偶体Y的亲合力通常可用解离常数(Kd)来表述。亲合力可通过本领域知道的常用方法来测量,包括本文中所描述的。低亲合力抗体通常缓慢的结合抗原且趋于容易解离,而高亲合力抗体通常更快速的结合抗原且趋于保持更长时间的结合。本领域知道测量结合亲合力的多种方法,其中任一种都可用于本发明的目的。用于测量结合亲合力的具体说明和示例性实施方案在下文中描述。
在一个实施方案中,根据本发明的“Kd”或“Kd值”通过如在下面测定法中所述用抗体的Fab形式和抗原分子进行的放射性标记的抗原结合测定法(RIA)测量:所述测定法测量Fabs对抗原的溶液结合亲合力,这通过在存在滴定系列的未标记抗原时,用最小浓度的(125I)-标记的抗原平衡Fab,接着用抗-Fab抗体-包被的板捕获结合的抗原来进行(Chen,等,(1999)分子生物学杂志(J.Mol.Biol.)293:865-881)。为了确定测定的条件,将微量滴定板(Dynex)用5μg/ml的在50mM碳酸钠(pH 9.6)中的捕获抗-Fab抗体(Cappel Labs)包被过夜,并随后用PBS中的2%(w/v)牛血清白蛋白在室温(约23℃)封闭2-5小时。在非吸附板(Nunc#269620)中,将100pM或26pM[125I]-抗原与目的Fab的系列稀释物混合(与在Presta等,(1997)癌症研究(Cancer Res).57:4593-4599中的抗-VEGF抗体,Fab-12的评估一致)。接着,将目的Fab温育过夜;然而温育可以持续更长的阶段(例如65小时)从而确保达到平衡。随后,将混合物转移到捕获板中来在室温进行温育1小时。接着,去除溶液,并将所述板用在PBS中的0.1%Tween-20洗涤8次。当所述板已经干燥时,加入150μl/孔的闪烁剂(MicroScint-20;Packard),并将所述板在Topcountγ计数器(Packard)上计数10分钟。选择提供少于或等于20%的最大结合的每种Fab的浓度用在竞争性结合测定法中。
根据另一个实施方案,Kd是通过表面等离子共振测定法使用-2000或-3000仪器(BIAcore,Inc.,Piscataway,NJ)在25℃使用固定化抗原CM5芯片在约10个应答单位(RU)测量的。简而言之,依照供应商的说明书用盐酸N-乙基-N’-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-碳化二亚胺(EDC)和N-羟基-琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)活化羧甲基化右旋糖苷生物传感器芯片(CM5,BIAcore Inc.)。用10mM乙酸钠pH4.8将抗原稀释至5μg/ml(约0.2μM),然后以5μl/分钟的流速注入至获得约10个应答单位(RU)的偶联蛋白质。注入抗原后,注入1M乙醇胺以封闭未反应基团。为了进行动力学测量,在25℃以约25μl/分钟的流速注入在含0.05%TWEEN 20TM表面活性剂的PBS(PBST)中的两倍连续稀释的Fab(0.78nM至500nM)。使用简单一对一朗格缪尔(Langmuir)结合模型(Evaluation Software version3.2)通过同时拟合结合和解离传感图计算结合速率(kon)和解离速率(koff)。平衡解离常数(Kd)以比率koff/kon计算。参见例如Chen等,J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志)293:865-881(1999)。如果根据上文表面等离子共振测定法,结合速率超过106M-1s-1,那么结合速率可使用荧光淬灭技术来测定,即根据分光计诸如配备了断流装置的分光光度计(AvivInstruments)或8000系列SLM-AMINCOTM分光光度计(ThermoSpectronic)中用搅拌比色杯(stirred cuvette)的测量,在存在浓度渐增的抗原的条件下,测量PBS,pH 7.2中的20nM抗-抗原抗体(Fab形式)在25℃的荧光发射强度(激发=295nm;发射=340nm,16nm带通)的升高或降低。
根据本发明的“结合速率”(on-rate,rate of association,association rate)或“kon”也可如上所述使用-2000或-3000系统(BIAcore,Inc.,Piscataway,NJ),在25℃利用固定的抗原CM5芯片以约10个应答单位(RU)来测定。简而言之,依照供应商的说明书用盐酸N-乙基-N’-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)-碳化二亚胺(ECD)和N-羟基-琥珀酰亚胺(NHS)活化羧甲基化右旋糖苷生物传感器芯片(CM5,BIAcore Inc.)。用10mM乙酸钠ph 4.8将抗原稀释至5mg/ml(约0.2mM),然后以5ml/分钟的流速注入至获得约10个应答单位(RU)的偶联蛋白质。注入抗原后,添加1M乙醇胺以封闭未反应基团。为了进行动力学测量,在25℃以约25ul/分钟的流速注入在含0.05%Tween 20的PBS(PBST)中的两倍连续稀释的Fab(0.78nM至500nM)。使用简单一对一朗格缪尔(Langmuir)结合模型(BIAcoreEvaluation Software version 3.2)通过同时拟合结合和解离传感图计算结合速率(kon)和解离速率(koff)。平衡解离常数(Kd)以比率koff/kon计算。参见例如Chen,Y.等,(1999)J.Mol.Biol.(分子生物学杂志)293:865-881。然而,如果根据上文表面等离子共振测定法,结合速率超过106M-1S-1,那么结合速率优选地使用荧光淬灭技术来测定,即根据分光计诸如配备了断流装置的分光光度计(stop-flow equipped spectrophometer)(AvivInstruments)或8000系列SLM-Aminco分光光度计(ThermoSpectronic)中用搅拌比色杯的测量,在存在浓度渐增的抗原的条件下,测量PBS,pH 7.2中的20nM抗-抗原抗体(Fab形式)在25℃的荧光发射强度(激发=295nm;发射=340nm,16nm带通)的升高或降低。
术语“基本减少”或“基本不同,”用于本文时,是指在两个数值(通常一个与分子相关,而另一个与参照/比较分子相关)之间的足够高程度的差异性,从而使本领域技术人员认为在通过所述值(例如,Kd值)测量的生物学特征的背景下,在两个值之间的差异是具有统计学意义的。在所述两个值之间的差异作为参照/比较分子的值的函数例如大于约10%,大于约20%,大于约30%,大于约40%,和/或大于约50%。
术语“基本类似”或“基本相同,”用于本文时,是指在两个数值(例如一个与本发明的抗体相关,而另一个与参照/比较抗体相关)之间的足够高程度的类似性,从而使本领域技术人员认为在通过所述值(例如,Kd值)测量的生物学特征的背景下,在两个值之间的差异是极低的或无生物学和/或统计学意义。在所述两个值之间的差异作为参照/比较值的函数例如少于约50%,少于约40%,少于约30%,少于约20%,和/或少于约10%。
关于肽、多肽或抗体序列的“百分比(%)氨基酸序列同一性”和“同源性”,定义为将候选序列与具体肽或多肽序列进行比对(并在必要时导入空位)以获取最大百分比序列同一性,且不将任何保守取代视为序列同一性的部分之后,候选序列中的氨基酸残基与具体肽或多肽序列中的氨基酸残基相同的百分数。可使用本领域各种方法进行序列比对以便测定氨基酸序列同一性百分比,例如,使用公众可得到的计算机软件如BLAST、BLAST-2、ALIGN或MEGALIGNTM(DNASTAR)软件。本领域技术人员可以决定测量比对的适宜参数,包括对所比较的序列全长获得最大比对所需的任何算法。然而,为此目的,氨基酸序列同一性%值使用序列比较计算机程序ALIGN-2产生,其作者是Genentech,Inc。ALIGN-2的源代码已经随用户文档提交至美国版权局(Washington D.C.,20559),其美国版权注册登记号为TXU510087。公众可通过Genentech,Inc.(South San Francisco,California)得到ALIGN-2程序。ALIGN-2程序应当为在UNIX操作系统,优选在数字UNIXV4.0D上使用而进行编译。ALIGN-2程序设定了所有序列比对参数并且不变。
在ALIGN-2应用于氨基酸序列比较的情况中,给定氨基酸序列A相对于(to)、与(with)、或针对(against)给定氨基酸序列B的氨基酸序列同一性%(或者这样说:给定氨基酸序列A具有或含有相对于、与或针对给定氨基酸序列B的某一%氨基酸序列同一性)如下计算:
X/Y比值乘以100
其中X是用序列比对程序ALIGN-2在该程序的A和B比对中评分为相同匹配的氨基酸残基数,且其中Y是B中的氨基酸残基总数。可以理解,当氨基酸序列A与氨基酸序列B的长度不相等时,A相对于B的氨基酸序列同一性%将不等于B相对于A的氨基酸序列同一性%。
除非另外具体说明,在本文用的所有氨基酸序列同一性%的值都是用ALIGN-2计算机程序如前段所描述的那样得到的。
编码本文的抗体的“分离的”核酸分子是这样的核酸分子,其从至少一种污染核酸分子中鉴定和分离,核酸分子与所述污染核酸分子一般在产生它的环境中结合。优选地,分离的核酸不与产生环境相关的所有组分结合。编码本文的多肽和抗体的分离的核酸分子所处的形式不同于其中其以天然发现的形式或设置。因此,分离的核酸分子与天然存在于细胞中的编码本文的多肽和抗体的核酸区分开来。
术语“控制序列”指在特定宿主生物体中表达可操作连接的编码序列所必需的DNA序列。例如,适于原核生物的控制序列包括启动子、任选的操纵基因序列和核糖体结合位点。已知真核细胞能利用启动子、多腺苷酸化信号和增强子。
若核酸与另一核酸序列处于功能性关系中,则该核酸是“可操作连接”的。例如,若前序列或分泌前导序列的DNA表达成参与多肽分泌的前蛋白,则它与该多肽的DNA可操作连接;若启动子或增强子影响编码序列的转录,则它与该序列可操作连接;或者,若核糖体结合位点的位置促进翻译,则它与编码序列可操作连接。通常,“可操作连接"指相连的DNA序列是相邻的,而且在分泌前导序列的情况中指相邻且处于相同阅读框中。然而,增强子不必相邻。连接可通过在方便的限制性位点处的连接反应来实现。如果没有此类位点,那么可依照常规实践使用合成的寡核苷酸衔接头或接头。
术语“带表位标签的”在用于本文时指包含与“标签多肽”融合的本文描述的多肽或抗体的嵌合多肽。标签多肽具有足够的残基以提供针对其可制备抗体的表位,但又足够短使得其不干扰与其融合的多肽的活性。标签多肽优选还是相当独特的,使得该抗体基本上不与其它表位发生交叉反应性。合适的标签多肽通常具有至少6个氨基酸残基且通常在约8个到约50个氨基酸残基之间(优选在约10个到20个氨基酸残基之间)。
本文所用的术语“免疫粘附素”指将异源蛋白质(“粘附素”)的结合特异性与免疫球蛋白恒定结构域的效应子功能联合起来的抗体样分子。在结构上,免疫粘附素包括具有期望结合特异性的氨基酸序列和免疫球蛋白恒定结构域序列的融合物,所述期望结合特异性不同于抗体的抗原识别和结合位点(即是“异源”)。免疫粘附素分子的粘附素部分通常是至少包含受体或配体的结合位点的连续氨基酸序列。免疫粘附素中的免疫球蛋白恒定结构域序列可从任何免疫球蛋白获得,诸如IgG-1、IgG-2(包括IgG2A和IgG2B)、IgG-3或IgG-4亚型、IgA(包括IgA-1和IgA-2)、IgE、IgD或IgM。Ig融合物优选的包括在Ig分子内的至少一个可变区的位置用此处描述的多肽或抗体的结构域替代。在一个特别优选的实施方案中,免疫球蛋白融合物包括IgG1分子的铰链、CH2和CH3,或铰链、CHl、CH2和CH3区域。关于免疫球蛋白融合物的产生也参见1995年6月27目授权的美国专利5,428,130。例如,作为第二药物用于本文联合疗法的有用的免疫粘附素包括这样的多肽,其包含PD-L1或PD-L2的细胞外或PD-1结合部分(或反之亦然)融合到免疫球蛋白序列的恒定结构域。
“融合蛋白”或“融合多肽”是指具有共价连接在一起的两个部分的多肽,其中每个部分是具有不同性质的多肽。该性质可以是生物学性质,诸如体外或体内活性。该性质还可以是简单的化学或物理性质,诸如结合靶分子,催化反应等。两个部分可通过单肽键或通过肽接头相互在读码框内直接连接。
“稳定的”制剂是一种制剂,在该制剂中、在保存期间其中的蛋白质基本上保持它的物理和化学稳定性和完整性。本领域现有各种测量蛋白质稳定性的分析技术,在Peptideand Protein Drug Delivery(肽和蛋白药物递送),247-301,Vincent Lee编辑,MarcelDekker,Inc.,New York,New York,Pubs.(1991)和Jones,A.Adv.Drug Delivery Rev.(高级药物递送综述)10:29-90(1993)中有综述。可以在选定的温度测量在一选定的时段的稳定性。对于快速筛选,制剂可以被保持在40℃达2周到1个月,在这个时间测量稳定性。当制剂将被保存在2-8℃时,一般地该制剂应当在30℃或40℃稳定至少1个月和/或在2-8℃稳定至少2年。当制剂将被保存在30℃时,一般地该制剂应当在30℃稳定至少2年和/或在40℃稳定至少6个月。例如,在保存期间的聚集程度可以被用作蛋白质稳定性的指标。因而,“稳定的”制剂可以是一种制剂,在其中少于约10%和优选的少于约5%的蛋白在该制剂中以聚合体存在。在其它实施方案中,可以确定在制剂的保存期间在聚合体形成方面的任何增加。
“重构的(reconstituted)”制剂是一种已经通过将冻干的蛋白或抗体制剂溶解在稀释剂中以使蛋白分散遍及其中而制备的制剂。重构的制剂适合于向需要用感兴趣的蛋白治疗的患者施用(例如,皮下施用),在本发明的某些实施方案中,可以是适合于肠胃外或静脉内施用的制剂。
“等渗的”制剂是一种基本上具有与人类血液相同的渗透压的制剂。等渗的制剂一般地具有从约250到350mOsm的渗透压。术语“低渗的”描述了渗透压低于人类血液渗透压的制剂。相应地,术语“高渗的”被用于描述渗透压高于人类血液渗透压的制剂。例如,可以利用蒸气压或冰冻型渗透压计来测量等渗性。作为添加盐和/或缓冲液的结果,本发明的制剂是高渗的。
本文所用的“载体”包括药学可接受的载体、赋形剂或稳定剂,其在所采用的剂量和浓度对暴露于其的细胞或哺乳动物是无毒的。通常,生理学可接受的载体是pH缓冲水溶液。生理学可接受载体的例子包括缓冲剂,诸如磷酸盐、柠檬酸盐和其它有机酸;抗氧化剂,包括抗坏血酸;低分子量(少于约10个残基)多肽;蛋白质,诸如血清清蛋白、明胶或免疫球蛋白;亲水聚合物,诸如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;氨基酸,诸如甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬酰胺、精氨酸或赖氨酸;单糖、二糖和其它碳水化合物,包括葡萄糖、甘露糖或糊精;螯合剂,诸如EDTA;糖醇,诸如甘露醇或山梨醇;成盐反荷离子,诸如钠;和/或非离子表面活性剂,诸如TWEENTM、聚乙二醇(PEG)和PLURONICSTM。
“包装说明书”是指常规地在药物的商业化包装中包含的说明书,其含有关于适应症的信息,常规地在药物的商业化包装中包含,其含有关于适应症、用法、剂量、施用、禁忌症、将与所包装的药物组合的其它药物和/或关于使用此类药物的警告的信息。
“药学上可接受的酸”包括无机酸和有机酸,在它们被配制的浓度和方式下是无毒的。例如,适合的无机酸包括盐酸、高氯酸、氢溴酸、氢碘酸、硝酸、硫酸、磺酸、亚磺酸、磺胺酸、磷酸、碳酸,等等。适合的有机酸包括直链和支链的烃基的、芳族的、环状的、环脂肪族的、芳脂肪族的、杂环的、饱和的、不饱和的、单羧基的酸、双羧基的酸、三羧基的酸,包括例如,蚁酸、乙酸、2-羟基乙酸、三氟乙酸、苯乙酸、三甲基乙酸、t-丁基乙酸、邻氨基苯甲酸、丙酸、2-羟基丙酸、2-氧代丙酸、丙二酸、环戊丙酸(cyclopentanepropionic)、环戊烷丙酸(cyclopentane propionic)、3-苯基丙酸、丁酸、丁二酸、苯甲酸、3-(4-羟基苯甲基)苯甲酸、2-乙酸基-苯甲酸、抗坏血酸、肉桂酸、十二烷基硫酸、硬脂酸、粘康酸、扁桃酸、琥珀酸、扑酸、反丁烯二酸、苹果酸、马来酸、羟基马来酸、丙二酸、乳酸、柠檬酸、酒石酸、乙二醇酸、醛糖酸、葡糖酸、丙酮酸、乙醛酸、草酸、甲磺酸、琥珀酸、水杨酸、邻苯二甲酸、棕榈酸(palmoic acid)、palmeic acid、硫氰酸、甲磺酸、乙磺酸、1,2-乙二磺酸、2-羟基乙磺酸、苯磺酸、4-氯苯磺酸(4-chorobenzenesulfonic acid)、萘-2-磺酸、p-甲苯磺酸、樟脑磺酸、4-甲基二环(2.2.2)-辛-2-烯-1-羧酸、葡庚糖酸、4,4'-甲撑双-3-(羟基-2-烯-1-羧酸)、羟基萘甲酸。
“药学上可接受的碱”包括无机碱和有机碱,在它们被配制的浓度和方式下是无毒的。例如,适合的碱包括那些由成无机碱金属,例如锂、钠、钾、镁、钙、铵、铁、锌、铜、锰、铝、N-甲基葡糖胺、吗啉、哌啶形成的碱,和有机无毒碱,包括伯胺、仲胺和叔胺、取代的胺、环胺和碱离子交换树脂,[例如,N(R’)4 +(其中R’独立的是H或C1-4烃基,例如,铵,Tris)],例如,异丙胺、三甲胺、二乙胺、三乙胺、三丙胺、乙醇胺、2-二乙氨基乙醇、trimethamine、二环己基胺、赖氨酸、精氨酸、组氨酸、咖啡因、普鲁卡因、海巴明(hydrabamine)、胆碱、甜菜碱、乙撑二胺、葡糖胺、葡甲胺、可可碱、嘌呤、哌嗪、哌啶、N-乙基哌啶、聚胺树脂等。特别优选的有机无毒碱是异丙胺、二乙胺、乙醇胺、trimethamine、二环己基胺、胆碱和咖啡因。本发明可用的另外的药学上可接受的酸和碱包括那些来源于氨基酸的酸和碱,所述氨基酸例如,组氨酸、甘氨酸、苯丙氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、赖氨酸和天冬酰胺。
“药学上可接受的”缓冲剂和盐包括那些来源于上述指明的酸和碱的酸式加成盐和碱式加成盐的那些。具体的缓冲剂和/或盐包括组氨酸、琥珀酸盐和醋酸盐。
“药学上可接受的糖”是一种分子,当其与感兴趣的蛋白质组合时,在保存中有效地防止或减少蛋白的化学的和/或物理的不稳定性。当制剂将要被冻干然后被重构时,“药学上可接受的糖”也可作为“溶解保护剂(lyoprotectant)”。示例性的糖和它们相应的糖醇包括:氨基酸,例如谷氨酸单钠或组氨酸:甲胺,例如甜菜碱;易溶盐(lyotropic salt),例如硫酸镁;多元醇,如三元的或更高分子量的糖醇,例如甘油(glycerin)、葡聚糖、赤藓醇、甘油(glycero1)、阿拉伯醇、木糖醇、山梨醇和甘露醇;丙二醇;聚乙二醇;和其组合。另外的示例性溶解保护剂包括甘油和明胶,和蜜二糖、松三糖、棉子糖、甘露三糖和水苏四糖。还原糖的实例包括葡萄糖、麦芽糖、乳糖、麦芽酮糖(maltulose)、异麦芽酮糖和乳果糖。非还原糖的实例包括非还原的多羟基化合物的糖苷,所述多羟基化合物选自糖醇及其它直链多元醇。优选的糖醇是单糖苷,特别是那些通过将二糖,例如乳糖、麦芽糖、乳果糖和麦芽酮糖还原而获得的化合物。糖苷的侧基可以是葡糖苷的或半乳糖苷的。糖醇的另外的实例是葡糖醇、麦芽糖醇、乳糖醇和异麦芽酮糖。优选的药学上可接受的糖是非还原糖海藻糖或蔗糖。以“保护量”将药学上可接受的糖添加到制剂(例如,冻干前)是指,在保存期间(例如,在重构和保存之后)蛋白质基本上保持它的物理的和化学的稳定性以及完整性。
此处感兴趣的“稀释剂”是一种药学上可接受的(对于向人类施用是安全的和无毒的)、对于配制液体制剂有用的试剂,所述液体制剂如在冻干之后重构的制剂。示例性的稀释剂包括无菌水、抑菌注射用水(BWFI)、pH缓冲溶液(例如,磷酸盐缓冲盐水)、无菌盐水、Ringer's溶液或葡萄糖溶液。在备选的实施方案中,稀释剂可以包括盐和/或缓冲剂的水溶液。
“防腐剂”是一种可被添加到此处的制剂中以降低细菌活性的化合物。添加防腐剂可以,例如协助生产多次使用(多剂量)的制剂。可能的防腐剂的实例包括氯化十八烷二甲基苄基铵、氯化六烃季铵、氯化苯甲烃铵(烷基苄基二甲基氯化铵的混合物,其中烷基基团是长链化合物)和苄索氯铵。其它类型的防腐剂包括芳香醇类,例如苯酚、丁基和苯甲基醇、烃基对羟苯甲酸,如甲基或丙基对羟苯甲酸、邻苯二酚、间苯二酚、环己醇、3-戊醇和间甲酚。在此最优选的防腐剂是苯甲醇。
“治疗”指在设计改变待治疗的个体或细胞的天然进程中的临床干预,并且可以为了预防或在临床病理学的进程中进行。治疗的理想效果包括防止疾病发生或复发,预防转移,减少疾病进展速率,改善或减轻疾病状态,和症状缓解或改善的预后。在一些实施方案中,将本发明的抗体用于延缓疾病或病症的发展。例如,使用本发明的细胞凋亡抗-PD-L1抗体如果与T细胞功能障碍病症相关的一个或多个症状得到减轻,则受试者得到成功“治疗”。
“有效量”指在需要的剂量和时间阶段,至少有效获得需要的或标明的效果(包括治疗或预防效果)的量。例如,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体的有效量为至少导致来自于PD-L1的信号传导抑制的最低浓度,所述抑制通过PD-1对T细胞或B7.1对其它APC或两者进行。
“治疗有效量”是对特定病症产生可测量改善或预防效果所需的至少最低浓度。本文的治疗有效量可以根据因素如患者的疾病状态、年龄、性别和体重,以及所述抗体激发个体中需要的反应的能力而改变。治疗有效量还是这样的量,其中治疗有益作用超出所述抗体的任何毒性或有害作用。例如,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体的治疗有效量是导致T细胞功能障碍病症的至少一种症状得到抑制的至少最小浓度。
“预防有效量”是指在需要的剂量和时间阶段,有效获得需要的预防效果的量。例如,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体的预防有效量为预防或减弱T细胞功能障碍病症的至少一个症状的发展的至少最小浓度。
“长期”施用指与短期模式相反,以连续模式施用一种或多种药物,从而将初始治疗效果(活性)维持延长一段时间。“间歇”施用指不是无间断连续进行的治疗,而是本质上周期性的。
对于治疗目的而言,“哺乳动物”指归入哺乳动物类的任何动物,包括人、家畜和耕畜,及动物园、运动或宠物动物,诸如犬、马、兔、牛、猪、仓鼠、沙鼠、小鼠、雪貂、大鼠、猫等。哺乳动物优选指人。
术语“药物制剂”指这样的制剂,其以允许活性成分的生物学活性有效的形式存在,并且不包含对施用所述制剂的受试者具有不可接受的毒性的另外的成分。所述制剂是无菌的。
“无菌”制剂是灭菌的,或不含所有活的微生物以及它们的孢子。
术语“约”用于本文是指对于各个数值本领域技术人员容易地知道的通常误差范围。
“自身免疫性疾病(autoimmune disease)”是这样的疾病或病症,由个体自身的组织或器官引起和针对个体自身的组织或器官或其共分离或表现或由其导致的病症。自身免疫病可以为器官特异性疾病(即免疫应答特异性针对一种器官系统,诸如内分泌系统、造血系统、皮肤、心肺系统、胃肠和肝系统、肾系统、甲状腺、耳、神经肌肉系统、中枢神经系统等)或可以影响多器官系统的系统性疾病(例如系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupuserythematosus(SLE))、类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis(RA))、多肌炎(polymyositis)等)。优选的此类疾病包括自身免疫性风湿病(autoimmune rheumatologicdisorders)(如,例如,RA、舍格伦综合征( syndrome)、硬皮病(scleroderma)、狼疮(lupus)诸如SLE和狼疮性肾炎(lupus nephritis)、多肌炎-皮肌炎(polymyositis-dermatomyositis)、冷球蛋白血症(cryoglobulinemia)、抗磷脂抗体综合征(anti-phospholipid antibody syndrome)和银屑病关节炎(psoriatic arthritis))、自身免疫性胃肠和肝病(autoimmune gastrointestinal and liver disorders)(如例如炎性肠病(inflammatory bowel diseases)(例如溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis)和局限性回肠炎(Crohn's disease))、自身免疫性胃炎(autoimmune gastritis)和恶性贫血(pernicious anemia)、自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis)、原发性胆汁性肝硬变(primary biliary cirrhosis)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosingcholangitis)和乳糜泻(celiac disease))、血管炎(vasculitis)(如例如ANCA-阴性血管炎(ANCA-negative vasculitis)和ANCA-相关血管炎(ANCA-associated vasculitis),包括丘-施血管炎(Churg-Strauss vasculitis)、韦格纳氏肉芽肿病(Wegener'sgranulomatosis)和微观多血管炎(microscopic polyangiitis))、自身免疫性神经病(autoimmune neurological disorders)(如例如多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis)、视性眼阵挛肌阵挛综合征(opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome)、重症肌无力(myastheniagravis)、视神经脊髓炎(neuromyelitis optica)、帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease)、阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease)和自身免疫性多神经病(autoimmunepolyneuropathies))、肾病症(renal disorders)(如例如肾小球肾炎(glomerulonephritis)、古德帕斯丘综合征(Goodpasture’s syndrome)和贝格尔病(Berger’s disease))、自身免疫性皮肤病(autoimmune dermatologic disorders)(如例如银屑病(psoriasis)、隐疹(urticaria)、荨麻疹(hives)、寻常型天疱疮(pemphigusvulgaris)、大疱性类天疱疮(bullous pemphigoid)和皮肤红斑狼疮(cutaneous lupuserythematosus))、血液病(hematologic disorders)(如例如血小板减少性紫癜(thrombocytopenic purpura)、血栓性血小板减少性紫癜(thrombotic thrombocytopenicpurpura)、输血后紫癜(post-transfusion purpura)和自身免疫性溶血性贫血(autoimmune hemolytic anemia))、动脉粥样硬化(atherosclerosis)、葡萄膜炎(uveitis)、自身免疫性听力病(autoimmune hearing diseases)(如例如内耳病(innerear disease)和听力丧失(hearing loss))、贝切特病(Behcet's disease)、雷诺综合征(Raynaud's syndrome)、器官移植(organ transplant)和自身免疫性内分泌病(autoimmune endocrine disorders)(如例如糖尿病相关自身免疫病(diabetic-relatedautoimmune diseases)诸如胰岛素依赖性糖尿病(insulin-dependent diabetesmellitus(IDDM)、艾迪生病(Addison’s disease)和自身免疫性甲状腺病(autoimmunethyroid disease)(例如格雷夫斯病(Graves’disease)和甲状腺炎(thyroiditis))。更优选的此类疾病包括,例如RA、溃疡性结肠炎(ulcerative colitis)、ANCA-相关血管炎(ANCA-associated vasculitis)、狼疮(lupus)、多发性硬化(multiple sclerosis)、舍格伦综合征(syndrome)、格雷夫斯病(Graves’disease)、IDDM、恶性贫血(pernicious anemia)、甲状腺炎(thyroiditis)、肾小球肾炎(glomerulonephritis)。
本文所用的术语“细胞毒性试剂”指抑制或阻止细胞功能和/或引起细胞破坏的物质。该术语包括放射性同位素(例如,At211、I131、I125、Y90、Re186、Re188、Sm153、Bi212、P32和Lu的放射性同位素)和毒素,如小分子毒素或细菌、真菌、植物或动物来源的酶活性毒素或其片段。
“化疗剂”是有效用于治疗癌症的化合物。化疗剂的实例包括烷基化试剂,如塞替哌(thiotepa)和环磷酰胺(cyclophosphamide)烷基磺酸酯(alkylsulfonates)如白消安(busulfan),英丙舒凡(improsulfan)和哌泊舒凡(piposulfan);吖丙啶类(aziridines)如苯佐替派(benzodopa)、卡波醌(carboquone)、美妥替哌(meturedopa)和乌瑞替哌(uredopa);乙撑亚胺类(ethylenimines)和甲基蜜胺类(methylamelamines),包括六甲蜜胺(altretamine)、曲他胺(triethylenemelamine)、三亚乙基磷酰胺(trietylenephosphoramide)、三乙烯硫代磷酸胺(triethiylenethiophosphoramide)和三羟甲蜜胺(trimethylolomelamine);聚乙酸类(acetogenins)(特别是布拉他辛(bullatacin)和布拉他辛酮(bullatacinone));△-9-四氢大麻酚(delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)(屈大麻酚(dronabinol)、β-拉帕醌(beta-lapachone);拉帕醇(lapachol);秋水仙碱(colchicines);桦木酸(betulinic acid);喜树碱(camptothecin)(包括合成的类似物托泊替康(topotecan)CPT-11(伊立替康(irinotecan))、乙酰喜树碱(acetylcamptothecin)、scopolectin和9-氨基喜树碱(9-aminocamptothecin));苔藓抑素(bryostatin);培美曲塞(pemetrexed);callystatin;CC-1065(包括其阿多来新(adozelesin)、卡折来新(carzelesin)和比折来新(bizelesin)合成类似物);鬼臼毒素(podophyllotoxin);鬼臼酸(podophyllinic acid);替尼泊苷(teniposide);隐藻素类(cryptophycins)(特别是隐藻素1和隐藻素8);多拉司他汀(dolastatin);倍癌霉素(duocarmycin)(包括合成的类似物、KW-2189和CB1-TM1);艾榴素(eleutherobin);pancratistatin;TLK-286;CDP323(一种口服α-4整合素抑制剂);匍枝珊瑚醇(sarcodictyin);海绵素(spongistatin);氮芥(nitrogen mustards)如苯丁酸氮芥(chlorambucil)、萘氮芥(chlornaphazine)、胆磷酰胺(cholophosphamide)、雌莫司汀(estramustine)、异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide)、氮芥(mechlorethamine)、盐酸氧氮芥(mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride)、美法仑(melphalan)、新氮芥(novembichin)、苯芥胆甾醇(phenesterine)、泼尼莫司汀(prednimustine)、曲磷胺(trofosfamide)、尿嘧啶氮芥(uracil mustard);亚硝基脲类(nitrosureas)如卡莫司汀(carmustine)、氯脲菌素(chlorozotocin)、福莫司汀(fotemustine)、洛莫司汀(lomustine)、尼莫司汀(nimustine)和雷莫司汀(ranimnustine);抗生素如烯二炔类(enediyne)抗生素(例如加利车霉素(calicheamicin),尤其是加利车霉素γ1I和加利车霉素ωI1(参见例如Nicolaou等,Angew,Chem.Intl.Ed.Engl.33:183-186(1994));烯二炔蒽环类抗生素(dynemicin),包括烯二炔蒽环类抗生素A;埃斯波霉素(esperamicin);以及新制癌菌素(neocarzinostatin)生色团和相关色素蛋白烯二炔类抗生素生色团)、阿克拉霉素(aclacinomysins)、放线菌素(actinomycin)、蒽霉素(authramycin)、偶氮丝氨酸(azaserine)、博来霉素(bleomycins)、放线菌素C(cactinomycin)、carabicin、洋红霉素(carminomycin)、嗜癌霉素(carzinophilin)、色霉素(chromomycinis)、放线菌素D(dactinomycin)、柔红霉素(daunorubicin)、地托比星(detorubicin)、6-重氮-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸(6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine)、多柔比星(doxorubicin)(包括吗啉代多柔比星(morpholino-doxorubicin)、氰基吗啉代多柔比星(cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin)、2-吡咯啉-多柔比星(2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin)、盐酸多柔比星脂质体注射剂和脱氧多柔比星(deoxydoxorubicin))、表柔比星(epirubicin)、依索比星(esorubicin)、伊达比星(idarubicin)、马塞罗霉素(marcellomycin)、丝裂霉素类(mitomycins)如丝裂霉素C、麦考酚酸(mycophenolic acid)、诺拉霉素(nogalamycin)、橄榄霉素(olivomycins)、培洛霉素(peplomycin)、紫菜霉素(potfiromycin)、嘌呤霉素(puromycin)、三铁阿霉素(quelamycin)、罗多比星(rodorubicin)、链黑霉素(streptonigrin)、链佐星(streptozocin)、杀结核菌素(tubercidin)、乌苯美司(ubenimex)、净司他丁(zinostatin)、佐柔比星(zorubicin);抗代谢物如甲氨喋呤(methotrexate)、吉西他滨(gemcitabine)替加氟(tegafur)卡培他滨(capecitabine)epothilone和5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil)(5-FU);叶酸类似物如二甲叶酸(denopterin)、甲氨喋呤、喋罗呤(pteropterin)、三甲曲沙(trimetrexate);嘌呤类似物如氟达拉滨(fludarabine)、6-巯嘌呤(6-mercaptopurine)、硫咪嘌呤(thiamiprine)、硫鸟嘌呤(thioguanine);嘧啶类似物如安西他滨(ancitabine)、阿扎胞苷(azacitidine)、6-氮尿苷(6-azauridine)、卡莫氟(carmofur)、阿糖胞苷(cytarabine)、双脱氧尿苷(dideoxyuridine)、去氧氟尿苷(doxifluridine)、依诺他滨(enocitabine)、氟尿苷(floxuridine)和伊马替尼(imatinib)(2-苯基氨基嘧啶衍生物),以及其它c-Kit抑制剂;抗肾上腺药(anti-adrenals)如氨鲁米特(aminoglutethimide)、米托坦(mitotane)、曲洛司坦(trilostane);叶酸补偿剂如亚叶酸(frolinic acid);醋葡醛内酯(aceglatone);羟醛磷酰胺配糖(aldophosphamide glycoside);5-氨基酮戊酸(aminolevulinic acid);恩尿嘧啶(eniluracil);安吖啶(amsacrine);bestrabucil;比生群(bisantrene);依达曲沙(edatraxate);defofamine;秋水仙胺(demecolcine);地吖醌(diaziquone);elfornithine;依利醋铵(elliptinium acetate);依托格鲁(etoglucid);硝酸镓(gallium nitrate);羟基脲(hydroxyurea);香菇多糖(lentinan);氯尼达明(lonidainine);美登木素生物碱类(maytansinoids)如美登素(maytansine)和安丝菌素(ansamitocins);米托胍腙(mitoguazone);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);莫哌达醇(mopidanmol);尼曲吖啶(nitraerine);喷司他丁(pentostatin);异丙嗪(phenamet);吡柔比星(pirarubicin);洛索蒽醌(losoxantrone);2-乙基酰肼(2-ethylhydrazide);丙卡巴肼(procarbazine);多糖复合物(JHS Natural Products(JHS天然产品),Eugene,OR);雷佐生(razoxane);利索新(rhizoxin);西佐喃(sizofiran);锗螺胺(spirogermanium);细交链孢菌酮酸(tenuazonic acid);三亚胺醌(triaziquone);2,2’,2”-三氯三乙胺(2,2’,2”-trichlorotriethylamine);单端孢霉烯族化合物(trichothecenes)(特别是T-2毒素、verracurin A、杆孢菌素A(roridin A)和蛇形菌素(anguidine));乌拉坦(urethan);长春地辛(vindesine)达卡巴嗪(dacarbazine);甘露莫司汀(mannomustine);二溴甘露醇(mitobronitol);二溴卫矛醇(mitolactol);哌泊溴烷(pipobroman);gacytosine;阿糖胞苷(arabinoside)(“Ara-C”);塞替哌(thiotepa);紫杉烷类化合物(taxoids),例如紫杉醇(paclitaxel)紫杉醇的白蛋白改造的纳米颗粒制剂(ABRAXANETM)和多西他塞(docetaxel)苯丁酸氮芥(chloranbucil);6-硫鸟嘌呤(6-thioguanine);巯嘌呤(mercaptopurine);甲氨喋呤;铂类似物如顺铂(cisplatin)和卡铂(carboplatin);长春碱(vinblastine)铂;依托泊苷(etoposide)(VP-16);异环磷酰胺(ifosfamide);米托蒽醌(mitoxantrone);长春新碱(vincristine)奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin);leucovovin;长春瑞滨(vinorelbine)诺安托(novantrone);依达曲沙(edatrexate);道诺霉素(daunomycin);氨基喋呤(aminopterin);伊班膦酸盐(ibandronate);拓扑异构酶抑制剂RFS 2000;二氟甲基鸟氨酸(difluorometlhylornithine)(DMFO);维甲类(retinoids)如视黄酸(retinoic acid);任何上述物质的药用盐、酸或衍生物;以及上述物质中两种或多种的组合,如CHOP,即环磷酰胺、多柔比星、长春新碱和泼尼松龙组合治疗法的缩写,和FOLFOX,使用奥沙利铂(oxaliplatin)(ELOXATINTM)与5-FU和leucovovin联合的治疗方案的缩写。可用于与本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体联合使用的特别优选的化疗剂,尤其在治疗肿瘤免疫中是吉西他滨(gemcitabine)。
下列物质也包含在本定义中,它们是:起调控、减少、阻断或抑制可以促进癌症生长的激素的作用的抗激素剂,所述抗激素剂通常处在系统治疗或全身治疗形式中。它们可以是激素本身。实例包括抗雌激素和选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERMs),包括例如,他莫昔芬(tamoxifen)(包括他莫昔芬)、雷洛昔芬(raloxifene)屈洛昔芬(droloxifene),4-羟基他莫昔芬(4-hydroxytamoxifen),曲沃昔芬(trioxifene)、keoxifene、LY117018、奥那司酮(onapristone)和托瑞米芬(toremifene)抗黄体酮(anti-progesterones);雌激素受体下调剂(ERDs);雌激素受体拮抗剂如氟维司群(fulvestrant)起作用抑制或关闭卵巢的药剂,例如,促黄体生成激素释放素(leutinizing hormone-releasing hormone)(LHRH)激动剂如醋酸亮丙立德(leuprolide acetate)(和)、醋酸戈舍瑞林(goserelin acetate)、醋酸布舍瑞林(buserelin acetate)和tripterelin;抗雄激素诸如氟他胺(flutamide)、尼鲁米特(nilutamide)和比卡鲁胺(bicalutamide);和芳香酶抑制剂(aromatase inhibitors),其抑制芳香酶,该酶调节肾上腺中的雌激素产生,诸如,例如,4(5)-咪唑类(4(5)-imidazoles)、氨鲁米特(aminoglutethimide)、醋酸甲地孕酮(megestrol acetate)益西美坦(exemestane)福美坦(formestanie)、法倔唑(fadrozole)、伏氯唑(vorozole)来曲唑(letrozole)和阿那曲唑(anastrozole)另外,所述化疗剂的定义包括二膦酸盐类(bisphosphonates)如氯膦酸盐(clodronate)(例如,或依替膦酸盐(etidronate)NE-58095、唑来膦酸(zoledronic acid)/唑来膦酸盐(zoledronate)阿仑膦酸盐(alendronate)帕米膦酸盐(pamidronate)替鲁膦酸盐(tiludronate)或利塞膦酸盐(risedronate)以及曲沙他滨(troxacitabine)(1,3-二氧戊环核苷胞嘧啶类似物);反义寡核苷酸,特别是抑制在涉及异常细胞增殖的信号传导途径中基因的表达的那些,诸如例如,PKC-α、Raf、H-Ras和表皮生长因子受体(EGF-R);疫苗诸如疫苗和基因治疗疫苗、例如,疫苗、疫苗和疫苗;拓扑异构酶1抑制剂(例如抗雌激素(anti-estrogen)如氟维司群(fulvestrant);Kit抑制剂如伊马替尼(imatinib)或EXEL-0862(酪氨酸激酶抑制剂);EGFR抑制剂如厄洛替尼(erlotinib)或西妥昔单抗(cetuximab);抗-VEGF抑制剂如贝伐珠单抗(bevacizumab);arinotecan;rmRH(例如拉帕替尼(lapatinib)和托西拉帕替尼(lapatinib ditosylate)(ErbB-2和EGFR双重酪氨酸激酶小分子抑制剂,也已知为GW572016);17AAG(格尔德霉素(geldanamycin)衍生物,其是热休克蛋白(Hsp)90毒素),和上述任意物质的药用盐、酸或衍生物。
“生长抑制剂”是指抑制细胞生长(该生长依赖于体外或体内受体激活)的化合物或组合物。因此,生长抑制剂包括显著降低S期受体依赖性细胞百分数的生长抑制剂。生长抑制剂的实例包括阻断细胞周期进展(在除S期以外的阶段)的药剂,诸如,诱导G1停滞和M期停滞的药物。经典的M期阻断剂包括长春花类(vincas)和长春花生物碱(vincaalkaloids)(长春新碱(vincristine)和长春碱(vinblastine))、紫杉烷类(taxanes)和拓扑异构酶II抑制剂如多柔比星(doxorubicin)、表柔比星(epirubicin)、柔红霉素(daunorubicin)、依托泊苷(etoposide)和博来霉素(bleomycin)。那些使G1停滞的药剂还连带使S-期停滞,例如,DNA烷化剂诸如他莫昔芬(tamoxifen),泼尼松(prednisone),达卡巴嗪(dacarbazine),氮芥(mechlorethamine),顺铂,甲氨蝶呤(methotrexate),5-氟尿嘧啶,和ara-C。进一步的信息可以见Murakami等,The Molecular Basis of Cancer(癌症的 分子基础),Mendelsohn和Israel,编,第1章,题目为"Cell cycle regulation,oncogenes,and antineoplastic drugs(细胞周期调控、癌基因和抗肿瘤药物)"(WB Saunders:Philadelphia,1995)、特别是见第13页。紫杉烷类(紫杉醇和多西他赛(docetaxel))均是来源于紫杉树(yew tree)的抗癌药。来源于欧洲紫杉的多西他赛(Rhone-Poulenc Rorer),是紫杉醇(Bristol-Myers Squibb)的半合成类似物。
术语“细胞因子”是一般性术语,指由一个细胞群释放的对另一个细胞群起细胞间调节剂作用的蛋白。此种细胞因子的实例是淋巴细胞因子(lymphokines)、单核细胞因子(monokines);白细胞介素(ILs)诸如IL-1,IL-1α,IL-2,IL-3,IL-4,IL-5,IL-6,IL-7,IL-8,IL-9,IL-11,IL-12,IL-13,IL-15...IL-35,包括rIL-2;肿瘤坏死因子诸如TNF-α或TNF-β;和其他多肽因子包括LIF和kit配体(KL),而术语“白细胞介素”现在基本成为细胞因子的同义词。当用于本文时,术语细胞因子包括来自天然来源或来自重组细胞培养物的蛋白,以及天然序列细胞因子的生物活性等价物,包括合成产生的小分子实体和药学上可接受的衍生物及其盐。细胞因子可根据其目的靶标的邻近位置分类,其中自分泌是指作用于分泌它的相同细胞,旁分泌是指作用限制在该细胞因子分泌到的直接邻近,内分泌是指作用在身体的远侧区域。免疫细胞因子也可根据它们是否增强I型应答来分类(例如,IFN-γ,TGF-β等),其促进细胞免疫,或增强II型应答(IL-4,IL-10,IL-13,等),其促进抗体或体液免疫。免疫细胞因子在共刺激、成熟、增殖、活化、炎症、生长、分化、细胞因子产生和分泌、多种免疫细胞的存活中发挥作用。
术语“激素”指通常由具有导管的腺器官分泌的多肽激素。激素包括,例如,生长激素如人生长激素,N-甲硫氨酰人生长激素,和牛生长激素;甲状旁腺激素(parathyroidhormone);甲状腺素(thyroxine);胰岛素;胰岛素原;松弛素(relaxin);雌二醇;激素代替疗法;雄激素如卡普睾酮(calusterone),丙酸屈他雄酮(dromostanolone propionate),环硫雄醇(epitiostanol),环戊缩环硫雄烷(mepitiostane),或睾内酯(testolactone);松弛素原(prorelaxin);糖蛋白激素如促卵泡激素(FSH),促甲状腺激素(TSH),和黄体化激素(LH);促乳素,胎盘催乳激素,小鼠促性腺素相关肽,促性腺激素释放激素;抑制素;激活素;米勒管抑制物(mullerian-inhibiting substance);和血小板生成素。在文中,术语激素包括来自天然来源或来自重组细胞培养物的蛋白质以及天然序列激素的生物活性等价物,包括合成制得的小分子实体及其药学上可接受的衍生物和盐。
III.实施本发明的方式
A.使用噬菌体展示的人源化
本文描述的高变区-移植的变体使用对于每个高变区单独的寡核苷酸,通过Kunkel诱变编码人接纳体序列的核酸来产生。Kunkel等,Methods Enzymol.(酶学方法)154:367-382(1987)。使用常规技术可将适当变化引入构架和/或高变区来纠正和重建适当的高变区-抗原相互作用。
噬菌体(粒)展示(本文也称为噬菌体展示)可作为方便且快速的方法用于在通过序列随机化产生的文库中产生和筛选许多不同可能变体抗体。然而,技术人员也可获得其它制备和筛选改变的抗体的方法。
噬菌体(粒)展示(在一些环境中本文也称为噬菌体展示)可作为方便且快速的方法用于在通过序列随机化产生的文库中产生和筛选许多不同可能变体抗体。然而,技术人员也可获得其它制备和筛选改变的抗体的方法。
噬菌体(粒)展示技术提供了用于生成和选择能与配体诸如抗原结合的新蛋白质的有力工具。使用噬菌体(粒)展示技术,容许生成可快速分拣那些能以高亲合力与靶分子结合的序列的蛋白质变体大型文库。通常将编码变异多肽的核酸与编码病毒外壳蛋白诸如基因III蛋白或基因VIII蛋白的核酸序列融合。已经开发了单价噬菌粒展示系统,其中将编码蛋白质或多肽的核酸序列与编码基因III蛋白一部分的核酸序列融合。(Bass,S.,Proteins(蛋白质),8:309(1990);Lowman和Wells,Methods:A Companion to Methods inEnzymology(方法:酶学中的方法手册),3:205(1991))。在单价噬菌粒展示系统中,基因融合物以低水平表达,而野生型基因III蛋白也表达,使得(病毒)颗粒的感染性得到保留。生成肽文库和筛选那些文库的方法已经公开于许多专利(例如美国专利号5,723,286,美国专利号5,432,018,美国专利号5,580,717,美国专利号5,427,908和美国专利号5,498,530)。
抗体或抗原结合多肽的文库已经通过许多方法(包括通过插入随机DNA序列改变单个基因或通过克隆相关基因的家族)来制备。使用噬菌体(粒)展示来展示抗体或抗原结合片段的方法已经在美国专利号5,750,373,5,733,743,5,837,242,5,969,108,6,172,197,5,580,717,和5,658,727中描述。然后筛选文库获得具有期望特性的抗体或抗原结合蛋白的表达。
本领域中已经完全建立了将所选择的氨基酸置换到模板核酸中的方法,在本文中描述了一些这样的方法。例如,高变区残基可使用Kunkel方法置换。参见,例如,Kunkel等,Methods Enzymol.(酶学方法)154:367-382(1987)。
寡核苷酸的序列包括一种或多种经设计的密码子套组,用于改变高变区残基。密码子套组是一组用于编码期望的变异氨基酸的不同核苷酸的三联体序列。密码子套组可用如下依照IUB编码给出的指代特定核苷酸或者等摩尔的核苷酸混合物的符号表示。
IUB编码
寡核苷酸或引物组可用标准方法合成。例如,通过固相合成方法,合成一组寡核苷酸,其含有代表由密码子套组提供的核苷酸三联体的所有可能组合并且将编码期望组的氨基酸。在特定位置上以选定的核苷酸“简并性”来合成寡核苷酸在本领域中是熟知的。具有确定密码子套组的这种寡核苷酸组可使用购买得到的核酸合成仪(购自,例如,AppliedBiosystems,Foster City,CA)合成,或者直接购买得到(例如,购自Life Technologies,Rockville,MD)。因此,具有特定密码子套组的合成的寡核苷酸组通常将包括大量具有不同序列的寡核苷酸,其中所述序列的差异通过整条序列中的密码子套组来建立。如本发明中使用的寡核苷酸具有可以与可变结构域核酸模板杂交的序列,而且还可以包括用于克隆目的限制性酶切位点。
在一种方法中,用寡核苷酸介导诱变生成编码变异的氨基酸的核酸序列。这种技术在本领域是熟知的,在如Zoller等Nucleic Acids Res.(核酸研究)10:6487-6504(1987)中所述。简而言之,通过编码期望的密码子套组的寡核苷酸组与DNA模板的杂交,生成编码变异的氨基酸的核酸序列,其中DNA模板是含有可变区核酸模板序列的单链形式的质粒。杂交后,用DNA聚合酶来合成模板的整个第二互补链,该互补链将由此掺入寡核苷酸引物,并将含有由该寡核苷酸套组提供的密码子套组。
通常,使用长至少25个核苷酸的寡核苷酸。最佳的寡核苷酸具有12-15个核苷酸,其在编码突变核苷酸的任一侧上完全与模板互补。这确保所述寡核苷酸将适当地与单链DNA模板分子杂交。寡核苷酸容易用本领域知晓的技术合成,如Crea等,Proc.Nat'l.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报),75:5765(1978)描述的方法。
用来自噬菌M13载体的那些载体(可购买得到的M13mp18和M13mp19载体是合适的),或那些如Viera等,Meth.Enzymol.(酶学方法),153:3(1987)描述的含有单链噬菌体的复制起始点的载体来制备DNA模板。因此,将预备突变的DNA插入到这些载体之一中,制备单链模板。单链模板的制备在同上文的Sambrook等人,第4.21-4.41节中描述。
为了改变天然DNA序列,所述寡核苷酸在合适的杂交条件下与所述单链模板杂交。然后加入DNA聚合酶,通常T7DNA聚合酶或DNA聚合酶I的Klenow片段,用寡核苷酸作为合成引物,合成模板的互补链。因此形成异源双链体分子,使得DNA的一条链编码突变形式的基因1,而其它链(起始模板)编码天然的、未改变序列的基因1。然后将该异源双链体分子转化到合适的宿主细胞中,通常是原核生物,例如大肠杆菌E.coliJM101中。在培养该细胞后,将细胞铺到琼脂平板上,用以放射性同位素磷32标记的寡核苷酸引物进行筛选,确定含有突变DNA的细菌克隆。
可以改进上面刚描述的方法来生成同质双链分子,其中质粒的两条链都含有突变。改变如下所述:如上所述单链寡核苷酸退火到单链模板上。包括三种脱氧核糖核酸,脱氧核糖腺苷(dATP)、脱氧核糖乌苷(dGTP)和脱氧核糖胸苷(dTT)的混合物与被称作为dCTP-(aS)(可从Amersham获得)的被修饰的硫代脱氧核糖胞苷组合。将该混合物添加到模板-寡核苷酸复合物中。在将DNA聚合酶加入到该混合物中时,生成除了突变碱基外均与模板相同的DNA链。此外,该新的DNA链含有dCTP-(aS),而不是dCTP,这防止该链被限制性核酸内切酶消化。在双链的异源双链体的模板链上,用合适的限制性酶产生缺口后,用ExoIII核酸酶或另一种合适的核酸酶在不同于含有将被突变的位点的区域切割来消化模板链。然后终止该反应,使分子仅含有部分单链。存在所有四种脱氧核糖核苷三磷酸、ATP和DNA连接酶时,用DNA聚合酶制备完整的双链DNA同质双链。然后将该同质双链分子转化到合适的宿主细胞中。
如先前指出,寡核苷酸组的序列长度足够杂交模板核酸,而且还、但不是必须含有限制性位点。可通过来自噬菌体M13载体的那些载体,或那些如Viera等Meth.Enzymol.(酶学方法),153:3(1987)描述的含有单链噬菌体的复制起始点的载体来制备DNA模板。因此,必须将待突变的DNA插入到这些载体之一中,制备单链模板。单链模板的制备在同上文的Sambrook等人,第4.21-4.41节中描述。
按照另一种方法,通过上游和下游的寡核苷酸组来制备文库,各个寡核苷酸组具有大量序列不同的寡核苷酸,通过寡核苷酸序列中的提供密码子套组确定不同的序列。可变区模板核酸序列以及上游和下游的寡核苷酸组可用于聚合酶链反应中,制备PCR产物的“文库”。PCR产物可被称作为“核酸表达盒”,这是由于使用已经建立的分子生物学技术,可将它们与其它相关或不相关的核酸序列融合,例如,病毒外壳蛋白和二聚化结构域。
PCR引物的序列包括一个或多个为高变区中的溶剂可及的和高度变化的位置而设计的密码子套组。如上丈所述,密码子套组是用于编码期望的变异氨基酸的不同核苷酸三联体序列组。符合期望标准的抗体选择物(如通过适当筛选/选择步骤进行选择)可使用标准重组技术进行分离和克隆。
B.重组制备
本发明还提供编码抗-PD-L1抗体的分离的核酸、包含此类核酸的载体和宿主细胞和用于产生该抗体的重组技术。
为了重组产生抗体,分离编码它的核酸,并将其插入可复制载体,用于进一步克隆(DNA扩增)或表达。可使用常规流程容易的分离编码单克隆抗体的DNA并测序(如使用能够与编码抗体重链和轻链的基因特异结合的寡核苷酸探针)。可利用许多载体。载体的选择部分取决于将要使用的宿主细胞。通常,优选的宿主细胞是原核或真核(通常是哺乳动物)起源的。
1.在原核细胞中产生抗体
a)载体构建
可使用标准重组技术来获得编码本发明抗体多肽构件的多核苷酸序列。可从抗体生成细胞诸如杂交瘤细胞分离期望的多核苷酸序列并测序。或者,可使用核苷酸合成仪或PCR技术合成多核苷酸。一旦得到,将编码多肽的序列插入能够在原核宿主中复制并表达异源多核苷酸的重组载体。为了本发明,可使用本领域可获得的且知道的许多载体。适宜载体的选择将主要取决于将要插入载体的核酸的大小和将要用载体转化的具体宿主细胞。根据其功能(扩增或表达异源多核苷酸,或二者兼之)及其与它在其中驻留的具体宿主细胞的相容性,每种载体含有多种构件。载体构件通常包括但不限于复制起点、选择标志基因、启动子、核糖体结合位点(RBS)、信号序列、异源核酸插入片段、和转录终止序列。
一般而言,与宿主细胞一起使用的质粒载体包含衍生自与这些宿主相容物种的复制子和控制序列。载体通常携带复制位点,以及能够在转化细胞中提供表型选择的标志序列。例如,通常用衍生自大肠杆菌物种的质粒pBR322转化大肠杆菌。pBR322包含编码氨苄青霉素(Amp)和四环素(Tet)抗性的基因,由此提供轻松鉴定转化细胞的手段。pBR322、其衍生物、或其它微生物质粒或噬菌体还可包含或经修饰而包含可被微生物生物体用于表达内源蛋白质的启动子。Carter等人,美国专利5,648,237中详细记载了用于表达特定抗体的pBR322衍生物的买例。
另外,可将包含与宿主微生物相容的复制子和控制序列的噬菌体载体用作这些宿主的转化载体。例如,可使用噬菌体诸如GEM.TM.-11来构建可用于转化易感宿主细胞诸如大肠杆菌LE392的重组载体。
本发明的表达载体可包含两种或多种启动子-顺反子对,它们编码每一种多肽构件。启动子是位于顺反子上游(5')的非翻译调控序列,它调控顺反子的表达。原核启动子通常分成两类,诱导型的和组成型的。诱导型启动子指响应培养条件的变化(如营养物的存在与否或温度变化)而启动受其控制的顺反子的升高水平转录的启动子。
众所周知受到多种潜在宿主细胞识别的大量启动子。通过限制酶消化切下源DNA中的启动子并将分离的启动子序列插入本发明的载体,由此可将选择的启动子与编码轻链或重链的顺反子DNA可操作连接。天然启动子序列和许多异源启动子都可用于指导靶基因的扩增和/或表达。在有些实施方案中,使用异源启动子,因为与天然靶多肽启动子相比,它们通常容许所表达靶基因的更高转录和更高产量。
适用于原核宿主的启动子包括PhoA启动子、-半乳糖苷酶(galactamase)和乳糖启动子系统、色氨酸(trp)启动子系统、和杂合启动子诸如tac或trc启动子。然而,在细菌中有功能的其它启动子(诸如其它已知的细菌或噬菌体启动子)也是合适的。它们的核苷酸序列已经发表,由此熟练工作人员能够使用提供任何所需限制位点的接头或衔接头将它们与编码靶轻链和重链的顺反子可操作连接(Siebenlist等(1980)Cell(细胞)20:269)。
在一个方面,重组载体内的每个顺反子都包含指导所表达多肽穿膜转运的分泌信号序列构件。一般而言,信号序列可以是载体的构件,或者它可以是插入载体的靶多肽DNA的一部分。为了本发明而选择的信号序列应当是受到宿主细胞识别并加工(即被信号肽酶切除)的信号序列。对于不识别并加工异源多肽的天然信号序列的原核宿主细胞,将信号序列用选自例如由下列各项组成的组的原核信号序列替代:碱性磷酸酶、青霉素酶、Ipp、或热稳定的肠毒素II(STII)前导序列、LamB、PhoE、PelB、OmpA和MBP。在本发明的一个实施方案中,表达系统的两个顺反子中都使用的信号序列是STII信号序列或其变体。
在另一方面,依照本发明的免疫球蛋白的生成可在宿主细胞的细胞质中发生,因此不需要在每个顺反子内存在分泌信号序列。在那点上,免疫球蛋白轻链和重链在细胞质内表达、折叠和装配而形成功能性免疫球蛋白。某些宿主菌株(如大肠杆菌trxB-菌株)提供有利于二硫键形成的细胞质条件,从而容许所表达蛋白质亚基的正确折叠和装配。Proba和PluckthunGene(基因),159:203(1995)。
本发明提供了可调控所表达多肽构件的数量比率,从而将分泌且正确装配的本发明抗体的产量最大化的表达系统。这种调控是至少部分通过同时调控多肽构件的翻译强度而实现的。Simmons等人,美国专利5,840,523中公开了用于调控翻译强度的一种技术。它在顺反子内利用翻译起始区(TIR)的变体。对于指定TIR,可创建具有一定范围翻译强度的一系列氨基酸或核苷酸序列变体,由此提供针对特定链的期望表达水平调节此因素的方便手段。可通过常规诱变技术导致能改变氨基酸序列的密码子变化(尽管优选核苷酸序列中的沉默变化)从而生成TIR变体。TIR中的改变可包括例如Shine-Dalgarno序列的数目或间距的改变,及信号序列中的改变。用于生成突变型信号序列的一种方法是在编码序列的开端生成不改变信号序列氨基酸序列的“密码子库”(即变化是沉默的)。这可通过改变每个密码子的第三个核苷酸位置来实现;另外,有些氨基酸,诸如亮氨酸、丝氨酸、和精氨酸,具有多种第一个和第二个位置,这可在建库中增加复杂性。Yansura等(1992)METHODS:ACompanion to Methods in Enzymol.(方法:酶学中的方法手册)4:151-158中详细记载了这种诱变方法。
优选地,对于载体中的每个顺反子,生成具有一定范围TIR强度的一组载体。这个有限集合提供了每条链的表达水平以及期望抗体产物的产量在各种TIR强度组合下的比较。可通过量化报道基因的表达水平来测定TIR强度,Simmons等人,美国专利5,840,523中有详细描述。根据翻译强度的比较,选择期望的个别TIR在本发明的表达载体构建物中进行组合。
b)原核宿主细胞
适于表达本发明抗体的原核宿主细胞包括古细菌(Archaebacteria)和真细菌(Eubacteria),诸如革兰氏阴性或革兰氏阳性生物体。有用细菌的实例包括埃希氏菌属(Escherichia)(如大肠埃希氏菌(E.coli))、芽孢杆菌属(Bacilli)(如枯草芽孢杆菌(B.subtilis))、肠杆菌属(Enterobacteria)、假单胞菌属物种(Pseudomonas species)(如铜绿假单胞菌(P.aeruginosa))、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhimurium)、粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescans)、克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、变形菌属(Proteus)、志贺氏菌属(Shigella)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobia)、透明颤菌属(Vitreoscilla)或副球菌属(Paracoccus)。在一个实施方案中,使用革兰氏阴性细胞。在一个实施方案中,使用大肠杆菌细胞作为本发明的宿主。大肠杆菌菌株的实例包括菌株W3110(Bachmann,Cellular and Molecular Biology(细胞和分子生物学),vol.2(Washington,D.C.:American Society forMicrobiology(美国微生物学学会),1987),第1190-1219页;ATCC保藏号27,325)及其衍生物,包括菌株33D3,其具有基因型W3110ptr3 lac Iq lacL8(nmpc-fepE)degP41kanR(美国专利号5,639,635)。其它菌株及其衍生物,诸如大肠杆菌294(ATCC 31,446)、大肠杆菌B、大肠杆菌1776(ATCC 31,537)和大肠杆菌RV308(ATCC 31,608)也是合适的。这些实例只是例示而非限制。本领域知道用于构建具有指定基因型的任何上述细菌衍生物的方法,描述参见例如Bass等,Proteins(蛋白质),8:309-314(1990)。通常必需考虑复制子在细菌细胞中的可复制性来选择适当的细菌。例如,在使用众所周知的质粒诸如pBR322、pBR325、pACYC177或pKN410来提供复制子时,大肠杆菌、沙雷氏菌属(Serratia)、或沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)物种可适当的用作宿主。
通常,宿主细胞应当分泌最小量的蛋白水解酶,而且可能希望在细胞培养中掺入额外的蛋白酶抑制剂。
c)抗体产生
用上述表达载体转化宿主细胞,并在为了诱导启动子、选择转化子或扩增编码期望序列的基因而适当改动的常规营养培养基中进行培养。转化即将DNA导入原核宿主,使得DNA能够进行复制,或是作为染色体外元件或是通过染色体成分。根据所用宿主细胞,使用适于这些细胞的标准技术进行转化。采用氯化钙的钙处理通常用于具有坚固细胞壁屏障的细菌细胞。另一种转化方法采用聚乙二醇/DMSO。使用的还有一种技术是电穿孔。
在本领域知道的且适于培养选定宿主细胞的培养基中培养用于生成本发明抗体的原核细胞。合适培养基的实例包括添加了必需营养补充物的LB培养基(luria broth)。在有些实施方案中,培养基还含有根据表达载体的构建而选择的选择剂,以选择性容许包含表达载体的原核细胞生长。例如,向用于培养表达氨苄青霉素抗性基因的细胞的培养基中添加氨苄青霉素。
除了碳、氮和无机磷酸盐来源以外,还可含有适当浓度的任何必需补充物,或是单独加入或是作为与另一种补充物或培养基的混合物,诸如复合氮源。任选的是,培养基可含有一种或多种选自下组的还原剂:谷胱甘肽、半胱氨酸、胱胺、巯基乙酸盐/酯(thioglycollate)、二硫赤藓糖醇和二硫苏糖醇。
在合适的温度培养原核宿主细胞。例如,对于培养大肠杆菌,优选温度范围约20℃至约39℃、更优选约25℃至约37℃、甚至更优选约30℃。主要取决于宿主生物体,培养基的pH可以是范围为约5至约9的任何pH。对于大肠杆菌,pH优选约6.8至约7.4,更优选约7.0。
如果本发明的表达载体中使用诱导型启动子,那么在适于激活启动子的条件下诱导蛋白质表达。在本发明的一个方面,使用PhoA启动子来控制多肽的转录。因此,为了诱导,在磷酸盐限制培养基中培养经过转化的宿主细胞。优选地,磷酸盐限制培养基是C.R.A.P培养基(参见,例如,Simmons等,J.Immunol.Methods(免疫学方法杂志)(2002),263:133-147)。根据所采用的载体构建物,可采用多种其它诱导物,正如本领域所知道的。
所表达的本发明抗体蛋白分泌到宿主细胞的周质中并从中回收。蛋白质回收通常牵涉破坏微生物,通常通过诸如渗压震扰(osmotic shock)、超声处理或裂解等手段。一旦细胞遭到破坏,可通过离心或过滤清除细胞碎片或整个细胞。可以通过例如亲和树脂层析进一步纯化蛋白质。或者,蛋白质可能转运到培养液中并从中分离。可从培养液清除细胞,并且可以将培养物上清液过滤和浓缩,用于进一步纯化所生成的蛋白质。可使用普遍知道的方法诸如聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)和Western印迹分析进一步分离和鉴定所表达多肽。
备选地,通过发酵过程大量进行抗体生产。多种大规模补料-分批发酵流程可用于生产重组蛋白。大规模发酵具有至少1000升的容量,优选约1,000至100,000升的容量。这些发酵罐使用搅拌器叶轮来分配氧和养分,尤其是葡萄糖(优选的碳源/能源)。小规模发酵通常指在体积容量不超过约100升的发酵罐中进行的发酵,范围可以是约1升至约100升。
在发酵过程中,通常在将细胞在合适条件下培养至期望密度(如OD550约180-220,在此阶段细胞处于早期稳定期)后启动蛋白质表达的诱导。根据所采用的载体构建物,可使用多种诱导物,正如本领域知道的和上文描述的。可在诱导前将细胞培养更短的时间。通常将细胞诱导约12-50小时,但是可使用更长或更短的诱导时间。
为了提高本发明抗体的产量和质量,可修改多项发酵条件。例如,为了改善所分泌抗体多肽的正确装配和折叠,可使用过度表达伴侣蛋白诸如Dsb蛋白(DsbA,DsbB,DsbC,DsbD和/或DsbG)或FkpA(具有伴侣活性的一种肽基脯氨酸顺反异构酶)的额外载体来共转化宿主原核细胞。已经证明伴侣蛋白促进在细菌宿主细胞中生成的异源蛋白质的正确折叠和溶解度。Chen等(1999)J Bio Chem(生物化学杂志)274:19601-19605;Georgiou等,美国专利号6,083,715;Georgiou等,美国专利号6,027,888;Bothmann和Pluckthun(2000)J.Biol.Chem.(生物化学杂志)275:17100-17105;Ramm和Pluckthun(2000)J.Biol.Chem.(生物化学杂志)275:17106-17113;Arie等(2001)Mol.Microbiol.(分子微生物学)39:199-210。
为了将所表达异源蛋白质(尤其是对蛋白水解敏感的异源蛋白质)的蛋白水解降至最低,可将蛋白水解酶缺陷的某些宿主菌株用于本发明。例如,可修饰宿主细胞菌株,在编码已知细菌蛋白酶的基因中进行遗传突变,诸如蛋白酶III,OmpT,DegP,Tsp,蛋白酶I,蛋白酶Mi,蛋白酶V,蛋白酶VI及其组合。可以获得有些大肠杆菌蛋白酶缺陷菌株,参见例如,Joly等(1998),见上文;Georgiou等,美国专利号5,264,365;Georgiou等,美国专利号5,508,192;Hara等,Microbial Drug Resistance(微生物药物抵抗),2:63-72(1996)。
在编码本发明的抗体的表达系统中使用蛋白水解酶缺陷且经过过度表达一种或多种伴侣蛋白的质粒转化的大肠杆菌菌株可以作为宿主细胞。
d)抗体纯化
进一步纯化本文中生成的抗体蛋白质以获得基本上同质的制品,用于进一步的测定和使用。可采用本领域知道的标准蛋白质纯化方法。下面的流程是合适纯化流程的例示:免疫亲和或离子交换柱上的分馏、乙醇沉淀、反相HPLC、硅土或阳离子交换树脂诸如DEAE上的层析、层析聚焦、SDS-PAGE、硫酸铵沉淀、和使用例如Sephadex G-75的凝胶过滤。
在一个方面,将固定在固相上的蛋白A用于本发明全长抗体产物的免疫亲和纯化。蛋白A是来自金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureas)的41kD细胞壁蛋白质,它以高亲合力结合抗体Fc区。Lindmark等(1983)J.Immunol.Meth.62:1-13。蛋白A固定其上的固相优选是具有玻璃或石英表面的柱子,更优选是可控孔径玻璃柱或硅酸柱。在有些应用中,柱子以诸如甘油等试剂包被,试图防止污染物的非特异粘附。然后清洗固相以清除与固相非特异结合的污染物。最后通过洗脱从固相回收目的抗体。
2.在真核细胞中产生抗体
对于真核表达,载体构件通常包括但不限于如下一种或多种:信号序列、复制起点、一种或多种标志基因、增强子元件、启动子、和转录终止序列。
a)信号序列构件
在真核宿主中使用的载体还可在成熟蛋白质或多肽的N端包含编码信号序列或具有特异切割位点的其它多肽的插入。优选选择的异源信号序列是受到宿主细胞识别并加工(即被信号肽酶切除)的。在哺乳动物细胞表达中,可利用哺乳动物信号序列以及病毒分泌前导,例如单纯疱疹病毒gD信号。
将这些前体区的DNA连接到编码本发明的抗体的DNA的读码框中。
b)复制起点
通常,哺乳动物表达载体不需要复制起点构件(SV40起点通常可能只因包含早期启动子才使用)。
c)选择基因构件
表达和克隆载体可包含选择基因,也称为可选择标志。典型的选择基因编码如下蛋白质:(a)赋予对抗生素或其它毒素的抗性,如氨苄青霉素、新霉素、甲氨蝶呤或四环素;(b)补足相应的营养缺陷;或(c)提供不能从复合培养基获得的关键营养物,例如编码杆菌(Bacilli)的D-丙氨酸消旋酶的基因。
选择方案的一个实例利用药物来阻滞宿主细胞的生长。经异源基因成功转化的那些细胞生成赋予药物抗性的蛋白质,因而幸免于选择方案。此类显性选择的实例使用药物新霉素、霉酚酸和潮霉素。
适于哺乳动物细胞的选择标志的另一个实例是能够鉴定有能力摄取编码本发明抗体的核酸的细胞的选择标志,诸如DHFR、胸苷激酶、金属硫蛋白I和II,优选灵长类金属硫蛋白基因、腺苷脱氨酶、乌氨酸脱羧酶等。
例如,首先通过将所有转化子在含有甲氨蝶呤(Mtx,DHFR的一种竞争性拮抗剂)的培养基中进行培养来鉴定经DHFR选择基因转化的细胞。在采用野生型DHFR时,适宜的宿主细胞是DHFR活性缺陷的中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞系(例如ATCC CRL-9096)。
或者,可通过在含有针对选择标志的选择剂诸如氨基糖苷抗生素如卡那霉素、新霉素或G418的培养基中培养细胞来选择经编码抗体、野生型DHFR蛋白、和另一种选择标志诸如氨基糖苷3'-磷酸转移酶(APH)的DNA序列转化或共转化的宿主细胞(特别是包含内源DHFR的野生型宿主)。参见美国专利4,965,199。
d)启动子构件
表达和克隆载体通常包含受到宿主生物体识别的启动子,且与编码所需抗体序列的核酸可操作连接。事实上,所有真核基因都具有富含AT区,它位于起始转录的位点上游约25至30个碱基处。在许多基因的转录起点上游70至80个碱基处发现的另一种序列是CNCAAT区,其中N可以是任何核苷酸。在大多数真核的3'端是AATAAA序列,它可能是向编码序列的3'端添加聚腺苷酸(polyA)尾的信号。所有这些序列可以插入真核表达载体中。
其它适合用于真核宿主的启动子包括phoA启动子,-内酰胺酶和乳糖启动子系统,碱性磷酸酶启动子,色氨酸(trp)启动子系统和杂合启动子诸如tac启动子。然而,其它已知的细菌启动子是合适的。细菌系统中使用的启动子还将含有可操作连接编码抗体多肽的DNA的Shine-Dalgarno(S.D.)序列。
在哺乳动物宿主细胞中由载体转录抗体多肽受到例如从病毒(诸如多瘤病毒、禽痘病毒、腺病毒(诸如2型腺病毒)、牛乳头瘤病毒、禽类肉瘤病毒、巨细胞病毒、逆转录病毒、乙肝病毒、和最优选猿猴病毒40(SV40))基因组获得的启动子、来自异源哺乳动物启动子(如肌动蛋白启动子或免疫球蛋白启动子)、来自热休克启动子的启动子的控制,倘若这些启动子与宿主细胞系统相容的话。
方便的以SV40限制性片段的形式获得SV40病毒的早期和晚期启动子,该片段还包含SV40病毒复制起点。方便的以HindIII E限制性片段的形式获得人巨细胞病毒的立即早期启动子。美国专利4,419,446中公开了使用牛乳头瘤病毒作为载体在哺乳动物宿主中表达DNA的系统。美国专利4,601,978中记载了该系统的修改。关于在小鼠细胞中在来自单纯疱疹病毒的胸苷激酶启动子的控制下表达人-干扰素cDNA还可参见Reyes等,Nature(自然)297:598-601(1982)。或者,可使用劳氏肉瘤病毒长末端重复序列作为启动子。
e)增强子元件构件
常常通过在载体中插入增强子序列来提高高等真核细胞对编码本发明抗体的DNA的转录。现在知道来自哺乳动物基因(球蛋白、弹性蛋白酶、清蛋白、α-胎蛋白和胰岛素)的许多增强子序列。然而,通常使用来自真核细胞病毒的增强子。实例包括SV40复制起点晚期侧的增强子(bp 100-270)、巨细胞病毒早期启动子增强子、多瘤病毒复制起点晚期侧的增强子、和腺病毒增强子。关于激活真核启动子的增强元件还可参见Yaniv,Nature(自然)297:17-18(1982)。增强子可剪接到载体中,位于抗体编码序列的5'或3'位置,但是优选位于启动子的5'位点。
f)转录终止构件
在真核宿主细胞(酵母、真菌、昆虫、植物、动物、人或来自其它多细胞生物的有核细胞)中使用的表达载体还包含终止转录和稳定mRNA所必需的序列。此类序列通常可从真核或病毒DNA或cDNA非翻译区的5'端和偶尔的3'端获得。这些区域包含在编码抗体的mRNA的非翻译区中转录成聚腺苷酸化片段的核苷酸区段。一种有用的转录终止构件是牛生长激素聚腺苷酸化区。参见WO94/11026及其中公开的表达载体。
g)宿主细胞的选择和转化
适于克隆或表达本文载体中的DNA的宿主细胞包括本文描述的高等真核细胞,包括脊椎动物宿主细胞。脊椎动物细胞在培养(组织培养)中的繁殖已经成为常规流程。有用哺乳动物宿主细胞系的实例有经SV40转化的猴肾CVl系(COS-7,ATCC CRL 1651)、人胚肾系(293细胞或为悬浮培养而亚克隆的293细胞,Graham等,J.Gen Virol.36:59(1977))、幼仓鼠肾细胞(BHK,ATCC CCL 10)、中国仓鼠卵巢细胞/-DHFR(CHO,Urlaub等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报)77:4216(1980))、小鼠塞托利(serto1i)细胞(TM4,Mather,Biol.Reprod.23:243-251(1980))、猴肾细胞(CV1,ATCC CCL 70)、非洲绿猴肾细胞(VERO-76,ATCC CRL 1587)、人宫颈癌细胞(HELA,ATCC CCL 2)、犬肾细胞(MDCK,ATCC CCL 34)、牛鼠(buffalo rat)肝细胞(BRL 3A,ATCC CRL 1442)、人肺细胞(W138,ATCC CCL 75)、人肝细胞(Hep G2,HB 8065)、小鼠乳瘤(MMT 060562,ATCC CCL 51)、TRI细胞(Mather等,Annals N.Y.Acad.Sci.383:44-68(1982))、MRC 5细胞、FS4细胞和人肝细胞瘤(hepatoma)系(Hep G2)。
为了生成抗体,用上文所述表达或克隆载体转化宿主细胞,并在为了诱导启动子、选择转化子或扩增编码期望序列的基因而适当改动的常规营养培养基中进行培养。有用的哺乳动物宿主细胞系的实例是
h)宿主细胞的培养
可在多种培养基中培养用于生成本发明抗体的宿主细胞。商品化培养基诸如Ham氏F10(Sigma)、极限必需培养基(MEM,Sigma)、RPMI-1640(Sigma)、和Dulbecco氏修改Eagle氏培养基(DMEM,Sigma)适于培养宿主细胞。另外,可使用下列文献中记载的任何培养基作为宿主细胞的培养基:Ham等,Meth.Enz.58:44(1979),Barnes等,Anal.Biochem.102:255(1980),美国专利号4,767,704;4,657,866;4,927,762;4,560,655;或5,122,469;WO 90/03430;WO 87/00195;或美国专利再颁30,985。任何这些培养基可根据需要补充激素和/或其它生长因子(诸如胰岛素、运铁蛋白或表皮生长因子)、盐(诸如氯化钠、钙、镁和磷酸盐)、缓冲剂(诸如HEPES)、核苷酸(诸如腺苷和胸苷)、抗生素(诸如GENTAMYCINTM药物)、痕量元素(定义为通常以微摩尔范围的终浓度存在的无机化合物)、和葡萄糖或等效能源。还可以适宜浓度含有本领域技术人员知道的任何其它必需补充物。培养条件诸如温度、pH等即为表达而选择的宿主细胞先前所用的,这对于普通技术人员是显然的。
i)抗体的纯化
在使用重组技术时,可在细胞内或周质间隙生成抗体,或者直接分泌到培养基中。如果在细胞内生成抗体,那么首先需要通过例如离心或超滤清除微粒碎片,或是宿主细胞或是裂解片段。Carter等,Bio/Technology 10:163-167(1992)描述了分离抗体的程序,该抗体分泌到大肠杆菌的周质间隙。简而言之,细胞糊在乙酸钠(pH 3.5)、EDTA和苯甲基磺酰氟化物(PMSF)存在下在大约30分钟融化。细胞碎片可通过离心去除。如果抗体分泌到培养基中,那么通常首先使用商品化蛋白质浓缩滤器(例如Amicon或Millipore Pellicon超滤单元)浓缩来自这些表达系统的上清液。可在任何上述步骤中包括蛋白酶抑制剂诸如PMSF以抑制蛋白水解,而且可包括抗生素以防止外来污染物的生长。
可使用例如羟磷灰石层析、凝胶电泳、透析和亲和层析来纯化从细胞制备的抗体组合物,亲和层析是优选的纯化技术。蛋白A作为亲和配体的适宜性取决于抗体中存在的任何免疫球蛋白Fc结构域的种类和同种型。蛋白A可用于纯化基于含有1、2或4个重链的人免疫球蛋白的抗体(Lindmark等.,J.Immunol.Meth.62:1-13(1983))。蛋白G推荐用于所有小鼠同种型和人3(Guss等,EMBO J.5:15671575(1986))。亲和配体所附着的基质最常用的是琼脂糖,但是可使用其它基质。物理稳定的基质诸如可控孔径玻璃或聚(苯乙烯-二乙烯基)苯能获得比琼脂糖更快的流速和更短的加工时间。若抗体包含CH3结构域,则可使用Bakerbond ABXTM树脂(J.T.Baker,Phillipsburg,NJ)进行纯化。根据待回收的抗体,也可使用其它蛋白质纯化技术诸如离子交换柱上的分馏、乙醇沉淀、反相HPLC、硅土上的层析、肝素SEPHAROSETM上的层析、阴离子或阳离子交换树脂(诸如聚天冬氨酸柱)上的层析、层析聚焦、SDS-PAGE和硫酸铵沉淀。
在任何初步纯化步骤之后,可将含有目的抗体和污染物的混合物进行低pH疏水相互作用层析,使用pH约2.5-4.5的洗脱缓冲液,优选在低盐浓度(例如约0-0.25M盐)进行。
C.抗体制备
1)多克隆抗体
多克隆抗体通常通过在动物中多次皮下(sc)或腹膜内(ip)注射相关抗原和佐剂来产生。使用双功能或衍生化试剂(例如马来酰亚胺苯甲酰磺基琥珀酰亚胺酯(通过半胱氨酸残基偶联)、N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(通过赖氨酸残基)、戊二醛、琥珀酸酐、SOCl2、或R1N=C=NR(其中R和R1独立地是低级烷基))将相关抗原与在待免疫物种中有免疫原性的蛋白质(例如钥孔血蓝蛋白(KLH)、血清清蛋白、牛甲状腺球蛋白或大豆胰蛋白酶抑制剂)偶联可能是有用的。可以使用的佐剂的实例包括弗氏完全佐剂和MPL-TDM佐剂(单磷酰脂质A、合成的trehalose dicorynomycolate)。本领域技术人员无需过度试验即可选定免疫接种方案。
通过将例如100μg或5μg蛋白质或偶联物(分别用于兔或小鼠)与3倍体积的弗氏完全佐剂混和并将该溶液皮内注射于多个部位,将动物针对抗原、免疫原性偶联物或衍生物进行免疫。一个月后,通过多个部位的皮下注射,用弗氏完全佐剂中初始量1/5-1/10的肽或偶联物对动物进行加强免疫。7-14天后,采集动物的血液,并测定血清的抗体滴度。对动物进行加强免疫,直到滴度达到平台(plateau)。偶联物还可在重组细胞培养中作为蛋白质融合物来制备。同样,凝聚剂(诸如明矾)适合用来增强免疫应答。
2)单克隆抗体
单克隆抗体可从基本同质性抗体的群体获得,即除了可能少量存在的天然发生的突变和/或翻译后修饰(例如异构化、酰胺化)之外,构成群体的各个抗体相同。因此,修饰语“单克隆”表明抗体的特征不是分散抗体的混合物。
例如,单克隆抗体可以使用最初由Kohler等,自然(Nature)256:495(1975)记载的杂交瘤方法来制备,或者可以通过重组DNA方法(美国专利号4,816,567)来制备。
在杂交瘤方法中,如上所述免疫小鼠或其它适宜的宿主动物(诸如仓鼠)以激发生成或能够生成如下抗体的淋巴细胞,所述抗体将特异性结合用于免疫的蛋白质。或者,可以在体外免疫淋巴细胞。然后,使用合适的融合剂(诸如聚乙二醇)将淋巴细胞与骨髓瘤细胞融合,以形成杂交瘤细胞(Goding,单克隆抗体:原理和实践(Monoclonal Antibodies:Principles and Practice),第59-103页,学术出版社,1986)。
免疫剂一般包括抗原性蛋白或其融合变体。通常使用外周血淋巴细胞(“PBLs”)(如果希望是人来源的细胞)或脾细胞或淋巴结细胞(如果希望是非人哺乳动物来源)。然后使用适当的融合剂(诸如聚乙二醇)将该淋巴细胞与永生的细胞系融合以形成杂交瘤细胞。Goding,Monoclonal Antibodies:Principles and Practice(单克隆抗体:原理和实践),Academic Press(1986),第59-103页。
永生的细胞系通常是转化的哺乳动物细胞,特别是啮齿动物、牛或人来源的骨髓瘤细胞。通常,使用大鼠或小鼠骨髓瘤细胞系。将如此制备的杂交瘤细胞在合适的培养基中接种和培养,所述培养基优选含有一种或多种抑制未融合的母体骨髓瘤细胞生长或存活的物质。例如,若母体骨髓瘤细胞缺乏酶次黄嘌呤鸟嘌呤磷酸核糖转移酶(HGPRT或HPRT),则用于杂交瘤的培养基典型的将含有次黄嘌呤、氨基喋呤和胸苷(HAT培养基),这些物质阻止HGPRT缺陷细胞生长。
优选的永生化的骨髓瘤细胞是那些高效融合、支持所选抗体生成细胞稳定的高水平生成抗体、并对诸如HAT培养基的培养基敏感的。在这些骨髓瘤细胞中,优选的是鼠骨髓瘤系,诸如那些来自可从索尔克研究所细胞分配中心(Salk Institute CellDistribution Center,San Diego,California,USA)获得的MOPC-21和MPC-11小鼠肿瘤及可从美国典型培养物保藏中心(American Type Culture Collection,Manassas,VirginiaUSA)获得的SP-2细胞(及其衍生物,例如X63-Ag8-653)。人骨髓瘤和小鼠-人异源骨髓瘤细胞系也已记载用于生成人单克隆抗体(Kozbor,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)133:3001(1984);Brodeur等,单克隆抗体产生技术和应用(Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniquesand Applications),第51-63页,Marcel Dekker,Inc.,纽约,1987)。
对杂交瘤细胞正在其中生长的培养基测定针对抗原的单克隆抗体的生成。优选地,通过免疫沉淀或通过体外结合测定法(诸如放射免疫测定法(RIA)或酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA))测定由杂交瘤细胞生成的单克隆抗体的结合特异性。
可测定培养杂交瘤细胞的培养基中是否存在针对所需抗原的单克隆抗体。优选地,单克隆抗体的结合亲合力和特异性可以通过免疫沉淀或通过体外结合测定法(诸如放射免疫测定法(RIA)或酶联测定法(ELISA))测定。这类技术及测定是本领域已知的。例如,结合亲合力可以使用Munson等,Anal.Biochem.(分析生物化学)107:220(1980)的Scatchard分析来确定。
在鉴定到生成具有期望特异性、亲和性和/或活性的抗体的杂交瘤细胞后,该克隆可通过有限稀释方法进行亚克隆并通过标准方法进行培养(Goding,见上文)。适于这一目的培养基包括例如D-MEM或RPMI-1640培养基。另外,杂交瘤细胞可在哺乳动物中作为肿瘤进行体内培养。
通过常规免疫球蛋白纯化方法(诸如例如蛋白A-Sepharose、羟磷灰石层析、凝胶电泳、透析或亲和层析)将亚克隆分泌的单克隆抗体与培养基、腹水或血清适当分开。
单克隆抗体还可以通过重组DNA方法来制备,诸如美国专利号4,816,567中所记载的和上文所描述的。编码单克隆抗体的DNA易于使用常规方法分离和测序(例如通过使用能够特异性结合编码鼠抗体重链和轻链的基因的寡核苷酸探针)。杂交瘤细胞可充当此类DNA的优选的来源。一旦分离,可将DNA置入表达载体,然后将该表达载体转染入不另外生成免疫球蛋白蛋白质的宿主细胞(诸如大肠杆菌(E.coli)细胞、猿猴COS细胞、中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞或骨髓瘤细胞)以在此类重组宿主细胞中获得单克隆抗体的合成。细菌中重组表达编码抗体的DNA的综述文章包括Skerra等,Curr.Opinion in Immunol.,5:256-262(1993)和Plückthun,Immunol.Revs.130:151-188(1992)。
在另一个实施方案中,可以从使用McCafferty等,自然(Nature)348:552-554(1990)所记载的技术构建的噬菌体抗体库分离抗体。Clackson等,自然(Nature)352:624-628(1991)和Marks等,分子生物学杂志(J.Mol.Biol.)222:581-597(1991)分别记载了使用噬菌体文库分离鼠和人抗体。后续出版物记载了通过链改组(Marks等,生物/技术(Bio/Technology)10:779-783(1992)),以及组合感染和体内重组作为构建非常大的噬菌体文库的策略(Waterhouse等,核酸研究(Nucl.Acids Res.)21:2265-2266(1993)),生成高亲和性(nM范围)的人抗体。如此,这些技术是用于分离单克隆抗体的传统单克隆抗体杂交瘤技术的可行替代方法。
还可以修饰DNA,例如通过用人重链和轻链恒定结构域的编码序列置换同源鼠序列(美国专利号4,816,567;Morrison等,美国国家科学院学报(Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA)81:6851(1984)),或通过将非免疫球蛋白多肽的整个或部分编码序列与免疫球蛋白编码序列共价连接。典型的是,用此类非免疫球蛋白多肽置换抗体的恒定域,或者用它们置换抗体的一个抗原结合位点的可变结构域,以产生嵌合二价抗体,其包含对抗原具有特异性的一个抗原结合位点和对不同抗原具有特异性的另一个抗原结合位点。
本文描述的单克隆抗体可以是单价抗体,制备单价抗体的方法是本领域熟知的。例如,一种方法涉及重组表达免疫球蛋白轻链和修饰的重链。所述重链通常在Fc区的任意点被截短,从而避免重链的交联。或者,相关的半胱氨酸残基被其它的氨基酸残基替换或者缺失,从而避免交联。体外方法也适合用于制备单价抗体。可以使用本领域已知常规技术消化抗体产生其片段,尤其是Fab片段。
嵌合或杂合抗体也可使用合成蛋白化学中已知的方法在体外制备,包括涉及交联剂的那些。例如,免疫毒素可使用二硫化物-交换反应或通过形成硫醚键来构建。用于这一目的的适当试剂的实例包括亚氨基硫醇盐(iminothiolate)和4-巯基丁酰亚氨酸甲酯(methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate)。
3)人源化抗体
本发明的抗体还可以包括人源化或人抗体。非人(例如,鼠)抗体的人源化形式是嵌合的免疫球蛋白,免疫球蛋白链,或其片段(如Fv、Fab、Fab’、F(ab’)2,或者抗体的其它抗原结合亚序列(subsequence)),其包含源自非人免疫球蛋白的最小序列。人源化抗体包括这样的人免疫球蛋白(受体抗体),其中来自该受体的互补性决定区(CDR)(如本文所用的HVR)的残基用具有期望特异性、亲合力和能力的来自非人物种(供体抗体)诸如小鼠、大鼠、或兔的CDR的残基替换。在有些情况中,将人免疫球蛋白的Fv构架残基用相应的非人残基替换。人源化抗体还可包含在受体抗体或引进的CDR或构架序列中均没有找到的残基。一般而言,人源化抗体将包含至少一个、通常两个可变结构域的基本上所有可变结构域,在所述可变结构域中所有或基本上所有CDR区对应于非人免疫球蛋白的CDR区,且所有或基本上所有FR区是人免疫球蛋白共有序列的FR区。人源化抗体最佳地还将包含至少部分免疫球蛋白恒定区(Fc),通常是人免疫球蛋白的恒定区。Jones等人,Nature(自然)321:522-525(1986);Riechmann等人,Nature(自然)332:323-329(1988);和Presta,Curr.Op.Struct.Biol.(结构生物学新观点)2:593-596(1992)。
人源化非人抗体的方法是本领域熟知的。通常,人源化抗体具有一个或多个从非人来源引入的氨基酸残基。这些非人氨基酸残基常常称作“输入”残基,它们典型的取自“输入”可变结构域。人源化可基本上遵循Winter及其同事的方法(Jones等,自然(Nature)321:522-525(1986);Riechmann等,自然(Nature)332:323-327(1988);Verhoeyen等,科学(Science)239:1534-1536(1988)),或通过用啮齿类CDR或CDR序列置换人抗体的相应序列进行。因而,此类“人源化”抗体是嵌合抗体(美国专利号4,816,567),其中基本上少于整个人可变结构域用来自非人物种的相应序列置换。在实践中,人源化抗体典型的是其中一些CDR残基和可能的一些FR残基用来自啮齿类抗体中类似位点的残基置换的人抗体。
用于构建人源化抗体的人可变结构域(包括轻链和重链二者)的选择对于降低抗原性非常重要。依照所谓的“最适”(best-fit)方法,用啮齿类抗体的可变结构域序列对已知的人可变结构域序列的整个文库进行筛选。然后接受与啮齿类最接近的人序列作为人源化抗体的人构架(FR)(Sims等,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)151:2296(1993);Chothia等,分子生物学杂志(J.Mol.Biol.)196:901(1987))。另一种方法使用由特定轻链或重链亚组的所有人抗体的共有序列衍生的特定构架。同一构架可用于数种不同的人源化抗体(Carter等,美国国家科学院学报(Proc.Natl.Acad Sci.USA)89:4285(1992);Presta等,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)151:2623(1993))。
更为重要的是,抗体在人源化后保持对抗原的高亲和性及其它有利的生物学特性。为了实现这一目标,依照一种优选的方法,通过使用母体和人源化序列的三维模型分析母体序列和各种概念性人源化产物的方法来制备人源化抗体。三维免疫球蛋白模型是公众可获得的,且为本领域技术人员所熟悉。可获得图解和显示所选候选免疫球蛋白序列的可能三维构象结构的计算机程序。检查这些显示图像容许分析残基在候选免疫球蛋白序列行使功能中的可能作用,即分析影响候选免疫球蛋白结合其抗原的能力的残基。这样,可从受体和输入序列中选出FR残基并进行组合,从而获得期望抗体特征,如对于靶抗原的增加的亲合力。一般而言,CDR残基直接且最实质的参与影响对抗原的结合。
考虑了多种形式的人源化抗体。例如,人源化抗体可以是抗体片段,如Fab,其任选地与一个或多个细胞毒性剂偶联以便产生免疫偶联物。备选地,人源化抗体可以是完整抗体,如完整的IgG1抗体。
4)人抗体
作为人源化的备选,可产生人抗体。例如,现在有可能生成在缺乏内源免疫球蛋白生成的情况下能够在免疫后生成人抗体全部所有组成成分的转基因动物(例如小鼠)。例如,已经记载了嵌合和种系突变小鼠中抗体重链连接区(JH)基因的纯合删除导致内源抗体生成的完全抑制。在此类种系突变小鼠中转移人种系免疫球蛋白基因阵列将导致在抗原攻击后生成人抗体。参见例如Jakobovits等,美国国家科学院学报(Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA)90:2551(1993);Jakobovits等,自然(Nature)362:255-258(1993);Bruggermann等.,Year in Immuno.7:33(1993);美国专利号5,591,669和WO 97/17852。
备选地,噬菌体展示技术可用于从来自于未免疫的供体的免疫球蛋白可变(V)结构域基因所有组成成分体外产生人抗体和抗体片段。McCafferty等,Nature(自然)348:552-553(1990);Hoogenboom和Winter,分子生物学杂志(J.Mol.Biol.)227:381(1991)。依照这种技术,将抗体V结构域基因以符合读码框的方式克隆入丝状噬菌体(诸如M13或fd)的主要或次要外壳蛋白基因,并在噬菌体颗粒表面上展示为功能性抗体片段。因为丝状噬菌体颗粒包含噬菌体基因组的单链DNA拷贝,以抗体的功能特性为基础进行的选择也导致编码展示那些特性的抗体的基因的选择。如此,噬菌体模拟B细胞的一些特性。噬菌体展示可以以多种形式进行,综述参见例如Johnson,Kevin S.和Chiswell,David J.,结构生物学的当前观点(Curr Opin in Struct Biol)3:564-571(1993)。V基因区段的数种来源可用于噬菌体展示。Clackson等,自然(Nature)352:624-628(1991)从衍生自经免疫小鼠脾的小型V基因随机组合文库分离得到大量不同的抗噁唑酮抗体。通过基本上遵循Marks等,分子生物学杂志(J.Mol.Biol.)222:581-597(1991)或Griffith等,EMBO J.12:725-734(1993)记载的技术,可以自未免疫人供体构建V基因所有组成成分和分离针对大量不同抗原(包括自身抗原)的抗体。还可参见美国专利号5,565,332和5,573,905。
Cole等人和Boerner等人的技术也可用于制备人单克隆抗体(Cole等,单克隆抗体和癌症治疗(Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy),Alan R.Liss,p.77(1985)及Boerner等,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)147(1):86-95(1991))。相似地,可通过将人免疫球蛋白基因座引入转基因动物来制备人抗体,所述转基因动物如内源性免疫球蛋白基因已经被部分或全部灭活的小鼠。攻击后,可观察到人抗体的产生,其各个方面非常类似在人中所见,包括基因重排,装配(assembly),以及抗体所有组成成分(repertoire)。对此方法的描述见例如,例如美国专利5,545,807;5,545,806;5,569,825;5,625,126;5,633,425;5,661,016,以及下列科学出版物:Marks等人,Bio/Technology(生物技术)10:779-783(1992);Lonberg等人,Nature(自然)368:856-859(1994);Morrison,Nature(自然),368:812-13(1994);Fishwild等人,Nature Biotechnology(自然:生物技术)14:845-51(1996);Neuberger,Nature Biotechnology 14:826(1996);和Lonberg和Huszar,Intern.Rev.Immunol.(免疫学国际综述)13:65-93(1995)。
最后,人抗体也可通过激活的B细胞在体外产生(参见,美国专利号5,567,610和5,229,275)。
5)抗体片段
在某些情况下,使用抗体片段而非完整抗体是有利的。较小的片段大小允许快速清除,并产生与实体瘤的改善的接触。
已经开发了用于生成抗体片段的多种技术。传统上,通过蛋白水解消化完整抗体来衍生这些片段(参见例如Morimoto等,生物化学和生物物理方法杂志(J BiochemBiophys.Method.24:107-117(1992);和Brennan等,科学(Science)229:81(1985))。然而,现在可直接由重组宿主细胞生成这些片段。Fab,Fv和scFv抗体片段都可在大肠杆菌中表达并从其中分泌,因此容许容易的产生大量这些片段。可从上文讨论的噬菌体抗体文库中分离抗体片段。或者,可直接从大肠杆菌回收Fab’-SH片段并化学偶联以形成F(ab’)2片段(Carter等,生物/技术(Bio/Technology)10:163-167(1992))。依照另一种方法,可直接从重组宿主细胞培养物分离F(ab’)2片段。具有增加的体内半衰期的Fab和F(ab’)2在美国专利号5,869,046中描述。在其它实施方案中,选择的抗体是单链Fv片段(scFv)。参见WO93/16185;美国专利号5,571,894;及美国专利号5,587,458。抗体片段还可以是“线性抗体”,例如,如美国专利No.5,641,870中所记载的。此类线性抗体片段可以是单特异性的或双特异性的。
6)抗体依赖性酶-介导的前体药物的治疗(ADEPT)
通过将抗体偶联于前体药物活化酶,本发明的抗体也可用于ADEPT,该酶将前体药物(例如肽基化疗剂,见WO 81/01145)转化成活性抗癌药物。参见,例如,WO 88/07378和美国专利号4,975,278。
用于ADEPT的免疫结合物的酶组分包括任何能够对前体药物起作用,将它转化成更加有活性的细胞毒作用形式的酶。
可用于本发明的方法的酶包括,但不限于糖苷酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、人溶菌酶、人葡糖醛酸酶、碱性磷酸酶,用于将含有磷酸盐的前体药物转化成游离药物;芳基硫酸酯酶,用于将含有硫酸盐的前体药物转化成游离药物;胞嘧啶脱氨酶,用于将无毒的5-氟胞嘧啶转化成抗癌药物5-氟尿嘧啶;蛋白酶,如沙雷氏菌属蛋白酶,嗜热菌蛋白酶,枯草杆菌蛋白酶,羧肽酶(例如羧肽酶G2和羧肽酶A)和组织蛋白酶(如组织蛋白酶B和L),用于将含肽的前体药物转化成游离药物;D-丙酰胺羧肽酶,用于转化含有D-氨基酸取代物的前体药物;碳水化合物-切割酶,如β-半乳糖苷酶和神经氨酸酶,用于将糖基化的前体药物转化成游离药物;β-内酰胺酶,用于将β-内酰胺衍生的药物转化为游离药物;和青霉素酰胺酶,例如青霉素V酰胺酶或青霉素G酰胺酶,用于将由苯氧乙酰基或苯乙酰基自其氨氮衍生的药物分别转化成游离药物。备选地,具有酶活性的抗体(本领域也称“抗体酶(abzyme)”)可用将本发明的前体药物转化成游离活性药物(参见,例如,Massey,Nature(自然)328:457-458(1987))。可如本文所述方法制备抗体-抗体酶偶联物,从而将抗体酶递送到肿瘤细胞群。
通过本领域已知的技术,如使用上述的异双功能交联剂,上述酶可与本文描述的多肽或抗体共价结合。备选地,使用本领域技术人员熟悉的重组DNA技术构建融合蛋白,该融合蛋白至少包含本文抗体的抗原结合区,并连接于本发明的酶的至少一个功能活性部分(参见,例如Neuberger等,Nature(自然)312:604-608(1984))。
7)双特异性和多特异性抗体
双特异性抗体(BsAbs)是这样的抗体,其具有针对至少两种不同表位(包括在同一蛋白或在另一蛋白上的那些)的结合特异性。备选地,一个臂可结合靶抗原,另一个臂可与结合白细胞上的触发分子的臂组合,从而将细胞防御机制集中并局限到靶抗原表达细胞,所述触发分子如T细胞受体分子(例如,CD3),或IgG的Fc受体(FcγR)如FcγR1(CD64),FcγRII(CD32)和FcγRIII(CD16)。此类抗体可衍生自全长抗体或抗体片段(例如F(ab')2双特异性抗体)。
双特异性抗体也可用于将细胞毒性剂局限到表达靶抗原的细胞。此类抗体具有结合所需抗原的一个臂和结合细胞毒性剂的另一个臂,所述细胞毒性剂例如肥皂草毒蛋白、抗-干扰素-α、长春花生物碱,蓖麻毒素A链、甲氨蝶呤或放射性同位素半抗原)。已知双特异性抗体的实例包括抗-ErbB2/抗-FcgRIII(WO 96/16673),抗-ErbB2/抗-FcgRI(美国专利5,837,234),抗-ErbB2/抗-CD3(美国专利5,821,337)。
用于生成双特异性抗体的方法是本领域已知的。全长双特异性抗体的传统生产基于两对免疫球蛋白重链/轻链的共表达,其中两种链具有不同的特异性。Millstein等,自然(Nature)305:537-539(1983)。由于免疫球蛋白重链和轻链的随机分配,这些杂交瘤(四源杂交瘤(quadromas))生成10种不同抗体分子的潜在混合物,其中只有一种具有正确的双特异性结构。通常通过亲和层析步骤进行的正确分子的纯化相当麻烦且产物产量低。类似的方法披露于WO93/08829及Traunecker等,EMBO J.10:3655-3659(1991)。
依照不同的方法,将具有期望结合特异性(抗体-抗原结合位点)的抗体可变结构域与免疫球蛋白恒定结构域序列融合。优选的是,与包含至少部分铰链部、CH2和CH3区的免疫球蛋白重链恒定结构域进行融合。优选在至少一种融合物中存在包含轻链结合所必需的位点的第一重链恒定区(CH1)。将编码免疫球蛋白重链融合物和需要时的免疫球蛋白轻链的DNA插入分开的表达载体,并共转染入合适的宿主生物体。在用于构建的三种多肽链比例不等时提供最佳产量的实施方案中,这为调整三种多肽片段的相互比例提供了很大的灵活性。然而,在至少两种多肽链以相同比例表达导致高产量时或在该比例没有特别意义时,有可能将两种或所有三种多肽链的编码序列插入一个表达载体。
在该方法的优选实施方案中,双特异性抗体由一个臂上具有第一结合特异性的杂合免疫球蛋白重链,和另一个臂上的杂合免疫球蛋白重链-轻链对(提供第二结合特异性)构成。由于免疫球蛋白轻链仅在半个双特异性分子中的存在提供了便利的分离途径,因此发现这种不对称结构便于将想要的双特异性化合物与不想要的免疫球蛋白链组合分开。该方法披露于WO94/04690。关于生成双特异性抗体的进一步详情参见例如Suresh等,酶学方法(Methods in Enzymology)121:210(1986)。
依照WO96/27011或美国专利5,731,168中记载的另一种方法,可改造一对抗体分子间的界面,以将从重组细胞培养物回收的异二聚体的百分比最大化。优选的界面包含抗体恒定结构域的至少部分CH3区。在该方法中,将第一抗体分子界面的一个或多个小氨基酸侧链用较大侧链(例如酪氨酸或色氨酸)置换。通过将大氨基酸侧链用较小氨基酸侧链(例如丙氨酸或苏氨酸)置换,在第二抗体分子的界面上产生与大侧链大小相同或相似的补偿性“空腔”。这提供了较之其它不想要的终产物,诸如同二聚体提高异二聚体产量的机制。
文献中已经记载了由抗体片段生成双特异性抗体的技术。例如,可使用化学连接来制备双特异性抗体。Brennan等,科学(Science)229:81(1985)记载了通过蛋白水解切割完整抗体以生成F(ab’)2片段的方法。将这些片段在存在二硫醇络合剂亚砷酸钠时还原,以稳定邻近的二硫醇并防止分子间二硫键的形成。然后将产生的Fab’片段转变为硫代硝基苯甲酸酯(TNB)衍生物。然后将Fab’-TNB衍生物之一重新恢复成Fab’-TNB衍生物,以形成双特异性抗体。产生的双特异性抗体可用作酶的选择性固定化试剂。
Fab’片段可从大肠杆菌直接回收,并化学偶联以形成双特异性抗体。Shalaby等,J.Exp.Med.175:217-225(1992)记载了完全人源化的双特异性抗体F(ab’)2分子的生成。由大肠杆菌分别分泌每种Fab’片段,并在体外进行定向化学偶联以形成双特异性抗体。如此形成的双特异性抗体能够结合过表达ErbB2受体的细胞和正常人T细胞,以及触发人细胞毒性淋巴细胞针对人乳瘤靶标的溶解活性。
还已经记载了从重组细胞培养物直接生成和分离二价抗体片段的多种技术。例如,已使用亮氨酸拉链生成二价异二聚体。Kostelny等,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)148(5):1547-1553(1992)。将来自Fos和Jun蛋白的亮氨酸拉链肽通过基因融合与两种不同抗体的Fab’部分连接。抗体同型二聚体在铰链区还原以形成单体,然后重新氧化以形成抗体异二聚体。Hollinger等,美国国家科学院学报(Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA)90:6444-6448(1993)记载的“双抗体”技术提供了生成双特异性/二价抗体片段的替代机制。该片段包含通过接头相连的重链可变结构域(VH)和轻链可变结构域(VL),所述接头太短使得同一条链上的两个结构域之间不能配对。因而,迫使一个片段上的VH和VL结构域与另一个片段上的互补VL和VH结构域配对,由此形成两个抗原结合位点。还报道了通过使用单链Fv(sFv)二聚体生成双特异性/二价抗体片段的另一种策略。参见Gruber等,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)152:5368(1994)。
涵盖具有超过两种效价的抗体。例如,可制备三特异性抗体。Tutt等,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)147:60(1991)。
示例性双特异性抗体可结合给定分子上的两个不同表位。备选地,抗-蛋白臂可与结合白细胞上的触发分子的臂组合,从而将细胞防御机制集中到表达该特定蛋白的细胞,所述触发分子如T细胞受体分子(例如,CD2,CD3,CD28或B7),或IgG的Fc受体(FcγR),诸如FcγRI(CD64),FcγRII(CD32)和FcγRIII(CD16)。双特异性抗体也可用于将细胞毒性剂局限到表达特定蛋白的细胞。此类抗体具有蛋白结合臂和结合细胞毒性剂或放射性核素螯合剂(如EOTUBE,DPTA,DOTA或TETA)的臂。另一种感兴趣的双特异性抗体结合感兴趣的蛋白并进一步结合组织因子(TF)。
8)多价抗体
多价抗体可以比二价抗体更快的受到表达该抗体所结合抗原的细胞的内在化(和/或异化(catabolized))。本发明的抗体可以是可容易的通过重组表达编码抗体多肽链的核酸而生成的、具有三个或更多抗原结合位点(例如四价抗体)的多价抗体(IgM类别以外的)。多价抗体可包含二聚化结构域和三个或更多抗原结合位点。优选的二聚化结构域包含(或由其组成)Fc区或铰链区。在这种情况中,抗体将包含Fc区及Fc区氨基末端的三个或更多抗原结合位点。本文中优选的多价抗体包含(或由其组成)三个至约八个但优选四个抗原结合位点。多价抗体包含至少一条多肽链(优选两条多肽链),其中所述多肽链包含两个或更多可变结构域。例如,多肽链可包含VD1-(X1)n-VD2-(X2)n-Fc,其中VD1是第一可变结构域,VD2是第二可变结构域,Fc是Fc区的一条多肽链,X1和X2代表氨基酸或多肽,而n是0或1。例如,多肽链可包含:VH-CH1-柔性接头-VH-CH1-Fc区链;或VH-CH1-VH-CH1-Fc区链。本文中的多价抗体优选进一步包含至少两条(优选四条)轻链可变结构域多肽。本文中的多价抗体可包含例如约两条至约八条轻链可变结构域多肽。本文涵盖的轻链可变结构域多肽包含轻链可变结构域,且任选进一步包含CL结构域。
9)异偶联物抗体
异偶联物抗体也在本发明的范围内。异偶联物抗体由两个共价连接的抗体组成。例如,在异偶联物中的一个抗体可以与抗生物素蛋白联结,另一个与生物素联结。例如,这种抗体已经被计划用来将免疫系统细胞靶向不需要的细胞,美国专利4,676,980,和用来医治HIV感染。WO 91/00360,WO 92/200373和EP 0308936。预期的是,也可以在体外利用已知的合成蛋白化学方法,包括那些利用交联剂的方法来制备所述抗体。例如,可以利用二硫化物交换反应或通过形成硫醚键来构建免疫毒素。用于这个目的适合的试剂的实例包括亚氨基硫醇化物(iminothiolate)和甲基-4-巯基丁亚氨酸酯(methyl-4-mercaptobutyrimidate),和那些例如在美国专利号4,676,980中公开的试剂。可以利用任何方便的交联方法来制造异偶联物抗体。适合的交联剂是本领域公知的,在美国专利4,676,980中随同许多交联技术一起被公开。
10)效应子功能工程改造
可能希望在Fc效应子功能方面修饰本发明的抗体,例如,以便修饰(例如,增强或消除)抗体的抗原-依赖性细胞-介导的细胞毒作用(ADCC)和/或补体依赖性细胞毒作用(CDC)。在优选的实施方案中,抗-PD-L1抗体的Fc效应子功能被降低或消除。这可通过在抗体的Fc区引入一个或多个氨基酸替换来完成。备选地或另外地,可向Fc区中引入半胱氨酸残基,从而使得在该区中形成链间二硫键。如此生成的同型二聚体抗体可具有改善的内在化能力和/或提高的补体介导的细胞杀伤和抗体依赖性细胞的细胞毒性(ADCC)。参见Caron等,实验医学杂志(J.Exp.Med)176:1191-1195(1992)和Shopes,B.,免疫学杂志(J.Immunol.)148:2918-2922(1992)。具有增强的抗肿瘤活性的同型二聚体抗体还可使用如Wolff等,癌症研究(Cancer Research)53:2560-2565(1993)中记载的异双功能交联剂来制备。或者,抗体可改造成具有双重Fc区,由此可具有增强的补体溶解和ADCC能力。参见Stevenson等,抗癌药物设计(Anti-Cancer Drug Design)3:219-230(1989)。
为了延长抗体的血清半衰期,可如例如美国专利5,739,277中记载的将补救受体结合表位掺入抗体(尤其是抗体片段)。在用于本文时,术语“补救受体结合表位”指IgG分子(例如IgG1、IgG2、IgG3或IgG4)的Fc区中负责延长IgG分子体内血清半衰期的表位。
11)其它氨基酸序列修饰
考虑了本文所述的抗体的氨基酸序列修饰。例如,可能需要提高抗体的结合亲和性和/或其它生物学性质。通过将适合的核苷酸变化引入抗体核酸或通过肽合成来制备抗体的氨基酸序列变体。所述修饰包括,例如在抗体的氨基酸序列中缺失残基和/或插入残基,和/或置换残基。进行缺失、插入和置换的任何组合从而得到最终的构建体,条件是最终的构建体具有需要的特征。氨基酸变化也可以改变抗体的翻译后过程,如改变糖基化位点的数目或位置。
用于鉴定对于突变发生是优选位置的抗体的某些残基或区域的有用方法被称为“丙氨酸分区诱变法”,如Cunningham和Wells在科学(Science),244:1081-1085(1989)中所述。在此处,鉴定了一种或一组靶残基(例如带电荷的残基如arg,asp,his,lys,和glu),并且用中性或带负电荷氨基酸(最优选的丙氨酸或聚丙氨酸)置换从而影响氨基酸抗原的相互作用。然后,通过在或关于置换位点引入另外的或其它变体来精选显示对置换的功能敏感性的那些氨基酸位置。因此,当预先确定引入氨基酸序列变化的位点时,突变本身的性质不需要被预先确定。例如,为了分析突变在给定位点的性能,在靶密码子或靶区进行丙氨酸分区诱变或随机诱变并且关于需要的活性筛选表达的抗体变体。
氨基酸序列插入包括氨基和/或羧基端融合,长度范围在1个残基到包含一百以上残基的多肽,以及单一氨基酸残基或多个氨基酸残基的序列内插入。末端插入的实例包括具有N-端甲硫氨酰残基的抗体或融合到细胞毒性多肽的抗体。抗体分子的其它插入变体包括抗体的N端或C端与增加抗体的血清半衰期的酶(例如关于ADEPT)或多肽的融合。
另一种类型的变体是氨基酸置换变体。这些变体具有抗体分子中的至少一个氨基酸残基被不同残基替代。用于置换突变发生的最感兴趣的位点包括高变区,但是也考虑FR改变。保守性置换在“优选的置换”的标题下在下表A中显示。如果此类置换导致生物学活性的变化,则更多实质性的改变,显示在表A中的“示例性置换”中,或在下面参照氨基酸类别进一步描述,可被引入并筛选产物。
表A
氨基酸置换
起始残基 | 示例性置换 | 优选的置换 |
Ala(A) | val;leu;ile | val |
Arg(R) | lys;gln;asn | lys |
Asn(N) | gln;his;asp,lys;arg | gln |
Asp(D) | glu;asn | glu |
Cys(C) | ser;ala | ser |
Gln(Q) | asn;glu | asn |
Glu(E) | asp;gln | asp |
Gly(G) | ala | ala |
His(H) | asn;gln;lys;arg | arg |
Ile(I) | leu;val;met;ala;phe;正亮氨酸 | leu |
Leu(L) | 正亮氨酸;ile;val;met;ala;phe | ile |
Lys(K) | arg;gln;asn | arg |
Met(M) | leu;phe;ile | leu |
Phe(F) | leu;val;ile;ala;tyr | tyr |
Pro(P) | Ala | ala |
Ser(S) | Thr | thr |
Thr(T) | Ser | ser |
Trp(W) | tyr;phe | tyr |
Tyr(Y) | trp;phe;thr;ser | phe |
Val(V) | ile;leu;met;phe;ala;正亮氨酸 | leu |
在抗体的生物学性质中的基本修饰可以通过选择这样的置换来进行,所述置换在维持下述各项的效应上显著不同:(a)在置换区域中的多肽主链的结构,例如,作为折叠或螺旋构象,(b)在靶位点的分子的电荷或疏水性,或(c)侧链的体积。将天然存在的残基基于常见的侧链性质分为数组:
(1)疏水:正亮氨酸,met,ala,val,leu,ile;
(2)中性亲水性:cys,ser,thr;
(3)酸性:asp,glu;
(4)碱性:asn,gln,his,lys,arg;
(5)影响链取向的残基:gly,pro;和
(6)芳香的:trp,tyr,phe。
非保守性置换需要将这些类别中的之一的成员与另一类交换。
不参与维持抗体适当构象的任何半胱氨酸残基也可被置换,通过用丝氨酸以改善分子的氧化稳定性并防止异常交联。相反,可向抗体添加半胱氨酸键来改善其稳定性(特别当抗体是抗体片段如Fv片段时)。
特别优选的类型的置换变体包括置换母体抗体(例如人源化或人抗体)的一个或多个高变区残基。一般地,关于进一步发展所选择的得到的变体相对于它们产生自其中的母体抗体具有改善的生物学性质。产生此类置换变体的方便的方式涉及使用噬菌体展示的亲合力成熟。简言之,对一些高变区位点(例如,6-7个位点)突变从而在每个位点产生所有可能的氨基置换。从丝状噬菌体颗粒以单价方式展示由此产生的抗体变体,所述抗体变体作为与在每个颗粒中包装的M13的基因III产物融合展示。接着关于噬菌体展示变体的生物学活性(例如结合亲合力)对其进行筛选,如本文所公开的。为了鉴定用于修饰的候选高变区位点,可以进行丙氨酸分区诱变法从而鉴定对抗原结合有显著贡献的高变区残基。备选地,或另外地,分析抗原-抗体复合物的晶体结构从而鉴定抗体及其靶标(例如PD-L1,B7.1)之间的接触点可以是有益的。根据本文详述的技术,此类接触残基和邻近残基是置换的候选物。一旦产生了此类变体,变体组进行筛选,如本文中所述,并且可以对在一个或多个相关测定法中具有优越性质的抗体进行选择以用于进一步发展。
抗体的另一种类型的氨基酸变体改变该抗体最初的糖基化模式。改变的意思是缺失抗体中发现的一个或多个碳水化合物部分,和/或添加抗体中不存在的一个或多个糖基化位点。
抗体的糖基化典型地是N-连接或O-连接的。N-连接指碳水化合物结构部分与天冬酰胺残基的侧链的连接。其中X是除了脯氨酸之外的任何氨基酸的三肽序列天冬酰胺-X-丝氨酸和天冬酰胺-X-苏氨酸,是关于将碳水化合物结构部分酶促连接于天冬酰胺侧链的识别序列。因此,在多肽中这些三肽序列的存在产生可能的糖基化位点。O-连接的糖基化指将糖N-乙酰基半乳糖胺、半乳糖或木糖之一连接于羟基氨基酸,最常见连接于丝氨酸或苏氨酸,尽管也可以使用5-羟基脯氨酸或5-羟基赖氨酸。
常规情况下,在抗体上加入糖基化位点通过改变氨基酸序列完成从而其含有一个或多个上述三肽序列(对于N-连接的糖基化位点)。还可以通过将一个或多个丝氨酸或苏氨酸残基在起始抗体序列加入或用其取代进行改变(对于O-连接的糖基化位点)。
编码本发明抗体的氨基酸序列变体的核酸分子通过本领域已知的多种方法进行制备。这些方法包括,但不限于:从自然来源分离(在天然存在的氨基酸变体的情形中)或通过早期制备的变体或非变体形式的寡核苷酸-介导(或位点定向)诱变,PCR诱变,和盒诱变进行制备。
12)其它抗体修饰
可以对本发明的抗体进一步修饰以包含本领域已知并且容易获得的另外的非蛋白质性的结构部分。优选地,适合抗体的衍生作用的结构部分是水溶性聚合物。水溶性聚合物的非限制性实例包括,但不限于:聚乙二醇(PEG),乙二醇/丙二醇的共聚物,羧甲基纤维素,葡聚糖,聚乙烯醇,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮,聚-1,3-二噁烷,聚-1,3,6-三噁烷,乙烯/马来酸酐共聚物,聚氨基酸(同聚物或随机共聚物),和葡聚糖或聚(正乙烯基吡咯烷酮)聚乙二醇,聚丙二醇同聚物,聚环氧丙烷/氧化乙烯共聚物,聚氧乙基化的多元醇(例如甘油),聚乙烯醇及其混合物。由于其在水中的稳定性,聚乙二醇丙醛可以在生产中具有优势。聚合物可以具有任何分子量,并且可以是分支或不分支的。与抗体连接的聚合物的数目可以变化,并且如果连接多于一个聚合物,它们可以是相同或不同的分子。一般地,用于衍生化的聚合物的数目和/或类型可以基于这样的考虑来确定,包括,但不限于,待提高的抗体的具体性质或功能,抗体衍生物是否将在限定的条件下用于治疗中,等。此类技术和其它适当制剂公开在Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy(雷明顿:药学科学和实践),20thEd.,Alfonso Gennaro,编辑,Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science(2000)中。
D.药物制剂
治疗剂可通过将具有期望纯度的活性成分与任选的药学上可接受的载体、赋形剂或稳定剂(Remington:The Science and Practice of Pharmacy(雷明顿:药学科学和实践),20th Ed.,Lippincott Williams&Wiklins,Pub.,Gennaro Ed.,Philadelphia,PA2000)混合而制备供贮存。可接受的载体、赋形剂或稳定剂在所采用的剂量和浓度对接受者是无毒的,包括缓冲剂,抗氧化剂,包括抗坏血酸、甲硫氨酸、维生素E、焦亚硫酸钠;防腐剂,等渗剂,稳定剂,金属复合物(例如Zn-蛋白质复合物);螯合剂如EDTA和/或非离子表面活性剂。
当治疗剂是抗体片段时,优选特异性结合靶蛋白的结合结构域的最小抑制片段。例如,基于抗体的可变区序列,可以设计这样的抗体片段或甚至肽分子,其保留结合靶蛋白序列的能力。可以通过化学合成和/或重组DNA技术产生所述肽。(见,例如,Marasco等,美国国家科学院学报(Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,)90:7889-7893[1993])。
使用缓冲剂来将pH值控制在一定范围,该pH值能使疗效最优化,特别是稳定性依赖于pH值时。缓冲剂优选的浓度范围从约50mM到约250mM。本发明使用的适合的缓冲剂包括有机的和无机的酸,和它们的盐。例如,柠檬酸盐、磷酸盐、琥珀酸盐、酒石酸盐、延胡索酸盐、葡糖酸盐、草酸盐、乳酸盐、醋酸盐。另外,缓冲剂可以由组氨酸和三甲胺盐构成,例如Tris。
添加防腐剂以抑制微生物生长,一般地范围为0.2%-1.0%(w/v)。本发明使用的适合的防腐剂包括,氯化十八烷二甲基苄基铵;氯化六烃季铵;苯甲烃铵卤化物(例如氯化物、溴化物、碘化物),苄索氯铵;硫柳汞,苯酚,丁基或苄基醇;烃基对羟苯甲酸,例如甲基对羟苯甲酸或丙基对羟苯甲酸;邻苯二酚;间苯二酚;环己醇,3-戊醇,和间甲酚。
含有张力剂(tonicity agent),有时被称为“稳定剂”,来调整或维持组合物的液体张力。当使用大的、带电生物分子例如蛋白和抗体时,它们通常称为“稳定剂”,因为它们能与氨基酸侧链的带电基团相互作用,从而减少分子内和分子间相互作用的可能性。考虑到其它成分的相对数量,张力剂可以以重量计在0.1%到25%之间优选l到5%之间的任何量存在。优选的张力剂包括多羟基糖醇,优选的三羟基或更高级的糖醇,例如甘油、赤藓醇、阿拉伯醇、木糖醇、山梨醇和甘露醇。
另外的赋形剂包括可以充当一个或多个以下试剂的试剂:(1)填充剂,(2)溶解增强剂,(3)稳定剂和(4)抑制变性或对容器壁的附着的药剂。此类赋形剂包括:多羟基糖醇(在上文中列举了);氨基酸,例如丙氨酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酰胺、天冬酰胺、组氨酸、精氨酸、赖氨酸、鸟氨酸、亮氨酸、2-苯丙氨酸、谷氨酸、苏氨酸、等等;有机糖或糖醇,例如蔗糖、乳糖、乳糖醇、海藻糖、水苏四糖、甘露糖、山梨糖、木糖、核糖、核糖醇、myoinisitose、myoinisitol、半乳糖、半乳糖醇、甘油、环多醇(例如,环己六醇)、聚乙二醇;含硫还原剂,例如尿素、谷胱甘肽、硫辛酸、巯基乙酸钠、硫代甘油、α-单硫代甘油和硫代硫酸钠;低分子量蛋白,例如人血清白蛋白、牛血清白蛋白、明胶或其它免疫球蛋白;亲水多聚体,例如聚乙烯吡咯烷酮;单糖(例如,木糖、甘露糖、果糖、葡萄糖;二糖(例如,乳糖、麦芽糖、蔗糖);三糖,例如棉子糖;和多聚糖例如糊精或葡聚糖。
含有非离子型表面活性剂或洗涤剂(也称为“润湿剂”)以帮助治疗剂溶解,以及保护治疗蛋白对抗搅动引起的聚集,其也容许制剂遭受剪切表面应力而不导致活性治疗蛋白或抗体的变性。非离子型表面活性剂的存在范围约0.05mg/ml到约1.0mg/m1,优选约0.07mg/ml到约0.2mg/ml。
适合的非离子型表面活性剂包括聚山梨醇酯(20、40、60、65、80,等等),polyoxamers(184、188等),多元醇,聚氧化乙烯山梨聚糖单醚(polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoethers)(-20、-80等等),lauromacrogol 400,聚氧40硬脂酸酯,聚氧乙烯氢化蓖麻油(polyoxyethylenehydrogenated castor oil)10、50和60,单硬脂酸甘油酯,脂肪酸糖酯,甲基纤维素和羧甲基纤维素。可以使用的阴离子洗涤剂包括十二烷基硫酸钠,丁二酸二辛基磺酸钠和二辛基磺酸钠。阳离子洗涤剂包括苯扎氯铵或苄索氯铵。
为了将制剂用于体内施用,它们必须是无菌的。可以用过滤除菌膜过滤来使制剂无菌。此处的治疗组合物一般地被放入到具有无菌的进入孔的容器中,例如,静脉注射溶液袋或具有可被皮下注射针刺穿的塞子的小瓶。
施用途径是按照已知的和公认的方法,例如通过单次或多次推注给药,或以合适的方式在一段长时间内输注,例如,通过皮下的、静脉的、腹膜内的、肌肉内的、动脉内的、病灶内的或关节内的途径注射或输注,局部施用,吸入或通过持续释放或延时释放的方法。
只要是对需医治的特定症状是必需的,此处的制剂也可包含超过一种活性化合物,优选的包含那些具有不会相互带来不利影响的互补活性的活性化合物。备选地,或此外,所述组合物可包括细胞毒性剂、细胞因子或生长抑制剂。这样的分子以对预定目标有效的数量适当地组合存在。
也可以将活性成分包埋在处于胶体药物递送系统(例如,脂质体、白蛋白微球体、微乳剂、纳米粒子和纳米胶囊)或大乳剂中的微囊中,所述微囊通过,例如,coascervation技术或界面聚合作用来制备,例如,分别地羟甲基纤维素或明胶微囊,和聚-(甲基丙烯酸甲脂)微囊。在Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences第18版(见上文)中公开了这种技术。
此处描述的蛋白和抗体的稳定性可以通过使用无毒的“水溶性多价金属盐”来增强。实例包括Ca2+,Mg2+,Zn2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Cu2+,Sn2+,Sn4+,Al2+和Al3+。可以与上述多价金属阳离子形成水溶性的盐类的阴离子的实例包括那些由无机酸和/或有机酸形成的阴离子。这种水溶盐在水中的溶解度(20℃)至少约20mg/ml,备选地至少约100mg/ml,备选地至少约200mg/m1。
可用于形成所述“水溶性多价金属盐”的适合的无机酸包括盐酸、乙酸、硫酸、硝酸、硫氰酸和磷酸。可以使用的适合的有机酸包括脂肪族羧酸和芳香酸。在这个定义下的脂肪族酸可被定义为饱和的或不饱和的C2-9羧酸(例如,脂肪族的单、二和三羧酸)。例如,在这个定义下举例性的一元羧酸包括饱和的C2-9一元羧酸,乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸、庚酸、辛酸、壬酸、和capryonic acid,和不饱和的C2-9一元羧酸,丙烯酸、propriolic甲基丙烯酸、巴豆酸和异巴豆酸。举例性的二羧酸包括饱和的C2-9二羧酸,丙二酸、琥珀酸、戊二酸、己二酸和庚二酸,而不饱和C2-9二羧酸包括顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、柠康酸和甲基延胡索酸。举例性的三羧酸包括饱和的C2-9三羧酸,丙三甲羧酸和1,2,3-丁烷三羧酸。另外,这个定义的羧酸类还可包含一个或两个羟基以形成羟基羧酸。举例性的羟基羧酸类包括乙二醇酸、乳酸、甘油酸、羟基丙二酸、苹果酸、酒石酸和柠檬酸。这个定义下的芳香酸包括苯甲酸和水杨酸。
通常使用的能用来帮助稳定本发明的包封的多肽的水溶性多价金属盐包括,例如:(1)卤族的无机酸金属盐(例如,氯化锌、氯化钙)、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、磷酸盐和硫氰酸盐;(2)脂肪族羧酸金属盐(例如,乙酸钙、醋酸锌、丙酸钙、羟乙酸锌、乳酸钙、乳酸锌和酒石酸锌);和(3)芳香族羧酸金属盐,苯甲酸盐(例如,苯甲酸锌)和水杨酸盐。
E.治疗方法
为了预防或治疗疾病,活性药剂的合适剂量将取决于需治疗的如上文定义的疾病类型、疾病的严重度和进程、施用药剂是为了预防目的还是治疗目的、先前的治疗、患者的病史和对药剂的反应,和主治医师的判断。一次性或在医治的系列过程中将药剂适当地施用给患者。
在一个具体实施方案中,本发明涉及通过PD-1(特别是通过应用阻止PD-1和/或B7.1结合的PD-L1抗体)减弱信号传导导致的共刺激,以及对T细胞功能障碍病症的治疗性处理。
1.感染
PD-1及其配体(“PD-1:PD-L”)在调节针对导致急性和慢性感染的病原体的免疫防御中发挥重要作用。PD-1:PD-L信号传导在调节有效抗微生物免疫防御和免疫介导的组织损伤之间的平衡中发挥关键作用。例如,尽管PD-1敲除小鼠比它们的野生型相应物更快的清除腺病毒感染,它们发生更严重的肝细胞损害。Iwai等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)198:39-50(2003)。在小鼠单纯疱疹病毒性角膜基质炎(herpes stromal keratitis)模型中,阻断抗-PD-L1抗体加重角膜炎,增加HSV-1特异性效应CD4T细胞扩增和IFN-γ产生和存活。Jun等,FEBS Lett.579:6259-64(2005)。
导致慢性感染的微生物利用PD-1:PD-L信号传导途径来逃避宿主免疫应答从而导致慢性感染。导致慢性感染的病毒可使病毒-特异性的T细胞无功能并由此沉默抗病毒T细胞应答。Barber等,Nature(自然)439:682-87(2006);Wherry等,J.Virol.78:5535-45(2004)。CD8+T细胞的T细胞衰竭或无反应性是在慢性感染过程中控制病毒无效的重要原因,是小鼠中慢性LCMV感染以及人中HIV,HBV,HCV和HTLV感染和灵长类动物中SIV感染的特征。衰竭的病毒-特异性CD8+T细胞表型似乎存在分级的、进行性功能丧失,IL-2产生和细胞毒性首先丧失,随后是效应子细胞因子的产生。
在患有LCMV慢性感染的小鼠中,PD-1经活化后而上调,并且被衰竭的CD8+T细胞维持高水平的表达。Barber等,见上文。施用阻断PD-1:PD-L1结合的抗体导致增强的T细胞应答和病毒负荷的大量下降。在伴有无效CD4+TH应答的持续感染的小鼠中,阻断PD-1:PD-L1将CD8+T细胞从功能障碍的状态恢复,导致增殖、分泌细胞因子、杀死感染的细胞和降低的病毒负荷载量,强烈显示了一种治疗慢性病毒感染的治疗方法。
由于在LCMV中PD-1:PD-L的作用,对靶向这种途径来治疗人中慢性感染已经显示强烈的兴趣。PD-1在下述各项中高表达:HIV-特异性的T细胞上[Petrovas等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)203:2281-92(2006);Day等,Nature(自然)443:350-54(2006);Traumann等,Nat.Med.(自然医学)12:1198-202(2006)],HBV-特异性的T细胞上[Boettler等,J.Virol.(病毒学杂志)80:3532-40(2006);Boni等,J.Virol.(病毒学杂志)81:4215-25(2007)]和HCV-特异性的T细胞上[Urbani等,J.Virol.(病毒学杂志)80:11398-403(2006)]。PD-L1在患有慢性HBV感染的患者中在外周血CD14+单核细胞和骨髓DC上也上调[Chen等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)178:6634-41(2007);Geng等,J.Viral Hepat.13:725-33(2006)],以及在HIV患者中的CD14+细胞和T细胞上也上调[Trabattoni等,Blood(血液)101:2514-20(2003)]。体外阻断PD-1:PD-L1相互作用逆转HIV-特异性的、HBV-特异性的、HCV-特异性的和SIV-特异性的CD8+和CD4+T细胞的衰竭并恢复增殖和细胞因子产生。Petrovas等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)203:2281-92(2006);Day等,见上文;Trautmann等,见上文;Boni等,见上文;Urbani等,见上文;Velu等,J.Virol.(病毒学杂志)81:5819-28(2007)。
PD-1的表达程度也可以是病毒-特异性CD8+T细胞上有用的诊断标记,用于指示T细胞衰竭和疾病严重性的程度。PD-1在HIV-特异性CD8+T细胞上的表达水平与病毒载量相关,减少CD4+计数,并降低CD8+T细胞体外应答HIV抗原而增殖的能力。与体内的观察对应,PD-1在HIV-特异性CD4+T细胞上的表达和病毒载量之间存在直接相关性。D’Souza等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)179:1979-87(2007)。长期无进展者具有有功能的HIV-特异性的记忆CD8+T细胞,具有显著更低的PD-1表达,这与典型的进展者相反,后者表达显著上调的PD-1,其与减少的CD4+T细胞数目、降低的CD4+T细胞数目、降低的HIV-特异性效应子记忆CD8+T细胞功能和增加的血浆病毒载量相关。Zhang等,Blood(血液)109:4671-78(2007)。
PD-1:PD-L途径也参与细菌感染的长期性中。幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacterpylori)导致慢性胃炎和胃十二指肠溃疡并且是发生胃癌的风险因子。在幽门螺旋杆菌感染过程中,T细胞应答不足以清除感染,导致持续性的感染。在体外或体内暴露于幽门螺旋杆菌后,PD-L1在胃上皮细胞上被上调。胃上皮细胞表达MHC II类分子并被认为在幽门螺旋杆菌感染过程中发挥重要的APC功能。阻断PD-1与PD-L1相互作用的抗-PD-L1抗体增强T细胞增殖和暴露于幽门螺旋杆菌的胃上皮细胞培养物中和CD4T细胞中的IL-2产生。用抗体或siRNA阻断PD-L1阻止调节T细胞的产生,表明PD-L1在幽门螺旋杆菌感染过程中通过控制调节和效应T细胞之间的动态可促进T细胞抑制和持续性感染。Beswick等,Infect.Immun.75:4334-41(2007).
寄生虫也利用PD-1:PD-L1途径诱导抑制免疫应答的巨噬细胞。在小鼠肥头绦虫(Taenia crassiceps)(即,绦虫)感染过程中,PD-l和PD-L2在活化的巨噬细胞上被上调,并且CD4+T细胞表达PD-1。阻断PD-1,PD-L1或PD-L2显著降低通过巨噬细胞(其来自于绦虫感染的小鼠)的体外T细胞增殖的抑制。Terrazas等,Int.J.Parasitol.35:1349-58(2005)。在小鼠曼氏血吸虫(Shistosoma mansoni)感染过程中,巨噬细胞表达高水平的PD-L1和更适度水平的PD-L2。抗-PD-L1去除这些巨噬细胞抑制T细胞体外增殖的能力,而抗-PD-L2无效应。PD-L1在来自于感染小鼠的巨噬细胞上的表达在感染后12周下降,与T细胞无反应性的破坏相关。Smith等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)173:1240-48(2004)。
2.肿瘤免疫
肿瘤免疫的实验证据包括(i)自发性缓解的观察,(ii)对肿瘤可检测的、但是无效的宿主免疫应答的存在,(iii)在免疫缺陷患者中原发和继发恶性肿瘤的增加的患病率,(iv)在肿瘤患者中检测的增加水平的抗体和T淋巴细胞,和(v)测试动物可针对多种类型的肿瘤被免疫的观察。
研究已经显示大部分人肿瘤表达肿瘤相关抗原(TAAs),其可被T细胞识别,因此可能诱导免疫应答。Boon等,Immunol.Today 16:334-336(1995)。已经启动早期临床试验,该试验用TAA接种癌症患者或用TAA致敏(pulse)专职抗原呈递细胞。Dudley等,Science 298:850-854(2002);Gajewski等,Clin.Cancer Res.(癌症研究)7:895s-901s(2001);Marincola等,Adv.Immunol.74:181-273(2000);Peterson等,J.Clin.Oncol.21:2342-2348(2003)。在许多这些试验中已经获得了肿瘤抗原特异性CD8+T细胞的诱导。Mackensen等,Eur.Cytokine Netw 10:329-336(1999);Peterson等,见上文。也进行了向患者中过继转移肿瘤抗原特异性T细胞,并已经揭示扩增的细胞毒T淋巴细胞(CTLs)向肿瘤位点的寻靶。Meidenbauer等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)170:2161-2169(2003)。然而,尽管有免疫效应细胞的肿瘤浸润,很少控制肿瘤生长。
十分明确的是肿瘤微环境可保护肿瘤细胞不受免疫破坏。Ganss等,Cancer Res.(癌症研究)58:4673-4681(1998);Singh等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)175:139-146(1992)。已经发现可溶性因子以及膜结合分子包括转化生长因子β(TGF-β),白细胞介素(IL)-10,前列腺素E2,FASL,CTLA-4配体,肿瘤坏死因子-相关的凋亡-诱导配体(TRAIL),和程序性死亡受体配体1(PD-L1,aka B7-H1)被肿瘤表达并认为其介导免疫逃避。因此,阻断这种肿瘤细胞上的负性免疫调节信号是增强体内肿瘤-特异性的CD8+T细胞免疫性的有前途的方法。
PD-L1在许多肿瘤上的表达是这种抑制的组分,可与其它免疫抑制信号协同作用。PD-L1负调节T细胞受体信号传导。已经在广泛种类的实体瘤,包括乳腺癌、肺癌、结肠癌、卵巢癌、黑素瘤、膀胱癌、肝癌、唾液腺癌、胃癌、神经胶质瘤、甲状腺癌、胸腺癌、上皮癌、头和颈癌中原位显示了PD-L1表达。Brown等,J.Immunol.(免疫学杂志)170:1257-66(2003);Dong等,Nat.Med.(自然医学)8:793-800(2002);Hamanishi等,PNAS 104:3360-65(2007);Strome等,Cancer Res.(癌症研究)63:6501-5(2003);Inman等,Cancer 109:1499-505(2007);Konishi等,Clin.Cancer Res.(临床癌症研究)10:5094-100(2004);Nakanishi等,Cancer Immunol.Immunother.56:1173-82(2007);Nomi等,Clin.Cancer Res.(临床癌症研究)13:2151-57(2004);Thompson等,PNAS 101:17174-79(2004);Wu等,ActaHistochem.108:19-24(2006).
免疫染色也揭示PD-1:PD-L在多种癌症上的表达。
有趣的是,癌症已被表征为慢性炎症疾病。Coussens等,Nature(自然)420:860-867(2002)。尽管世界范围达到15%的癌症具有直接传染原[Kuper等,J.Intern.Med.248:171-183(2000)],许多人肿瘤与慢性刺激和炎症有关。Zou等,Ntu.Rev.Cancer 5:263-274(2005)。
肿瘤上PD-L1表达与疾病结果相关的研究显示PD-L1表达与肾癌、卵巢癌、膀胱癌、乳腺癌、胃癌和胰腺癌的不良预后强烈相关,但可能不与非小细胞肺癌相关。Hamanishi等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报)104:3360-65(2007),Inman等,Cancer109:1499-505(2007),Konishi等,Clin.Cancer Res.(临床癌症研究)10:5094-100(2004);Nakanishi等,Cancer Immunol.Immunother.56:1173-82(2007);Nomi等,Clin.CancerRes.(临床癌症研究)13:2151-57(2007);Thompson等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA(美国国家科学院学报)101:17174-79(2004);Wu等,Acta Histochem.108:19-24(2006)。此外,这些研究表明肿瘤上更高水平的PD-L1表达可促进肿瘤分期的进展和向更深组织结构的侵袭。
PD-1:PD-L途径在血液恶性肿瘤中也可能发挥作用。PD-1或PD-L1很少在B细胞恶性肿瘤中表达,但是PD-L2在套细胞恶性肿瘤中过量表达。Brown等,见上文;Rosenwald等,J.Exp.Med.(实验医学杂志)198:851-62(2003)。PD-L1在多发性骨髓瘤细胞上表达,但不在正常浆细胞上表达。T细胞应答骨髓瘤细胞的扩增在体外通过PD-L1阻断而增强。Liu等,Blood(血液)110:296-304(2007)。PD-L1在一些原发性T细胞淋巴瘤上表达,特别是间变性大细胞T淋巴瘤上表达,并且PD-L1在相关的滤泡树突状细胞网络上表达。Dorfman等,Am.J.Surg.Pathol.30:802-10(2006)。微阵列分析进一步表明肿瘤相关T细胞应答霍奇金淋巴瘤中的原位PD-1信号。Chemnitz等,Blood(血液)110:3226-33(2007)。PD-1和PD-L1在HTLV-1介导的成人T细胞白血病和淋巴瘤中的CD4+T细胞上表达。Shimauchi等,Int.J.Cancer 121:2585-90(2007)。这些肿瘤细胞对TCR信号是低反应性的,并且PD-1阻断增加了它们对TNF-α的表达,但不增加IFN-γ。动物模型中的研究证明肿瘤上的PD-L1表达抑制T细胞活化和肿瘤细胞的裂解,在一些情况下导致增加的肿瘤-特异性T细胞死亡。Dong等,Nat.Med.(自然医学)8:793-800(2006);Hirano等,Cancer Res.(癌症研究)65:1089-96(2005)。
因此,用本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体抑制经PD-L1的信号传导,从而增强T细胞功能,显示减弱肿瘤免疫的前途,因此可有效治疗癌症。
F.联合疗法
本发明的方法可联合已知的治疗慢性感染或癌症的方法,其作为联合的或额外的治疗步骤或作为治疗性制剂的额外的组分。
1.癌症:
增强宿主的免疫功能来抵抗肿瘤是日益感兴趣的主题。常规方法包括(i)APC增强,诸如(a)向肿瘤注射编码异源MHC同种异体抗原的DNA,或(b)用增加免疫抗原识别可能性的基因(例如免疫刺激细胞因子、GM-CSF、共刺激分子B7.1、B7.2)转染活检的肿瘤细胞,(iii)过继性细胞免疫疗法,或用活化的肿瘤-特异性T细胞治疗。过继性细胞免疫疗法包括分离肿瘤浸润的宿主T-淋巴细胞,诸如通过IL-2或肿瘤或两者刺激体外扩增该群体。额外地,功能障碍的分离的T细胞也可通过体外应用本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体来活化。如此活化的T细胞可然后重新施用给宿主。
传统的癌症疗法包括下述各项:(i)放射疗法(例如,放射疗法、X射线疗法、照射)或用电离辐射杀死癌细胞并缩小肿瘤。放射疗法可经体外放射治疗(external beamradiotherapy,EBRT)或经内部近距离放射疗法施用;(ii)化学疗法,或应用细胞毒药物,其一般影响快速分裂的细胞;(iii)靶向疗法,或特异性影响癌细胞蛋白去调节的药剂(例如,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂伊马替尼(imatinib)、吉非替尼(gefitinib);单克隆抗体,光动力学疗法);(iv)免疫疗法,或增强宿主免疫应答(例如,疫苗);(v)激素疗法,或阻断激素(例如,当肿瘤是激素敏感的时候),(vi)血管发生抑制剂,或阻断血管形成和生长,和(vii)姑息护理,或这样的治疗,其涉及改善护理质量以降低疼痛、恶心、呕吐、腹泻和出血。疼痛药物如吗啡(morphine)和羟考酮(oxycodone),抗-催吐药如昂丹司琼(ondansetron)和阿瑞匹坦(aprepitant),可容许更具攻击性的治疗方案。
在癌症的治疗中,任何上述常规治疗癌症免疫的治疗可在本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体施用之前、之后或同时进行。另外,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可在常规癌症治疗之前、之后或同时施用,该常规癌症治疗如施用肿瘤结合抗体(例如,单克隆抗体、毒素-偶联单克隆抗体)和/或施用化疗剂。
2.感染:
在治疗感染(例如,急性和/或慢性感染)中,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体的施用可额外地联合刺激对感染的天然宿主免疫防御的常规治疗或替代该治疗。对感染的天然宿主免疫防御包括但不限于炎症、发热、抗体介导的宿主防御、T淋巴细胞介导的宿主防御,包括淋巴因子分泌和细胞毒性T细胞(特别是在病毒感染过程中),补体介导的裂解和调理作用(促进吞噬作用)和吞噬作用。本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体对复活功能障碍的T细胞的能力将特别用于治疗慢性感染,特别是其中细胞介导的免疫对完全恢复是关键的那些慢性感染。
a.细菌
对细菌感染导致的感染,可在治疗细菌感染的标准疗法同时、之前或之后联合施用本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体。当今细菌感染最常见的用抗细菌性抗生素治疗,但来自于免疫的宿主的含有病原体-特异性抗体的血清也是有效的。
由于分泌毒素而致病的细菌(产毒素细菌),用灭活毒素的接种和/或施用阻断毒素毒性的治疗剂通常是有效的(例如,多克隆血清、抗体、抗生素等)。这些生物体包括梭菌属物种(Clostridium spp.),芽孢杆菌属物种(bacillus spp.),棒状杆菌属物种(Corynebacterium spp.),霍乱弧菌(Vibrio chloerae),百日咳杆菌(Bordetellapertussis),葡萄球菌属物种(Staphylococcus spp.),链球菌属物种(Streptococcusspp)。典型地也应答此类传统疗法的革兰氏阴性细菌包括肠细菌(Enterobacteria)(例如,埃希氏菌属(Escherichia),克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella),变形菌属(Proteus),耶尔森菌属(Yersinia),Erwina),沙门氏菌属(Salmonella),和铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonasaeruginosa)。有包膜的细菌抵抗吞噬作用和调理作用从而常常阻止更显著的对免疫清除的挑战,其包括:链球菌属物种(Streptococcus spp.),嗜血杆菌属物种(Haemophilusspp.)奈瑟氏菌属物种(Neisseria spp.),克雷伯氏菌属物种(Klebsiella spp.)和脆弱拟杆菌(Bacterioides fragillis)。
细菌通过侵入细胞逃避宿主防御,从而在特定激发后逃避血清抗体和补体。对这些感染的清除几乎完全依赖于T淋巴细胞介导的免疫,特别易于变成慢性感染。具体实例包括沙门氏菌属(Salmonella)(伤寒沙门氏菌(S.typhi),S.choleraesuis,S.enteritidis),军团菌属物种(Legionella spp.),李斯特菌属物种(Listeria spp.),布鲁氏菌属物种(Brucella spp.)和分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium),包括结核分枝杆菌(M.tuberculosis),鸟分枝杆菌(M.avium)和麻风分枝杆菌(M.leprae)。
螺旋体包括密螺旋体属物种(Treponema spp.),疏螺旋体属物种(Borreliaspp.)和钩端螺旋体属物种(Leptospira spp.)是导致持续性和潜伏性感染的细菌。苍白密螺旋体(Treponema palladium),导致疾病梅毒的病原体,该疾病是性传播疾病,如果不治疗可能有严重的病理后果。该疾病经不同阶段进展。最初临床阶段是密螺旋体接种位点的溃疡和下疳。其后是螺旋体血症和微生物的转移分布期,其继续包括反复循环的感染和溶解(称为二期梅毒的状态)。在二期梅毒的溶解之后,疾病进入无症状潜伏期,其结果是三期梅毒,这是严重的常常是致命的状态。三期梅毒可表现在(i)心脏,作为主动脉炎,伴有动脉瘤形成和继发主动脉功能不足,(ii)中枢神经系统(脊髓痨,麻痹性痴呆),(iii)眼(间质性角膜炎)或(iv)耳(神经性耳聋)。非性病形式类似于性病形式的临床表现,但主要通过直接接触和差的卫生条件传播。它们包括雅司病(yaws)(苍白密螺旋体极细亚种(T.pallidumsubp.pertenue))、品他病(pinta)(品他密螺旋体(T.carateum))和非性病性梅毒(bejel)(苍白密螺旋体地方亚种(T.pallidum subsp.endemicum))。
梅毒的治疗包括青霉素(例如,青霉素G.)、四环素、多西环素(doxycycline)、头孢曲松(ceftriaxone)、阿奇霉素(azithromycin)。本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体将最有利地施用以用于潜伏性感染期的治疗。
莱姆病(Lyme disease)由伯氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia burgdorferi)导致,经蜱叮咬传播到人。该疾病最初表现为局部疹,随后是类似流感症状,包括不适,发热,头痛,颈强直和关节痛。晚期表现可包括迁移性和多关节性关节炎(polyarticular arthritis),涉及神经和心脏伴有颅神经麻痹和神经根病、心肌炎(myocarditis)、心律失常(arrhythmias)。莱姆病的一些病例变成持续性的,导致类似三期梅毒的不可逆转的损伤。
目前对莱姆病的疗法主要包括施用抗生素。抗生素抗性菌株可用羟氯喹(hydroxychloroquine)或甲氨蝶呤治疗。患有神经性疼痛的抗生素顽抗患者可用加巴喷丁(gabapentin)治疗。米诺环素(minocycline)可用于晚期/慢性患有神经病学的或其它炎症表现的莱姆病。本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体将最有利地施用以用于潜伏性感染期的治疗。
疏螺旋体病的其它形式,诸如由回归热疏螺旋体(B.recurentis),赫姆斯疏螺旋体(B.hermsii),B.turicatae,B.parikeri.,B.hispanica,杜通疏螺旋体(B.duttonii)和波斯疏螺旋体(B.persica),以及钩端螺旋体病(leptospirosis)(例如,L.interrogans)导致的那些,典型地自发消退,除非血液滴度达到导致肝内梗阻的浓度。
b.病毒
对于病毒原因导致的感染,可在施用治疗病毒感染的标准疗法同时、之前或之后联合应用本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体。此类标准疗法可根据病毒类型而不同,尽管几乎在所有病例中,施用包含特异于该病毒的抗体(例如,IgA,IgG)的人血清是有效的。
1)流行性感冒
流行性感冒感染导致发热、咳嗽、肌痛、头痛和不适,其常常发生在季节性流行中。流行性感冒还与许多感染后病症相关,如脑炎(encephalitis)、心肌心包炎(myopericarditis)、古德帕斯丘综合征(Goodpasture’s syndrome)及雷亥综合征(Reye’ssyndrome)。流行性感冒感染还抑制正常肺抗细菌防御,从而从流行性感冒恢复的患者具有发生细菌性肺炎的增加的风险。
流行性感冒病毒表面蛋白显示显著的抗原变异,其来自于突变和重组。因此,溶细胞性T淋巴细胞是宿主清除感染后病毒的主要工具。流行性感冒分成三种主要类型:甲型、乙型和丙型。甲型流感是独特的,在于其感染人和许多其它动物(例如猪、马、禽类和海豹),是广泛性流感的主要原因。另外,当细胞被两种不同甲型流感病毒株感染时,两种亲本病毒类型的区段化RNA基因组在复制过程中混合以产生杂交复制子,导致新的流行性病毒株。乙型流行性感冒不在动物中复制,因此具有较少遗传变异,丙型流感仅具有单个血清型。
最常规的疗法是对由感染导致的症状的舒减剂(palliatives),而宿主免疫应答实际上清除疾病。然而,某些病毒株(例如,甲型流感)可导致更严重的疾病和死亡。甲型流感可临床和预防性治疗,这通过施用抑制病毒复制的环胺抑制剂金刚烷胺(amantadine)和金刚乙胺(rimantadine)进行。然而,这些药物的临床应用是有限的,因为相对高的副反应率、它们窄的抗病毒谱(仅甲型流感)和病毒变得抵抗的倾向。施用针对主要流感表面蛋白、血凝素和神经氨酸酶的血清IgG抗体可预防肺感染,而需要粘膜IgA来预防上呼吸道和气管感染。目前对流感最有效的治疗是通过施用福尔马林或β-丙酸内酯灭活的病毒来接种。
2)麻疹病毒
9-11天的潜伏期后,感染麻疹病毒的宿主发生发热、咳嗽、鼻炎和结膜炎。1-2天内发生红斑、斑丘疹,其迅速扩散到全身。由于感染也抑制细胞免疫,宿主发生细菌双重感染(包括中耳炎、肺炎和感染后脑脊髓炎)的风险更大。急性感染与显著的发病率和死亡率相关,尤其在营养不良的青少年中。
麻疹的治疗包括被动施用混合的人IgG,其在未免疫受试者中预防感染,即使在暴露一周后给予。然而在超过95%的免疫人中用活的、减毒病毒预先免疫接种是对疾病最有效的治疗和预防。因为这种病毒存在一种血清型,单次免疫接种或感染通常导致对随后感染的终生保护。
在小部分感染的宿主中,麻疹可进展为SSPE,其是由于对中枢神经系统的持续性感染导致的慢性进展性神经疾病。SSPE由具有干扰病毒体组装和出芽缺陷的麻疹病毒克隆变体导致。对于这些患者,期望用本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体复活T细胞从而协助病毒清除。
3)乙型肝炎病毒
乙型肝炎病毒(HB-V)是已知最具传染性的血液传播病原体。它是急性和慢性肝炎和肝癌以及终生慢性感染的主要原因。感染后,病毒在肝细胞中复制,其然后也流出表面抗原HBsAg。检测血清中过量水平的HBsAg被用作诊断乙型肝炎病毒感染的标准方法。急性感染可消退或其发展成慢性持续性感染。
目前对慢性HBV的治疗包括α-干扰素,其增加肝细胞表面上I型人白细胞抗原(HLA)的表达,由此协助它们被细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的识别。另外,核苷类似物更昔洛韦(ganciclovir),泛昔洛韦(famciclovir)和拉米夫定(lamivudine)也已经显示在临床试验中治疗HBV感染的一些效力。对HBV另外的治疗包括聚乙二醇化α-干扰素,adenfovir,恩替卡韦(entecavir)和替比夫定(telbivudine)。尽管被动免疫可通过亲本施用抗-HBsAg血清抗体赋予,用灭活的或重组的HBsAg的接种也赋予对感染的抗性。为了治疗上的优势,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可联合常规针对乙型肝炎病毒感染的治疗。
4)丙型肝炎病毒
丙型肝炎病毒(HC-V)感染可导致慢性形式的肝炎,导致硬变。尽管症状与乙型肝炎病毒导致的感染相似,与HB-V不同,受感染的宿主可10-20年无症状。HC-V感染的治疗包括施用α-干扰素和利巴韦林(ribavirin)的组合。对HC-V感染有前途的疗法是蛋白酶抑制剂telaprevir(VX-960)。另外的治疗包括:抗-PD-1抗体(MDX-1106,Medarex),bavituximab(以B2-糖蛋白I依赖性方式结合阴离子磷脂磷脂酰丝氨酸的抗体,PeregrinePharmaceuticals),抗-HPV病毒包膜蛋白E2抗体(例如,ATL 6865–Ab68+Ab65,XTLPharmaceuticals)和(多克隆抗-HCV人免疫球蛋白)。为了治疗上的优势,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可联合一个或多个这些针对丙型肝炎感染的治疗。
可联合本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体用来特异性治疗丙型肝炎感染的蛋白酶,聚合酶和NS5A抑制剂包括下述表B中鉴定的各项。
表B
丙型肝炎蛋白酶和聚合酶抑制剂
5)人免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)
HIV攻击CD4+细胞,包括T-淋巴细胞、单核细胞-巨噬细胞、滤泡树突状细胞和Langerhan’s细胞,并消耗CD4+辅助/诱导细胞。因此,宿主获得细胞介导的免疫的严重缺陷。HIV感染在至少50%的个体中导致AIDS,通过性接触、施用感染的血液或血制品、用感染的精液的人工受精、暴露于含有血液的针或注射器传播和在分娩过程中从感染的母亲传播到婴儿。
感染HIV的宿主可以是无症状的,或可发生类似单核细胞增多症的急性疾病-发热、头痛、咽喉痛、不适和皮疹。症状可发展成为进展性免疫功能障碍,包括持续性发热、盗汗、体重减轻、无法解释的腹泻、湿疹、银屑病、脂溢性皮炎、带状疱疹、口腔念珠菌病和口腔毛状白斑。在感染发展为AIDS的患者中大量寄生虫的机会性感染是常见的。
HIV的治疗包括抗病毒疗法,包括核苷类似物,齐多夫定(zidovudine)(AST)单独或联合去羟肌苷(didanosine)或扎西他滨(zalcitabine),双脱氧肌苷(dideoxyinosine),双脱氧胞苷(dideoxycytidine),lamidvudine,司他夫定(stavudine);逆转录酶抑制剂诸如地拉夫定(delavirdine),奈韦拉平(nevirapine),洛韦胺(loviride),和蛋白酶抑制剂诸如沙奎那韦(saquinavir),利托那韦(ritonavir),茚地那韦(indinavir)和那非那韦(nelfinavir)。为了治疗上的优势,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可联合针对HIV感染的常规治疗。
6)巨细胞病毒
巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染常常与持续性、潜伏性和复发性感染有关。CMV感染并保持潜伏于单核细胞和粒细胞-单核细胞祖细胞。CMV的临床症状包括单核细胞增多症样症状(即发热、腺肿、不适)和对发生对抗生素的变应性皮疹的倾向。病毒通过直接接触传播。病毒在尿、唾液、精液中流出,在其它体液中程度较低。传播也可如下发生:从受感染的母亲到她的胎儿或新生儿和通过输血和器官移植传播。CMV感染导致细胞免疫的一般损害,其特征是对非特异性促细胞分裂剂和特异性CMV抗原的受损的胚源性应答,降低的细胞毒能力和升高的CD4+淋巴细胞的CD8淋巴细胞数目。
CMV感染的治疗包括抗病毒更昔洛韦(ganciclovir),膦甲酸(foscarnet)和cidovir,但是这些药物典型地仅在免疫妥协的患者中给予。为了治疗上的优势,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可联合针对巨细胞病毒感染的常规治疗。
7)EB病毒
EB病毒(EBV)可建立持续性和潜伏性感染并主要攻击B细胞。EBV感染导致传染性单核细胞增多症的临床状态,其包括发热、咽喉痛,常常伴有渗出物,全身性淋巴结病和脾大。也存在肝炎,其可发展成黄疸。
尽管EBV感染的典型的治疗是症状的姑息治疗,EBV与某些癌症的发生有关,如伯基特淋巴瘤(Burkitt’s lymphoma)和鼻咽癌(nasopharyngeal cancer)。因此,在这些并发症产生之前清除病毒感染十分有益。为了治疗上的优势,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可联合针对EB病毒感染的常规治疗。
8)疱疹病毒
单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)通过与受感染的宿主直接接触传播。直接感染可以是无症状的,但一般导致含有感染颗粒的水疱。疾病表现为疾病活动期的循环,其中损害随病毒潜伏性感染神经节和随后的爆发而出现和消失。损害可以在脸、生殖器、眼和/或手上。在一些情况中,感染也可导致脑炎。
疱疹感染的治疗主要涉及使症状的爆发消退,包括系统性抗病毒药物如:阿昔洛韦(acyclovir)(例如,),万乃洛韦(valaciclovir),泛昔洛韦(famciclovir),喷昔洛韦(penciclovir)和局部药物如二十二醇曲金刚胺(tromantadine)和zilactin。疱疹的潜伏性感染的清除在临床上十分有益。为了治疗上的优势,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可联合针对疱疹病毒感染的常规治疗。
9)HTLV
人嗜T细胞病毒(Human T-lymphotrophic virus,HTLV-1,HTLV-2)经性接触、哺乳或暴露于污染的血液传播。病毒激活称为Th1细胞的TH细胞亚型,导致它们的过渡增殖和过量产生Th1相关细胞因子(例如,IFN-γ和TNF-α)。其反过来导致Th2淋巴细胞的抑制和降低的Th2细胞因子的产生(例如,IL-4,IL-5,IL-10和IL-13),导致受感染的宿主针对侵入的生物体建立足够免疫应答的能力降低,所述能力需要Th2-依赖性应答来清除(例如,寄生虫感染,产生粘膜和体液抗体)。
HTLV感染导致的机会性感染导致支气管扩张、皮炎和葡萄球菌属物种(Staphylococcus spp.)和类圆线虫属物种(Strongyloides spp.)的双重感染,导致由于多种微生物败血症的死亡。HTLV感染也可直接导致成人T细胞白血病/淋巴瘤和进行性脱髓鞘性上部运动神经元病,称为HAM/TSP。HTLV潜伏性的感染的清除在临床上十分有益。为了治疗上的优势,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可联合针对HTLV感染的常规治疗。
10)HPV
人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)主要影响角质化细胞,以两种形式发生:皮肤的和生殖器的。认为其传播通过直接接触和/或性活动发生。皮肤和生殖器HPV感染均可导致疣和潜伏性感染和有时导致复发性感染,其被宿主免疫控制,该免疫控制症状并阻断疣的发生,但使得宿主能够将感染传播给他人。
HPV感染也可导致某些癌症,如宫颈癌、肛门癌、外阴癌、阴茎癌和口咽癌。对HPV感染没有已知的治愈,但目前的治疗是局部应用咪喹莫特(Imiquimod),其刺激免疫系统攻击受影响的区域。HPV潜伏性感染的清除在临床上十分有益。为了治疗上的优势,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可联合针对HPV感染的常规治疗。
c.真菌
真菌感染(或真菌病)可导致原发感染或可导致内源性菌群对具有受损的免疫系统的宿主的机会性定居。对真菌病的免疫主要似乎是细胞的,涉及中性粒细胞、巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞和可能的天然杀伤(NK)细胞。真菌病一般不受抗体和补体的直接杀伤。原发性感染导致的系统性侵袭性真菌病包括芽生菌病(blastomycosis)、球孢子菌病(coccidioiodomycosis)、组织胞浆菌病(histoplamosis)和类球孢子菌病(paracoccidioiodmycosis)。对于真菌感染导致的慢性感染,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可在对这些真菌病的任何常规已知的治疗之前、同时或随后施用。
芽生菌病,由皮炎芽生菌(Blastomyces dermatitis)导致,是吸入获得的并产生原发性肺感染或血源性散布疾病,主要涉及皮肤、骨和男性泌尿生殖道。初次暴露可以是无症状的,或其可以产生流行性感冒样症状。这种疾病可表现为慢性无痛形式。该疾病还与受损的免疫如在患有AIDS的患者相关。对皮炎芽生菌感染的常规疗法包括伊曲康唑(itraconazole),酮康唑(ketoconazole)或静脉注射两性霉素B(amphotericin B)。
球孢子菌病,由粗球孢子菌(Coccidioides immitis)导致,是吸入获得的并导致原发性肺感染、进行性肺疾病或血源性散布疾病,主要涉及皮肤、皮下组织、骨、关节和脑膜。初次暴露可以是无症状的(60%)或与流行性感冒样症状相关。可发生肺炎(Pneumonia)、胸膜炎(pleuritis)和肺空泡形成(pulmonary cavitation)。转移表现包括皮肤损伤,包括小节、溃疡、来自更深位点的窦道和疣状肉芽肿、骨、关节、腱鞘和脑膜,包括脑膜炎。疾病也与受损的免疫如在患有AIDS的患者相关。球孢子菌病的治疗包括酮康唑(ketoconazole),伊曲康唑(intraconazole)和氟康唑(fluconazole),,尤其用于非脑膜疾病的长期维持治疗。脑膜形式通常用鞘内施用两性霉素B来治疗。
组织胞浆菌病,由夹膜组织胞浆菌(Histoplasma capsulatum)导致,是吸入获得的网状内皮系统疾病,其中小酵母存在于巨噬细胞中。其可产生原发性肺感染、进行性肺疾病或血源性散布疾病,主要涉及网状内皮系统、粘膜表面和肾上腺。潜伏性感染的复活常常发生在受损的免疫的患者中,如患有AIDS的患者。初次暴露可以是无症状的或与感冒样症状相关,包括肺炎、胸膜炎、肺空泡形成和纵膈腺病(mediastinal adenopathy)。转移位点包括网状内皮系统(肝脾大、淋巴结病、贫血、白细胞减少症和血小板减少症)、粘膜(口鼻咽部溃疡)、胃肠道(吸收不良)和肾上腺机能不全。尽管大部分初次感染自发消退,当与受损的免疫(如在患有AIDS的患者中)相关时,进行复发并常常与血源性肺炎、ARDS、弥散性血管内凝血(DIC)、血源性分布的丘疹脓包和脑膜炎相关。组织胞浆菌病用两性霉素B治疗(特别是在免疫受损的患者具有血源性散布的急性疾病中)、伊曲康唑和酮康唑.
类球孢子菌病,由巴西副球孢子菌(Paracoccidioides brasiliensis)导致,是吸入获得的真菌病,其可产生原发性肺感染或血源性散布疾病,主要涉及皮肤、粘膜、网状内皮系统和肾上腺。感染可以最初是无症状而是静止的,然后复活。这种感染的治疗使用酮康唑,伊曲康唑和磺胺类药物(sulfonamides)。
系统侵袭性真菌病来自于机会病原体,其发生在受损的免疫的宿主,包括念珠菌病(candidiasis),隐球菌病(cryptococcosis),曲霉病(aspergillossi),毛霉菌病(mucomycosis)和肺囊虫病(pneumocystosis)。通过在受损的免疫系统中提高免疫应答,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体也可在治疗这些病症中具有治疗价值,特别是当与常规疗法联合时。
念珠菌病(由白色念珠菌(Candida albicans),热带念珠菌(C.tropicalis),光滑念珠菌(C.glabrata)引起),隐球菌病(由新型隐球菌(Cryptococcus neoformans)导致),曲霉病(aspergillosis)(由黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus),烟曲霉(A.fumigatus),A.tereus和黑曲霉(A.niger)导致)和毛霉菌病(mucormycosis)(由少根根霉(Rhizopusarrhizus),Rhizomuco,Absidia,小克银汉霉属(Cunninghamella),被孢霉属(Mortierella),瓶霉属物种(Saksenaea spp.)导致)的治疗可通过一种或多种下述各项进行:咪唑,酮康唑,伊曲康唑,氟康唑,两性霉素B伴有或不伴有氟胞嘧啶(flucytosine)。肺囊虫炎(由卡氏肺囊虫(penumocystis carnii)导致)最近从原生动物重新分类到真菌中,其用甲氧苄氨嘧啶-磺胺甲基异噁唑(trimethoprim-sulfamethoxole)(TMP-SMZ)和静脉内羟乙磺酸戊氧苯脒(pentamidine isethionate)以及氨苯砜(dapsone),TMP-氨苯砜,三甲曲沙,克林霉素-伯氨喹(clindamycin-primaquine)和阿托伐醌(atovagnone)治疗。
微孢子虫病(Microsporidiosis)由微孢子目(Microsporidia)寄生虫导致,最近从原生动物重新分类到真菌中。它们是单细胞生物体,具有纺锤剩体而非线粒体。可导致人疾病的生物体包括:比氏肠微孢子虫(Enterocytozoon bieneusi),Encephalitozoonhellem,肠脑炎微孢子虫(Encephalitozoon intestinalis),兔脑炎微孢子虫(Encephalitozoon cuniculi),具褶孢虫属物种(Pleistophora spp),Trachipleistophora hominis,Trachipleistophora anthropophthera,Nosema connori,眼微孢子虫(Nosema ocularum),Brachiola vesicularum,Vittaforma corneae,Microsporidium ceylonensis,非洲微孢子虫(Microsporidium africanum),Brachiolaalgerae。
认为感染由与动物、污染的水或另一受感染的宿主直接接触传播到人。感染宿主细胞后,孢原质生长、分裂或形成多核原质团,其可具有复杂的生活周期,包括无性和有性繁殖。微孢子虫感染的特征常常是连续世代的自感染和慢性、虚弱性疾病。
疾病的临床表现可根据物种和宿主免疫状态而不同,包括结膜炎(例如,V.corneae)、慢性腹泻、吸收不良和消瘦(例如,比氏肠微孢子虫(E.bieneusi),肠脑炎微孢子虫(E.intestinalis))。
眼部、肠和弥散性微孢子虫病的治疗包括施用阿苯达唑(albendazole)。局部应用烟曲霉素也有效用于治疗微孢子的角结膜炎。其它药物包括驱蠕虫药(antihelminthics)(例如,阿苯达唑),抗生素(例如,烟曲霉素(fumagillin)),免疫调节剂(例如,沙利度胺(thalidomide)),抗原生动物剂(例如,甲硝唑(metronidazole))。
d.原生动物
由寄生虫导致的疾病如疟疾、血吸虫病(schistosomiasis)和利什曼病(leishmaniasis)是发展中国家中最流行的最重要的健康问题之一。这些疾病特别具有挑战性,因为它们通过多种方式逃避宿主免疫,包括:1)在宿主细胞内生活(例如,利什曼虫(Leishmania)),2)迅速改变表面抗原(例如,锥虫(trypansomes))和3)通过展示宿主抗原“伪装”它们自己为宿主细胞(例如,血吸虫(schistosomisasis))。在治疗癌症和结合器官移植以及全球蔓延的AIDS中使用免疫抑制药物可重新激活潜伏性或亚临床的来自于疟原虫属物种(Plasmodium spp.)、弓形体属物种(Toxoplasma spp.)、利什曼虫属物种(Leishmania spp.)、隐孢子虫属物种(Cryptosporidium spp.)、锥虫属物种(Trypanosomaspp.)和蠕虫(helminths)的感染。
对由于原生动物寄生虫感染导致的慢性感染,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可联合施用:标准抗原生动物疗法,与之组合施用、在其之前或之后施用。
疟疾由疟原虫属(genus Plasmodium)的寄生虫(例如,卵形疟原虫(P.ovale),三日疟原虫(P.malariae),恶性疟原虫(P.falciparum),间日疟原虫(P.vivax))导致,感染周期开始是子孢子,其在雌性按蚊(anopheline mosquito)的肠中发育。经传播到人,这些子孢子侵入肝细胞并复制,而不诱导炎症反应。这些生物体的后代称为裂殖子,然后侵入红细胞并起始疾病的临床期,典型的特征是发热和寒战。在世界上感染地方性流行的地区,几乎所有住民带有连续低水平的低到中度病原性的慢性感染,具有增加水平的IgG抗体提供对于从裂殖子进入红细胞的保护。
目前可获得的用于临床疾病的治疗和预防的抗疟疾药物包括:蒿甲醚-本芴醇(Artemether-lumefantrine)(治疗,例如,和),青蒿琥酯-阿莫地喹(artesunate-amodiaquine)(治疗),青蒿琥酯-甲氟喹(artesunate-mefloquine)(治疗),青蒿琥酯-磺胺多辛/乙胺嘧啶(artesunate-Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine)(治疗),阿托伐醌-氯胍(atovaquone-proguanil),(治疗和预防,例如,),奎宁(quinine)(治疗),氯喹(chloroquine)(治疗和预防),cotrifazid(治疗和预防),多西环素(治疗和预防),甲氟喹(mefloquine)(治疗和预防,例如,),伯氨喹(primaquine)(仅治疗间日疟原虫(P.vivax)和卵形疟原虫(P.ovale),不用于预防),氯胍(proguanil)(预防),磺胺多辛-乙胺嘧啶(sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine)(治疗和预防),羟氯喹(hydroxychloroquine)(治疗和预防,例如,)。
通过复活无反应性T细胞,本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可特别用于协助清除疟疾寄生虫的治疗。
弓形体病(toxoplasmosis),由弓形体属(genus Toxoplasma)的寄生虫导致,常常是无症状的,但是一小部分可发展成临床疾病,其范围可从良性急性淋巴结病到中枢神经系统的致命感染。传染源包括生的或部分烹制的猪肉或羊肉中的孢囊和受感染的猫粪便中传递的卵母细胞。人中发生的感染通常经过胃肠道,原生动物几乎可在身体每个细胞中穿透并繁殖(作为速殖体)。这些速殖体可产生孢囊,其充满微小的、缓慢生长的传染体(慢殖子),它们可长期存活,导致潜伏的慢性感染。受损的免疫系统的宿主,如服用免疫抑制药物或患有HIV的那些,特别易于罹患弓形体病(toxicoplasmosis)。
用于治疗原发性弓形体病的药物包括下述:乙胺嘧啶(pyrimethamine),伴有或不伴有抗生素(例如,磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine),克林霉素(clindamycin),螺旋霉素(spiramycin)和米诺环素(minocycline))。潜伏性弓形体病(toxoplasmosis)可用抗生素阿托伐醌(atovaquone)伴有或不伴有克林霉素进行治疗。
利什曼病(leishmaniasis),由利什曼原虫属(genus Leishmania)的寄生虫导致,感染皮肤和内脏的巨噬细胞,经白蛉传播到人。由于存在很少或不存在特异性血清抗体,通过活化的T细胞的细胞介导的免疫似乎是清除感染的关键途径。旧大陆型利什曼病(leishmaniasis),也称为热带疖(tropical sore)由数种物种的利什曼原虫导致:热带利什曼原虫(L.tropica),硕大利什曼原虫(L.major)和埃塞俄比亚利什曼原虫(L.aethiopica)。新大陆型利什曼病由墨西哥利什曼原虫(L.Mexicana)和巴西利什曼原虫(L.braziliensis)的多种亚种导致。这些寄生虫诱导强烈的细胞介导的免疫应答,但临床疾病的结果也部分由于宿主的应答。如果宿主启动受抑制的或不足的细胞介导的应答,结果是弥散性慢性皮肤利什曼病,自发痊愈的希望小(例如埃塞俄比亚利什曼原虫,墨西哥利什曼原虫)。如果宿主启动过度的细胞介导的应答,应答是狼疮状或recidiva利什曼病,伴有持续性的无溃疡的原发损伤边缘出现的淋巴小结(例如,热带利什曼原虫)。Recidiva利什曼病(leishmaniasis)可在最初损伤后1至10年出现。存在两种形式的疾病,皮肤的和内脏的,皮肤形式表现出皮肤损伤,细胞介导的免疫对于清除是关键的。在内脏形式中,细胞介导的免疫不足或不存在,疾病临床表现为多克隆B细胞高丙种球蛋白血症(hypergammaglobulinemia)、白细胞减少症(leukopenia)、脾大(splenomegaly)和增加的TNF-α产生。
米替福新(miltefosine)(例如,)和paramyocin是目前可得的用于皮肤和内脏利什曼病(leishmaniasis)的疗法。
隐孢子虫病(Crytosporidiosis),由隐孢子虫属(genus Crytosporidia)的原生动物感染导致,由于人直接接触受感染宿主的粪便排泄物导致。肠粘膜组织感染可导致腹泻。疾病典型地表现为急性感染,但其可变为慢性,特别是在免疫受损的个体中。治疗一般是姑息治疗,特别是水合,但是巴龙霉素(paromomycin),阿奇霉素(azithromycin)和血清Ig(例如,)已经成功用于清除感染。
锥虫病(trypanosomiasis),由锥虫属(Trypanosoma)寄生虫导致(例如,锥虫冈比亚亚种(T.Brucei,subsp.),罗得西亚亚种(gambiense,rodesiense))由采采蝇叮咬感染人和牛。这种病原体的挑战来自于群体连续世代展示不同表面抗原。感染的特征是升高水平的非特异性和非保护性的血清免疫球蛋白。
锥虫病的治疗包括静脉施用下述各项:喷他脒(pentamidine)(用于T.b.gambiense),静脉内苏拉明(suramin)(用于T.b.rhodesiense),依氟鸟氨酸(eflornithine),美拉胂醇(melarsoprol)伴有或不伴有硝呋替莫(nifurtimox)。
蠕虫感染由吸虫(例如,血吸虫属物种(Schistomsoma spp.))、绦虫和线虫导致,都具有嗜曙红血球增多和反应抗体的一般免疫应答,该应答是T细胞依赖性的。
血吸虫病(schistosomiasis)(也称血吸虫病(bilharzia)),由曼氏血吸虫(Shistosoma mansoni),日本血吸虫(S.japonicum),埃及血吸虫(S.haematobium)和湄公血吸虫(S.mekongi)导致,它们生活周期在水中作为卵开始,其然后孵化成纤毛幼虫,其穿透蜗牛并产生多世代的胞蚴。这些依次产生尾分叉的尾蚴,其能作为血吸虫童虫(shistosomula)感染人宿主的血流,其最初迁移到肺,然后到肝。这些吸虫最后配对、交配并在肠系膜小静脉产卵。尽管这些卵许多运行到肠并排出,有一些陷入粘膜下层、肝的门静脉和身体的其它器官。与陷入的卵相关的肉芽肿性炎症是慢性血吸虫病的明确症状。
血吸虫病的治疗包括施用吡喹酮锑(antimony),羟氨喹(Oxamniquine)(曼氏血吸虫)和
绦虫感染可分为两组,一组是肠居住成人绦虫如阔节裂头绦虫(Diphyllobothrium latum)和牛肉绦虫(Taenia saginata),其具有受限制的、非体液免疫效应。第二组描述了迁移组织-包囊幼虫绦虫如短膜壳绦虫(Hymenolepis nana),细粒棘球绦虫(Echinococcus granulosus)和猪肉绦虫(Taenia solium),其诱导强烈的胃肠外宿主应答和保护性血清抗体。人中最严重绦虫感染是包虫病(Echinococcosis),其当植入肝、肺、脑、肾或身体其它部分可导致包虫囊的形成。
包虫病的治疗包括施用甲硝唑,阿苯达唑(thiabendazole)和外科介入,如去除、抽吸、造袋术或网膜固定术。
线虫是感染人的最常见多样的和广泛分布的蠕虫,导致病症如旋毛虫病(trichnosis),蛔虫病(ascariasis),丝虫病(filariosis)和类圆线虫病(strongylodiosis)。旋毛虫病(Trichinosis)由旋毛线虫(Trichinella spiralis)导致,可由于摄入生肉或部分烹制的肉如猪肉中的旋毛虫的幼虫导致。在人中,感染诱发强烈的体液应答,具有升高的IgM,随之是IgG产生,随之是迅速排除通过T淋巴细胞的抗体损害的蠕虫。
杀死肠中成虫的仅有已知的疗法是噻苯达唑,而没有已知的杀死幼虫的疗法。
蛔虫(Ascaris),也称为蛔虫(giant roundworm(Ascaris lumbricoides)),是人中常见寄生虫,由摄入粪便污染的物质导致。尽管患者可保持非常长时间的无症状,因为幼虫阶段在身体中穿行,它们可导致内脏损伤、腹膜炎和炎症、肝或脾扩大、毒性和肺炎。
蛔虫的治疗包括施用甲苯达唑(mebendazole)(例如,),哌嗪,双羟萘酸噻嘧啶(pyrantel pamoate)(例如,),阿苯达唑(albendazole),噻苯达唑(thiabendazole)伴有或不伴有哌嗪,己雷琐辛(hexylresorcinol),山道年(santonin)和土荆芥油。本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体可与这些用于治疗蛔虫的疗法联合、之前或之后施用。
丝虫病(filariosis),由丝虫线虫(filarid nematodes)导致,通过昆虫载体引入人中。旋盘尾丝虫(Onchocerca volvulus),导致科罗病(onchoceriasis)或河盲(riverblindness),经黑蝇叮咬传播。传染性幼虫本身居住于皮下,发育成成虫,诱导纤维生成性宿主应答,流出大量尾丝蚴,其皮下分散并经过眼,进一步诱导角膜炎或视网膜炎,其然后导致角膜变得不透明。淋巴的丝虫病由于布鲁丝虫属物种(Brugia spp.)和吴策线虫属物种(Wuchereriaspp)感染导致。经一段时间,淋巴组织(特别是在腹股沟)的瘢痕形成可妨碍引流,导致毁容状态象皮病。
丝虫病的主要治疗是施用抗生素伊维菌素(ivermectin),阿苯达唑和枸橼酸乙胺嗪(diethylcarbamazine citrate)(DEC,)伴有或不伴有伊维菌素和阿苯达唑。其它治疗前景包括多西环素,其杀死共生细菌沃尔巴克氏体属(wolbochia)。
类圆线虫病(strongylodiosis),由类圆线虫(Strongyloides)属寄生虫(例如,S.stercoralis,S.fülleborni)导致,是经粪便污染的土壤传递到人的疾病。它们可以游离生活周期(杆状幼虫成熟为成虫)和寄生周期(丝状蚴成熟为成虫)存在,后者穿透皮肤,运行到肺,然后是咽,最后居住于肠中。也已知发生类圆线虫的自感染,其基本是连续世代的丝状蚴重复感染。
感染可以是无症状的,或可以具有下述特征:胃肠道疼痛和腹泻、肺的吕弗勒综合征( syndrome)(即,嗜曙红细胞过多)和荨麻疹。也可存在血液嗜曙红细胞过多。因为类圆线虫的持续性感染模拟消化性溃疡、胆囊疾病和局限性回肠炎,常发生误诊。在免疫受损的宿主中特别成问题。
类圆线虫病的已知疗法是伊维菌素,阿苯达唑或噻苯达唑(thiabendazole),但是因为这种药物仅杀死成虫,必需重复施用。
e.疫苗接种
疫苗接种或施用抗原性物质以诱导对疾病的免疫常规用于预防或改善病原体感染的效应。增强宿主免疫可用在不希望有的抗原上,该抗原不仅在传染性病原体上发现,也在染病(例如癌症)的宿主组织上发现。传统地,疫苗衍生自减弱的或死亡的全病原体,但它们也可以是代表完整病原体上的表位的肽,其被人I类或II类主要组织相容性复合物(MHC)分子特异性识别。特别感兴趣的肽抗原是特异性被T细胞识别的那些。
最近,已经显示将治疗性接种与在衰竭的CD8+T细胞上施用PD-L1阻断组合导致慢性感染小鼠模型中增强的功能和病毒控制。Ha等,J.Exp.Med.205(3):543-555(2008)。因此,本文描述的抗-PD-L1抗体也可联合抗原免疫接种(例如,之前、同时或之后施用)来治疗由病毒、细菌、真菌或原生动物侵入导致的感染(例如,急性的和慢性的)以及肿瘤免疫。
G.药物剂量:
本发明的药物组合物的剂量和期望的药物浓度可取决于预想的特定用途而变化。确定合适剂量或施用途径完全在普通技术人员的能力范围内。动物试验为确定用于人类治疗的有效剂量提供了可靠的指导。可以根据Mordenti,J.和Chappell,W."The Use ofInterspecies Scaling in Toxicokinetics(毒物代谢动力学中种间测量的应用),"在Toxicokinetics and New Drug Development(毒物代谢动力学和新药开发),Yacobi等,编辑,Pergamon Press,New York 1989,第42-46页中提出的原则进行有效剂量的种间换算。
当进行此处描述的多肽或抗体的体内施用时,正常的剂量数取决于施用途径可以从每天约10ng/kg直到约100mg/kg哺乳动物体重或更多,优选的约l mg/kg/天到10mg/kg/天。已经在文献中提供了对施用的特别剂量和方法的指导,参见,例如,美国专利号4,657,760;5,206,344;或5,225,212。包含在本发明的范围之内的是,不同的制剂对于不同的治疗和不同的疾病是有效的,以及意图治疗特定器官或组织的施用可能必需以不同于治疗另一个器官或组织的方式来施用。此外,可以通过一次或多次独立的施用,或通过连续的输注来按剂量施用。对于持续几天或更长时间的重复施用,取决于其条件,持续进行治疗直到产生期望的对疾病症状的抑制。然而,其它施用方案也是有用的。可以通过传统的技术和分析来容易地监测治疗的进展。
H.制剂的施用
本发明的制剂,包括但不限于重构制剂和液体制剂,根据已知的方法,例如以推注形式(bolus)静脉施用,或通过肌肉内的、腹膜内的、脑脊髓内的、皮下的、关节内的、滑液内的、鞘膜内的、口服的、局部的或吸入的途径,在一段时间内的连续输注,来向需要用抗-PD-L1抗体治疗的哺乳动物优选人施用。
在优选的实施方案中,通过皮下施用(例如,在皮肤之下)将所述制剂施予哺乳动物。为此,可以利用注射器注射所述制剂。然而,用于施用所述制剂的其它装置是可用的,例如注入装置(例如,INJECT-EASETM和GENJECTTM装置);注射笔(例如GENPENTM);自动注射装置、无针的装置(例如,MEDIJECTORTM和BIOJECTORTM)和皮下贴片递送系统(subcutaneouspatch delivery systems)。
在具体实施方案中,本发明涉及用于单剂量施用单位的试剂盒。这种试剂盒包括治疗蛋白或抗体的水性制剂的容器,包括单室的或多室的预填充注射器。示例性的预填充注射器可从Vetter GmbH,Ravensburg,Germany获得。
所述蛋白的合适剂量(“治疗有效量”)将取决于,例如,需治疗病症、病情的严重度和进程、施用蛋白是为了预防目的还是治疗目的、先前的治疗、患者的病史和对抗-PD-L1抗体的反应,使用制剂的形式和主治医师的判断。一次性或在一系列治疗过程中向患者合适地施用抗-PD-L1抗体,也可自诊断后任何时候向患者施用。所述抗-PD-L1抗体可以作为唯一的治疗方法来施用,或与在治疗当前病情中有用的其它药物或治疗方法组合施用。
对于抗-PD-L1抗体,最初候选剂量范围可以是约0.1-20mg/kg向患者施用,其可以一次或多次的独立施用的形式施用。然而,其它施用方案也是有用的。可以通过传统的技术来容易地监测此类治疗的进展。
I.制品
在本发明的另一个实施方案中,提供包含所述制剂的制品,优选提供它的使用说明。所述制品包括容器。适合的容器包括,例如,瓶子、小瓶(例如,双室小瓶)、注射器(例如,单室或双室注射器)和试管。所述容器可以由各种材料例如玻璃或塑料制成。容器装有所述制剂。位于容器上,或与之关联的标签,可以标明重构和/或使用的指示。标签可进一步说明所述制剂对皮下施用有用或是供皮下施用的,和/或用于治疗T细胞功能障碍病症。带有所述制剂的容器可以是多次使用的小瓶,其容许重复施用(例如,2-6次施用)重构制剂。所述制品可进一步包括包含适合的稀释剂(例如,BWFI)的第二容器。在混合所述稀释剂和冻干制剂时,在重构制剂中的最终蛋白浓度一般地是至少50mg/ml。所述制品可进一步包括从商业和用户立场出发的其它所需的材料,包括其它的缓冲剂、稀释剂、过滤器、针、注射器和带使用说明的包装说明书。
通过参考以下实施例将能更充分地理解本发明。然而,这些实施例不能被看作是对本发明的范围的限制。本公开的所有引用文件通过引用明确并入本文。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明提供了包含此处描述的制剂用于在自动注射器装置中施用的制品。自动注射器可被描述为一种在启动时无需患者或施用者的额外的必要动作而投送其内容物的注射装置。当施用速率必需恒定和施用时间比较长时,它们特别适合于治疗制剂的自我给药。
实施例1
鉴定噬菌体文库中的抗-PD-L1抗体
文库分选和筛选以鉴定抗-PD-L1抗体
使用人(R&D Systems,cat#156-B7)和鼠(R&D Systems,cat#1019-B7)PD-L1-Fc融合物作为抗原用于交替的文库分选。具体而言,噬菌体文库首先针对人抗原,然后在随后的三个轮次中针对鼠、人和鼠抗原进行分选。Nunc 96孔免疫板在4℃用靶抗原(10μg/ml)包被过夜,并用噬菌体封闭缓冲液PBST(磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)和1%(w/v)牛血清白蛋白(BSA)和0.05%(v/v)tween-20)在室温封闭1小时。抗体噬菌体文库VH(参见如Lee等人,J.Immunol.Meth.(免疫学方法杂志)284:119-132,2004)和VH/VL(参见Liang等人,J.Mol.Biol.366:815-829,2007)单独添加至抗原板并在室温下温育过夜。下一天抗原包被的板用PBT(含有0.05%Tween-20的PBS)洗涤十次,结合的噬菌体用50mM HCl和500mM NaCl洗脱30分钟并用等体积的1M Tris碱(pH 7.5)中和。回收的噬菌体在大肠杆菌(E.coli)XL-1Blue细胞中扩增。在随后的选择轮次中,抗体噬菌体与抗原包被的板的温育降至2-3小时,板洗涤的严格性逐渐升高。
4轮淘洗之后,观察到显著的富集。从VH和VH/VL每个文库分选中挑选96个克隆以确定它们是否特异性结合至人和鼠PD-L1-Fc两者。这些克隆的可变区通过PCR测序以鉴定独特序列克隆。
通过将单个克隆的VL和VH区分别克隆至LPG3和LPG4载体(Lee等,同上),在哺乳动物CHO细胞中瞬时表达,并通过蛋白A柱纯化,将目的亲本克隆重新设计(reformat)为IgG。对13个噬菌体抗体阻断可溶性PD-1-Fc融合蛋白和293细胞中表达的人或鼠PD-L1之间相互作用的能力进行评估(在表1-上半部标出IC 50值)。选择YW243.55用于后来的亲合力成熟以改善其对人和鼠PD-L1两者的亲合力,所述抗体具有最低的阻断人PD-L1结合PD-1的IC50。(表1)。具有可比较的针对灵长类和鼠物种两者(也保留对人的亲合力)的交叉反应性的抗体将提供具有增强值的治疗剂,因为在实验模型中表征良好的相同抗体可用于人的临床试验中。这避免了来自使用模型特异性代用品的不确定结果。
构建用于衍生自VH文库的克隆的亲合力改善的文库
噬菌粒pW0703(衍生自噬菌粒pV0350-2b(Lee等人,J.Mol.Biol(分子生物学杂志)340,1073-1093(2004)),含有在所有CDR-L3位置中终止密码子(TAA)并在M13噬菌体表面上展示单价Fab)用作文库模板,用于从VH文库移植感兴趣克隆的重链可变结构域(VH)以用于亲合力成熟。将硬性和软性随机化策略用于亲合力成熟。对于硬性随机化(hardrandomization),使用设计为模仿天然的人抗体的氨基酸对具有三个轻链CDR选定位置的一个轻链文库随机化,所设计的DNA简并性在Lee等(J.Mol.Biol 340,1073-1093(2004))中描述。对于软性随机化(soft randomization),位置在CDR-L3的91-94和96,CDR-H1的28–31和34-35,CDR-H2的50,52和53-58,CDR-H3的95–99和100A的残基被靶向;并选择两种不同组合的CDR环(L3/H1/H2和L3/H3)用于随机化。为了实现所述软性随机化情况,其在选定的位点引入大约50%的突变率,用支持野生型核苷酸的70-10-10-10的碱基混合物合成诱变的DNA(Gallop等,Journal of Medicinal Chemistry(医学化学杂志)37:1233-1251(1994))。
产生亲合力改善的噬菌体分选
对以前鉴定的噬菌体克隆进行第一轮板分选,然后进行五或六轮溶液分选。所述文库各自针对人和鼠PD-L1-Fc(R&D Systems,分别为cat.#156-B7,cat#1019-B7)单独进行分选。对于人PD-L1-Fc靶标,在第一轮板分选,三种文库用在1%BSA和0.05%Tween 20中大约3O.D./ml的噬菌体输入针对靶标包被板(NUNCplate)在室温下各自分选2小时。在第一轮板分选后,进行溶液分选以增加选择的严格性。对于溶液分选,由第一轮板分选繁殖的1O.D./ml的噬菌体与20nM生物素化的靶标蛋白(浓度基于亲本克隆噬菌体的IC50值)在含有1%Superblock(Pierce Biotechnology)和0.05%Tween-20的100μL缓冲液中室温下一起温育30分钟。混合物进一步用1%Superblock稀释10X,并施用100μL/孔至neutravidin-包被的孔中(5μg/ml)在室温下温和振荡15分钟从而生物素化的靶标结合噬菌体。该孔用PBS-0.05%Tween-20洗涤10X。为确定背景结合,含有具有未生物素化的靶标的噬菌体的对照孔在neutravidin-包被的板上捕获。结合的噬菌体用0.1N HCl洗脱20分钟,用1/10体积的1M Tris pH-11中和,滴定并繁殖以用于下一轮。此后,通过两种方法增加选择严格性一起进行另外五轮(five more)的溶液分选。其中第一轮是结合-速率(on-rate)选择,其通过将生物素化靶标蛋白的浓度从4nM降低至0.5nM进行,其中第二轮是解离-速率(off-rate)选择,其通过添加过量的非生物素化靶标蛋白(多100~2000倍)以将较弱的结合物竞争下来,均在室温或37℃下进行。另外,降低噬菌体的输入(0.1~0.5O.D/ml)以降低背景噬菌体的结合。对于鼠PD-L1-Fc靶标,噬菌体分选方法与上面所述的人PD-L1Fc抗原的方法相似,稍有修改。具体而言,在第一轮板淘洗之后立即将100nM生物素化的鼠PD-L1-Fc用于溶液淘洗。在随后的四轮溶液淘洗中,生物素化的靶标从10nM降低至1nM,并在室温加入200-500倍过量的非生物素化靶标。
然后,用下述实施例中描述的高通量亲合力筛选ELISA程序对亲合力成熟的克隆进行进一步地筛选。
高通量亲合力筛选ELISA(单样点竞争)
分别从对人和鼠PD-L1靶标的第七和第六轮筛选中挑选菌落。该菌落在37℃于含50μg/ml羧苄青霉素和1E10/ml KO7的150μL/孔的2YT培养基在96-孔板(Falcon)中生长过夜。从相同的板中,挑选XL-1感染的亲本噬菌体的菌落作为对照。96-孔Nunc板用100μL/孔的人和鼠PD-L1-Fc蛋白(2μg/ml)各自于PBS在4℃下包被过夜或在室温下包被2小时。该板用65μL的1%BSA封闭30分钟并用40μL的1%Tween 20封闭另外30分钟。
噬菌体上清在100μL总体积中在含有或不含有10nM靶标蛋白的ELISA(酶联免疫吸附测定)缓冲液(含0.5%BSA,0.05%Tween-20的PBS)中以1:10稀释,在室温下于F板(NUNC)中温育至少1小时。75μL的含有或不含有靶标蛋白的混合物并排转移至靶标蛋白包被的板上。该板温和振荡15分钟以允许将未结合的噬菌体捕获至靶标蛋白包被的板上。该板用PBS-0.05%Tween-20洗涤至少五次。结合通过将辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)-偶联的抗-M13抗体加入至ELISA缓冲液(1:5000)中并于室温温育30分钟进行定量。该板用PBS-0.05%Tween20洗涤至少五次。此后,将100μL/孔的1:1比率的3,3',5,5'-四甲基联苯胺(TMB)过氧化物酶底物和过氧化物酶溶液B(H2O2)(Kirkegaard-Perry Laboratories(Gaithersburg,MD))加入至孔中并在室温下温育5分钟。通过添加100μL 1M磷酸(H3PO4)至每孔并允许在室温下温育5分钟终止反应。使用标准ELISA板读数器在450nm确定每孔中黄色的OD(光密度)。通过下述方程计算OD的降低(%)。
OD450nm降低(%)=[(含竞争物的孔的OD450nm)/(无竞争物的孔的OD450nm)]x100
与亲本噬菌体的孔(100%)的OD450nm降低(%)相比,挑选对人和鼠靶标两者具有低于50%的OD450nm降低(%)的克隆进行序列分析。对噬菌体制备物选择独特克隆以通过与亲本克隆的比较来确定对于人和鼠PD-L-Fc两者的结合亲合力(噬菌体IC50)。
材料
从R&D Systems购买hPD-1-Fc,hPD-L1-Fc,hB7.1-Fc,mPD-1-Fc,mPD-L1-Fc和mB7.1。使用常规技术在Genentech产生表达hPD-L1的293细胞。从Jackson ImmunoResearchLaboratories购买F(ab′)2山羊抗-人IgG Fc。
蛋白质的偶联
按照制造商所描述的在室温用EZ-Link sulfo-NHS-LC-LC-生物素(Pierce)生物素化PD-1-Fc和B7.1-Fc蛋白质30分钟。按照制造商所描述的用Quick Spin High CapacityColumns,G50-Sephadex(Roche)去除过量的非反应生物素。
F(ab′)2山羊抗-人IgG Fc是按照制造商所描述的用MSD Sulfo-标记NHS-Ester(Meso Scale Discovery)进行钌标记并用Quick Spin High Capacity Column,G50-Sephadex去除过量的非反应Sulfo-标记。
用于测试噬菌体抗体的ECL细胞结合测定
通过电化学发光(electrochemiluminescent(ECL))细胞结合测定测量导致50%抑制hPD-1-Fc与表达hPD-L1的293细胞的结合的抗体浓度(IC50)。表达hPD-L1的293细胞用磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)进行洗涤并在96孔高结合板(High Bind plate)(Meso ScaleDiscovery)上在25μL PBS中每孔接种25,000细胞。在室温温育板以允许细胞附着于所述板的碳表面。加入25μL的30%FBS至每孔中并在温和振荡下温育该板30分钟以封闭非特异性结合位点。用PBS在ELISA微量培养板洗涤机(ELx405 Select,Bio-Tek Instruments)上于轻柔的分散和抽吸条件下洗涤板三次。通过在纸巾上吸干板来去除孔中过量的PBS。在3%FBS的PBS(测定缓冲液)中加入12.5μL的2X浓度的抗体至每孔中,然后在测定缓冲液中加入12.5μL的4μg/mL(2X浓度)的hPD-1-生物素并在温和振荡下温育该板一小时。在微量培养板洗涤机上用PBS洗板3次,并在纸巾上吸干板。加入25μL的2μg/mL的链霉抗生物素蛋白-钌(Meso Scale Discovery)并在温和振荡下于室温在测定缓冲液中温育30分钟。在微量培养板洗涤机上用PBS洗板3次,并在纸巾上吸干该板。加入150μL的不含有表面活性剂的1X MSD读数缓冲液(Meso Scale Discovery)。在Sector Imager 6000阅读器(Meso ScaleDiscovery)上在620nm处阅读所发出的发光光线。用测定中所使用的测试抗体浓度使用四参数的非线性最小二乘拟合分析ECL值,以获得测定中每个竞争物的IC50值。
结果和讨论:
选择结合人和鼠PD-L1两者的衍生自YW243.55的十五个独特噬菌体抗体并重新设计(reformatted)成全长IgG1抗体用于进一步评价。这些抗体的轻链和重链可变区序列报道于图11A和B。
通过电化学发光(ECL)细胞结合测定测试所述十五个重新设计的Ab阻断PD-1结合表达人或鼠PD-L1的293细胞的能力。(表1-下半部:在表1“形式1”中描述可溶性人PD-1-Fc结合人PD-L1-转染的293细胞;“形式2”描述鼠PD-1-Fc结合鼠PD-L1转染的293细胞,和“形式3”描述人PD-1结合鼠PD-L1-转染的293细胞)。尽管所有十五个亲合力改善的Ab已获得显著的对鼠PD-L1的交叉反应性,基于它的阻断人和鼠PD-L1两者结合PD-1的能力,选择YW243.55S70作为主要候选物以继续(表1:分别为49pM和22pM的IC50值)。
表1
实施例2
表征抗-PD-L1抗体(BIAcore)
抗-PD-L1噬菌体抗体YW243.55和YW243.55S70针对重组的人和鼠PD-L1的结合亲合力通过表面等离振子共振(surface plasmon resonance,SRP))使用BIAcoreTM-3000仪器测量。重组的人PD-L1-Fc(R&D Systems,cat#156-B7)和重组的鼠PD-L1-Fc(R&D Systems,cat#1019-B7)直接包被于CM5生物传感器芯片上以获得大约500应答单位(responseunits,RU)。对于动力学测量,两倍连续稀释液(3.9nm至500nm)在25℃以30μL/min的流速注入PBT缓冲液(含0.05%Tween-20的PBS)中。使用简单一对一Languir结合模型(BIAcore评价软件3.2版(BIAcore Evaluation Software version 3.2))计算结合速率(kon)和解离速率(koff)。平衡解离常数(kD)以比率koff/kon计算。
测量的抗-PD-L1噬菌体抗体克隆YW243.55和YW243.55.S70的结合亲合力报道于下面的表2中。
表2
BIAcore结合亲合力
实施例3A
抗-PD-L1 Ab对人、恒河猴和鼠PD-L1的特异性–FACS和放射性配体细胞结合测定)
本实施例显示本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体对人、恒河猴和鼠PD-L1的特异性。另外,本实施例显示所述Ab对表达于293-转染细胞的细胞膜上的鼠和人PD-L1的亲合力。
将人和鼠PD-L1稳定地转染入293细胞。收获细胞并在96-孔板中以每孔150,000细胞铺板用于结合研究。
从Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research(西南生物医学研究基金会)(San Antonio,Texas)获得恒河猴血液。用等体积的PBS稀释血液并覆盖于96%Ficoll-Paque(GE Healthcare)上用于分离单核细胞。单核细胞使用红细胞裂解缓冲液(Qiagen)从红细胞中裂解并用5ng/ml PMA加1μM离子霉素在6孔板中以1.5x106细胞/ml培养过夜。培养基是RPMI 1640,其含有10%胎牛血清、20μM HEPES和1:100稀释的下列来自Gibco添加物:Gluta-MAX、丙酮酸钠、青霉素/链霉素和非必需氨基酸。第二天收获细胞并将细胞等分至96-孔板用于结合研究(大约120,000细胞每孔)。
PD-L1抗体YW243.55.S70或抗体对照以10μg/ml开始以三倍连续稀释在冰上结合50μl体积的细胞25分钟进行滴定。洗涤细胞然后用抗-人IgG PE(Caltag)以20μg/ml在冰上结合25分钟。恒河猴细胞也可用CD3 FITC和CD4 APC(BD Biosciences)进行共染色以区分CD4+ T-细胞。
所有样品在Beckman Dickinson FACSCalibur上运行并且使用TreeStar,Inc.软件分析作为抗-PD-L1抗体浓度函数的PD-L1结合数据的平均荧光强度;使用Kaleidagraph计算EC50值(与一半最大结合相关的Ab浓度)。另外,进行平衡结合研究从而定义YW24355S70结合表达于293细胞上的人和鼠PD-L1的精确亲合力(Kds)(实施例3B)。这些值总结于下面的表3中:
表3
EC50总结
实施例3B
抗-PD-L1 Ab对人和鼠PD-L1的亲合力测量–平衡结合放射性配体细胞结合测定
转染人或鼠PD-L1的293细胞在生长培养基中在37℃在5%CO2中进行培养,该生长培养基由添加了10%胎牛血清(FBS)、2mM L-谷氨酰胺、1X青霉素-链霉素的RPMI 1640培养基组成。细胞用结合缓冲液(具有2%FBS和50mM Hepes,pH 7.2的50:50DMEM/F12)进行洗涤并在0.2mL的结合缓冲液中以大约230,000细胞放置入96-孔板。使用非水溶性碘化试剂方法(Iodogen method)碘化抗-PD-L1抗体,YW243.55.S70.hIgG。使用NAP-5柱通过胶过滤从游离125I-NA中纯化放射性标记的抗-PD-L1抗体;该纯化的Ab具有17.41μCi/μg的比活性。将50μL体积的竞争反应混合物放置入96-孔板中,该混合物含有固定浓度的碘化的抗体和减少浓度的系列稀释的未标记抗体。表达人PD-L1和鼠PD-L1的293稳定转染的细胞系在生长培养基中在37℃在5%CO2中进行培养,该培养基由添加10%胎牛血清(FBS)、2mM L-谷氨酰胺、1X青霉素-链霉素的50:50DMEM/F12培养基组成。细胞用结合缓冲液(具有2%FBS、50mMHEPES,pH 7.2和2mM叠氮化钠的50:50DMEM/F12)进行洗涤并在0.2mL的结合缓冲液中以大约200,000细胞的密度添加到50μL竞争反应混合物中。与细胞的每个竞争反应中碘化的抗体的终浓度是~150pM(~120,000cpms/0.25mL)并且在与细胞的竞争反应中非标记抗体的终浓度是变化的,在500nM开始然后减少2倍(对于10个浓度)。与细胞的竞争反应在室温温育2小时。对于每个浓度的未标记抗体,与细胞的竞争反应重复三次进行测定。2小时温育后,将竞争反应转移到Millipore Multiscreen过滤板并用结合缓冲液洗涤4次从而从结合的碘化抗体中分离游离的抗体。在Wallac Wizard 1470γ计数器(PerkinElmer Life andAnalytical Sciences Inc.Wellesley,MA)上计数过滤器。使用NewLigand软件(Genentech)评价结合数据,该软件使用Munson和Robard的拟合算法来确定抗体的结合亲合力。Musson等,Anal.Biochem.107:220-39(1980)。
如表3中所示,如通过Scatchard分析所确定的Kd值确证了结合人和鼠PD-L1的抗-PD-L1抗体的EC50值。
实施例4
抗-PD-L1 Ab的选择性和亲合力(IC50)
本实施例显示使用结合选择性和亲合力(如IC50)测定来评价本发明的全长抗-PD-L1抗体的阻断PD-L1结合PD-1和B7.1两者的能力。
方法:
hB7.1-Fc-生物素和hPD-1-Fc-生物素结合hPD-L1-Fc ELISA(形式4)
Nunc Maxisorp 384孔板用PBS中的25μL的250ng/mL hPD-L1-Fc包被过夜。在微量培养板洗涤器上用具有0.05%Tween的PBS(洗涤缓冲液)洗涤孔三次并用具有0.5%BSA的PBS封闭孔。加入0.05%Tween,0.5%BSA的PBS(测定稀释液)中的12.5μL 2X浓度的抗体至每个孔然后加入测定稀释液中的12.5μL 250ng/mL(2X浓度)的hB7.1-Fc-生物素并振荡温育板一个半小时。用洗涤缓冲液洗涤孔六次并加入25μL的链霉抗生物素蛋白-HRP(测定稀释液中的1:40,000,GE Healthcare)。搅动地温育板30分钟并用洗涤缓冲液洗涤孔六次。加入25μL的TMB底物(Kirkegaard和Perry实验室)一个小时并用25μL 1M磷酸终止反应。在450nm处阅读吸光度并如实施例1中ECL-细胞结合测定所描述的分析IC50值。
形式5、6、7:
对于结合hPD-L1-Fc的hPD-1-Fc-生物素(形式5),该形式与上面测定相似,除了用于结合的是使用hPD-1-Fc-生物素而不是hB7.1-Fc-生物素。TMB底物反应时间是17分钟。
对于结合mPD-L1-Fc的mB7.1-Fc-生物素(形式6),该形式与形式5相似,除了用于包被板的是使用mPD-L1-Fc而不是使用hPD-L1-Fc及用于结合的是mB7.1-Fc-生物素而不是hB7.1-Fc-生物素。所述TMB底物反应时间是7分钟。
对于结合mPD-L1-Fc的mPD-1-Fc-生物素(形式7),该形式与上面提到的鼠ELISA相似,除了用于结合的是使用mPD-1-Fc-生物素而不是mB7.1-Fc-生物素。所述TMB底物反应时间是5分钟。
结果:
表4中报道了阻断标示的结合对之间相互作用的亲合力成熟的噬菌体抗-PD-L1抗体YW243.55.S70的IC50的评价。YW243.55S70能够以38pM的半最大抑制浓度阻断人PD-L1结合hB7.1Fc,该浓度相对相当于其阻断PD-L1/PD-1相互作用的IC50值(42pM)。Biacore研究与这些ELISA结果(数据未显示)相一致,该研究测量YW243.55S70阻断PD-L1与PD-1和B7.1两者相互作用的能力。
表4
实施例5
通过抗-PD-L1抗体YW243.55.S70增强CD4+和CD8+ T细胞体外活性PMEL/B16体外
测定
本实施例显示本发明的抗-PD-L1抗体对PMEL T细胞受体转基因的CD8+T细胞激活的效应,如通过响应黑色素细胞肽gp100而增强γ-IFN产生所测量的。在这个程序中,从PMEL TCR转基因鼠获得CD8+ T细胞,该鼠的CD8+ T细胞表达特异于gp100肽的TCR。纯化该CD8+ T细胞之后,进行多轮次的刺激以产生和扩增激活的CD8+ T细胞,然后该细胞将反过来上调PD-1表达。平行地,用IFN-γ处理B16黑素瘤细胞以上调它们的PD-L1表达。然后,该细胞在抗-PD-L1抗体存在下共培养,并评价对IFN-γ产生的效应。选择B16细胞用于第三刺激因为它们内源性地低水平表达gp100肽(与外源性应用该肽相对)。而且,因为这些细胞也不表达PD-L2、B7.1或B7.2,因此可以最小化与PD-L1不相关的额外信号传导(例如,通过CD28或CTLA-4的信号传导或通过PD-1的PD-L2诱导信号传导)的影响。
PMEL测定:
如图3中所示,抗-PD-L1抗体增强产生IFN-γPMEL CD8+T细胞的百分比和响应标示gp100肽总量所产生的IFN-γ的平均水平。
D.011.10体外测定:
利用Ova-特异的TCR Tg CD4+ T细胞的相似测定显示用Ova肽的先前刺激以诱导表达PD-1后在抗-PD-L1 Ab存在下可增强T细胞增殖(图4)。在最后刺激中,表达PD-L1的被照射的A20B细胞用于将标示Ova肽的浓度递呈给DO.11.10T细胞。值得注意的是,PD-1/PD-L1轴的贡献在更低程度的抗原受体刺激下是更显著的,该水平更接近地反映刺激的生理上相关的强度。
材料和方法:
PMEL测定
初次刺激(第0-4天)
从PMEL转基因T细胞受体小鼠中收获脾脏和肠系膜淋巴结。将器官压碎成单细胞悬液并裂解红细胞。按照每个制造商的说明书,使用CD8+T细胞分离试剂盒和AutoMACS细胞分离器(Miltenyi Biotec)分离CD8+T细胞。
从非转基因的性别匹配的小鼠中分离脾脏并将其压碎成单细胞悬液,裂解红细胞。细胞用0.1μg/ml的gp100-肽在37℃致敏两个小时并洗涤。
细胞在96-孔平底板中用200,000PMEL CD8+T细胞和75,000gp100-致敏的脾细胞共培养4天。培养基是Iscove’s改良Dulbecco’s培养基+10%胎牛血清+20μM HEPES,和1:100稀释的来自Gibco的下述添加物:Gluta-MAX、丙酮酸钠、青霉素/链霉素和非必需氨基酸。
第二次刺激(第4-7天)
将PMEL培养物旋转沉降(spun down)并用多通道移液管抽吸培养基。加入新鲜培养基并混合以洗涤细胞,接着再次旋转。去除大多数培养基并加入终浓度为10μg/ml的抗体(YW243.55.S70、或不加)。在重复孔中设置条件从而在终点时可以评价平均IFN-γ产量。
用0.1μg/ml gp100肽在37℃致敏DC-1细胞2小时并洗涤细胞。以40,000细胞/孔加入Gp100-致敏的DC-1细胞以洗涤PMEL培养物。PMEL和DC-1+抗体共培养3天。
第三次刺激(第7-8天)
在第6天(第三次刺激的前一天)时,用20ng/ml的鼠IFN-γ(R&D Systems)温育B16黑素瘤细胞过夜以上调它们的PD-L1表达。
第7天时,将PMEL培养物旋转沉降并用多通道移液管抽吸培养基。加入新鲜培养基并混合,接着再次旋转。去除大多数培养基并加入终浓度为10μg/ml的抗体。
用IFN-γ刺激过夜后,洗涤B16细胞并将其分为三组用于与无gp100、1ng/ml的gp100(gp100低)或10ng/ml的gp100(gp100高)温育两个小时。洗涤细胞然后将细胞以每孔40,000细胞加入到洗涤的PMEL+Ab培养物中并一起温育过夜。
第8天的IFN-γ细胞内染色
按照每个制造商的说明书,在培养的最后5小时加入Golgi-Plug(BDBiosciences)。按照每个制造商的说明书,使用BD Biosciences Cytofix/CytopermFixation/Permeabilization溶液试剂盒进行IFN-γ细胞内染色并且所有的染色抗体也是来自BD Biosciences。细胞用CD8a PE和Thy1.1 FITC进行表面染色并在饱和浓度用IFN-γAPC进行细胞内染色。
所有样品在Beckman Dickinson FACSCalibur上运行并且使用Tree Star,Inc.FLOWJOTM软件分析数据。
D011.10体外测定
收获来自DO11.10转基因鼠的脾脏和肠系膜淋巴结,压碎成单细胞悬液并裂解红细胞。在6孔板中以每毫升1x106细胞的密度将细胞与0.3μM的Ova肽培养72小时。培养基是RPMI 1640+10%胎牛血清+20μM HEPES和1:100稀释的来自Gibco的下列添加物:Gluta-MAX、丙酮酸钠、青霉素/链霉素和非必需氨基酸。
在初次刺激后,按照每个制造商的说明书(Miltenyi Biotec)收获细胞并用鼠CD4T细胞纯化试剂盒纯化CD4+T细胞。然后使纯化的CD4+T细胞休眠过夜。
第二天,收获、洗涤细胞并将细胞与被照射的(10,000rads)A20细胞共培养。在96-孔U底的板的三个重复孔中设置共培养,该共培养用50,000CD4+T细胞至40,000A20细胞与滴定的Ova肽和20μg/ml终浓度的抗体进行。48小时后,培养物用1μCi/孔的3H-胸腺嘧啶核苷进行过夜致敏并在第二天将其冰冻。后来解冻板子,在细胞采集机上收获并在β-计数器上阅读。
实施例6
混合淋巴细胞反应中通过抗-PD-L1增强人CD8+ T细胞的增殖
图5证明抗-PD-L1(例如,YW243.55.S1)增强人CD8 T细胞应答来自MHC-错配供者细胞的增殖。按照每个制造商的说明书,从供体A的全血中首先使用CD8+ T细胞(StemCell Technologies)富集应答的CD8+ T细胞。然后通过等体积的磷酸盐缓冲盐水(PBS)稀释细胞并通过覆盖在Ficoll-Paque Plus(GE Healthcare)上面通过梯度离心分离细胞。分离后,细胞用CD8 APC(BD Biosciences)进行染色并被发现为78%CD8+T细胞。细胞用2.5μM CFSE示踪剂染料(Molecular Probes)进行荧光标记。
为了用作同种异体的抗原递呈细胞(APC),首先从供体B的全血中分离单核细胞,然后排除CD3+T细胞。用等体积的PBS稀释血液并在Ficoll上的梯度离心后分离单核细胞。细胞用CD3 FITC(BD Biosciences)进行染色、洗涤,然后与抗-FITC玻璃细珠温育(Miltenyi Biotec)。然后,在AutoMACS细胞分离器上(Miltenyi Biotec)排除CD3 FITC阳性细胞。然后细胞在铯辐照器上照射2500rads。
在96-孔平底板中细胞与150,000CD8+ T细胞和150,000APC与10μg/ml抗体共培养5天。培养基是RPMI 1640+10%胎牛血清+20μM HEPES和1:100稀释的来自Gibco的下列添加物:Gluta-MAX、丙酮酸钠、青霉素/链霉素和非必需氨基酸。
在第5天时,收获、洗涤细胞并用CD8-生物素进行染色后进行链霉抗生物素蛋白-PerCp(BD Biosciences)染色。样品在Beckman Dickinson FACSCalibur上运行并且使用Tree Star,Inc.FlowJo软件分析数据。
在抗-PD-L1存在时,观察到对来自MHC-错配供体细胞应答的CD8 T细胞的增殖增强大约45%。
实施例7
体内模型中PD-L1阻断LCMV的效应
在慢性刺激条件下T细胞已显示上调和维持抑制性受体PD-1的表达。通过它的两个配体PD-L1和PD-L2之一连接PD-1有助于长期激活的T细胞的不应状态,减弱它对它的同族抗原的应答。在用淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎病毒(LCMV)持续性感染的小鼠中,PD-1或它的配体PD-L1的阻断足以复活长期不应的T细胞,增强抗-病毒T细胞反应的强度和功能质量。相似地,长期感染HIV或HCV的人展示对刺激不应的T细胞,该T细胞活性可在体外通过阻断PD-1或PD-L1而得到增强。因此,在LCMV模型中PD-L1阻断的活性表明用于增强抗-病毒和抗-肿瘤免疫的治疗潜能。
对于LCMV在小鼠中的体内实验,我们已经重新设计了人源化的抗-PD-L1抗体(YW243.55S70),其是通过将噬菌体-衍生的重链和轻链可变区序列克隆至小鼠IgG2a重链和小鼠κ轻链恒定结构域的上游进行。为了防止表达PD-L1细胞的抗体-介导的细胞毒性,通过抑制Fcγ受体结合,将位置265(天冬氨酸)和297(天冬酰胺)变为丙氨酸(DANA)。Shields,RL等J.Biol Chem 2001 276(9):6591-6604。为了测试所述抗-PD-L1抗体增强慢性感染中抗-病毒免疫的能力,在第0天时,用2x106空斑形成单位(pfu)的克隆13LCMV感染小鼠或者LCMV的Armstrong株作为参考对照。概略的实验设计呈现在图6中。用克隆13感染导致慢性感染,其特征为T细胞得到扩增但却不能有效地清除病毒,而Armstrong LCMV在感染的8-10天内得到清除。在第14天时,小鼠开始用以10mg/kg剂量3x/周递送的抗-PD-L1或对照mIgG进行处理。在第21和28天,对CD8T细胞的功能和血液与组织中的病毒滴度进行分析。
与Barber等,Nature(自然)439:682-7(2006)发表的数据相一致,本实施例显示在慢性LCMV感染中在2周处理方案后抗-PD-L1 Ab增强对LCMV反应的细胞毒性淋巴细胞的能力。图7A显示对gp33 LCMV-特异性肽有反应的CD8 T细胞的%,该细胞在其细胞表面表达CD107a。CD107a的质膜表达(其一般地表达于细胞内)伴随脱粒过程并因此用作脱粒的替代标记物。相对于来自急性Armstrong LCMV感染的细胞的应答,来自感染了慢性株(克隆13)的动物的细胞在脱粒方面是受损的(对照Ig组),而PD-L1阻断能够重建CD8+脱粒至这样的水平,该水平与Armstrong感染中观察到的那些水平相当。类似地,7B证明在相对于对照Ig的抗-PD-L1-处理组中对LCMV gp33应答产生IFN-γ的CD8T细胞的%增加了。
然后,测试了抗-PD-L1 Ab对减少或根除血液和组织中LCMV病毒的影响。在图8A中,该图显示在感染克隆13LCMV后的第21和28天在对照Ig和PD-L1处理动物的所示组织中的对数病毒滴度。抗体处理开始于感染后第14天。阻断PD-L1导致病毒滴度在血液、肝脏、脑、肺和肾脏中非常显著的减少。令人印象深刻地,在5只小鼠中的3只,α-PD-L1 Ab减少血液LCMV滴度至低于检测的水平(<1x10-5)。在随后的比较设计实验中,在以10mg/kg或2mg/kg3x/周剂量的抗-PD-L1处理2周的5/5小鼠中观察到血液和肝脏中的病毒根除(数据未显示)。更下面的图显示血液中病毒滴度减少的动力学并表示相对于对照第28天在抗-PD-L1处理组中病毒滴度平均减少96.8%。这些数据支持在慢性感染中PD-1/PD-L1途径在抑制T细胞应答中的重要性并且这些数据与从慢性感染诸如丙型肝炎和HIV的人中获得的体外PD-L1阻断对T细胞的效应是一致的。
材料和方法:
确定对LCMV gp33肽应答的由CD8T细胞产生的%IFN-γ
从感染小鼠中分离脾脏并通过在完全培养基中压碎器官产生单个细胞悬液,该完全培养基为含有10%热灭活的胎牛血清,2mM L-谷氨酰胺,100U/ml青霉素/链霉素和10mM2-巯基乙醇的IMDM(Invitrogen Inc.,Carlsbad,CA)。使用ACK裂解缓冲液(0.15M NH4Cl、10mM KHCO3、0.1mM EDTA)裂解红细胞。为了测量抗原特异性的CD8 T细胞应答,在完全培养基中洗涤脾细胞并在体外用LCMV肽GP33(KAVYNFATC,ProImmune Inc.,Bradenton,FL)重新刺激4个小时。在存在100单位/ml的人白介素-2(Sigma-Aldrich,St.Louis,MO)1μl/ml布雷菲德菌素A(brefeldin A)和1μl/ml(1:1000稀释)莫能菌素(monensin)(BD pharmingen)和抗-CD107a FITC(克隆ID4B,BD Biosciences,San Jose,CA)下与100ng/ml的GP33肽在96孔平底板中培养1x106脾细胞。温育后,在含有2%胎牛血清的PBS中洗涤细胞一次并使用下列荧光染料偶联抗体进行细胞表面标记物染色:抗-CD8APC(克隆53.67,BD Biosciences,SanJose,CA)抗-CD4PerCp-Cy5.5(克隆RM4-5,BD Biosciences,San Jose,CA)和抗-PD-1PE(克隆J43,BD Biosciences,San Jose,CA)。根据制造商的说明书使用Cytofix Cytoperm Pluskit(BD Biosciences,San Jose,CA),使用抗-IFN-γPE-Cy7(克隆XMG1.2,eBioscienceInc.San Diego,CA)进行胞内IFN-γ染色。为了检测GP33特异性CD8T细胞的数量,根据制造商的说明书用GP33五聚体(连接到APC的H2-Db,ProImmune Inc.,Bradenton,FL)染色新鲜的脾细胞。使用BD FACSAria(BD Biosciences,San Jose,CA)收集数据并用FlowJoSoftware(Tree Star Inc.Ashland OR)分析数据。
确定LCMV病毒滴度:
用完全IMDM中10倍连续稀释的含有LCMV的血液或组织匀浆感染MC57纤维肉瘤细胞。然后将反应在37℃在组织培养保温箱中温育2-6个小时,然后用含有1%甲基纤维素的DMEM覆盖上。在其之后温育3-5天,然后通过抽吸去除甲基纤维素层。所述细胞用PBS/4%多聚甲醛固定,然后用0.5%Triton-x透化20分钟,在PBS中洗涤,然后在缓和摇动下在10%FCS中封闭1小时。用VL4抗体(1小时)对LCMV进行染色,洗涤2次,然后在封闭缓冲液中用抗-大鼠HRP(1:400)显色。在其之后洗涤3次,然后加入o-苯二胺底物(SIGMA P8806-50TAB3mg/片)至孔中以显色。
实施例8
癌症中的PD-L1阻断
现在已经清楚很多肿瘤利用表达PD-1配体作为减弱抗-肿瘤T细胞应答的方法。数种人癌症已在肿瘤和肿瘤浸润白细胞两者中特征性地表达升高水平的PD-L1并且这种升高的PD-L1表达经常与更坏的预后相关联。小鼠肿瘤模型表明肿瘤内PD-L1表达具有类似的增加并且表明PD-1/PD-L1途径在抑制肿瘤免疫中的作用。
此处我们提供实验表明阻断PD-L1对同系基因型C57B6小鼠中MC38.Ova鼠结直肠癌细胞的常位肿瘤生长的影响(图9A)。如通过流式细胞术(柱状图–图9B)所评价的,这些细胞通过逆转录病毒转导在其细胞表面表达卵清蛋白并表达PD-L1,但不表达PD-L2。在第0天时用50万MC38.Ova细胞皮下接种小鼠。在研究期间,第1天或第14天小鼠(当肿瘤已达到的250mm3平均大小时)10小鼠/组用10mg/kg抗-PD-L1(YW243.55S70-鼠IgG2a-DANA)、对照Ig、或封闭抗-CTLA4Ab,(UC10-4F10-11)3x/周进行处理。早期或在晚期干预中阻断PD-L1作为单一试剂治疗在预防肿瘤生长中是非常有效的。相反地,阻断表达于T细胞上的另一个抑制分子(CTLA4)没有显示抑制肿瘤生长的证据。这些结果表明在抑制抗-肿瘤免疫应答中PD-1/PD-L1轴对CTLA4/B7的独特作用并且这些结果支持抗体对人癌症的治疗潜能,该抗体阻断PD-L1与PD-1和B7.1的相互作用。
MC38.Ova同系基因型肿瘤模型:方法。在第0天时,用100微升HBSS+基质胶中的50万MC38.Ova细胞皮下接种70只动物。在D1时开始,将20只小鼠加入到2个处理组的一个(参见下面:组1或组2)。允许剩余的40只小鼠生长肿瘤直至第14天。在这些40只小鼠中,具有相似大小肿瘤的30只小鼠加入到3个处理组的一个(组3-5)。测量肿瘤并且2x/周称重小鼠。由于不相似的肿瘤体积而被安乐死的小鼠不加入下面的处理组:
组1:抗-gp120抗体,10mg/kg IP,100μL,D1,3x/周
组2:抗-PD-L1抗体,10mg/kg IP,100μL,D1,3x/周
组3:抗-gp120抗体,10mg/kg IP,100μL,D14,3x/周
组4:抗-PD-L1抗体,10mg/kg IP,100μL,D14,3x/周
组5:抗-CTLA-4抗体,10mg/kg IP,100μL,D14,3x/周
***在D1时组1和2开始给药;在D14时组3、4和5开始给药。
实施例9
抗-PD-L1联合其他试剂以提供抗-肿瘤效应或免疫增强治疗–MC38.Ova模型
在第0天时,用100微升HBSS+基质胶中的50万MC38.Ova细胞皮下接种150只动物。允许小鼠生长肿瘤。2x/周对小鼠进行称重和测量直至第11天(当肿瘤体积是100-200mm3之间)。在第11天时,在肿瘤测量之后,小鼠加入下面12个处理组中的1个。由于不相似的肿瘤体积而被安乐死的小鼠不加入下面的处理组。在第12天时开始吉西他滨(组4)处理,然而在第14天时开始处理剩余的抗体组。惰性载体中的所有体积是100μl,其他的详情如下面所报道的:
组1:抗-gp120抗体,10mg/kg IP,100μL,3x/周x 5,n=10
组2:抗-PD-L1抗体,10mg/kg IP,100μL,3x/周x 5,n=10
组3:抗-VEGF抗体,5mg/kg IP,100μL,2x/周x 5,n=10
组4:吉西他滨,40mg/kg IP,100μl,Day 12,16,20,n=10
组5:抗-PD-L1抗体+抗-gp120抗体,n=10
组6:抗-PD-L1抗体+抗-VEGF抗体,n=10
组7:抗-PD-L1抗体+吉西他滨,n=10
组8:抗-gp120抗体+吉西他滨,n=10
组9:抗-gp120抗体+抗-VEGF,n=10
第12天:来自组1的小鼠麻醉下球后静脉采血(100微升)用于CBC分析。
第14天和第22天:来自组4的小鼠麻醉下球后静脉采血(100微升)用于CBC分析。
第19天:所有小鼠,除了来自组4的小鼠麻醉下球后静脉采血(100微升)用于CBC分析。
第26天:所有小鼠,除了来自组4的小鼠麻醉下球后静脉采血(100微升)用于PK分析。
2X/周测量肿瘤并称重小鼠。显示体重减轻>15%的动物将对其每天进行称重,如果它们减轻>20%的体重那么其将被安乐死。当肿瘤体积超过3,000mm3,或3个月后仍未形成肿瘤时,小鼠将被安乐死。
本研究显示(图10)PD-L1阻断比单独的α-VEGF和吉西他滨的诱导方案更有效。
实施例10
抗-PD-L1抗体在哺乳动物细胞中的表达
本实施例通过哺乳动物细胞中的重组表达例示了潜在糖基化形式的抗-PD-L1抗体的制备。
采用载体pRK5(参见1989年3月15日公开的EP 307,247)作为表达载体。任选的是,使用诸如Sambrook等(同上)中描述的连接方法,将编码所述抗体的轻和/或重链的DNA连接入经选定的限制酶消化以容许插入该DNA的pRK5。
在一个实施方案中,选定的宿主细胞可以是293细胞。人293细胞(ATCC CCL 1573)在组织培养皿中在诸如补充有胎牛血清和任选的营养成分和/或抗生素的DMEM等培养基中培养至汇合。将约10μg(如果DNA编码pRK5-抗体)DNA与约1μg编码VA RNA基因的DNA[Thimmappaya等,Cell(细胞),31:543(1982)]混合,并溶于500μL 1mM Tris-HCl、0.1mMEDTA、0.227M CaCl2。向此混合液中逐滴加入500μL 50mM HEPES(pH 7.35)、280mM NaCl、1.5mM NaPO4,并于25℃下10分钟形成沉淀。将沉淀物悬浮并添加至293细胞,使其于37℃放置约4小时。吸去培养基并加入2ml含20%甘油的PBS,进行30秒。然后用无血清培养基清洗293细胞,加入新鲜培养基,并将细胞温育约5天。
转染后大约24小时,去除培养基,并用培养基(单独)或用含200μCi/ml35S-半胱氨酸和200μCi/ml 35S-甲硫氨酸的培养基置换。温育12小时后,收集条件培养基,在旋转滤器上浓缩,并加载到15%SDS凝胶上。干燥处理后的凝胶,并对胶片曝光选定的一段时间以显现该抗体的存在。含转染细胞的培养物可进行进一步温育(在无血清培养基中),并在选定的生物测定法中检验培养基。
在备选技术中,可使用Somparyrac等,Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.,12:7575(1981)描述的硫酸葡聚糖法将所述抗体瞬时导入293细胞中。293细胞在旋转摇瓶中培养至最大密度,并添加700μg编码pRK5-抗体的DNA。首先通过离心从旋转摇瓶浓缩细胞并用PBS清洗。将DNA-葡聚糖沉淀物在细胞沉淀物上温育4小时。细胞用20%甘油处理90秒,用组织培养基清洗,再次放入装有组织培养基、5μg/ml牛胰岛素和0.1μg/ml牛运铁蛋白的旋转摇瓶中。大约4天后,将条件培养基离心并过滤以去除细胞和碎片。然后,可通过任何选定的方法,诸如透析和/或柱层析,来浓缩并纯化含表达抗体的样品。
在另一个实施方案中,可在CHO细胞中表达抗体。可使用已知试剂诸如CaPO4或DEAE-葡聚糖将连接入pRK5的编码抗体的DNA转染入CHO细胞。如上所述,可将细胞培养物温育,并用培养基(单独的)或用含放射性标志物物诸如35S-甲硫氨酸的培养基置换培养基。确定所述抗体存在后,可用无血清培养基置换培养基。优选的是,将培养物温育约6天,然后收获条件培养基。然后,可通过任何选定的方法来浓缩并纯化含表达的抗体的培养液。
还可在宿主CHO细胞中表达带表位标签的抗体的变体。可将连接入pRK5的编码抗体的DNA亚克隆到pRK5载体外。亚克隆插入片段可进行PCR以融合到杆状病毒表达载体中,其与选定的表位标签(诸如聚组氨酸标签)处于同一阅读框中。然后,可将编码抗体的带聚组氨酸标签的DNA插入片段亚克隆入SV40驱动的载体,所述载体包含选择标记(诸如DHFR)来选择稳定的克隆。最后,可用SV40驱动的载体(如上所述)转染CHO细胞。可如上所述进行标记以验证表达。然后可通过任何选定的方法,诸如Ni2+-螯合亲和层析,来浓缩并纯化含所表达的带聚His标签的抗体的培养液。
所述抗体还可通过瞬时表达流程在CHO和/或COS细胞中表达,或者通过其它稳定表达程序在CHO细胞中表达。
使用如下程序在CHO细胞中进行稳定表达。将蛋白质作为IgG构建物(免疫粘附素)表达,其中将各蛋白质的可溶形式(例如胞外结构域)的编码序列与含铰链、CH2和CH2结构域的IgGl恒定区序列融合,和/或是带聚His标签的形式。
PCR扩增后,使用如Ausubel等,Current Protocols of Molecular Biology(当代分子生物学方案),Unit 3.16,John Wiley and Sons(1997)中所描述的标准技术将各DNA亚克隆入CHO表达载体。构建CHO表达载体,在感兴趣的DNA的5'和3'具有相容限制性位点,从而容许cDNA的方便穿梭。用于在CHO细胞中表达的载体如Lucas等,Nucl.Acids Res.(核酸研究)24:9(1774-1779(1996)中所述,利用SV40早期启动子/增强子来驱动感兴趣的cDNA和二氢叶酸还原酶(DHFR)的表达。DHFR表达允许选择转染后质粒的稳定维持。
使用商品化的转染试剂(Quiagen)、或(Boehringer Mannheim),将12微克期望的质粒DNA导入约1千万个CHO细胞。如Lucas等(同上)中所述,培养细胞。将大约3x10-7个细胞冻存于安瓿中以供如下所述的进一步培养和生产之用。
置于水浴中融化含质粒DNA的安瓿并震荡混合。将内容物转移到装有10mL培养基的离心管中,并以1000rpm离心5分钟。吸出上清液,并将细胞重悬于10mL选择培养基(0.2μm过滤过的PS20,其含5%0.2μm渗滤过的胎牛血清)。然后,将细胞等分到装有90mL选择培养基的100mL转瓶中。1-2天后,将细胞转移到装有150mL选择性生长培养基的250mL转瓶中,并于37℃温育。再过2-3天后,以3x105个细胞/mL接种250mL、500mL和2000mL转瓶。通过离心并重悬于生产培养基而用新鲜培养基置换细胞培养基。尽管可采用任何合适的CHO培养基,但实际上可使用1992年6月l6日颁发的美国专利号5,122,469中描述的生产培养基。以1.2x106个细胞/mL接种3L生产转瓶。在第0天,测定细胞数和pH。在第1天,对转瓶采样并开始喷入过滤过的空气。在第2天,对转瓶采样,将温度转变成33℃,并添加30mL 500g/L葡萄糖和0.6mL 10%防沫剂(例如35%聚二甲基硅氧烷乳液、Dow Corning 365医用乳液)。在整个生产过程中,需要时调节pH使其保持在7.2左右。在10天后,或者直至存活力降至70%以下,离心收获细胞培养物并通过0.22μm滤膜过滤。滤出液贮存于4℃或立即加载到柱上进行纯化。
对于带聚His标签的构建物,使用Ni-NTA柱(Qiagen)纯化蛋白质。纯化前,向条件培养基中加入咪唑至浓度5mM。用泵将条件培养基以4-5ml/分钟的流速加到用含0.3M NaCl和5mM咪唑的20mM Hepes(pH 7.4)缓冲液在4℃平衡的6ml Ni-NTA柱上。加样后,用另外的平衡缓冲液洗柱,并用含0.25M咪唑的平衡缓冲液洗脱蛋白质。随后将高度纯化的蛋白质用25m1 G25 Superfine(Pharmacia)柱脱盐,存至含10mM Hepes、0.14M NaCl和4%甘露醇(pH6.8)的贮存缓冲液中,并贮存于-80℃。
免疫粘附素(含Fc)构建物如下从条件培养基中纯化。用泵将条件培养液加到在20mM磷酸钠缓冲液(pH 6.8)中平衡过的5ml蛋白A柱(Pharmacia)上。加样后,用平衡缓冲液彻底清洗柱子,然后用100mM柠檬酸(pH 3.5)进行洗脱。立即通过将l ml级分收集到装有275μL l M Tris缓冲液(pH 9)的管中,来中和洗脱的蛋白质。随后如上文关于带聚His标签的蛋白质所述的那样,将高度纯化的蛋白质脱盐,存于贮存缓冲液中。通过SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶和经Edman降解的N-末端氨基酸测序评估均质性。
实施例11
抗-PD-L1抗体在大肠杆菌中的表达
本实施例通过大肠杆菌中的重组表达例示了非糖基化形式的抗-PD-L1抗体的制备。
首先使用选定的PCR引物来扩增编码抗-PD-L1抗体的DNA序列。引物应当包含与选定的表达载体上的限制酶位点对应的限制酶位点。可采用多种表达载体。合适载体的一个例子是pBR322(衍生自大肠杆菌;参见Bolivar等,Gene(基因),2:95(1977)),其包含氨苄青霉素和四环素抗性的基因。将载体用限制酶消化并去磷酸化。然后将PCR扩增序列连接入载体。载体优选包括编码抗生素抗性基因、trp启动子、聚组氨酸前导(包括头6个STII密码子、聚组氨酸序列和肠激酶切割位点)、NPOR编码区、λ转录终止子和argU基因的序列。
然后,通过Sambrook等(同上)中描述的方法用连接混合液转化选定的大肠杆菌菌株。通过在LB平板上生长的能力来鉴定转化子,然后挑选抗生素抗性菌落。可分离质粒DNA,并通过限制性分析和DNA测序进行确认。
选定的克隆可在液体培养基(诸如补充有抗生素的LB培养基)中培养过夜。随后可将过夜培养物接种以大规模培养。然后,使细胞生长至所期望的光密度,在此期间表达启动子开启。
将细胞再培养若干小时后,可通过离心收获细胞。通过离心收获的细胞沉淀物可使用本领域已知的各种试剂溶解,然后可用金属螯合柱在允许抗体紧密结合的条件下纯化溶解的抗体。
使用如下程序,也可使抗-PD-L1抗体以带聚组氨酸标签形式在大肠杆菌中表达。首先,用选定的PCR引物扩增编码抗体的DNA。引物包含与选定的表达载体上的限制酶位点对应的限制酶位点,以及提供有效和可靠的翻译起始、金属螯合柱上的快速纯化及肠激酶的蛋白水解切除的其它有用序列。然后,将PCR扩增的、带聚His标签的序列连接入表达载体,其用于转化基于菌株52(W3110fuhA(tonA)lon galE rpoHts(htpRts)clpP(lacIq)的大肠杆菌宿主。首先,将转化子在含50mg/ml羧苄青霉素的LB中于30℃振荡培养至O.D.600达到3-5。然后将培养物在CRAP培养基(通过在500mL水中混和3.57g(NH4)2SO4、0.71g柠檬酸钠·2H2O、1.07g KCl、5.36g Difco酵母提取物、5.36g Sheffield hycase SF,以及110mMMPOS pH 7.3、0.55%(w/v)葡萄糖和7mM MgSO4,由此来配制)中稀释50-100倍,并于30℃振荡培养大约20-30小时。去除样品以通过SDS-PAGE分析来验证表达,并将大量培养物离心以沉淀细胞。冷冻细胞沉淀物直至纯化和重折叠。
将来自0.5至1升发酵液的大肠杆菌细胞浆(6-10g沉淀物)重悬于10倍体积(w/v)的7M胍、20mM Tris(pH 8)缓冲液。添加固体亚硫酸钠和连四硫酸钠至终浓度分别为0.1M和0.02M,并将溶液于4℃搅动过夜。此步骤使蛋白质变性,所有半胱氨酸残基通过sulfitolization而封闭。将溶液在Beckman超速离心机中以40,000rpm离心30分钟。将上清液用3-5倍体积的金属螯合柱缓冲液(6M胍,20mM Tris,pH 7.4)稀释,并通过0.22微米滤膜过滤以澄清。取决于条件,将澄清的提取物加载到在金属螯合柱缓冲液中平衡的5mlQiagen Ni-NTA金属螯合柱上。用含50mM咪唑(Calbiochem,Utrol级)pH 7.4的另外缓冲液清洗柱子。用含250mM咪唑的缓冲液洗脱蛋白质。合并含有期望蛋白质的级分并贮存于4℃。通过其在280nm的光密度,利用根据其氨基酸序列计算的消光系数估计蛋白质浓度。
通过将样品在新鲜配制的重折叠缓冲液中缓慢稀释使蛋白质重折叠,所述重折叠缓冲液由20mM Tris(pH 8.6)、0.3M NaCl、2.5M尿素、5mM半胱氨酸、20mM甘氨酸和1mM EDTA组成。选择重折叠体积使得最终的蛋白质浓度在50至100微克/ml之间。将重折叠溶液于4℃温和搅动12-36小时。通过添加TFA至终浓度0.4%(pH大约3)来淬灭重折叠反应。在进一步纯化蛋白质之前,将溶液通过0.22微米滤膜过滤,并添加乙腈至终浓度2-10%。将重折叠蛋白质在Poros R1/H反相柱上层析,使用0.1%TFA作为流动缓冲液,并用10至80%的乙腈梯度洗脱。在SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶上分析具A280吸光度的级分的等分试样,并合并含均质重折叠蛋白质的级分。一般来说,大多数蛋白质的正确重折叠种类(species)在最低乙腈浓度得到洗脱,因为那些种类(species)是最紧凑的,其疏水内部免于与反相树脂相互作用。聚集种类(species)常常在较高乙腈浓度得到洗脱。除了从期望形式中分解蛋白质的错误折叠形式,反相步骤还从样品中去除内毒素。
合并含期望的、折叠的抗-PD-L1抗体的级分,并用针对溶液的温和氮流去除乙腈。通过透析或通过使用在配制缓冲液中平衡的G25 Superfine(Pharmacia)树脂的凝胶过滤,并无菌过滤,由此将蛋白质配制到含0.14M氯化钠和4%甘露糖的20mM Hepes pH 6.8中。
Claims (95)
1.分离的重链可变区多肽,其包含HVR-H1,HVR-H2和HVR-H3序列,其中:
(a)所述HVR-H1序列是GFTFSX1SWIH(SEQ ID NO:1);
(b)所述HVR-H2序列是AWIX2PYGGSX3YYADSVKG(SEQ ID NO:2);
(c)所述HVR-H3序列是RHWPGGFDY(SEQ ID NO:3);
而且其中:X1是D或G;X2是S或L;X3是T或S。
2.权利要求1的多肽,其中X1是D;X2是S并且X3是T。
3.权利要求1的多肽,还包含根据下式在HVR之间并置的可变区重链构架序列:
(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-H3)-(HC-FR4)。
4.权利要求3的多肽,其中所述构架序列来自于人共有构架序列。
5.权利要求4的多肽,其中所述构架序列是VH亚型III共有构架。
6.权利要求5的多肽,其中所述构架序列的一个或多个如下所述:
HC-FR1是EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAAS(SEQ ID NO:4)
HC-FR2是WVRQAPGKGLEWV(SEQ ID NO:5)
HC-FR3是RFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAR(SEQ ID NO:6)
HC-FR4是WGQGTLVTVSA(SEQ ID NO:7)。
7.权利要求1的分离的重链多肽,其与包含HVR-L1,HVR-L2和HVR-L3的可变区轻链组合,其中:
(a)所述HVR-L1序列是RASQX4X5X6TX7X8A(SEQ ID NOs:8);
(b)所述HVR-L2序列是SASX9LX10S(SEQ ID NOs:9);和
(c)所述HVR-L3序列是QQX11X12X13X14PX15T(SEQ ID NOs:10);
而且其中:X4是D或V;X5是V或I;X6是S或N;X7是A或F;X8是V或L;X9是F或T;X10是Y或A;X11是Y,G,F,或S;X12是L,Y,F或W;X13是Y,N,A,T,G,F或I;X14是H,V,P,T或I;X15是A,W,R,P或T。
8.权利要求7的多肽,其中X4是D;X5是V;X6是S;X7是A;X8是V;X9是F;X10是Y;X11是Y;X12是L;X13是Y;X14是H;X15是A。
9.权利要求7的多肽,还包含根据下式在HVR之间并置的可变区轻链构架序列:
(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。
10.权利要求9的多肽,其中所述构架序列来自于人共有构架序列。
11.权利要求10的多肽,其中所述构架序列是VLκI共有构架。
12.权利要求11的多肽,其中所述构架序列的一个或多个如下所述:
LC-FR1是DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITC(SEQ ID NO:11);
LC-FR2是WYQQKPGKAPKLLIY(SEQ ID NO:12);
LC-FR3是GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC(SEQ ID NO:13);
LC-FR4是FGQGTKVEIKR(SEQ ID NO:14)。
13.分离的抗-PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a)所述重链包含HVR-H1,HVR-H2和HVR-H3,而且其中:
(i)所述HVR-H1序列是GFTFSX1SWIH(SEQ ID NO:1);
(ii)所述HVR-H2序列是AWIX2PYGGSX3YYADSVKG(SEQ ID NO:2);
(iii)所述HVR-H3序列是RHWPGGFDY(SEQ ID NO:3);和
(b)所述轻链包含HVR-L1,HVR-L2和HVR-L3,而且其中:
(iv)所述HVR-L1序列是RASQX4X5X6TX7X8A(SEQ ID NOs:8);
(v)所述HVR-L2序列是SASX9LX10S(SEQ ID NOs:9);
(vi)所述HVR-L3序列是QQX11X12X13X14PX15T(SEQ ID NOs:10);
其中:X1是D或G;X2是S或L;X3是T或S;X4可以是D或V;X5可以是V或I;X6可以是S或N;X7可以是A或F;X8可以是V或L;X9可以是F或T;X10可以是Y或A;X11可以是Y,G,F,或S;X12可以是L,Y,F或W;X13可以是Y,N,A,T,G,F或I;X14可以是H,V,P,T或I;X15可以是A,W,R,P或T。
14.权利要求13的抗体或抗体片段,其中X1是D;X2是S并且X3是T。
15.权利要求13的抗体或抗体片段,其中X4=D,X5=V,X6=S,X7=A并且X8=V,X9=F,并且X10=Y,X11=Y,X12=L,X13=Y,X14=H并且X15=A。
16.权利要求13的抗体或抗体片段,其中X1=D,X2=S并且X3=T,X4=D,X5=V,X6=S,X7=A并且X8=V,X9=F,并且X10=Y,X11=Y,X12=L,X13=Y,X14=H并且X15=A。
17.权利要求13-16中任意一项的抗体或抗体片段,其还包含:
(a)根据下式在HVR之间并置的可变区重链构架序列(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-H3)-(HC-FR4),和
(b)根据下式在HVR之间并置的可变区轻链构架序列(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。
18.权利要求17的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述构架序列来自于人共有构架序列。
19.权利要求18的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述可变区重链构架序列是VH亚型III共有构架。
20.权利要求19的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述构架序列的一个或多个如下所述:
HC-FR1是EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAAS(SEQ ID NO:4);
HC-FR2是WVRQAPGKGLEWV(SEQ ID NO:5);
HC-FR3是RFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAR(SEQ ID NO:6);
HC-FR4是WGQGTLVTVSA(SEQ ID NO:7)。
21.权利要求18的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述可变区轻链构架序列是VLκI共有构架。
22.权利要求21的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述构架序列的一个或多个如下所述:
LC-FR1是DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITC(SEQ ID NO:11);
LC-FR2是WYQQKPGKAPKLLIY(SEQ ID NO:12);
LC-FR3是GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC(SEQ ID NO:13),和;
LC-FR4是FGQGTKVEIKR(SEQ ID NO:14)。
23.权利要求18的抗体或抗体片段,其中:
(a)所述可变重链构架序列如下所述:
(i)HC-FR1是EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAAS(SEQ ID NO:4);
(ii)HC-FR2是WVRQAPGKGLEWV(SEQ ID NO:5);
(iii)HC-FR3是RFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAR(SEQ ID NO:6);
(iv)HC-FR4是WGQGTLVTVSA(SEQ ID NO:7);和;
(b)所述可变轻链构架序列如下所述:
(i)LC-FR1是DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITC(SEQ ID NO:11);
(ii)LC-FR2是WYQQKPGKAPKLLIY(SEQ ID NO:12);
(iii)LC-FR3是GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC(SEQ ID NO:13);
(iv)LC-FR4是FGQGTKVEIKR(SEQ ID NO:14)。
24.权利要求23的抗体或抗体片段,还包含人恒定区。
25.权利要求24的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述恒定区选自由IgG1,IgG2,IgG3和IgG4组成的组。
26.权利要求25的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述恒定区是IgG1。
27.权利要求23的抗体或抗体片段,还包含鼠恒定区。
28.权利要求27的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述恒定区选自由IgG1,IgG2A,IgG2B和IgG3组成的组。
29.权利要求28的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述恒定区是IgG2A。
30.权利要求25或28的抗体或抗体片段,其具有降低的或最小的效应子功能。
31.权利要求30的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述最小的效应子功能由更差效应子的Fc突变产生。
32.权利要求31的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述更差效应子的Fc突变是N297A。
33.权利要求31的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述更差效应子的Fc突变是D265A/N297A。
34.权利要求30的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述最小的效应子功能由去糖基化产生。
35.抗体或抗原结合片段,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a)所述重链包含HVR-H1,HVR-H2和HVR-H3,其分别与GFTFSDSWIH(SEQ ID NO:15),AWISPYGGSTYYADSVKG(SEQ ID NO:16)和RHWPGGFDY(SEQ ID NO:3)具有至少85%的整体序列同一性,和
(b)所述轻链包含HVR-L1,HVR-L2和HVR-L3,其分别与RASQDVSTAVA(SEQ ID NO:17),SASFLYS(SEQ ID NO:18)和QQYLYHPAT(SEQ ID NO:19)具有至少85%的整体序列同一性。
36.权利要求35的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述序列同一性为至少90%。
37.权利要求36的抗体或抗体片段,还包含:
(a)根据下式在HVR之间并置的可变区重链(VH)构架序列:(HC-FR1)-(HVR-H1)-(HC-FR2)-(HVR-H2)-(HC-FR3)-(HVR-H3)-(HC-FR4),和
(b)根据下式在HVR之间并置的可变区轻链(VL)构架序列:(LC-FR1)-(HVR-L1)-(LC-FR2)-(HVR-L2)-(LC-FR3)-(HVR-L3)-(LC-FR4)。
38.权利要求37的抗体或抗体片段,还包含来自于人共有序列的VH和VL构架区。
39.权利要求38的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述VH构架序列来自于Kabat亚型I、II或III序列。
40.权利要求39的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述VH构架序列是Kabat亚型III共有构架序列。
41.权利要求40的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述VH构架序列如下所述:
HC-FR1是EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAAS(SEQ ID NO:4);
HC-FR2是WVRQAPGKGLEWV(SEQ ID NO:5);
HC-FR3是RFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCAR(SEQ ID NO:6);
HC-FR4是WGQGTLVTVSA(SEQ ID NO:7)。
42.权利要求38的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述VL构架序列来自于KabatκI、II、III或IV亚型序列。
43.权利要求42的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述VL构架序列是KabatκI共有构架序列。
44.权利要求43的抗体或抗体片段,其中所述VL构架序列如下所述:
LC-FR1是DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITC(SEQ ID NO:11);
LC-FR2是WYQQKPGKAPKLLIY(SEQ ID NO:12);
LC-FR3是GVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYC(SEQ ID NO:13);
LC-FR4是FGQGTKVEIKR(SEQ ID NO:14)。
45.分离的抗-PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a)所述重链序列与下述重链序列具有至少85%的序列同一性:
EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSDSWIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAWISPYGGSTYYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARRHWPGGFDYWGQGTLVTVSA(SEQIDNO:20),和
(b)所述轻链序列与下述轻链序列具有至少85%的序列同一性:
DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDVSTAVAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYSASFLYSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQYLYHPATFGQGTKVEIKR(SEQIDNO:21)。
46.权利要求45的抗体或抗原结合片段,其中所述序列同一性为至少90%。
47.分离的抗-PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段,其包含重链和轻链可变区序列,其中:
(a)所述重链包含序列:EVQLVESGGGLVQPGGSLRLSCAASGFTFSDSWIHWVRQAPGKGLEWVAWISPYGGSTYYADSVKGRFTISADTSKNTAYLQMNSLRAEDTAVYYCARRHWPGGFDYWGQGTLVTVSA(SEQ ID NO:20),和
(b)所述轻链包含序列:DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASQDVSTAVAWYQQKPGKAPKLLIYSASFLYSGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISSLQPEDFATYYCQQYLYHPATFGQGTKVEIKR(SEQ ID NO:21)。
48.组合物,其包含权利要求13-47中任意一项的抗-PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段和至少一种药学上可接受的载体。
49.分离的核酸,其编码权利要求1-11中任意一项的多肽。
50.分离的核酸,其编码抗-PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段的轻链或重链可变序列,其中:
(a)所述重链还包含HVR-H1,HVR-H2和HVR-H3序列,其分别与GFTFSDSWIH(SEQ ID NO:15),AWISPYGGSTYYADSVKG(SEQ ID NO:16)和RHWPGGFDY(SEQ ID NO:3)具有至少85%的序列同一性,或
(b)所述轻链还包含HVR-L1,HVR-L2和HVR-L3序列,其分别与RASQDVSTAVA(SEQ ID NO:17),SASFLYS(SEQ ID NO:18)和QQYLYHPAT(SEQ ID NO:19)具有至少85%的序列同一性。
51.权利要求50的核酸,其中序列同一性是90%。
52.权利要求50的核酸,其中所述抗-PD-L1抗体还包含来自于人共有序列的VL和VH构架区。
53.权利要求52的核酸,其中所述VH序列来自于Kabat亚型I,II或III序列。
54.权利要求52的核酸,其中所述VL序列来自于KabatκI,II,III或IV亚型序列。
55.权利要求50的核酸,其中所述抗-PD-L1抗体包含来自于鼠抗体的恒定区。
56.权利要求50的核酸,其中所述抗-PD-L1抗体包含来自于人抗体的恒定区。
57.权利要求56的核酸,其中所述恒定区是IgG1。
58.权利要求57的核酸,其具有降低的或最小的效应子功能。
59.权利要求58的核酸,其中所述最小的效应子功能由更差效应子的Fc突变产生。
60.权利要求59的核酸,其中所述更差效应子的Fc突变是N297A。
61.载体,其包含权利要求49-60中任意一项的核酸。
62.宿主细胞,其包含权利要求61的载体。
63.权利要求62的宿主细胞,其是真核的。
64.权利要求63的宿主细胞,其是哺乳动物的。
65.权利要求64的宿主细胞,其是中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞。
66.权利要求62的宿主细胞,其是原核的。
67.权利要求66的宿主细胞,其是大肠杆菌(E.coli)。
68.制备抗-PD-L1抗体的方法,其包括在适合表达编码抗-PD-L1抗体或抗原结合片段的载体的条件下培养权利要求62-67中任意一项的宿主细胞,并且回收所述抗体或片段。
69.制品,其包含权利要求48的组合物和至少一种BNCA分子。
70.制品,其包含权利要求48的组合物和至少一种化疗剂。
71.权利要求70所述的制品,其中所述化疗剂是吉西他滨。
72.制品,其包含权利要求48的组合物和至少一种对正性共刺激分子的激动剂。
73.权利要求72所述的制品,还包含BNCA拮抗剂。
74.制品,其包含权利要求48的组合物和至少一种抗生素。
75.权利要求74所述的制品,其中所述抗生素是抗病毒剂。
76.权利要求75所述的制品,其中抗病毒剂是逆转录酶抑制剂。
77.权利要求76所述的制品,其中所述逆转录酶抑制剂是聚合酶抑制剂。
78.权利要求75所述的制品,其中所述抗病毒剂是蛋白酶抑制剂。
79.制品,其包含权利要求48的组合物和至少一种疫苗。
80.增强T-细胞功能的方法,其包括向功能障碍的T-细胞施用有效量的权利要求48的组合物。
81.治疗T-细胞功能障碍的病症的方法,其包括向患有T-细胞功能障碍的病症的患者施用治疗有效量的权利要求48的组合物。
82.权利要求81的方法,其中所述T-细胞功能障碍的病症是感染。
83.权利要求82的方法,其中所述感染是慢性的。
84.权利要求81的方法,其中所述T-细胞功能障碍的病症是肿瘤免疫。
85.权利要求83的方法,其中所述慢性感染是持续性的。
86.权利要求83的方法,其中所述慢性感染是潜伏性的。
87.权利要求83的方法,其中所述慢性感染是缓慢的。
88.权利要求82的方法,其中所述感染是由选自由细菌,病毒,真菌和原生动物组成的组的病原体导致的。
89.权利要求88的方法,其中所述病原体是细菌并且所述方法还包括施用抗菌剂。
90.权利要求88的方法,其中所述病原体是病毒并且所述方法还包括施用抗病毒剂。
91.权利要求88的方法,其中所述病原体是真菌并且所述方法还包括施用抗真菌剂。
92.权利要求88的方法,其中所述病原体是原生动物并且所述方法还包括施用抗原生动物剂。
93.权利要求88的方法,还包括施用疫苗。
94.权利要求84的方法,其中所述方法还包括应用选自由下述各项组成的组的治疗方案:放射疗法,化学疗法,靶向疗法,免疫疗法,激素疗法,血管发生抑制和姑息护理。
95.权利要求84的方法,其中所述肿瘤免疫由选自由下述各项组成的组的癌症导致:乳腺癌,肺癌,结肠癌,卵巢癌,黑色素瘤,膀胱癌,肾癌,肝癌,唾液腺癌,胃癌,神经胶质瘤,甲状腺癌,胸腺癌,上皮癌,头和颈癌,胃癌和胰腺癌。
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