JP6243347B2 - 植物成長促進微生物およびその使用 - Google Patents
植物成長促進微生物およびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6243347B2 JP6243347B2 JP2014547443A JP2014547443A JP6243347B2 JP 6243347 B2 JP6243347 B2 JP 6243347B2 JP 2014547443 A JP2014547443 A JP 2014547443A JP 2014547443 A JP2014547443 A JP 2014547443A JP 6243347 B2 JP6243347 B2 JP 6243347B2
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Classifications
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- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/20—Bacteria; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
- A01N63/10—Animals; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/60—Biocides or preservatives, e.g. disinfectants, pesticides or herbicides; Pest repellants or attractants
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Description
本発明は、持続可能な農業の分野に関する。具体的に、本開示は、作物植物の生産に有用な微生物組成物および方法を提供する。特に、本明細書に開示される組成物および方法は、植物成長を増進する、ならびに/または植物病原体および病原性疾患の発生を抑制するために有用である。
付随の配列表中の材料は、参照により本出願に組み込まれる。「SGI1540_1WO_CRF_OF_SL_ST25.txt」という名前の付随ファイルは、2012年12月13日に作成され、20KBである。このファイルは、Windows(登録商標) OSを使用するコンピューター上でMicrosoft Wordを使用してアクセスすることができる。
植物を取り囲む微生物相は、非常に多様であり、細菌、真菌、酵母、藻類を含む。これらの微生物のいくつかは、植物に対して有害であり得、病原体と称される場合が多いが、植物成長および作物生産性を促進することにより植物に有益であり得るものもある。土壌微生物学および植物バイオテクノロジーにおける近年の進歩は、農業、園芸、林業、および環境管理における微生物剤の使用に対する関心を高めた。特に、一般に根圏および根面として既知の土壌生態的地位に存在することが知られている多数の微生物は、植物成長を促進する能力に関して相当な注目を集めている。実際に、根圏土壌は、有益な微生物の潜在的単離のための良好な微生物の貯留層を表す。植物根圏は、1グラムの土壌に10億の微生物を含み得る。理論的に、微生物の接種は、ヒトの介入なしに、土壌1グラム当たりのコロニー形成単位が不十分であるため、それらの自然な土壌環境における生存率および有用性が低い。したがって、1960年代以降、高いコロニー接種潜在的濃度を有する多数のバイオ肥料が、化学肥料の必要性を低減する試みにおいて開発され、商品化されている。
多種多様の植物関連微生物は、多様な方法で植物の健康および生理学に好ましい影響を及ぼすことができる。これらの有益な微生物は、一般に植物成長促進微生物(PGPM)と称される。「植物成長促進活性」という用語は、本明細書で使用されるとき、広範の向上した植物特性を包含し、例えば、限定されることなく、向上した窒素固定、向上した根の発生、増加した葉面積、増加した植物収量、増加した種子発芽、増加した光合成、または植物の蓄積バイオマスの増加を含む。様々な実施形態では、この向上は、測定される特性の少なくとも10%の増加、または少なくとも25%の増加、または少なくとも50%の増加、または少なくとも75%の増加、または少なくとも100%の増加である。したがって、非限定的な例として、微生物は、窒素固定の上記パーセンテージの増加、または総根重量もしくは葉面積もしくは植物生成物収量の上記増加(例えば、植物生成物重量の上記パーセンテージの増加)、または10日もしくは14日もしくは30日以内に発芽する種子のパーセンテージの増加、または光合成速度(例えば、CO2消費によって決定される)、または植物の蓄積バイオマス(例えば、植物の重量によって決定される)を生じ得る。植物生成物は、品目、通常、必ずしもそうではないが、植物によって生成される食品である。収量は、任意の便宜的な方法、例えば、植栽の1エーカー当たりで生成された植物生成物のブッシェルまたはポンドを使用して決定することができる。今日まで、24を超える微生物属の単離株が、植物成長促進活性および/または生物防除活性を有することが報告されており、同様の活性を持つ新たな属および種が依然として発見されている。加えて、いくつかの細菌属内においては、生物防除物質の複数の種および亜種が同定されており、地球レベルから農場レベルまでの複数の空間規模に渡って、また、単一植物においてもこれらを見出すことができる。さらに、いくつかの個別の微生物単離株(microbial isolate)が、それらが得られた植物または作物上のみならず、他の作物上でも生物防除および/または植物成長促進活性を呈し得ることが報告された。これは、いくつかの遺伝子型、特に広い地理的分布を持つ遺伝子型の万能型の(generalist)性質を示す。上述のとおり、十分な数で導入され、十分な期間の間活性である場合、単一微生物群は、植物の健康に著しい影響を及ぼすことができる。
本開示の実施例部分でより詳細に説明されるとおり、出願人は、植物成長および植物収量の有効な促進因子である、いくつかの新規の微生物を発見した。多くの場合、単離した微生物は、いくつかの植物病原性疾患の発生を抑制することにおいても有効である。微生物単離株は、米国全体のいくつかの場所から採取された環境試料から得られる約5,000微生物株のプールから選択された。微生物の最初の選択は、微生物が植物根をコロニー形成し、植物との相互作用に重要であると考えられる化学化合物および酵素を生成する能力に基づいた。微生物は、インビトロ拮抗作用アッセイにおいて、様々な真菌性植物病原体の発生を抑制する能力について、バイオアッセイも行った。次に選択された細菌性微生物を、市販のコムギおよびトウモロコシ品種に対して、微生物株が植物成長を促進する能力、および種子生産力を保つ能力について、温室研究においてバイオアッセイした。
本開示に記載される微生物株の精製培養物は、特許手続きの目的で、ブタペスト条約およびそれに基づく規則(ブタペスト条約)に従って、1815N.University Street,Peoria,IL 61604,USAにある農業研究サービス系統保存機関(Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection)(NRRL)に寄託した。これらの寄託物の受入番号は以下のとおりである。
単離した微生物株またはその培養物を含む本発明の微生物組成物は、多様な形態を取ることができ、静置培養物、全培養物、細胞の保存ストック、菌糸体および/または菌糸(特にグリセロールストック)、寒天ストリップ、グリセロール/水中の保存寒天プラグ、凍結乾燥ストック、および濾紙または穀物種子の上に乾燥させた凍結乾燥物または菌糸体が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。本明細書の別の場所で定義されるとおり、「単離した培養物」または文法的相当語句は、この開示および当該技術分野において使用されるとき、培養物に関する言及が、培養液、ペレット、剥離物(scraping)、乾燥試料、凍結乾燥物、または切片(例えば、菌糸もしくは菌糸体);または単一の型の生物を含むプレート、紙、フィルター、マトリックス、ストロー、ピペットもしくはピペット先端、繊維、針、ゲル、綿棒、管、バイアル、粒子等の支持体、容器、もしくは培地を意味すると理解される。本発明では、微生物拮抗薬の単離した培養物は、培養液、もしくは剥離物、ペレット、乾燥調製物、凍結乾燥物、もしくは微生物の切片、または他の生物の不在下で、微生物を含む支持体、容器、もしくは培地である。
当該技術分野における熟練者は、本発明による方法および組成物が、原則として任意の植物病原体または任意の植物病原性疾患の発生を抑制するために適用され得ることを認識するであろう。本発明が特定の培養物の種類または細胞の種類に限定されることは意図されない。例えば、複雑な形態の分化、フィラメント形成、胞子形成等を受ける微生物細胞を、本発明の方法および組成物に使用することもできる。
特に好適な実施形態では、本発明の微生物組成物は、種子処理剤(seed treatment)として製剤される。種子は、混合、噴霧、またはそれらの組み合わせの従来の方法を使用し、正確、安全、かつ効率的に種子処理製品を種子に適用するように特異的に設計および製造される、処理アプリケーション装置の使用を介して、本明細書に開示される微生物組成物の1つ以上の層で実質的に均一にコーティングされ得ることが企図される。かかる装置は、回転コーター(coater)、ドラムコーター、流動床技術、噴流層、回転ミスト、またはそれらの組み合わせ等の様々な種類のコーティング技術を使用する。液体種子処理剤、例えば本発明の液体種子処理剤は、噴霧パターンを通って移動するにつれて、種子処理剤を種子の上に均等に分配することができる回転「噴霧器」ディスクまたは噴霧ノズルのいずれかを介して適用され得る。好ましくは、次に種子を混合し、追加の期間の間回転させて、追加の処理剤の分配および乾燥を達成する。種子を本発明の組成物でコーティングする前にプライム(prime)またはアンプライム(unprime)して、発芽および出現の均一性を増加させることができる。代替実施形態では、乾燥粉末製剤を移動する種子の上に計量し、完全に分配されるまで混合させることができる。
微生物の培養物は、当該技術分野において既知の標準的静的乾燥および液体発酵技術を使用して、発明の微生物組成物中で使用するために調製され得る。成長は、一般にバイオリアクター内で生じる。
本発明の別の態様では、本発明の微生物内生菌を、内生微生物を含まない植物に人工的に導入することによって形成される、新規の植物である。本態様のいくつかの実施形態では、植物に導入される微生物内生菌は、植物成長促進活性、生物防除活性、または両活性の組み合わせを有する内生微生物であってよい。微生物内生菌を穀物草種に導入するために有効であることが以前に判明した多様な方法が、当該技術分野において既知である。かかる方法の例として、特に、米国特許出願第20030195117A1号、米国特許出願第20010032343A1号、および米国特許第7,084,331号に記載されるものが挙げられる。前述の方法の多くが、本発明の新規植物の作成に有用であり得ることは、当業者に明らかとなるであろう。
原則として、本発明による方法および組成物は、任意の植物種について展開され得る。単子葉植物ならびに双子葉植物種は、特に適切である。方法および組成物は、好ましくは、農業、園芸、液体燃料分子および他の化学物質を生成する際に使用されるバイオマスの生成、ならびに/または林業に重要であるか、または関心がある植物と共に使用される。
超音波処理した根および連続希釈法を使用する胞子形成根圏細菌の特定。
以下の微生物は、以下に記載される「超音波処理した根、連続希釈」法を使用して単離した:SGI−026−G06およびSGI−026−G07単離株(針様草試料から単離した);SGI−041−B03単離株(野生ライムギ試料から単離した);およびSGI−020−A01単離株(混合土試料中で成長したコムギ根組織から単離した)。
以下の微生物単離株は、以下に記載される「生物膜形成」法を使用して単離した:SGI−003−H11単離株(ユッカ植物根試料から単離した);SGI−034−C09単離株(草根試料から単離した);およびSGI−034−E10単離株(クイーンアンズレース植物試料に由来する)。
単離した細菌を純粋な培養物として保管した。細菌コロニーを、R2Aブロス液体培地(Tecknova)を含むバイアルに写し、30℃で2日間250rpmで攪拌しながら成長させた。次に培養物を、15%グリセロールを含むバイアルに移し、−80℃で保管した。
20μLアリコート(aliquot)の細菌細胞懸濁液を、20μLの2x溶解緩衝液(100mMトリスHCL、pH8.0、2mM EDTA、pH8.0、1%SDS、400μg/mLプロテイナーゼK)を含む96ウェルPCRプレートに移した。溶解条件は以下のとおりであった:55℃で30分間のインキュベーションに続いて、94℃で4分間のインキュベーション。溶解生成物のアリコートを、PCR増幅のDNA鋳型の源として使用した。
単離した細菌は、それらの植物との相互作用において重要な特性についてさらに研究した。研究した特性として、窒素固定、シデロホア分泌、無機リンの可溶化、1−アミノシクロプロパン−1−カルボン酸(ACC)デアミナーゼの生成、2,3ブタンジオールの生成、および植物成長ホルモンオーキシンの生成が挙げられる。インビトロ生化学アッセイの結果を表2に示す。
細菌細胞懸濁液を、窒素源を含まない以下の組成の固体培地上に画線した:KOH 4.0g/L、K2HPO4 0.5g/L、MgSO4・7H2O 0.2g/L、NaCl 0.1g/L、CaCl20.02g/L、FeSO4・7H2O 0.005g/L、NaMoO4・2H2O 0.002g/L、MnSO4・7H2O 0.01g/L、リンゴ酸 5.0g/L、ゲランガム0.1〜1.0g/L、および任意選択により0.5%v/vブロモチモールブルー、pH7.0。ゲランガムまたは寒天濃度は、所望の培地厚を達成するために必要に応じて異なり得、典型的に0.5g/Lが使用される。画線を30℃で2〜5日間インキュベートした。これらのプレートを毎日監視し、コロニーが出現するとそれらを選択した。場合によって、より長い成長期間(約2週間以上)が、よりゆっくり成長する単離株の捕捉を可能にした。これらの画線プレートを、典型的に、20または200μLエアロゾルバリアピペット先端を使用してコロニー採取し、150μL/ウェルの2YT培質で満たした96ウェル細胞培養プレートに置いた。あるいは、単離株をプレートからコロニー採取して無窒素培地に直接置き、それらの無窒素成長能力を確認した。結果は、表2に要約されるとおり、単離株SGI−026−G07のみが検出可能なレベルで窒素固定活性を示したことを示す。
このアッセイを使用して、インビトロで高親和性Fe3+キレート化合物である、シデロホアを生成する細菌単離株を特定した。典型的に、微生物単離株は、本質的に鉄を含まない最小培地上で培養した。このアッセイ全体で使用される全てのガラス製品は酸で洗浄し、milliQ水で3回濯いで、アッセイ結果を変化させ得る残渣鉄を除去した。MM9培地の組成は以下のとおりであった:K2HPO4 0.5g/L、NH4Cl 1.0g/L、MgSO4・H2O 0.2g/L、NaCl 0.5g/L、PIPES緩衝液7.55g/L、グルコース10.0g/L、グルコン酸2.5g/L、リンゴ酸2.5g/L、カザミノ酸0.5g/L。この培地を5N KOHでpH7.0に調整し、0.2μMフィルター(Corning)を使用して滅菌した。
微生物単離株がリン酸塩鉱物(mineral phosphate)をインビトロで可溶化する能力を以下のとおり評価した。試験する細菌を、寒天リン酸成長培地[ヒドロキシアパタイト−Ca10(PO4)5(OH)2 5.0g/L、NH4Cl 1.0g/L、MgSO4H2O 0.2g/L、NaCl 0.5g/L、FeSO4・7H2O 0.01g/L、Na2MoO4・7H2O 0.01g/L、MnSO4・7H2O 0.01g/L、グルコース 5.0g/L、グルコン酸 2.5g/L、リンゴ酸 2.5g/L、カザミノ酸 0.5g/L、ゲランガム 20.0g/L、pH7.2)]上に画線し、それらの成長を毎日監視した。培養培地は、リン酸カルシウムの存在に起因して不透明性を有した。細菌成長および培地の色の喪失は、細菌がリン酸カルシウムの溶解能力を有する場合に観測される。鉱物相リン酸塩を可溶化する能力を有する単離株は、コロニーを取り囲む不透明な培地上に透明なハロー(halo)を生成する。表2に要約されるとおり、リン酸塩鉱物を可溶化する能力は、本明細書に記載されるインビトロアッセイによって決定される通り、試験した微生物のうちのいずれにおいても検出できなかった。
植物の成長および発生を促進するために植物成長促進根圏細菌(PGPM)によって利用される主要な機序のうちの1つは、植物中のエチレンの直接前駆体である、1−アミノシクロプロパン−1−カルボン酸(ACC)の脱アミノ化によるエチレンレベルの低下である。ACCデアミナーゼは、1−アミノシクロプロパン−1−カルボン酸(ACC)のα−ケト酪酸およびアンモニアへの加水分解を触媒する。次に、α−ケト酪酸生成物の存在を、フェニルヒドラゾン誘導体を形成するHCl中の2,4−ジニトロフェニルヒドラジンとの反応を介して直接決定することができる。NaOHの添加後、溶液中のフェニルヒドラゾンの量を、その540nmでの吸光度を測定することによって分光光度的に決定することができる(Penrose and Glick,Physiol Plant.May;118:10−1,2003)。このアッセイは、典型的に、96ウェル細胞培養プレートを使用して、高スループット形式で実行した。各ウェルは、2.0g/L(NH4)2SO4を補充した150μL DF塩成長培地を含んだ。培養物および培地は、オートクレーブ可能なピンツールを使用して、層流フード下で無菌的に分配および移送した。移送後、培養物を30℃で2日間インキュベートした。混濁(turbidity)に達した後、層流フード下、滅菌したピンツールを使用して、単一窒素源として5mM ACCを補充した1ウェル当たり150μLのDF塩成長培地を含む96ウェルプレートに培養物を2回移送した後、30℃で4日間インキュベートした。各培養物の600nmでの吸光度を、分光光度計を使用して測定した。これらの条件(OD>0.2)下で堅調な成長を示した単離株を、上記Penrose and Glick(2003)に記載される、ACCデアミナーゼ活性についてのさらなるアッセイにかけた。
細菌単離株が2,3−ブタンジオールをインビトロで合成する能力を、Ryuらにより記載される毛管ガスクロマトグラフィー質量分光法を使用して、以下のとおり評価した(Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.100:4927−4932,2003)。このアッセイは、典型的に、1ウェル当たり150μLのDF塩成長培地を含む96ウェル細胞培養プレートを使用して、高スループット形式で実行した。大きな単離株コレクションの一次スクリーニングのために大量のプレートを調製するときは、Titertekを使用してもよい。培養物および培地は、オートクレーブ可能なピンツールを使用して、層流フード下で無菌的に分配および移送した。移送後、培養物を30℃で5日間インキュベートした。インキュベーション後、培養物の上清を、96ウェル0.22μMフィルタープレートを使用して、遠心分離を介して回収した。各ウェルからの50マイクロリットルの濾過した上清を、L200マルチチャネルピペットを使用して、1ウェル当たり450μLの50%メタノールを含む深い96ウェルプレートの対応するウェルに移送し、接着プレートシールで密封した後、Ryuら(2003、上記)により記載されるプロトコルを使用して、2,3−ブタンジオール定量アッセイを行った。試験結果は、表2に要約されるとおり、以下の単離株が相当量の2,3−ブタンジオールを生成したことを示した:SGI−003−H11、SGI−034−C09、およびSGI−041−B03。
オーキシンは、植物成長に直接影響し得るホルモンである。多くの根圏および内生細菌単離株は、オーキシンであるインドール−3−酢酸(IAA)およびその誘導体を合成する生物活性経路を有することが知られているため、このアッセイを行って細菌単離株がオーキシンを生成したか否かを決定した。トリプトファンは、多くの場合、この合成における前駆体であるため、このアッセイは、低濃度のアミノ酸トリプトファンを補充した培地上の細菌単離株からのIAA(オーキシン)生成を定量化した。
インビトロ拮抗作用アッセイを使用して、単離した細菌株が、フザリウム・グラミネアラム(Fusarium graminearum)NRRL−5883、モノグラフェラ・ニバリス(Monographella nivalis)ATCC MYA−3968、ジベレラ・ゼアエ(Gibberella zeae)ATCC−16106、スタグノスポラ・ノドルム(Stagnospora nodurum)ATCC−26369、コレトトリクム・グラミニコラ(Colletotrichum graminicola)ATCC−34167、およびペニシリウム(Penicillium)種病原体を含む、いくつかの植物真菌性病原体の発生を抑制する能力を評価した。ジャガイモデキストロース寒天(PDA)培地上でアッセイを行った。単離した細菌株を、使用する前に、5分の1強度のトリプシン大豆ブロス寒天(TSBA/5)上で24時間成長させた。
植物の成長および収量に対する細菌接種の影響は、単離株SGI−020−A01を用いて温室内で研究した。微生物細胞懸濁液は、以下のように調製した。2YT培地、または同様の成長培地、ブロス培養物を、単離株のグリセロールストックまたは線条プレートから接種した。典型的に、成長チャンバ、温室、または圃場内で使用する前に、細菌培養物を48〜72時間開始(initiate)し、培養物を後期指数増殖期に到達させた。より長い倍増期間を有する単離株は、さらに事前に開始した。培養物を、30℃で200rpmの回転攪拌器上でインキュベートした。成長後、細胞を10,000×gで15分間、4℃でペレット化し、10mM MgSO4緩衝液(pH7.0)中に再懸濁した。細胞密度を、CFU/mLベースで各単離株について正規化した。典型的に、約109CFU/mLの懸濁液を、各単離株について調製し、氷上で接種部位に輸送した。接種は、これらの細胞懸濁液を灌漑用水中で1/20に希釈して最終密度5×107CFU/mLとすることによって行った。1リットルポット試験の場合、20mLのこの希釈細胞懸濁液を、各複製ポットの表面に均等に分配した。
植物の成長および収量に対する細菌接種の影響は、以下の単離株SGI−034−C09、SGI−034−E10、SGI−003−H11、SGI−041−B03、SGI−026−G06、およびSGI−026−G07のそれぞれを用いて、温室実験において研究した。温室試験は、栄養不足の畑土壌を用いて行った。大きな岩および残屑を除去した後、畑土壌を鉢植え用の土と完全に混合して(70:30)均質性を保証した。充填後、各ポットの土壌を約2cm押し下げ、硬い播種層にした。市販のコムギ品種の種子(Dow AgroSciences)を、畑土壌培地を含む1リットルポットに播種した(10.5cm×12.5cmの先細ポット)。2つのトウモロコシ穀粒を各ポットの胚の上方向に均等に分配し、50mLの畑土壌を適用して、種子層上に均一に広げた。発芽後、各ポットが1つのみの植物を含むように、必要に応じて、ポット当たり1つの実生の選択除去を行った。
Sudishaら(Phytoparasitica,37:161−169,2009)に記載される手順に従い、わずかな修正を加えて小規模の種子処理実験を行った。典型的に生体ポリマーストック溶液は、1グラムのアラビアガム粉末(MP Biomedical)を9mLの水に添加し、均質になるまで混合することによって作製した。活発に成長している微生物細胞または微生物胞子調製物の混濁培養物を、PBSで洗浄し、約5.0のOD600に調整した。3mLの調整細胞懸濁液を、50mLのファルコン管内で遠心分離を介してペレット化した。得られる上清を移し(decant)、3mLの生体ポリマーストック溶液で置き換え、得られる懸濁液を完全に混合した。典型的に、約25gの種子をファルコン管に添加し、激しく攪拌およびボルテックスして、ガム/細胞懸濁液の均一な分散を保証した。コーティングした種子を、プラスチック計量ボートに広げ、定期的に混合しながら概して3時間、粘性がなくなるまで層流フード内で乾燥させた。次にコーティングした種子を、4℃で保管し、安定性について定期的に試験した。一般的な硬質赤色春小麦品種Briggs、Faller、Glenn、Hank、RB07、Samson;硬質赤色春小麦品種Jerry、McGill、Overland;およびトウモロコシ種子品種DKC62−61、ならびに市販のトウモロコシ栽培品種(Dow AgroSciences)を含む、多様なコムギ種子およびトウモロコシ種子をコーティングし、上記の方法で試験した。
この節は、本発明による細菌がカプセル化され、肥料が固体形態である微生物肥料の例示の製剤について説明する。
アルギン酸塩ビーズは、以下のように調製した。
農業において殺虫剤を使用することに関する環境懸念が高まっているため、生物学的代替物がますます必須であると認識される。しかしながら、新たな生物学的製剤は、生物を生存させ、それらの特定の有益な影響を発現させなければならない。化学的殺真菌剤は、一般に、有害な微生物に対してだけでなく、有益な微生物に対しても毒性である。しかしながら、これらの微生物剤の生存可能性は、低い割合で適用されるときに増進され得る。
本発明の内生細菌を、様々な遺伝子型および地理的起源の、かかる内生真菌を欠く穀物を含む、作物植物に導入して、特に米国特許出願第20030195117A1号、米国特許出願第20010032343A1号、および米国特許第7,084,331号を含む、当該技術分野において既知のものに類似する手順を使用して、改善された農業特性を持つ植物−内生菌の組み合わせを形成する。したがって、合成の植物−内生菌の組み合わせは、それらが農業的利益をもたらす共生的組み合わせを形成および維持する能力に基づいて、育種/品種開発プログラムにおいて形成および選択され得る。組み合わせの農業特性の評価は、かかる育種プログラムにおいて使用されてもよい。これらの特性として、限定されることなく、特に干ばつ耐性、バイオマス蓄積、昆虫寄生に対する耐性、家畜に対する嗜好性(例えば、草食動物)、繁殖の容易さ、および種子収量が挙げられ得る。かかる組み合わせは、麦角アルカロイドレベル、ロリン(loline)レベル、ペラミン(peramine)レベル、またはロリトレム(lolitrem)レベルを含む、害虫および雑草に対して毒性である微生物代謝物の蓄積レベルが異なり得るが、特に昆虫の摂食または寄生に対する耐性、非生物的ストレス、家畜に対する嗜好性、バイオマス蓄積、繁殖の容易さ、および種子収量を含む、作物植物の所望の農業特性を示し得る。
トウモロコシ種子(Zea mays)を、異なる微生物処理剤でコーティングし、調製した畑に播種した。各処理剤を、ランダム完全ブロック設計で5回複製した。単一複製は4つの30フィート長の苗床(列)からなり、60個の種子を、各苗床に播種した(6インチ間隔)。観察目的で、中央の2列のみからデータを取った。
Claims (24)
- NRRL B−50483として寄託されたSGI−003−H11株である微生物株の富栄養培養物。
- NRRL B−50483として寄託されたSGI−003−H11株である微生物株の単離培養物。
- NRRL B−50483として寄託されたSGI−003−H11株である微生物株の生物学的に純粋な培養物。
- NRRL B−50483として寄託された微生物株またはそれに由来する株である、単離微生物株。
- 配列番号1のヌクレオチド配列に対し少なくとも99%の配列同一性を示すDNA配列を含むパントエア(Pantoea)属の単離微生物株であって、さらに植物成長促進活性を有する、パントエア(Pantoea)属の単離微生物株。
- 請求項1〜5のうちのいずれか1項に記載の微生物株または培養物と、肥料、殺ダニ剤、殺菌剤、殺真菌剤、殺昆虫剤、殺微生物剤、殺線虫剤および殺虫剤からなる群から選択される農業上有効な量の化合物または組成物とを含む組成物。
- 請求項1〜5のうちのいずれか1項に記載の微生物株または培養物と、担体とを含む組成物。
- 前記担体が植物種子である、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 種子コーティング製剤である、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 乳剤、コロイド、粉剤、粒剤、ペレット、粉末、噴霧剤、および溶液からなる群から選択される製剤として調製される、請求項7に記載の組成物。
- 請求項9に記載の組成物を含むコーティングを有する植物種子。
- 植物種子を処理する方法であって、前記植物種子を、請求項1〜5のうちのいずれか1項に記載の微生物株または培養物に曝露するかまたは接触させる工程を含む、方法。
- 植物の成長および/または収量を増強するための方法であって、請求項1〜5のうちのいずれか1項に記載の有効な量の微生物株または培養物を前記植物または前記植物の周囲に適用することを含む、方法。
- 前記微生物株または培養物が、宿主植物の成長培地または土壌中で、前記成長培地または土壌中における宿主植物の成長に先行して、またはそれと同時に、成長させられる、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記植物が、トウモロコシ植物またはコムギ植物である、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記微生物株または培養物が、前記植物上の内生菌として確立される、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 植物病原体の発生を予防、阻害または処理するための方法であって、請求項1〜5のうちのいずれか1項に記載の微生物株または培養物を、宿主植物の成長培地または土壌中で、前記成長培地または土壌中における宿主植物の成長に先行するか、またはそれと同時に、成長させることを含む、方法。
- 前記植物病原体が、コレトトリクム属(Colletotrichum)、フザリウム属(Fusarium)、ジベレラ属(Gibberella)、モノグラフェラ属(Monographella)、ペニシリウム属(Penicillium)およびスタグノスポラ属(Stagnospora)の生物からなる群から選択される、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 前記植物病原体が、コレトトリクム・グラミニコラ(Colletotrichum graminicola)、フザリウム・グラミネアラム(Fusarium graminearum)、ジベレラ・ゼアエ(Gibberella zeae)、モノグラフェラ・ニバリス(Monographella nivalis)、ペニシリウム種(Penicillium sp.)またはスタグノスポラ・ノドルム(Stagnospora nodurum)からなる群から選択される、請求項17に記載の方法。
- 植物の病原性疾患の発生を予防、阻害または処理するための方法であって、請求項1〜5のうちのいずれか1項に記載の有効な量の微生物株または培養物を前記植物または前記植物の周囲に適用することを含む、方法。
- 前記微生物株または培養物が、土壌、種子、根、花、葉、前記植物の部分、または前記植物全体に適用される、請求項20に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜5のうちのいずれか1項に記載の微生物株または培養物に人工的に感染させた植物である、非天然の植物。
- 請求項22に記載の非天然の植物の種子、生殖組織、栄養組織、再生組織、植物部分、または子孫。
- 農業用組成物を調製するための方法であって、請求項1〜5のうちのいずれか1項に記載の微生物株または培養物を基層の中または上に接種すること、および前記微生物株または培養物を、1〜37℃の温度で、1ミリリットル当たりまたは1グラム当たり少なくとも102〜103の細胞数または胞子数を得るまで成長させることを含む、方法。
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