JP6559697B2 - 腫瘍治療のための抗体組成物 - Google Patents
腫瘍治療のための抗体組成物 Download PDFInfo
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Description
ここで用いられる「CD3」の表現は、多分子T細胞受容体(TCR)の一部としてT細胞上で発現される抗体であって、2〜4の受容体鎖、即ち、CD3イプシロン、CD3デルタ、CD3ゼータ、及びCD3ガンマの会合から形成されるホモ二量体またはヘテロ二量からなる抗原を意味する。本明細書においてタンパク質、ポリペプチド及びタンパク質断片への全ての言及は、非ヒト種に由来するものとして明示的に特定されない限り、それぞれのタンパク質、ポリペプチドまたはタンパク質断片のヒトバージョンを指称することが意図されている。従って、「CD3」の表現は、非ヒト種由来である(例えば「マウスCD3」、「サルCD3」等)として明示的に特定されない限り、ヒトCD3を意味する。
本発明の抗体は、二重特異性または多重特異性であることができる。多重特異性抗体は、一つの標的ポリペプチドの異なるエピトープに対して特異的であってよく、または2以上の標的ポリペプチドについての特異的な抗原結合ドメインを含んでよい。例えば、Tutt ら,1991,J.Immunol.147:60−69;Kuferら,2004,Trends Biotechnol.22:238−244を参照されたい。本発明の抗CD3×CD20抗体は、別の機能性分子、例えば別のペプチドまたはタンパク質に連結することができ、またはこれと同時発現させることができる。例えば、抗体またはその断片は、別の抗体または抗体断片のような1以上の他の分子実体に機能的に連結されて(例えば、化学的カップリング、遺伝子融合、または非共有結合その他によって)、追加の結合特異性を備えた二重特異的抗体または多重特異性抗体を生じることができる。
本発明の抗体及び二重特異的抗原結合性分子は、対応する個々の抗原結合性ドメインが由来する生殖細胞系配列と比較したときに、重鎖及び軽鎖可変ドメインのフレームワーク及び/またはCDR領域において1以上のアミノ酸の置換、挿入及び/または欠失を含んでいてよい。このような変異は、本明細書に開示されたアミノ酸配列を、例えば、公共の抗体配列データベースから入手可能な生殖細胞系配列に比較することによって容易に確認することができる。本発明の抗原結合性分子は、本明細書に開示した典型的なアミノ酸配列の何れかに由来する抗原結合性ドメインを含んでおり、ここでの1以上のフレームワーク及び/またはCDR領域内の1以上のアミノ酸配列は、前記抗体が由来する生殖細胞系配列の対応する残基へと変異され、または別のヒト生殖細胞系配列の対応する残基へと変異され、または対応する生殖系残基の保存的アミノ酸置換へと変異される(このような配列変化は本明細書では一纏めに「生殖細胞系変異」と称する)。当業者は、本明細書に開示された重鎖及び軽鎖可変領域配列で開始して、1以上の個々の生殖細胞系変異またはそれらの組み合わせを含む、多数の抗体及び抗原結合性断片を製造することができる。一定の実施形態において、VH及び/またはVLドメイン内のフレームワーク及び/またはCDR残基の全部が、当該抗原結合性ドメインが最初に誘導された起源としての生殖細胞系配列に見られる残基へと戻し変異される。他の実施形態においては、特定の残基のみが元の生殖細胞系配列へと戻し変異され、例えば、FR1の最初の8アミノ酸内またはFR4の最後の8アミノ酸内に見られた突然変異された残基のみ、或いは、CDR1、CDR2またはCDR3内で見られた変異した残基のみが戻し変異される。他の実施形態では、1以上のフレームワーク及び/またはCDR残基(複数可)が、異なる生殖細胞系配列(即ち、前記抗原結合性ドメインが最初に誘導された生殖細胞系配列とは異なる生殖細胞系配列)の対応する残基へと変異される。更に、前記抗原結合性ドメインは、フレームワーク及び/またはCDR領域内の2以上の生殖細胞系変異の任意の組み合わせを含んでいてよく、例えば、ここでは一定の個々の残基が特定の生殖細胞系配列の対応する残基に変異される一方、前記元の生殖細胞系配列とは異なる一定の他の残基は維持されるか、または異なる生殖細胞系配列の対応する残基へと変異される。一旦得られたら、1以上の生殖細胞系変異を含む抗原結合性ドメインは、1以上の所望の特性、例えば改善された結合特異性、増大した結合親和性、改善もしくは向上されたた拮抗剤もしくはアゴニストとしての生物学的特性(場合に応じて)、低下した免疫原性等に関して容易に試験することができる。この一般的方法で得られた1以上の抗原結合性ドメインを含む二重特異的抗原結合性分子は、本発明の範囲内に包含されるものである。
本発明には、pH依存的結合特性を備えた、抗CD3/抗CD20二重特異的抗体が含まれる。例えば、本発明の抗CD3抗体は、中性pHと比較して、酸性pHではCD3に対して低下した結合を示す可能性がある。或いは、本発明の抗CD3抗体は、中性pHと比較して、酸性pHではCD3に対する増強した結合を示す可能性がある。「酸性pH」の表現には、約6.2未満のpH値、例えば約6.0、5.95、5.9、5.85、5.8、5.75、5.7、5.65、5.6、5.55、5.5、5.45、5.4、5.35、5.3、5.25、5.2、5.15、5.1、5.05、5.0、またはそれ以下のpH値が含まれる。本明細書で使用するとき、「中性pH」の表現は、約7.0〜約7.4のpHを意味する。「中性pH」の表現には、約7.0、7.05、7.1、7.15、7.2、7.25、7.3、7.35、及び7.4のpH値が含まれる。
本発明の抗CD3/抗CD20二重特異的抗原結合性分子及び抗体は、別のIgGアイソタイプに由来するIg重鎖のヒンジ−CH2−CH3定常ドメインのようなキメラFcドメインを具備するように、またFc受容体結合及び活性化に関するユニークな特性を有するように提供される。本発明の一定のFcドメインは、キメラヒンジを具備するように操作される。
本発明には、そのヒトCD3及びCD20抗体に結合する抗体及びその抗原結合性断片が含まれる。例えば、本発明には、本明細書の実施例3に定義されたアッセイフォーマット(例えば、CD3×CD20抗体に対するJurkat細胞またはRaji細胞の結合を評価する)または実質的に類似のアッセイを使用して、インビトロ結合アッセイにより測定したときに、約60nM未満のEC50でJurkat細胞(CD3+)及びRaji細胞(CD20+)に結合する抗CD3×CD20抗体が含まれる。一定の実施形態において、本発明の抗体または抗原結合性断片は、例えば、本明細書の実施例4で定義されたアッセイ、または実質的に同様のアッセイのようなのアッセイフォーマット形式を使用してインビトロ結合アッセイにより測定されたときに、約75nM未満、約70nM未満、約65nM未満、約60nM未満、約50nM未満、約40nM未満、約30nM未満、または約25nM未満のEC50で、細胞(例えば、Jurkat細胞及び/またはRaji細胞)の表面上のCD3またはCD20に結合する。
本発明の抗原結合性分子が結合するCD3またはCD20上のエピトープは、CD3タンパク質の3以上(例えば、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、11、12、13、14、15、16、17、18、19、20またはそれ以上)のアミノ酸の単一の連続配列からなり得るものである。或いは、該エピトープは、CD3またはCD20の複数の非連続的なアミノ酸(またはアミノ酸配列)からなることもあり得る。本発明の抗体は、単一のCD3鎖(例えば、CD3イプシロン、CD3デルタまたはCD3ガンマ)内に含まれるアミノ酸と相互作用することができ、または2以上の異なるCD3鎖のアミノ酸と相互作用することができる。本明細書で使用する「エピトープ」の用語は、パラトープとして知られる抗体分子の可変領域中の特定の抗原結合部位と相互作用する抗原決定基を意味する。単一の抗原は、複数のエピトープを有することができる。従って、異なる抗体は、抗原上の異なる領域に結合してよく、また異なる生物学的効果を有することができる。エピトープは高次構造または線状の何れであってもよい。高次構造エピトープは、直鎖状ポリペプチド鎖の異なるセグメントからの空間的に並置されたアミノ酸によって生成される。線状エピトープは、ポリペプチド鎖において隣接するアミノ酸残基により生成されたものである。一定の状況において、エピトープは、前記抗原上の糖部分、ホスホリル基、またはスルホニル基を含んでいてよい。
特定の抗原に対して特異的な抗原結合性ドメインは、当技術分野において知られた任意の抗体作製技術により調製することができる。一旦得られたら、二つの異なる抗原(例えばCD3及びCD20)に特異的な二つの異なる抗原結合性ドメインは、ルーチンの方法を使用して本発明の二重特異的抗原結合性分子を製造するために、相互に適切に配置することができる。(本発明の二重特異的抗原結合性分子を構築できる例示的な二重特異的抗体フォーマットの議論は、本明細書の他の箇所に提供される)。一定の実施形態において、本発明の多重特異的な抗原結合性分子の個々の成分(例えば、重鎖及び軽鎖)の1以上は、キメラ抗体、ヒト化抗体または完全なヒト抗体に由来する。そのような抗体を作製するための方法は、当該分野において周知である。例えば、本発明の二重特異的抗原結合性分子の1以上の重鎖及び/または軽鎖は、VELOCIMMUNE(商標)の技術を用いて調製することができる。VELOCIMMUNE(商標)技術を用いて、ヒト可変領域及びマウス定常領域を有する、特定の抗原(例えばCD3及びCD20)に対する高親和性のキメラ抗体が最初に単離される。該抗体は、親和性、選択性、エピトープ等を含む望ましい特性について、特徴付け及び選択される。該マウス定常領域を望ましいヒト定常領域で置換して、本発明の二重特異的抗原結合性分子に組み込むことができる完全なヒト重鎖及び/または軽鎖を作製することができる。
本発明は、本明細書に開示される典型的な分子のものと異なるが、CD3及び/またはCD20に結合する能力を保持したアミノ酸配列を有する抗原結合性分子を包含する。このような変異体分子は、親配列と比較したときに1以上のアミノ酸の付加、欠失、または置換を含み得るが、前記で記載した二重特異的抗原結合性分子のものと実質的に等価な生物学的活性を示すことができる。
本発明の一定の実施形態によれば、他の種由来のCD3ではなく、ヒトCD3に結合する抗原結合性分子が提供される。また、他の種由来のCD20ではなく、ヒトCD20に結合する抗原結合性分子も提供される。本発明はまた、ヒトCD3及び1以上の非ヒト種由来のCD3に結合する抗原結合性分子;及び/またはヒトCD20及び1以上の非ヒト種由来のCD20に結合する抗原結合性分子を包含するものである。
本発明は、細胞毒、化学療法薬、免疫抑制剤または放射性同位体のような治療部分に結合された抗原結合性分子(「免疫複合体」)を包含する。細胞傷害性剤には、細胞に有害な任意の薬剤が含まれる。免疫複合体を形成するための適切な細胞傷害性剤及び化学療法剤の例が、当該技術において知られている(例えば、WO05/103081を参照されたい)。
本明細書で使用するとき、「有効量」及び「治療的有効量」の用語は、毒性、刺激、またはアレルギー反応のような過度の有害な副作用を伴うことなく、所望の治療応答を得るのに十分な活性治療薬の量を意味する。特定の「有効量」は、明らかに、治療される特定状態、患者の身体状態、治療される動物のタイプ、治療の期間、併用療法(もしあれば)の種類、及び用いられる特異的製剤、並びに化合物もしくはその誘導体の構造のような因子と共に変化するであろう。この場合、ある量は、限定されるものではないが、(a)腫瘍増殖(例えばB細胞癌)の阻害;及び(b)B細胞癌の反転または安定化の1以上がもたらされるならば、治療的に有効と看做されるであろう。
本発明は、抗CD3抗体、またはCD3及び標的抗原(例えば、CD20)に特異的に結合する二重特異的抗原結合性分子を含有する治療用組成物を、それを必要性としている被験者に投与することを含む方法を包含する。該治療用組成物は、本明細書に開示された抗体または二重特異的抗原結合性分子、及び薬学的に許容される担体または希釈剤を含有することができる。本明細書で使用するとき、「それを必要としている被験者」の表現は、癌の1以上の症候または兆候を呈するヒトまたは非ヒト動物(例えば、腫瘍発現し、または以下で述べる何れかの癌に罹患している被験者は)を意味し、或いは、そうでなければCD20活性における阻害もしくは低下、またはCD20+B細胞の枯渇、またはCD20+B細胞腫瘍の退縮による恩恵を受けるヒトまたは非ヒト動物を意味する。
本発明は、本明細書の何処かに記載した例示的抗体及び二重特異的抗原結合性分子の何れかを含有する医薬組成物を、1以上の追加の治療剤と組み合わせて投与することを含む方法を提供する。本発明の抗原結合性分子と組み合わせて投与することができる典型的な追加の治療剤には、例えば、EGFRの拮抗剤(例えば抗EGFR抗体[例えば、セツキシマブまたはパニツムマブ]またはEGFRの小分子阻害剤[例えば、ゲフィチニブまたはエルロチニブ])、Her2/ErbB2、ErbB3もしくはErbB4のような別のEGFRファミリーメンバーの拮抗剤(例えば、抗ErbB2、抗ErbB3もしくは抗ErbB4の抗体、またはErbB2、ErbB3、もしくはErbB4活性の小分子阻害剤)、EGFRvIIIの拮抗剤(例えば、EGFRIIIに特異的に結合する抗体)、cMET拮抗剤(例えば、抗cMET抗体)、IGF1R拮抗剤(例えば、抗IGF1R抗体)、B−raf阻害剤(例えば、ベムラフェニブ、ソラフェニブ、GDC−0879、PLX−4720)、PDGFR−α阻害剤(例えば、抗PDGFR−α抗体)、PDGFR−β阻害剤(例えば、抗PDGFR−β抗体)、VEGF拮抗剤(例えば、VEGF−Trap、例えば、US7,087,411参照[本明細書では「VEGF阻害融合タンパク質」とも言う]、抗VEGF抗体[例えば、ベバシズマブ]、VEGF受容体の小分子キナーゼ阻害剤[例えば、スニチニブ、ソラフェニブまたはパゾパニブ])、DLL4拮抗剤(例えばUS2009/0142354に開示されている抗DLL4抗体)、Ang2拮抗剤(例えば、H1H685PのようなUS2011/0027286に記載された抗Ang2に抗体)、FOLH1拮抗剤(例えば、抗FOLH1抗体)、PRLR拮抗剤(例えば、抗PRLR抗体)、STEAP1またはSTEAP2拮抗剤(例えば、抗STEAP1抗体または抗STEAP2抗体)、TMPRSS2拮抗剤(例えば、抗TMPRSS2抗体)、MSLN拮抗剤(例えば、抗MSLN抗体)、CA9拮抗剤(例えば、抗CA9抗体)、ウロプラキン拮抗剤(例えば、抗ウロプラキン抗体)、抗CTLA4抗体(例えばイピリムマブ(MDX−010))、一価CD20拮抗剤(例えば、リツキシマブのような一価の抗CD20抗体)等が含まれる。
本発明の一定の実施形態によれば、抗原結合性分子(例えば、抗CD3抗体、またはCD20及びCD3に特異的に結合する二重特異的抗原結合性分子)の複数回投与は、定義された時間コースに亘って被験者に投与することができる。本発明のこの態様による方法は、本発明の抗原結合性分子の複数回用量を、被験者に経時的に投与することを含んでいる。ここで用いるとき、「経時的に投与する」とは、抗原結合性分子の各用量が、異なる時点において、例えば予め定められた間隔(例えば時間、日数、週数または月数)で隔てられた異なる日に、前記被験者に投与されることを意味する。本発明は、前記患者に対して、抗原結合性分子の単回の初期用量と、続いて前記抗原結合性分子の1回以上の二次用量と、続いて任意に、抗原結合性分子の1回以上の三次用量を順次患者に投与することを含む方法を包含する。
本発明の抗CD3×CD20抗体はまた、例えば診断目的のために、サンプル中のCD3またはCD3発現細胞を検出及び/または測定するために使用できる。例えば、抗CD3×CD20抗体、またはその断片は、CD3の異常な発現(例えば、過剰発現、過少発現、発現の欠如等)を特徴とする状態または疾患を診断するために使用することができる。CD3についての例示的な診断アッセイは、例えば、患者から得られた試料を本発明の抗CD3×CD20抗体と接触させることを含むことができ、ここでの前記抗体は検出可能な標識またはレポーター分子で標識される。或いは、非標識の抗CD3×CD20抗体は、それ自身が検出可能に標識された二次抗体と組み合わせて、診断用途で使用することができる。検出可能な標識またはレポーター分子は、3H、14C、32P、35S、または25Iのような放射性同位体;フルオレセインイソチオシアネート、またはローダミンのような蛍光性もしくは化学発光性部分;または、アルカリホスファターゼ、β−ガラクトシダーゼ、西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ、もしくはルシフェラーゼのような酵素であることができる。試料中のCD3を検出または測定するために用い得る特定の例示的なアッセイには、酵素結合免疫吸着アッセイ(ELISA)、ラジオイムノアッセイ(RIA)、及び蛍光活性化細胞ソーティング(FACS)が含まれる。
抗CD3または抗CD20抗体を単離するための幾つかの方法が知られている。US2007/0280945A1に記載されているように、以下の実施例で使用される完全ヒト抗CD3抗体は、骨髄腫細胞に融合させることなく、抗原陽性B細胞から直接単離された。
抗CD3特異的結合性ドメイン及び抗CD20特異的結合性ドメインを具備する二重特異的抗体が、前記標準的な方法論を使用して上記の配列を用いて構築され、ここでは抗CD3抗体由来の重鎖及び同族の軽鎖が、抗CD20抗体由来の重鎖と組み合わされた。
キメラ重鎖、例えばキメラCH・IgG4(配列番号26)及びキメラCH・IgG1(配列番号30)の生成は、標準的なクローニング技術を用いて行った。先ず、キメラIgG4・CHは2段階PCR増幅法を介して生成された。2つのPCR断片、即ち、断片1及び2は、それぞれCH領域に隣接するプライマー対であるP1−P2及びP3−P4を用いて、野生型hIgG4CH・DNAを含む出発ベクター構築物pR001を用いて増幅させた。下記の表9を参照されたい。これらのプライマーは、望ましいIgG2の下側ヒンジ配列(これは配列番号52をコードする)、及び隣接する制限部位を前記断片の中に導入した。次いで、これら二つの断片は、PCRプライマーP2及びP4を用いて連結された。得られた配列をXho1−Not1制限部位を介してpR001の中に挿入して、IgG2下側ヒンジ配列を有するキメラIgG4・CHを含んだベクター構築物pR002生成した。配列は、プライマーP10及びP11を用いて確認した。
Jurkat細胞(CD3+、CD20−ヒトT細胞株)、Raji細胞(CD3−、CD20+ヒトB細胞株)、またはカニクイザルのPBMC(「mkT細胞」)に対する結合能力についてのFACS結合法を介して、CD3×CD20抗体wtFc(対照抗体4)を、実施例2に記載した単一特異性の対照抗体と比較した。
CD20を発現するRaji細胞に対してT細胞媒介性殺滅をリダイレクトさせるCD20×CD3二重特異的抗体の能力を、インビトロ細胞傷害アッセイで試験した。加えて、Fc/のFcR相互作用を介してU937細胞を死滅させる、二重特異的抗体の及び親抗CD3抗体の両方の能力についても研究した。
キメラCH領域を有するCD20×CD3二重特異的抗体(抗体1、抗体2)は、上記の実施例2で述べたように、エフェクター機能を変化させ、または減少させるように操作された。IgG1アイソタイプ(対照Ab4)の野生型(WT)重鎖定常領域を備えた抗体と比較して、CH領域におけるアミノ酸置換は、IgFcがその受容体(複数可)に結合する能力を妨げることができる。従って、B細胞の活性化または食作用のような、シグナル伝達及び免疫応答は変更され得る。補体依存性細胞傷害性(CDC)(この実施例で)及び抗体依存性細胞媒介性細胞傷害(ADCC)エフェクター機能(実施例7参照)に対する、CH領域でのアミノ酸置換の影響が試験された。
%細胞傷害性=((LS−LSR)/(LMR−LSR))×100%
ここでのLSRは、ベースライン標的細胞発光であり、LMRは、ジギトニンにり溶解されたた細胞からの最大カルセイン放出である。細胞傷害性についてのEC50は、プリズムソフトウェア(GraphPad)を使用して決定した。数値は4パラメータ非線形回帰分析を用いて計算したものであり、これを表12、図5A及び図5Bに示す。
ADCCエフェクター機能に対する抗体1及び抗体2 vs.野生型CH領域(及び同一の可変領域)を備えた二重特異的抗体の効果を調べるために、FcγRIIIAのより高い親和性V対立遺伝子を発現するように操作された新鮮に単離された未刺激でCD56陽性のNK細胞もしくはNK92細胞を、キメラCH抗体(抗体1及び抗体2)及び野生型CH対照抗体(対象抗体4)の存在下に、カルセイン標識されたCD20陽性のRaji細胞またはDaudi細胞と共に播種した。標的細胞からのカルセインの放出をモニターし、パーセント細胞傷害性を決定した。パーセント細胞傷害性及びEC50は、上記のCDCアッセイについて述べたようにして計算した。結果を、表13ならびに図6A及び6Bに示す。
キメラ定常重鎖領域を有する抗CD3×抗CD20二重特異的抗体、抗体1抗体及び抗体2は、ヒト及びカニクイザルのFcγ受容体に対するその動的結合パラメータを決定するために、表面プラズモン共鳴(SPR)(Biacore社)技術を用いて分析された。アイソタイプ対照、即ち、wt−IgG1アイソタイプ対照及びwt−IgG4のCPPCアイソタイプ対照を、同様の方法で試験した。
抗体1及び抗体2の毒物動態プロファイルは、単回の30分IV注入を受け、続いて12週間の観察期間を経た雄のカニクイザル(3匹の動物/治療群)から、血液サンプルを入手することにより評価した。血清中の全薬物濃度の毒物動態分析用の血液サンプルは、投与前、並びに投与後5分、5時間、24時間、48時間、72時間及び168時間、14日、21日、35日、49日、66日及び84の時点で採取した。得られた血清サンプルを直接的酵素結合免疫吸着アッセイ(ELISA)により分析して、Ab1またはAb2の全薬物濃度を決定した。薬物動態学的パラメータを決定するために、非コンパートメント解析(フェニックスWinNonLin)を用いて被験製品の毒物動態を評価した。結果を表16に示す(AUC=濃度対時間曲線下のAUC面積;Cmax=観察された血清中の最大濃度)。
抗体1及び対照抗体4・CD3×CD20二重特異的抗体投与のインビボでの効力を決定するために、カニクイザルの末梢血中におけるCD20+B細胞レベルの変化を、単一特異性抗CD20抗体(対照Ab3)に比較して、抗CD3×CD20二重特異的抗体の投与後にFACSを介して調べた。研究は、次のように投与群あたり動物3匹の8投与群に編成した雄のカニクイザル(カニクイザル)で実施した:第1群は、プラセボ群(担体対照投与)であった;第2群は、単一特異性抗体(対照Ab3;リツキサン)を30ミリグラム/kgの用量(サルにおける30mg/kgは、最大臨床用量であると考えられ375mg/m2のヒト用量と同等である)で投与を受けた;第3群は、0.01mg/kgでの二重特異性CD3×CD20対照抗体4である;第4群−0.1mg/kgの抗体4;第5群−1mg/kgの抗体4;第6群−0.01mg/kgの抗体1;第7群−0.1mg/kgの抗体1;第8群−1mg/kgの抗体1。血液は、動物に投与する前の−7日及び4日に採血された。抗体医薬または担体(プラセボ)の用量は静脈内注入により投与され、血液は投与後第2、4及び7日に採血された。血液サンプルは、B細胞(CD20;表17)及びT細胞(CD3、下記参照)マーカーについてFACSにより分析され、これら細胞型の絶対数が決定された。
カニクイザルのリンパ組織におけるCD20+B細胞レベルの変化を、単一特異性の抗CD20抗体(対照Ab3−リツキサン)と比較して、抗CD3×CD20二重特異的抗体抗体1または抗体4)の投与後にFACSを介して検査した。上記実施例10に概説した研究群1〜8と同様に、研究は、次のように投与群当たり動物3匹の8投与群に編成された雄カニクイザル(Macaca fascicularis)において行われた。抗体医薬及び担体の用量は静脈内注入により投与し、投与後第7日に動物を屠殺し、組織を採取した。組織サンプルは、白血球(CD45+)、特にB細胞(CD20+)マーカーについてFACSにより分析し、次いで、B細胞の%体積を決定した。
A.CD20×CD3二重特異的抗体での治療は、NSGマウスにおけるRaji腫瘍増殖を抑制する
腫瘍増殖を減少させるのに選択された抗CD3×CD20二重特異的抗体の有効性を評価するために、ジャクソン研究所(バーハーバー、メイン州、米国)から購入したNSGマウス(NOD/LtSz−SCID/IL2Rγnullマウス)に、2×106個のRaji腫瘍細胞及び5×105個のヒトPBMCを皮下に同時移植した(第0日)。同じ日に、マウス(N=処置群あたり5匹のマウス)は、マウス当たり0.4、0.04または0.004mg/kgの腹腔内投与量の抗体1または対照抗体5(無関係な標的にIgG1抗体)の何れかで治療された。第0日で開始して、マウスは週2回、研究の残余のための薬物または担体の腹腔内投与で治療された。腫瘍の大きさはカリパスを用いて週に2回測定し、腫瘍体積は、体積=(長さ×幅2)/2として算出した。統計的解析は、GraphPadソフトウェアのPrism5.0(マッキントッシュ版)を用いて行った。
結果は、図7A〜7Fに示されている。これらの結果は、抗体1(CD3×CD20−キメラFc)が、同時移植されたヒト免疫細胞をもたないマウスにおいて、Raji腫瘍をターゲッティングし、試験された用量において完全な腫瘍増殖抑制をもたらした(図7C:0.4mg/kgのAb1;図7E:0.04mg/kgのAb1;図7F:0.004mg/kgのAb1)。この実施例は、CD3×CD20二重特異的抗体1での治療は、腫瘍移植の時点で開始して、腫瘍増殖を阻害するのに有効であったことを示している。Raji腫瘍の増殖は、0.4、0.04または0.004mg/kgの抗体1の用量を投与されたマウスにおいては、対照に比較して、23日まで完全に抑制されたままであった。また、抗体1または対照抗体は何れも、研究中のマウス体重に対して顕著な影響を持たなかった(データは示さず)。
NSGマウスにおいて樹立された腫瘍を減少させることにおいて、選択された抗CD3×CD20二重特異的抗体の効果を評価した。NSGマウス(NOD/LtSz−scid/IL2Rγnullマウス)を、ジャクソン・ラボラトリーズ(バーハーバー、メイン州、米国)から購入し、HLA適合のRaji腫瘍細胞(2×106)及びヒトPBMC(5×105)と共に皮下に同時移植した(第15日)。腫瘍は、治療前の15日間に亘って宿主中で樹立された。マウスは、薬物投与の1日前(−1日)に、それぞれ5mgの補充mIgG2a・Fcを投与された。これらマウスはその後、該実験期間に亘って、マウス当たり5mgのmIgG2a・Fcを週1回投与された(第7日、第14日等)。薬物投与の前に、マウスは腫瘍サイズに従って二つの実験群に分けられた:第1群:〜200−400mm3、または第2群:〜500−900mm3。
a.第1群:〜200−400mm3腫瘍。第0日で開始して、4または5匹のマウスの幾つかのコホートは、それぞれ次のように指示された用量の薬物または担体で、週1回(即ち、第7日、第14日等)次のように治療された。
i.対照:担体のみ
ii.対照抗体5:0.4mg/kg
iii.抗体1(CD20×CD3−キメラFc):0.4mg/kg
b.第2群:〜500−900mm3腫瘍。第0日で開始して、4匹のマウスの幾つかのコホートは、それぞれ次のように指示された用量の薬物で、週1回(即ち、第7日、第14日等)治療された。
i.対照抗体5:0.4mg/kg
ii.抗体1(CD20×CD3−キメラFc):0.4mg/kg
選択されたCD3×CD20二重特異的抗体及び対照構築物が末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)を刺激し、増殖を誘導する能力を、ATP触媒定量法(CellTiter Glo(登録商標))を用いて評価した。PBMCの活性化は、細胞増殖を駆動するサイトカインの放出を生じる。
ヒトまたはカニクイザルPBMCを、それぞれフィコール・パックFicoll−Paque上で、またはリイホライト(Lympholyte)哺乳類細胞分離媒体を使用して単離した。単離されたPBMC(1×106細胞/mLのヒトPBMC、または5×106細胞/mLのカニクイザルPBM)は、それぞれ7日間及び21日間、組換えヒトIL−2(ヒトPBMCについては30U/mL、カニクイザルPBMCについては100U/mL)、及びT細胞活性化ビーズ(ヒトPBMCについては抗CD3/CD28、カニクイザルPBMCについては抗CD2/CD3/CD28)を含有する完全培地中(10%FBS、100U/mLのペニシリン、100μg/mLのストレプトマイシン、292μg/mLのL−グルタミンを補充したRPMI)の中で活性化された。CD20を発現するRaji細胞(2×106細胞/mL)を、37℃において30分間、8μΜカルセインAMで標識し、培地で3回洗浄した。カルセイン標識標的細胞(10,000〜20,000細胞/ウェル)を、活性化T細胞(1エフェクター/標的細胞比10)及び抗体1、抗体4または対照Ab5の連続希釈(ヒト濃度範囲:2nM〜0.00003nM、カニクイザル濃度範囲:6.6nM〜0.002pM)と共に、200μLの完全培地中に37℃において2時間播種した。インキュベーションの後、プレートを遠心分離し、蛍光分析のために上清を半透明の黒色透明底プレートに移した。パーセント細胞傷害性は、次式を用いて計算した。
調整された生存率=(R1/R2)*100
ここで、R1=[(B16F10.9/CD20)/バイスタンダー細胞(B16F10.9)]*100(但し、抗体の不存在で)
R2=同じ比率(但し、被験抗体の存在下で)
CD69+は、T細胞が活性化されていることを示す最も初期の誘導性細胞表面マーカーの一つである。T細胞活性化は、CD69のような特定の細胞表面マーカーの情報調節を調べることによって決定することができる。
細胞クラスタリングフォーマットを使用して、CD3×CD20二重特異的抗体は、その二重特異性結合性アームを介して、T細胞を標的細胞(CD20+細胞)と架橋させることを決定した。エフェクター細胞をCFSEで24時間前染色し、CD20+細胞をバイオレット細胞追跡剤で前染色し、無関係の対照抗体(対照抗体5、無関係なIgG1アイソタイプ抗体)とのインキュベーションの後に、別々の象限へとゲーティングした。図22Aを参照されたい:これは無関係の抗体での治療のための細胞混合物中にクラスタリング(二重染色)は存在しないことを示す。CD3×CD20二重特異的抗体とのインキュベーション後、細胞クラスターは、CFSE及びバイオレットの両方での染色に起因して出現する(図22B参照、太字の四角で協調されているように、散乱プロット上の左上象限)。
T細胞の機能不全または枯渇は、腫瘍を有する宿主において起きる。Tim−3及びPD−1受容体は、慢性疾患状態において消耗したT細胞のマーカーとして同定されている。研究者であるSakuishi、Kら(J.Exp.Med.207(10):2187−2194、2010年)によると、Tim−3及びPD−1について陽性である腫瘍浸潤性リンパ球(TIL)(Tim−3+PD−1+TIL)は、増殖障害、並びにIL−2、TNF及びIFN−γを産生する障害により定義されるように、最も深刻な枯渇した表現型を示す。
NSGマウスにおいて樹立された腫瘍を減少させるうえでの、選択された抗CD3×CD20二重特異的抗体の有効性を評価した。NSGマウス(NOD/LtSz−scid/IL2Rvnullマウス、ジャクソン研究所)を、Raji腫瘍細胞(2×106)及びヒトPBMC(5×105)(第−14日)と同時皮下移植した(上記実施例12Bと同様)。
研究者等は、このようなCD20+メラノーマ細胞のような、患者におけるメラノーマ癌の特定の亜集団は、腫瘍開始特性及び疾患再発の高いリスクを表す可能性がある(Pineら.Mol Ther.20(5):1056−1062,2012,epub 2012 Feb21)。CD20×CD3二重特異的抗体Ab1は、それが免疫コンピテントなマウスにおいてhCD20形質導入B16F10.9(B16F10.9/CD20)腫瘍増殖を有意に遅延させたので、CD20を発現するB16F10.9腫瘍細胞に対して強力な活性を示した。
Claims (16)
- 二重特異的抗体を含む、被験者におけるB細胞癌を治療又は緩和するための医薬組成物であって、前記二重特異的抗体は、ヒトCD3に結合する第一の抗原結合性ドメイン、ヒトCD20に結合する第二の抗原結合性ドメイン、及び第一及び第二の抗原結合性ドメインのそれぞれに繋がれたキメラ重鎖定常(CH)領域を含んでおり、ここで、前記キメラCH領域は:
(a)位置216〜227(EU番号付け)のヒトIgG1又はヒトIgG4上側ヒンジ部のアミノ酸配列;
(b)位置228〜236(EU番号付け)のPCPAPPVA(配列番号52)を含むヒトIgG2下側ヒンジ部アミノ酸配列;
(c)ヒトIgG1・CH1ドメイン及びヒトIgG1・CH3ドメイン、又はヒトIgG4・CH1ドメイン及びヒトIgG4・CH3ドメイン;及び
(d)位置237〜340(EU番号付け)のヒトIgG4・CH2ドメインアミノ酸配列
を含み、
ここで、前記二重特異的抗体は、表面プラズモン共鳴アッセイで測定したときに、ヒトFcγRIIBへの結合に比較して、ヒトFcγRIIAについてより高い結合親和性を示し、ヒトFcγRI及びヒトFcγRIIIに対して検出可能な結合親和性を僅かしか、又は全く示さない、前記医薬組成物。 - 前記B細胞癌は、濾胞性リンパ腫、B細胞慢性リンパ球性白血病、B細胞リンパ芽球性リンパ腫、ホジキンリンパ腫、非ホジキンリンパ腫、瀰漫性大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫、辺縁帯リンパ腫、マントル細胞リンパ腫、ヘアリー細胞白血病及びバーキットリンパ腫からなる群から選択される、請求項1に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記B細胞癌は、非ホジキンリンパ腫である、請求項2に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記被験者は、(a)抗CD20単一特異性療法単独、又は(b)リツキシマブ単剤療法に対して抵抗性であるか、又は不完全に反応する腫瘍に罹患している、請求項1〜3の
いずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。 - 前記被験者は、二重特異的抗体の投与の少なくとも1日ないし1年前に、抗CD20単一特異性抗体療法を受けている、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記抗体は:
(a)25℃においてヒトFcγRIIAに結合し、表面プラズモン共鳴アッセイで測定したときに10〜30μMのK D 値を有する;又は
(b)25℃においてヒトFcγRIIBに結合し、表面プラズモン共鳴アッセイで測定したときに100〜250μMのK D 値を有する;
請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。 - 前記抗体は:
(a)インビトロ細胞傷害性アッセイで測定したときに、野生型Fcドメインを含む抗体に比較して低下した抗体依存性細胞障害性(ADCC)を示す;
(b)無視できる抗体依存性細胞傷害性(ADCC)を示し、又は検出可能なADCCを示さない;
(c)インビトロ細胞傷害性アッセイで測定したときに、野生型Fcドメインを含む抗体と比較して減少した補体依存性細胞傷害性(CDC)を示す;
(d)インビトロアッセイでの細胞溶解の測定により決定したときに、50%未満の細胞傷害性を示す;
(e)無視できる補体依存性細胞傷害性(CDC)を示し、又は検出可能なCDCを示さない;
(f)野生型Fcドメインを含む抗体と比較して、NK細胞又はマクロファージのようなFc受容体を有する細胞の減少したT細胞媒介性死滅を誘導する;又は
(g)野生型Fcドメインを備えた抗体に比較して、NK細胞又はマクロファージのようなFc受容体を有する細胞により媒介される減少したT細胞死滅を誘導する;
請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。 - 前記キメラCHは;
(a)キメラヒンジのアミノ酸配列EPKSCDKTHTCPPCPAPPVA(配列番号53);又は
(b)キメラヒンジのアミノ酸配列ESKYGPPCPPCPAPPVA(配列番号54);
を含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。 - ヒトCD3に特異的に結合する前記第一の抗原結合性ドメインは、配列番号10を含む重鎖可変領域(HCVR)アミノ酸配列、及び配列番号18を含む軽鎖可変領域(LCVR)アミノ酸配列を含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- ヒトCD20に特異的に結合する前記第二の抗原結合性ドメインは、配列番号2を含む重鎖可変領域(HCVR)アミノ酸配列、及び配列番号18を含む軽鎖可変領域(LCVR)アミノ酸配列を含む、請求項1〜9のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- ヒトCD3に特異的に結合する前記第一の抗原結合性ドメイン(A1)は、三つの重鎖相補性決定領域(HCDR1、HCDR2、HCDR3)及び三つの軽鎖相補性決定領域(LCDR1、LCDR2、LCDR3)を含み、
ここで、
(i)A1−HCDR1は、配列番号12のアミノ酸配列を含み、
(ii)A1−HCDR2は、配列番号14のアミノ酸配列を含み、
(iii)A1−HCDR3は、配列番号16のアミノ酸配列を含み、
(iv)A1−LCDR1は、配列番号20のアミノ酸配列を含み、
(v)A1−LCDR2は、配列番号22のアミノ酸配列を含み、及び
(vi)A1−LCDR3は、配列番号24のアミノ酸配列を含む;
請求項1〜8のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。 - ヒトCD20に特異的に結合する前記第二の抗原結合性ドメインは(A2)は、三つの重鎖相補性決定領域(HCDR1、HCDR2、HCDR3)及び三つの軽鎖相補性決定領域(LCDR1、LCDR2、LCDR3)を含み、
ここで、
(i)A2−HCDR1は、配列番号4のアミノ酸配列を含み、
(ii)A2−HCDR2は、配列番号6のアミノ酸配列を含み、
(iii)A2−HCDR3は、配列番号8のアミノ酸配列を含み、
(iv)A2−LCDR1は、配列番号20のアミノ酸配列を含み、
(v)A2−LCDR2は、配列番号22のアミノ酸配列を含み、及び
(vi)A2−LCDR3は、配列番号24のアミノ酸配列を含む;
請求項1〜8、11のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。 - 前記二重特異的抗体は、配列番号26のアミノ酸配列を含むキメラCH領域を含む、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記二重特異的抗体は、配列番号28のアミノ酸配列を含むキメラCH領域を含む、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記二重特異的抗体は、配列番号30のアミノ酸配列を含むキメラCH領域を含む、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 前記二重特異的抗体は、配列番号32のアミノ酸配列を含むキメラCH領域を含む、請求項1〜12のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
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JP2019196377A (ja) * | 2014-03-19 | 2019-11-14 | リジェネロン・ファーマシューティカルズ・インコーポレイテッドRegeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. | 腫瘍治療のための抗体組成物 |
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